英语专业语用学试卷
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编15
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编15(总分：52.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、简答题(总题数：26，分数：52.00)1.Do you think B is cooperative in the following dialogue? Support your argument with Cooperative Principle.（南开大学2004研)A: When is the bus coming?B: There has been an accident further up the road.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：On the face of it, B violated the maxim of relation since he did not provide a direct answer to A"s question. But A would assume that B is cooperative in the conversation, and would try to explore the link between the seemingly irrelevant response to something relevant. Thus, A would interpret B"s utterance in such a way that because there had been as accident further up the road, it was quite possible that the road was blocked; in a consequence, the bus would not be able to come.)解析：2.Analyze the following dialogue with reference to Grice"s Cooperative Principle.(北二外2005研)A: Oh I like this popular song so much How about you?B: I often hear classical music, especially, the symphonies composed by Beethoven His Symphony No. 9 is my favorite.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：B has obviously violated Maxim of Relation; A was asking B"s opinion about a particular popular song, but B"s response was actually about classical music. By such a violation, B probably wanted to imply that he did not like that popular song.)解析：3.In what ways do people cooperate in their conversations?(人大2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：In daily conversations people do not usually say things directly but tend to imply them, and according to Grice, they seem to observe willingly or unwillingly certain principle, which is called "cooperative principle" : "Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged". Under this principle, there are four maxims, namely, Quantity, Quality, Relation, and Manner.)解析：4.What is sociolinguistics?（北航2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Sociolinguistics is an umbrella term which covers a variety of different interests in language and society, including the social functions of language and the social characteristics of its users. It studies the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and the characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact and change within a speech community.)解析：解析：（本题考查社会语言学的定义。
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编3
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编3(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.Classification of English speech sounds in terms of manner of articulation involves the following EXCEPT（分数：2.00）A.fricativesteralC.affricatesD.bilabial √解析：解析：（bilabial是根据发音部位划分的。
)2.The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in ______and vocabulary.（分数：2.00）ageB.grammarC.pronunciation √D.structure解析：解析：（英音和美音最大的区别就是发音和词汇，比如发音方面，美音有儿化音。
)3.Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?（分数：2.00）A.[n] √B.[m]C.[b]D.[p]解析：解析：（[m]，[b]，[p]都是双唇音，[n]是齿龈音。
)4.Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?（分数：2.00）A.Acoustic phonetics.B.Articulatory phonetics. √C.Auditory phonetics.D.Neither of them.解析：解析：（发音语言学研究语音的发生。
)5.______other than compounds may be divided into roots and affixes.(大连外国语学院2008研) （分数：2.00）A.Polymorphemic words √B.Bound morphemesC.Free morphemes解析：解析：（多语素词可被分为词根和词缀，：而合成词是不可以被这样分的。
语用学——精选推荐
语⽤学语⽤学试卷1.Answer the following question (20 points)What is your impression on pragmatic study? In what way do you think Pragmatic study is essential to our English learning? Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics which studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning. Pragmatics encompasses speech act theory, conversational implicature, talk in interaction and other approaches to language behavior in philosophy, sociology, and linguistics. It studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on the linguistic knowledge (e.g. grammar, lexicon etc.) of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of the utterance, knowledge about the status of those involved, the inferred intent of the speaker, and so on.In this respect, pragmatics explains how language users are able to overcome apparent ambiguity, since meaning relies on the manner, place, time etc. of an utterance.The ability to understand another speaker's intended meaning is called pragmatic competence. So an utterance describing pragmatic function is described as metapragmatic. Pragmatic awareness is regarded as one of the most challenging aspects of language learning, and comes only through experience2.why do you think one says to the gate-keeper “May we come in?” when he is alone?And w hy does he still say so to the gate-keeper when he and his company want to go into the park?(15?)the category of plural notion is not applied to the first person in the same way as it is to the person .Deixis is from a Greek word meaning …indicating? or…pointing?. In linguistics, it refers to certain aspects of context of utterance, including the role of participants in the speech event and their spatio-temporal and social location. It directly concerns the relationship between the structure of language and the context in which it is used. Typical examples are pronouns, demonstratives, time & place adverbs, and some grammatical categories such as tense.Some languages even make a distinction between “we-inclusive-of-addressee”and “we-exclusive-of-addressee.”Here, the person says to the gate-keeper "may we come in "when he is alone, the plural forms”us” includes the gate-keeper. By saying so, the person intends to show his friendness to the gate-keeper. It seems they have a close relationship.when he and his company want to go onto the park, by saying”may we come in ”, the plural forms ”us” just means the person and his company.3.There is a woman sitting on a park bench and a large dog lying on the ground in front of the bench. A man comes along and sit s down on the bench.(20?)Man:Does your dog bite?Woman:No(then the man reached down to pet the dog.the dog bites the man?s hand)The speaker's own questioning expression unclearConversation is the common interactions of speaker and hearer, however in order to research are often only pay attention to the hearer, the analysis for the hearer to specific inference, the purpose of the violation of cooperative principles more than from the Angle of the hearer guess what the speaker want to convey meaning. In this paper, the subjective factors include two aspects, one is the speaker's factor, 2 it is to the hearer. In some cases, the speaker words to express itself is not clear, easy to make the listener produce misunderstanding, confusion. Thereby, the unpredictability of the speaker said tend to be obedient people don't cooperate.In this scenario, lady with a clear violation of the cooperative principle in the amount of code, thus she can deduce the conversational implicature is: she doesn't want to communicate with the strange man. If you want to communicate well, she should say at the outset of this dog is not her. From the speaker, however, that this man's point of view to analysis, the man didn't clear from the start, he asked the question itself is not clear, is easy to be misunderstood. Assuming he ask is this your dog? Then ask the dog bite? Or directly ask the dog bite? Ms. I'm afraid I won't bring cooperation and dogs not friendly.4.What?s the importance of Grice?s theory of conversational implicature?a nswer this question with the following example (15?)Student A:How are you?Student B:I?m dead.The importance of the theory of conversational implicature in pragmatics is due to various sources or contributions.1.the theory of conversational implicature may provide come significant function explanation for linguistic facts.2.it provides some explicit account of how it is possible to mean more than what is actually “said”, or more than what is literally expressed.3.it may help to simplify the content of semantic descriptions.4.it is essential if various basic facts about language are to be accounted for properly.5. it may offer an insight into the rhetorical use of language.The Cooperative Principle has four categories of maxims as follows:1. Quantity2.Quality3.Relation4.MannerIt is important to recognize these maxims as unstated assumptions we have in conversations. In this case, it violates the Quality of CP. Quality: Try to make your contribution one that is true.(1) Do not say what you believe to be false.(2) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.We can see the sentence “I?m dead” is not true, so it violates the maxim of quality in CP and products implicature.5.Xiao:(look around)（20’）Grocer:⽼师吃什么？(what would you like to have,teacher?)Xiao:西⽠多少钱⼀⽄？(How much is water melon?)Grocer:⼀块⼆(one yuan and twenty)Xiao:⼀块⼆？很贵的(one yuan and twenty?very expensive）Grocer:哦，我们进来就⼀块⼀，⼀天挣不了⼏个钱，你要我给你便宜⼀⽑Grocer:好，来⼀个。
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编2
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编2(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the 1it is associated with.（人大2007研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：meaning）解析：解析：（语言具有任意性，其所指与其形式没有逻辑或内在的联系。
)2.Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present(in time and space)at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as 1.（北二外2003研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：displacement）解析：解析：（移位性是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、事件和观点。
)3.By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures,such that units of the 1level are composed of elements of the 2level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.(北二外2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：primary）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：secondary）解析：解析：（双重性是指拥有两层结构的这种属性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则。
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编12
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编12(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.Sentence meaning is the combination of the meanings of the component words and 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：the meaning of its structure）解析：解析：（句子的意义是由词汇意义与句子结构两者决定的。
)2.The hyponyms under the same superordinate are called 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：co一hyponyms）解析：解析：（同类中的成员叫做同下义词。
)3.A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the 1 of, or the 2the utterance.（人大2004研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：consequence; change brought about by）解析：4.When a teacher says "The exam this year is going to be really difficult" , the sentence would have an 1force.（清华2001研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：illocutionary）解析：解析：（行事行为是表达说话人意图的行为，老师所说的话表明了让学生努力学习的意图。
大学语用学试卷
语用学考试试卷I.Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F): (15%)1.( ) Pragmatics is the study of language use, and more specifically, the study of speaker meaning asdistinct from word or sentence meaning.2.( ) Pragmatics concentrates on those aspects of meaning that takes into account the knowledge aboutthe physical and social world.3.( ) The typical verbal form of the positive politeness strategy in English is the interrogative with amodal auxiliary.4.( ) “Jack continues to act foolishly” presupposes “Jack is acting foolishly at present.”5.( ) Saying “I forgot my pen.” is the use of on-record strategy for borrowing a pen.6.( ) “And” in English equals the logical sign “&,” meaning plus.7.( ) The conventional implicature of “Even John came to the party”is that “It was contrary toexpectation that John came to the party.”8.( ) A counter-factual presupposition means that what is presupposed is not true like the utterance “Idreamed that I was rich.”9.( ) A social contrast encoded within person deixis is known as T/V distinction, in which T refers to“non-familiar” while V to “familiar.”10.( ) In the utterance “Let’s start at once,”“let’s” is the exclusive-of-addressee use of the first persondeixis.II. Match each of the items in the right column with the one in the left column by putting in the bracket the letter corresponding to the answer. (10%)1. John Lanshaw Austin: ( ) a. presupposing2. Geoffrey Leech: ( ) b. Clean up this mess.3. Herber Paul Grice ( ) c. independence4. Brown & Levinson ( ) d. implicating5. presupposition ( ) e. How to Do Things with Words6. negative face ( ) f.. I’ll be back soon.7. commissive ( ) g. cooperative principle8. +> ( ) h. face theory9. >> ( ) i. the projection problem10. performative hypothesis( ) j. politeness principleIII.Fill in the blanks with proper words: (27%)1. The social deictic center refers to the speaker’s social _________ and __________ to which the addressee and the referent are related2.“There” in “Hi, how are you getting on there?” is a ____________ use of the deictic expression; while in “I’d like to move the desk there,” it is a ___________ use.3. In “How do you like that? He stabs you in the back and then professes to be your friend,”“that” is known as _______________ reference.4. ______________ is a very important concept in the use of deixis, which may be ___________, near the speaker, or __________, away from the speaker.5. A conversational implicature is generated when one or more of the maxims of cooperative principle is ______________ with the hearer’s ______________.6. The hyperbole in “She’s the most beautiful girl in the world” can be interpreted as being produced through the violation of the maxim of ______________.7. The blessing expression “Happy new year!” is an example of __________ deixis.8. According to politeness theory, the more ____________ the linguistic form is, the higher degree of politeness it has when used to make a request.9. The locutionary act of an utterance is concerned with the basic act of its ____________ form; while the illocutionary act with its ____________. and the perlocutionary act with its_____________.10. The final phrase “I guess”in “It will clear up tomorrow, I guess.”is called a __________ device that exemplifies the speaker’s observation of the maxim of ___________.11. In saying “I don’t know if this is important, but some of the files are missing,” the speaker is observing the maxim of ________________.12. According to Halliday, language plays three functions, namely ______________ function, _____________ function, and ______________ function,13. A simple utterance like “I’m tired” may have different pragmatic meanings in different contexts. Write out the sentence semantic meaning，two of its possible pragmatic meanings and the corresponding contexts they are in.the semantic meaning: ____________________________________________pragmatic meaning 1: _____________________________________________(the relevant context):_____________________________________________pragmatic meaning 2: _____________________________________________(the relevant context):_____________________________________________IV.Briefly answer TWO of the following questions (around 50-60 words for each) Write your answer on the other side of the paper. (Attention: Indicate your choices among the questions by writing their corresponding letters at the beginning of your answers.). (48%)a)It is strongly believed that background knowledge, to which culture is closely related culture, plays avery important role in communication. What implications do you think this belief has for interculturalcommunication and foreign/ second language teaching?b)In what way is deixis or speech act theory or conversational implicature theory or presuppositiontheory, an important aspect of pragmatic study? (Give at least one example to illustrate your discussion) (15%)c)One of the properties of politeness is gradation. Do you think the more polite an utterance is, the betterit is? Why (not)? (15%)d)Point out TWO of the five features of conversational implicature discussed in class and use examplesto illustrate the features.Answer KeyI. 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. F 6. F 7. T 8. F 9. F 10. FII. 1. e 2. j 3. g 4. h 5. I 6. c 7. f 8. d 9. a 10. bIII. 1. status, rank 2. symbolic, gestural 3.cataphoric 4. distance, proximal, distal5. violated, knowledge6. quality7. social8. indirect9. linguistic, force, effect10. hedging, quality 11. relation 12. interpersonal, ideational, textual 13. (omitted)IV. (omitted)。
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编4
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编4(总分：52.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、判断题(总题数：26，分数：52.00)1.In the sentence "Money is often said to be the root of all evil" , "root" is used in its conceptual meaning.（北二外2007研)（分数：2.00）A.TrueB.False √解析：解析：（这里的“root”是用了它的联想意义中的内涵义，不是概念意义。
)2.After comparing "They stopped at the end of the corridor. " with "At the end of the corridor, they stopped. " , you may find some difference in meaning, and the difference can be interpreted in terms of collocative meaning.（北二外2006研)（分数：2.00）A.TrueB.False √解析：解析：（搭配意义是通过词语的常用搭配而传达的意义；主位意义是通过顺序和重音这种信息的方式所传达的意义。
显然这里用的是主位意义。
)3.Conceptual meaning overlaps to a large extent with the notion of " reference".（北二外2005研)（分数：2.00）A.True √B.False解析：解析：（概念意义是逻辑的、认知的、外延的内容。
指称理论指把词语意义跟它所指称或所代表的事物联系起来，二者有其相似之处。
)4.When you use your own sentence with a meaning other than the conceptual, the meaning is sometimes referred to as speaker"s meaning, or contextual meaning.（大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.True √B.False解析：解析：（有时句子的意思要根据说话人想表达的意思而定，这也可称为语境意。
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编25
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编25(总分：72.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：5，分数：10.00)1.There has been a maxim in 1which claims that "You are what you say". (中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：quantity）解析：解析：格莱斯的数量准则指1．使你的话语如(交谈的当前目的)所要求的那样信息充分；2．不要使你的话语比要求的信息更充分。
即说你该说的。
2.The theory of conversational implicature was proposed by 1. (中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Grice）解析：解析：格赖斯认为一定存在一些管理话语产生和理解的机制。
他把这种机制称为合作原则，在这个大原则下有四条准则，它们分别为数量、质量、关系和方式准则。
3. 1were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. （分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Performatives）解析：解析：施为句是用来做事的，既不陈述事实，也不描述情况，且不能验证其真假。
4.In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the 1principle proposed by J. Grice.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Cooperative）解析：解析：通常在对话中，所有的参与者都被希望能够遵守由格莱斯提出的合作原则，这样就不会有会话含义的产生。
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编6
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编6(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.Concord(or; Agreement)(武汉大学2008研；中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：It may be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category(or categories). For example, the syntactic relationship between that girl and she in the following dialogue; A; Who is that girl? B; Oh, she is my sister.)解析：ernment（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Government is another type of control over the forms of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions. It differs from concord in that this is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the forms of others in terms of certain category. In English, for example, the pronoun after a verb or a preposition should be in the object form as in She gave him a book. She gave a hook to him. In other words, the verb, or the preposition, determines, or governs, the form of the pronoun after it.)解析：3.Paradigmatic relations（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Paradigmatic relation, Saussure originally called associative, is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and the others absent.)解析：4.Syntax（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：It is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language. Specifically, it is the study of the rules governing the ways in which words, word groups and phrases are joined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between sentential elements.)解析：5.Constituent（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Constituent is a term used in structural sentence analysis for every linguistic unit, which is a part of a larger linguistic unit. Several constituents together form a construction: for example, in the sentence " The boy ate the apple" , S(A), the boy(B), ate the apple(C), each part is a constituent.)解析：6.Logical subject(中山大学2011研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Logical subject is the subject of a sentence that expresses the actual agent of an expressed or implied action. In passive voice such as "John was bitten by a dog", we have two terms "grammatical subject" and "logical subject". Since the core object noun {John in this case)sits in the slot before the verb in the passive, it is called grammatical subject, for the original object noun phrase occupies the grammatical space before a verb, the space that a subject normally occupies; the core subject(A dog), now the object of a preposition(by a dog), is called the logical subject, since semantically the core subject still does what a subject normally does: it performs an action.)解析：7.Semantic Triangle（大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Ogden and Richards presented the classic "Semantic Triangle" as manifested in the following diagram , in which the " symbol" or " form" refers to the linguistic elements(word, sentence, etc.), the "referent" refers to the object in the world of experience, and "thought" or "reference" refers to concept or notion. According to this view, there is no direct link between symbol and referent, that is, between language and the world. The link is via thought, the concept)解析：8.Gradable antonym（人大2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Gradable antonym. Gradable antonyms are antonyms that are gradable because there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair. For example, cold and warm constitute a pair of gradable antonyms.)解析：9.Semantic feature（四川大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Semantic feature. The meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components which are called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising the features of + HUAMN, + ADULT, + ANIMATE, +MALE.)解析：ponential analysis(浙江大学2005研；北航2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Componential analysis. It refers to a semantic approach which defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components, or semantic features. For example, the meaning of the word boy may be analyzed into three components: HUMAN, YOUNG and MALE.) 解析：11.Entailment（武汉大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Entailment. It is a type of meaning dependence between sentences. It is concerned with the meaning of the sentence itself. If X is true, Y is necessarily true, and if X is false, Y may be true or false. For example, the sentence "He has been to France" entails "He has been to Europe".)解析：12.Presupposition（武汉大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：The speaker or writer always assumes that the reader or hearer already knows something of what he is going to say or write. This something often becomes the presupposition of a sentence. For example, John didn"t pass chemistry presupposes that John took chemistry.) 解析：13.Locutionary Act, Illocutinary Act and Perlocutionary Act(北京交通大学2005研；武汉大学2005研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：According to Austin, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking. A locutionary act is the act of saying, the literal meaning of the utterance. Therefore, when somebody says "Morning" , we can ask a question like "What did he do?" , and the answer could be "He offered a greeting. " An illocutionary act is the extra meaning of the utterance produced on the basis of the literal meaning. Therefore, for the same example, we can say " He meant it as a greeting". A perlocutionary act is the effect of the utterance on the hearer. Thus, by saying " Morning!" the speaker has made it clear that he wants to keep friendly relations with the hearer.)解析：14.Conversational Implicature（武汉大学2004研；北京交通大学2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Conversational implicature refers to a type of implied meaning, which is deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims. For example, the implicature of He is a tiger could probably be he has some characteristics of a tiger.)解析：15.Cooperative principle（北师大2003研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Cooperative principle was proposed and formulated by Grice. It expresses that in making a conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. It goes like this: " make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged". This principle can be further specified as the four following maxims; Quantity, Quality, Relation, Manner.)解析：16.Violation of maxims（北京交通大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：There are circumstances where speakers may not follow the maxims of the cooperative principle. For example, in conversation, a speaker may violate the maxim expectations by using an expression like " No comment" in response to a question. Although it is typically not " as informative as is required" in the context, it is naturally interpreted as communicating more than is said(i. e. the speaker knows the answer). This typical reaction to any apparent violation of the maxims is actually the key to the notion of conversational implicature. When we violate any of these maxims , our language becomes indirect. In this way, we can convey morethan is literally said. For example, there is violation of the first maxim of Quantity, and sometimes the first Quantity maxim can be in conflict with the Quality maxim.)解析：17.coherence /cohesion(浙江大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Cohesion refers to the grammatical and/or lexical relationships between the different elements of a discourse. This may be relationship between different sentences or between different parts of a sentence. It can be achieved by cohesive devices include reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion. Coherence, on the other hand, refers to the quality of a discourse which makes it a connected text coherent to the context, not a series of juxtaposed sentences.)解析：18.adjacency pairs（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Adjacency pair is a sequence of two related utterances by two different speakers. The second utterance is always a response to the first. It has five properties: ① Adjacency pairs consist of two utterances, a first part and a second part. ② The two parts are spoken by di fferent speakers. ③ The first and second parts belong to specific types, for example, question and answer, or greeting and greeting. ④ The form and content of the second part depends on the type of the first part. ⑤ Given that a speaker has produced a firs t part, the second part is relevant and expectable as the next utterance.)解析：19.preference structure（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：There are many responses to questions which are not answers but which count as second parts. This structural likelihood is called preference. Preference structure divides second parts into preferred and dispreferred. The preferred is the structurally expected next act and the dispref-erred is the structurally unexpected next act. The preferred second parts are more usual, more normal and less specific.)解析：20.Intercultural communication(南开大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Intercultural communication, also known as cross-cultural communication, is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbols systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. It is frequently used to refer to communication between people from different cultures, which implies a comparison between cultures.)解析：21.Linguistic determinism（上海交大2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Linguistic determinism, is one of the two points of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, and has developed into the strong version of this hypothesis. It could be summarized as follows:(1)One"s thinking is completely determined by his native language because one cannot but perceive the world in terms of the categories and distinctions encoded in the language.(2)The categories and distinctions encoded in one language system are unique to that system andincommensurable with those of other systems. Therefore, the following statement could represent this hypothesis " If Aristotle had spoken Chinese, his logic would have been different".)解析：22.Sapir-Whorf hypothesis（武汉大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Sapir-Whorf hypothesis consists of two parts; linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity. Linguistic determinism refers to the notion that a language determines certain nonlinguistic cognitive processes. Different languages offer people different ways of expressing around, they think and speak differently. Linguistic relativity refers to the claim that the cognitive processes that are determined are different for different languages. Thus, speakers of different languages are said to think in different ways. The hypothesis is now interpreted mainly in two different ways: a strong version and a weak one. The strong version believes that the language patterns determine people"s thinking and behavior; the weak one holds that the former influence the later. So far, many researches and experiments conducted provide support to the weak version.)解析：23.Linguistic relativity（人大2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Linguistic relativity is one of two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. It states that similarity between languages is relative, the greater their structural differentiation is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world is. For example, not every language has the same set of words for the colors; in Spanish there is no word that corresponds to the English meaning of "blue".)解析：24.Diglossia（南开大学2010研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：It is a speech variety used by a particular group of people, usually sharing the same occupation(e. g. doctors, lawyers)or the same interests. A particular register often distinguishes itself from others by having a number of distinctive words, by using words or phrases in a particular way, and sometimes by special grammatical constructions(e. g. legal language).) 解析：25.Speech community(北外2010研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Speech community is a group of people who share a set of norms and expectations regarding the use of language. Speech communities can be members of a profession with a specialized jargon , distinct social groups like high school students or hip-pop fans. In addition, online and other mediated communities, such as many internet forums , often constitute speech communities. Members of speech communities will often develop slang or jargon to serve the group"s special purposes and priorities.)解析：。
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)
有答案的第一部分选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题(2)五、论述题(每小题10分,共20分)36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2)He saw young men and women present.(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英语语言学试题(3)Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题(5)五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分,第43小题6分,共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius?Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i’ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题(6)41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating withexamples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.英语语言学试题(7)五、论述题(每小题10分,共20分)1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:A: Where’ve you been?B: Out.2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness(每个语素0. 5分)英语语言学试题(8)语言学试题)41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.42.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production英语语言学试题(9)语言学试题及参考答案41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分)1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题(本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分)11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题(本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分)21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or aphrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in differentregional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of theSapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determinesspeakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题,每小题3分,共30分)31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teachingtextbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题(本大题共2小题,每小题10分,共20分)41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existedin Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain orinsertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis,e.g.spinle--spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialectsof English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted inits Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准:满分为10分,总论及四小点各占2分。
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英语语言学练习----语用学一、Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.1.The contextual view is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense. ( )2.Pragmatics is related to and also different from semantics. ( )3.The notion of context is not important to the pragmatic study of language. ( )4.All utterances take the form of sentences. ( )5.Speech act theory was proposed by the British philosopher John Austin in the late 1950s. ( )6.Grice made a distinction between what he called “constatives” and “performatives”. ( )7.A locutionary act is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology. ( )8.In their study of language communication, linguists are only interested in how a speaker expresses his intention and pay no attention to how his intention is recognized by the hearer. ( )9.Directives are attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do something. ( )10.The Cooperative principle was proposed by John Searle. ( )11.There are four maxims under the Cooperative principle. ( )12.The violations of the maxims make our language indirect. ( )13.All the utterances take the form of sentences. ( )14.Austin thought that stating was also a kind of act, and that we can perform with language. ( )15.According to the speech act theory, when we are speaking a language, we are doing something, or in other words performing acts; and the process of linguistic communication consists of a sequence of acts. ( )16.All the acts that belong to the same category act share the same purpose or the same illocutionary act, and they are the same in their strength or force. ( )17.All the utterances that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in the syntactic form. ( )18.Conversation participants nearly always observe the CP and the maxims of the CP. ( )19.A sentence is grammatical concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied as the abstract intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication. ( )20.Utterance is based on sentence meaning, it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication or simply in a context. ( )21.As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context, pragmatics can also be regarded as a kind of meaning study. ( )22.Gradually linguists found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left considered.23.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. ( )24.Without the shared knowledge both by the speaker and the hearer, linguistic communication would not be possible, and without considering such knowledge, linguistic communication cannot be satisfactorily accounted for in a semantic sense. ( )25.An perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention. ( )26.According to Paul Grice’s idea, in making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate, otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. ( )27.An illocutionary act is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance. 【Keys】:1. T2. T3.F4.F5.T6.F7.T8.F9.T 10.F11. T 12.T 13.F 14.T 15.T 16. F 17. T 18.F 19.T 20.T21. T 22.F 23.T 24.F 25.F 26. T 27. F二、Fill each of following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.1. The shared knowledge which constitutes context is of two types; the knowledge of thel________ they use, and the knowledge about the w_______, including the general knowledge about the world and specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.2. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an u________, and it should be considered in the situation in which it is actually used.3. The idea of Paul Grice is that in making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to c_______, otherwise, it would be impossible for them to carry on the talk. The general principle is called the c________ p_________, abbreviated as CP.4. There are four maxims under the CP: the maxim of quantity, the maxim of q_________, the maxim of relation and the maxim of m____________.5. The maxim of relation requires that what the conversation participants say must ber__________.6. As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context, p__________ can be regarded as a kind of meaning study.7. If c___________ is not considered, the study of meaning is restricted to the area of traditional semantics.8. The meaning of an u__________ is concrete and context-dependent.9. An i___________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.10. According to Seale, s__________acts fall into five general categories.11. C__________ are those speech acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action.12. To ask someone to pass a book is obviously a d__________.13. According to Paul Grice, in making c__________ the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate.14. Most of the violations of the four maxims give rise to c___________ implicatures.15. The significance of Grice’s c___________ principle lies in that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey more than is literally said.【Keys】:1. language, word2. utterance3. cooperate, Cooperative Principle4. quality,mannar 5. relevant6. pragmatics7. context8. utterance9. illocutionary 10. speech 11. Commissive 12. dirextive 13. conversation 14. conversational15. Cooperative三、There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.1. __________ resulted mainly from the eapansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics.A. PragmaticsB. PragmatismC. PhonologyD. Practicalism2. Once the notion of _________ was taken into consideration, semantics spiiled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content3. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes _______.A. a sentenceB. an actC. a unitD. an utterance4. A ___________ analysis of an utterance will reveal what the speaker intends to do with it.A. semanticB. syntacticC. pragmaticD. grammatical5. _______ act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.A. SpeakingB. SpeechC. SoundD. Spoken6. ______ act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.A. A locutionaryB. An illocutionaryC. A perlocutionaryD. A speech7. One of the contributions Searle has made is his classification of __________ acts.A. locutionaryB. illocutionaryC. perlocutionaryD. speech8. The illocutionary point of __________ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. directivesB. commisivesC. expressivesD. declarations9. All the utterance that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in their _________ form.A. syntacticB. semanticC. grammaticalD. pragmatic10. The cooperative Principle is proposed by ________.A. John SearleB. John AustinC. Paul GriceD. John Lyons11. Linguists found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the ________ of language use was left unconsidered.A. brevityB. contextC. accuracyD. none of the above12. Of the three speech acts, linguistic are most interested in the _________.A. locutionary actB. perlocutionary actC. illocutionary actD. none of the above13. The maxim of quantity requires: ___________.A. make your contribution ad informative as required.B. Do not make contribution more informative than is required.C. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.D. Both A and B.14. The maxim of quality requireds: do not say what you believe to be ________.A. falseB. trueC. briefD. orderly15. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to _______.A. utterance meaningB. speech act theoryC. conversational implicaturesD. all of the above.16. The significance of Grice’s CP lies in that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey _________ is literally said.A. more thanB. less thanC. the same asD. none of the above.【Keys】:1. A2. B3. D4. C5. B6. C7. B8. C9. A 10. C 11. B 12. C 13. D 14.A 15. C 16. A四、Define the following terms.1. context2. utterance meaning3. locutionary act4. illocutionary act5. perlocutionary act【Keys】:1. Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer.2. Utterance meaning is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context; it is concrete and dependent on the context.3. A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.4. An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.5. A perlocuionary act is the act performed or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or resulting saying something.。