Keys for the linguistics__ test

Keys for the linguistics test1. Test for chapter 1 introduction to linguisticsI.1. D2. D3. A4.B5. A6.D7. D8.B9. ACD 10. B 11.A12. C 13. C 14. B 15. B16. psycholinguistics 127diachronic 18. dualityII.FTTTTIII.略IV．According to prescriptive rule in Latin, you should say “it is I” instead of “it is me” because “be”should be followed by the nominative case, not the accusative. We know in prescriptive studies, the rules are laid down to say which is right, and which is wrong. However, for descriptive study, we describe how things are. In English, both of them can be used, and “me” is informal and “I” is felt to be very formal.V. reference to (p.21-22+ppt)VI.2. Test for chapter 2 speech soundsI.1. C2. A3. C4.B C D5. D6.C D7. C 8.D 9. A10. A11. B 12. CII.TFFTFIII.略IV．1. The word teller is formed by adding a suffix –er to the base word tell to form a new word. We are all familiar with the rule that governs the allophones of the phoneme /l/: when preceding a vowel, it is [l] and when following a vowel it is [l]. However, in telle r it has vowel both before and after it, so how do we decide that it should be pronounced as [l] or [l]?We notice that tell is a monosyllabic word while teller is disyllabic. In a polysyllabic word, we follow the maximal onset principle(MOP)for the division of syllable. By MOP, the [l]must be placed in the onset position of the second syllable instead of the coda position of the first syllable. Thus, the phoneme [l] is realized as it should be before the vowel in the second syllable. The same is true with telling, falling, and many others. We can see from this that the phonological structure of a complex word is often different from its morphological structure, i.e. how the word is formed. In word-formation it is tell+-er , while in syllable structure it is [te+ lə]3. The 3rd person singular present verb suffix, -(e)s in written form, is pronounced in three different ways: [s], [z], and [əz].Through analysis of data, we can see that /z/ appears after voiced sound [m], /s/ is found after voiceless consonant [k], while /əz/ occurs after sibilant [s]. If we examine more words, we find that they follow the same kind of pattern. It is easy to see that (1) /s/ is used when the preceding sound is a voiceless consonant other than the voiceless sibilants, (2) /z/ occurs w hen the preceding sound is a vowel or a voiced consonant other than the voiced sibilants, and (3) /əz/ follows any of the sibilants.Now, the three variants of the 3rd person singular present verb form in English are applied in the following fashion:(1) a. The /s/ appears after voiceless sounds.b. The /z/ appears after voiced sounds.c. The /əz/ appears after sibilants.In order to bring out the rule that governs this pattern, we need to say that /z/, which occurs in the most cases, is the basic form and the other two forms are derived from it. The basic form is technically known as the “underlying form” or “underlying representation (UR)”. The derived form is the “surface form” or “surface representation (SR)”. Therefore, /s/ is a matter of devoicing and /əz/ is a case of epenthesis. The two rules are represented as follows:(2) / z / s / [-voice, C] _____ (Devoicing)(3) Ø[ə ]/ sibilant _____ z (Epenthesis)With these two rules at hand, we can see if we can derive the correct SRs from the URs. Consider the derivations in (4):(4) a. //si:t + z// b. //bєd + z// c. //keıs + z//s N/A s DevoicingN/A N/A N/A Epenthesissi:ts bєdz keıss OutputClearly, something has gone wrong. The problem is that Devoicing will always apply to /z/ after a voiceless consonant and then there is never the environment for Epenthesis to apply. The obvious solution is to say that Epenthesis will always apply before Devoicing, as in (5):(5) a. //si:t + z// b. //bєd + z// c. //keıs + z//N/A N/AəEpenthesiss N/A N/A Devoicingsi:ts bєdz keısəz OutputThus, in this particular case, we have to follow a specially stipulated “rule ordering”. If this order is disturbed, incorrect derivation will result.3. Test for chapter 3 lexiconI.1. A2. AB3. BCD4.B5. B6.ABC7.A8. CD 9BII.FTFTTTFFIII.略IV．1. Free morpheme2. allophone3. allomorph4. morpheme5. open class6. word formation7. bound morpheme8. inflectional affix9. derivational affix 10.root 11. loan word 12. assimilation 13.acronymV. Answer the following questions.1. Dissect the following words into morphemes:Description →de+scrib(e) + -tion; underdevelopment →under- + develop +-ment; Photosynthetic →photo + syn- + -thetic; anatomy →ana- + tomyRadiation →radi(o) + -(a)tion; geography →geo- + -graphyphilharmonic →phil- + harmonic; defrosted →de- + frost + -ed;refreshment →re- + fresh + -ment; demobilized →de- + mobil(e) + -ize + -ed; conducting →con+duct + -ing; suppression →sup- + press + -tion;circumspect →circum + spect dialogue →dia-+ loguedeformed →de- + form + -ed; combination →combin(e) + -ation;2．What is morpheme, and distinguish the differences between free and bound morphemes. And between inflectional and derivational affixes, Give examples.Hint: p.61-62; p.63-64+ (reference to materials in ppt)IV. There are five groups of words, each of which has a different allomorph of in-. The table below lists the words accordingly, with the pertinent allomorph in the first row.[ın]inoffensive inevitable innumerable ingenious inconsistent indifferent inharmonic [ın] or [ıŋ]incomprehensible incompetent[ım]impenetrable impossible immobile[ıl]illiterate illegal illogical[ır]irresponsible irresistible irregularWhat governs the distribution of the allomorphs is the first sound of the base word, to which the final consonant of the prefix assimilates. Thus, before a labial consonant like [m] or [p], we find [ım], before base-initial [l] we find [ıl], before [r] we find [ır], before the velar consonant [k] we find in rapid speech [ıŋ] (with a velar nasal), and in careful speech [ın]. In all other cases [ın] is obligator y. Assuming an underlying form /ın/, the morpho-phonological rule for the prefix in- looks as follows:/ ın / {[ın], [ıŋ]} / ___[velar]/ ın /[ım] / ___[labial]/ ın / [ıl] / ___[l]/ ın / [ır] / ___[r]/ ın / [ın] / elsewhereThe above rule system could be further streamlined by eliminating the first rule, because, strictly speaking, the realization [ıŋ] is optional. Unlike the other rules, this alternation is not demandedby the morpho-phonology of the prefix, but is due to a more general mechanism of assimilation in fast speech. For example, in Cambridge is also optionally pronounced with a velar nasal in fast speech registers.We can test the predictions made by the rules by looking at base words which provide the pertinent environments and can take the prefix in-, such as correct, moveable, legible, rational, adequate. When prefixed, the forms are pronounced [ın]correct (or [ıŋ]correct), [ım]moveable, [ıl]legible, [ır]rational, and [ın]adequate, supporting the above rules.5. some phonlolical factors can affect the appearance of morphemes, namely, the form of a morpheme; and there could be assimilation, and dissmilation. For example, the negative morpheme could be realized as “in-” or “im-” followed by different phonological environments, as in “inefficient” and “imperfect”, as a result of assimilation.Morphmemes can also be conditioned by morphological factor, for example, the allomorphs of the plural morpheme, as could be seen in “oxen”, “cows”, and “feet”6. lexical change includes lexical change proper, phonological change, morpho-syntactic change, semantic change, orthographic change…Explain everyone of them…。