Towards a Background Independent Quantum Gravity in Eight Dimensions
张晔：矢志创新，倾心探索“反问题”
张晔：矢志创新，倾心探索“反问题”文/王超世上万事万物，有阴就有阳，有矛就有盾，有正就有反。
比如说，有黑暗就有光明，有邪恶就有正义，有物质就有反物质。
那么是不是以此可以类推，有问题就有反问题呢？答案是肯定的。
反问题就像正问题的“反面”，把输入和输出反过来，形成了一个新的问题。
学术界通常会研究已知原因、过程，然后探索结果，这就是正问题。
那么，相对应的就有两种反问题：一种是已知模型和输出，去寻找未知的输入，另一种则是已知输入和输出来反求模型或模型参数的系统辨识问题。
北京理工大学教授、博士生导师、深圳北理莫斯科大学双聘教授张晔，就是一位专门研究不适定性反问题的正则化理论，还有具体物理学中反问题的算法设计的专家。
他还是深圳北理莫斯科大学数学系的中方主任，以及莫大-北理-深北莫计算数学与控制联合研究中心的执行主任呢。
他的主要研究领域是数学物理反问题的数学建模、数学理论和科学计算。
经过多年在反问题领域的深入研究，他积累了深厚的学术知识和理论基础，并且在实践中发展应用，为我国的反问题研究领域做出了很大的贡献。
兴趣指引，负笈海外求真知数学物理反问题是源于物理、生物、医学、地质等众多科学领域中的实际问题，经过数学建模而产生的一个新兴交叉学科领域。
顾名思义，反问题是相对于正问题而言的。
所谓正问题，一般是按着这种自然顺序来研究事物的演化过程或分布形态，起着由因推果的作用。
反问题则是根据事物的演化结果，由可观测的现象来探求事物的内部规律或所受的外部影响，由表及里，索隐探秘，起着倒果求因的作用。
可以看出，正、反两方面都是科学研究的重要内容。
反问题其实是无处不在的，在关系国家命脉的经济生产和国防军事领域中，反问题更是常见。
比如，跟人类健康福祉密切相关的无痛无损伤、在体表进行测量的医学诊疗方法；还有与环境控制相关联的污染源探测；材料科学中从材料表面探测内部缺陷的无损探伤，还有海洋探测、空间探测、医学成像等等。
近三十多年来，数学物理反问题已经成为了应用数学中发展最快、成长最迅速的领域之一啦。
爱因斯坦的名言英文
爱因斯坦的名言英文导读：本文是关于爱因斯坦的名言英文，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享！1、科学的全部不过就是日常思考的提炼。
All science is but the refinement of everyday thinking.2、科学是永无止境的，它是一个永恒之谜。
Science is endless, it is an eternal mystery.3、态度上的弱点会变成性格上的弱点。
Weakness of attitude becomes weakness of character.4、那我只能对亲爱的上帝表示遗憾。
相对论是正确的。
Then I can only say sorry to my dear god. Relativity is correct.5、我从来不把安逸和享乐看作是生活的目的——这种理论，我把它叫做猪栏式的理想。
I never put comfort and happiness as the purpose of life - this theory, I call it the ideal pigsty.6、谁要是把自己标榜为真理和知识领域里的裁判官，他就会被神的笑声所覆灭。
Who put himself as the truth and knowledge of the magistrate, he will be the destruction of God's laughter.7、只要主权国家拥有强大的军事力量，**就无法避免。
As long as the sovereign states have strong military power, the war can not be avoided.8、坠入爱河，不是因为万有引力。
Falling in love, not because of gravity.9、我的每一项发现都不是通过理性思考获得的，不，是通过进入一种觉知和意识，而不是通过低级白痴的理性思考。
802_am_强子物理_乔从丰
强子物理
轻子家族
第一个轻子—电子
1931年，泡利为了解释β衰变中的能量失踪现象，预 言了一种未知的极其微小的中性粒子带走了β衰变中 那一部分能量和动量，最终被费米命名为“中微子” （Neutrino）。
1933年，费米指出：β衰变就是核内一个中子通过弱相互作 用衰变成一个电子、一个质子和一个 反中微子。中微子只 参与弱作用，具有最强的穿透力。由于中微子与物质间的相
夸克间相互作用
根据目前人类的认识，自然界有四种基本相互作用： 强相互作用、电磁相互作用、弱相互作用、万有引力
量子色动力学（QCD）是目前人类认识到的，自然 界中最基本的四种相互作用之一，是描述基本粒子 之间强相互作用的量子理论。
强相互作用
1964年，Greenberg引入了夸克的一种自由度——“颜 色”（color）夸克带颜色荷。每味夸克就有三种颜色 分别是红、绿和蓝（RGB）。
原子核 = 质子 + 中子
问题1：带正电的质子为何被束缚在一起？ 问题2：质子和中子是否具有内部结构？
强子物理
原子核内的相互作用—发现介子
1935年，日本科学家汤川秀树（Yukawa Hideki，1907-1981）提出了“交换粒子”的 概念，作为新相互作用理论的基本概念。
1936年，美国科学家安德森在宇宙线中发现一 种比电子约重207倍的粒子，当时误认为就是 介子，后来发现这种粒子其实并不参与强相互 作用是一种轻子，所以改名为μ子。
1909年卢瑟福指导他的学生做了一个著 名物理实验。他们用alpha粒子轰击金箔， 发现绝大多数alpha粒子与金原子的散射角 很小，但也有少数alpha粒子散射角很大， 甚至大于90度
他们由此推断，金原子内大部分空间 是空的，质量较大并带有正电荷的部分 集中在很小的，称之为核的区域
高二哲学物理英语阅读理解30题
高二哲学物理英语阅读理解30题1<背景文章>Philosophical physics is an interdisciplinary field that combines elements of philosophy and physics. It delves into the fundamental concepts underlying physical theories and the philosophical implications that arise from them.The development of philosophical physics has a long and rich history. In ancient times, philosophers like Aristotle made early attempts to understand the physical world. He proposed various theories about motion, for example, which, although not entirely in line with modern understanding, laid the foundation for further exploration.As time progressed, during the Scientific Revolution, Galileo Galilei emerged as a key figure. His experiments with falling bodies challenged the Aristotelian view and led to a new understanding of motion. Newton, another giant in the history of physics, formulated his laws of motion and universal gravitation. His work not only revolutionized physics but also had profound philosophical implications. For instance, it raised questions about determinism - whether the universe is completely predictable based on its initial conditions.In the modern era, Albert Einstein is perhaps one of the most well -known representatives in this field. His theory of relativity, both special and general, completely transformed our understanding of space, time, and gravity. Philosophically, it made us re - evaluate our concepts of simultaneity and the nature of the universe itself.The impact of philosophical physics on modern science is far - reaching. It helps scientists to think more deeply about the nature of their theories, the limits of knowledge, and the relationship between theory and experiment. It also encourages cross - disciplinary studies, as physicists and philosophers collaborate to explore complex issues such as the interpretation of quantum mechanics, which remains one of the most mysterious and philosophically challenging areas in modern science.1. <问题1>Who was one of the early philosophers who tried to understand the physical world in ancient times?A. EinsteinB. GalileoC. AristotleD. Newton答案：C。
程国正,男,1982 年8月出生,浙江温岭人,博士,副教授 ...
9. Li Chen, Guozheng Cheng, Invariant domains in the Hardy space over the unit
disk, Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 431(2015), 509-517
个人简介：
程国正，男，1982 年 8 月出生，浙江温岭人，博士，副教授，美 国数学评论评论员。2010 年在复旦大学数学科学学院获得博士学 位，师从郭坤宇教授。主要从事泛函分析中的算子理论与算子代
数研究。
教育经历：
2000-2004，浙江师范大学，数学与应用数学，本科 2004-2007，浙江师范大学，基础数学，理学硕士 2007-2010，复旦大学，数学科学学院，理学博士
2. Guozheng Cheng, Xiang Fang, An additive formula for Samuel multiplicities on Hilbert spaces of analytic functions, Journal of Functional Analysis, 260（2011）， 2027-2042
6. Li Chen, Guozheng Cheng, Xiang Fang, Fiber dimension for invariant subspaces,
量子环面代数及其上的李代数
量子环面代数的中心和导子等性质已在文献 [5] 中进行了详细的讨论, 我们仅在这里列出本文
中所需的若干性质.
命题 2.2. ( [5]) Z(Cq)
Cq
.
DOI: 10.12677/pm.202常智华
• {xiyj, i, j ∈ Z} Cq
,
• Cq = [Cq, Cq] ⊕ Z(Cq).
2. 量子环面代数
量子环面代数是多项式代数的非交换推广. 我们在本节中回顾量子环面代数的定义和基本性 质, 并通过构造矩阵代数上的一些有限阶自同构证明量子环面代数同构于矩阵代数的有扭双重 loop 代数. 定义 2.1. 设 Q = (qij)i,j=1,...,ν 是一个 ν × ν 的复方阵且满足
为此, 我们引入矩阵
1
X =
q
q2 ...
,
qm−1
0
1
Y = 1
0 1
... ...
0
10
容易验证, 它们满足下列性质:
• Xm = 1 = Y m. • XY = qY X. • {XiY j|0 ≤ i, j ≤ m − 1} 是 Mm(C) 的一组基. 矩阵 X 和 Y 可以给出矩阵代数 Mm(C) 上的两个 m 阶自同构:
20 世纪 90 年代初, S. Azam, B. Allison, S. Berman, Y. Gao 和 A. Pianzola 在 [2] 中进一步将 仿射型 Kac-Moody 代数推广到扩张仿射李代数. 事实上, 论文 [3] 已证明零度为 0 的扩张仿射李代 数就是有限维可列单李代数, 而零度为 1 的扩张仿射李代数恰为仿射 Kac-Moody 代数. 对于零度 更大的情形, 论文 [4] 证明了除 A 型外其它类型的扩张仿射李代数的无中心核同构于一个基于有限 维单李代数的多重 (有扭) loop 代数. A 型的扩张仿射李代数较为特别, 论文 [5] 指出当 n 3 时, 零度为 ν 的 An 型扩张仿射李代数的无中心核同构于 ν 个变量的量子环面代数上的特殊线性李代
什么是预测Prediction
Prediction∙ 1 Informal prediction∙ 2 Statistics∙ 3 Prediction in scienceo 3.1 Scientific hypothesis and prediction ∙ 4 Finance∙ 5 Sports∙ 6 Opinion polls∙7 Supernatural prediction∙8 Prediction in fiction∙9 See also∙10 ReferencesThis sectionrequires expansion. (December 2009)dependent variable are input to the parameterized function to generate predictions for the dependent variable.Before finding a mathematical relationship between the variables, one must decide what series of data to compare. Here big data multiply the areas explored[clarification needed] and improve the chances of finding correlations between phenomena between which no connection was suspected before.NASA's 2004 predictions of the solar cycle, which were inaccurate (predicting that solar cycle 24would start in 2007 and be larger than cycle 23), and the refined predictions in 2012.Prediction marketMathematical models of stock market behaviour (and economic behaviour in general) are also unreliable in predicting future behaviour. Among other reasons, this is because economic events may span several years, and the world is changing over a similar timePredicting the outcome of sporting events is a business which has grown in popularity in recent years. Handicappers predict the outcome of games using a variety of mathematical formulas, simulation models or qualitative analysis. Early, well known sports bettors, such as Jimmy the Greek, were believed to have access to information that gave them an edge. Information ranged from personal issues, such as gambling or drinking to undisclosed injuries; anything that may affect the performance of a player on the field.Recent times have changed the way sports are predicted. Predictions now typically consist of two distinct approaches: Situational plays and statistical based models. Situational plays are much more difficult to measure because they usually involve the motivation of a team. Dan Gordon, noted handicapper, wrote ―Without an emotional edge in a game in addition to value in a line, I won’t put my money on it‖.[8] These types of plays consist of: Betting on the home underdog, betting against Monday Night winners if they are a favorite next week, betting the underdog in ―look ahead‖ games etc. As situational plays become more widely known they become less useful because they will impact the way the line is set.The widespread use of technology has brought with it more modern sports betting systems. These systems are typically algorithms and simulation models basedon regression analysis. Jeff Sagarin, a sports statistician, has brought attention to sports by having the results of his models published in USA Today. He is currently paid as a consultant by the Dallas Mavericks for his advice on lineups and the use of his Winval system, which evaluates free agents. Brian Burke, a former Navy fighter pilot turnedsports statistician, has published his results of using regression analysis to predict the outcome of NFL games.[9]Ken Pomeroy is widely accepted as a leading authority on college basketball statistics. His website includes his College Basketball Ratings, a tempo based statistics system. Some statisticians have become very famous for having successful prediction systems. Dare wrote ―the effective odds for sports betting and horse racing are a direct result of human decisions and can therefore potentially exhibit consistent error‖.[10] Unlike other games offered in a casino, prediction in sporting events can be both logical and consistent.Nowadays sport betting is a huge business; there are many websites (systems) alongside betting sites, which give tips or predictions for future games. Some of these prediction websites (tipsters) are based on human predictions, but others on computer software sometimes called prediction robots or bots. Prediction bots can use different amount of data and algorithms and because of that their accuracy may vary.Fiction (especially fantasy, forecasting and science fiction) often features instances of prediction achieved by unconventional means.。
初二数学应用英语阅读理解20题
初二数学应用英语阅读理解20题1<背景文章>Tom is a student in Grade Eight. One day, he went to the supermarket with his mother. They wanted to buy some fruits. When they came to the fruit section, Tom saw that apples were sold at 5 yuan per kilogram and oranges were sold at 8 yuan per kilogram. Tom's mother wanted to buy 3 kilograms of apples and 2 kilograms of oranges. Tom quickly calculated the total cost in his mind. He thought that 3 kilograms of apples cost 3 times 5 yuan, which is 15 yuan. And 2 kilograms of oranges cost 2 times 8 yuan, which is 16 yuan. So the total cost is 15 yuan plus 16 yuan, which is 31 yuan.After buying the fruits, they went to the cashier to pay. The cashier told them that there was a promotion. If they spent more than 30 yuan, they could get a discount of 5 yuan. Tom was very happy because they could save some money. He quickly calculated the new total cost. After deducting the discount, the new total cost is 31 yuan minus 5 yuan, which is 26 yuan.Tom and his mother left the supermarket happily. Tom realized that mathematics is very useful in daily life. It can help us solve many problems.1. Apples are sold at ___ yuan per kilogram.A.3B.4C.5D.6答案：C。
PACS[1][1].doc
PACS numbers PACS numbers appeared in the journal. Show all
01.00.00 Communication, education, history, and philosophy 01.10.-m Announcements, news, and organizational activities
01.10.Cr Announcements, news, and awards
01.10.Fv Conferences, lectures, and institutes
01.10.Hx Physics organizational activities
01.30.-y Physics literature and publications
01.30.Bb Publications of lectures (advanced institutes, summer schools, etc.)
01.30.Cc Conference proceedings
01.30.Ee Monographs and collections
01.30.Kj Handbooks, dictionaries, tables, and data compilations
01.30.M- Textbooks
01.30.Os Books of general interest to physics teachers
01.30.Rr Surveys and tutorial papers; resource letters
01.30.Tt Bibliographies
01.30.Vv Book reviews
01.30.mm Textbooks for graduates and researchers
物理竞赛-第三届泛珠三角物理奥林匹克竞赛
electromagnetic wave. (1 point)
(iv)
An electromagnetic wave
r E
=
E0 (xr0eik1z
+
yr0eik2z )e−iωt
is propagating
along the z-axis displacement is
irn D
a=nεa0nEiso0t(rεopx xirc0emike1dzi+umε.
mbyeDdriu=mε
0tεheEr
relatiron betrween the electric , so D and E are always pointing
in
the
same direction. Find the torque per volume on the medium exerted by the
in the slab.
一个厚度为 d，介电常数为ε 的大平板以速度 v 沿 X-方向运动。它的表面与 Y-轴垂 直。Z-方向加有磁场 B。求平板两表面上的束缚电荷密度，以及平板中的电场。
Q.5 (10 points) 题 5（10 分）
The space between two concentric conductor spherical shells of radii R1 and R3 is filled with two types of media. The dielectric constant and the conductivity of medium-1 and medium-2 are ε1, σ1 and ε2, σ2, respectively. The voltage difference between the two shells is V0.