英语四六级、考研阅读理解长难句分析

长难句分析

长难句是阅读理解短文的显著特点之一，是文章语言难度所在，也是命题者常常出题之处。因此具备分析长难句的能力，对于阅读理解至关重要。

对于长难句，不管其结构多么复杂多变、盘根错节，只要把握住句子结构的主脉络，抓住句子的关键词和关键信息，再根据自己所掌握的各种语法知识及一些特殊句式的构成规律，就可理清头绪，找到思路。首先介绍英语基本句型结构。

常见长难句结构

常见长难句的基本解题步骤是：先抓住句子的结构框架和基本句型，找到关键词和关键信息；其次，对句子的枝叶部分进行语法知识剖析，如同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句、插入语、分词、不定式，并注意一些特殊句式的构成规律，如并列结构、分隔结构、比较结构、倒装结构、强调结构、省略结构；最后，当对句子理顺结构后，根据阅读需要找到有效信息。以下是对一些语法知识和特殊句式结合具体长难句的解析。

1）语法知识

(1) 同位语从句

同位语从句是名词性从句，它用来解释说明前面名词的具体内容。同位语从句的引导词通常为that，但是有时因名词内容的需要，也可由whether及连接副词why，when，where，how引导。that不表示任何意义，其他词表示时间、地点、原因等。以2个句子来分析同位语从句。

例：A few years ago a brand of bread was offered to dieters with the message that there were fewer calories in every slice.

结构框架：a brand of bread was offered。这是属于S+V基本句型。

结构分析：首先，介词短语with the message (声称) 用作伴随状语，说明方式，对前面的动词offered 进行说明。其次，that 引导的从句that there were fewer calories in every slice用作名词the message的同位语，说明厂家声称的内容。

参考译文：几年前推出了一种节食者食用的面包，厂家声称每片面包所含卡路里比等量的其他品牌的面包少。

例：But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory.

结构框架：the fact is a huge victory，属于S+V+P基本句型。

结构分析：that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it 作为同位语修饰the fact。as well 表示“也”的意思。

参考译文：但是对许多人来说，穷人几乎可以不靠政府救济就可以养活自己，这一事实本身就是一巨大的胜利。

(2) 定语从句

定于从句前面必须有名词作为先行词，通常由that，which，who，where等连接词引导后面的从句，修饰前面的名词，引导词在从句中作一定的成分。

例：In other words，there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing new．

结构框架：there is a conventional line…属于S+V+P基本句型。

结构分析：that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing new作为定语从句修饰a conventional line，对其进行解释说明。in the newsroom culture 是表示地点的状语短语。

参考译文：换句话说，在媒介机构的新闻采编室的文化中存在着一套约定俗成的写作模式，为新闻报道提供了主干框架以及可直接套用的叙述结构。若没有这些，新闻内容就会一团混乱，让人摸不着头脑。

例：Whether the government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.

结构框架：sth depends on the issue…，属于S+V+O基本句型。

结构分析：这是一个多重复合句。whether…or…引导名词性从句作主语，说明主语的内容，其中at the expense of technology是介词短语做状语，修饰名词性从句中的谓语动词increase；宾语issue又是由of which引导的定语从句修饰。vice versa 源于拉丁语，意思是“反之亦然”。参考译文：政府究竟是减少对技术经费的投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把问题的哪一方面看作是驱动的力量。

(3) 状语从句

状语从句分为：时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、比较、方式状语从句等。引导状语从句的从属连词很多，常见的有when，where，although，if，since，now that，as

等等。

例：We must keep up with the development of the world’s leading enterprises before we can keep pace with the changing of the international situations.

结构框架：We must keep up with…before we can keep pace with…，基本句型是S+V+O。

结构分析：We must keep up with the development of the world’s leading enterprises是主句，before引导时间状语从句。这里的before表示汉语的“只有/必须……才能”，不能按照字面译成“在……之前”

参考译文：我们只有了解国际领先企业的发展才能跟上国际形式的变化。

例：In Japan, a person’s capabilities are not forced into an inflexible specialty. Where there is willingness and intelligence, there is a place within the company for you to try and to succeed.

结构框架：…a person’s capabilities are not forced…Where there is，there is…，第一个分句的基本句型是S+V，第二个分句的基本句型是S+V+P。

结构分析：句中的where是连接副词，在此引导的是条件从句。Where there is，there is…习惯上翻译成“只要……就……”；虽然在英语中表示地点，但在汉语中却表示条件，应留意这种区别。

参考译文：在日本，一个人的能力不是限制在固定不变的专业，只要有意愿并且有聪明才智，就有其在公司发挥才能并取得成功的机会。

(4) 插入语

插入语是指在两个句子成分之间插入其他内容，如在主语与谓语之间、谓语与宾语之间或宾语与状语之间插入一个词、短语或者分句，用来对原句的内容进行补充添加、解释说明

或限定修饰等。一般说来，插入的内容由逗号或者破折号隔开，阅读时可以根据这个特征先．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．

跳过插入的内容，迅速抓住主要框架，理解整体意思，然后再回过头来看插入的细节内容。．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．

例：Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.

结构框架：…enterprises…bring…services to customers…，基本句型是S+V+O。

结构分析：中间插入的两个介词短语做定语，修饰enterprises, 起进一步解释说明的作用。参考译文：许多其他商业企业，从剧院到杂志社、从燃气电力公司到牛奶加工厂都通过计算机的使用给消费者提供更好、效率更高的服务。

例：For Lioyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights

of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from breathing condition.

结构框架：…the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means…，基本句型是S+V+O。

结构分析：在阅读文章中，有时作者会引用有身份地位的名人的说法来增强所述观点的权威性，这时会出现人名以及该人所承担的职务或服务的机构等内容，而这些内容往往都是插入成分，通常用逗号隔开。对于这种情况的处理办法是干脆将插入成分跳过去不看。上面例子中介词短语for …引导状语从句“对……来说”，从句he can…做means的宾语，句中两次出现词汇搭配suffering…from…，还有一个介绍人物的插入语a 54-year-old…。

参考译文：对于居住于达尔文市现年54岁的肺癌患者利奥德·尼克森来说，这个法案意味着他可以平静的生活下去，而无须整天惧怕即将来临的苦难：因呼吸困难而在煎熬中痛苦地死去。

(5) 分词

分词起形容词和副词的作用，在句子中做定语、状语或补语。在概念上要清楚：

①现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动意义，表示动作在进行；

②过去分词与被修饰词之间具有被动意义，表示动作结束了的状态或结果。

分词短语的逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则分词短语要有自己的逻辑主语。带有逻辑主语的分词结构，称为分词独立主格结构。分词独立主格结构只是句子的一个部分，但在翻译时经常译为独立的句子，在这一点上要注意英汉两种语言在结构和表达上的区别。

例：In addition, changes made to the construction codes in Los Angeles during the last 20 years have strengthened the city’s buildings and highways, making them more resistant to quakes.

结构框架：changes have strengthened the city’s buildings and highways，属于S+V+O基本句型。结构分析：主语changes有一个很长的后置定语：made to the construction codes in Los Angeles during the last 20 years。伴随状语making them more resistant to quakes中形容词resistant做补足语。形容词做补足语的情况很多，可以做主语补足语或宾语补足语。

参考译文：此外，由于修改了建筑章程，近20年来洛杉矶城市楼房和公路建筑都加固了，防震性能提高了。

例：But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.

结构框架：But…professional training might be the way…since…skills…can be the difference…，

属于S+V+P基本句型。

结构分析：for a small group of students是状语“对……来说”，不定式to go做定语修饰the way，插入成分all other factors being equal是分词独立主格结构，做从句的条件状语。

参考译文：但是对少数学生而言，职业培训也许是可取之路，因为在其他因素相同的情况下，熟练的技能是能否找得到工作的关键。

(6) 不定式

不定式也是非谓语动词的一种形式，它具有动词的特点，可以带宾语和状语，也有被动形式。不定式在句中可以做主语、宾语、定语和状语。做主语和做宾语时，英语习惯于在结构上用it做形式主语或宾语，而将真正的主语或宾语后置。

例：It would be difficult to count the number of such words, messages, letters, and reports put into the mails or delivered by hand, but the daily figure must be enormous.

结构框架：It would be difficult to do sth, but the figure must be enormous，属于S+V+P基本句型。

结构分析：这个句子有个很重要的句式：It be +adj. + for sb. to do sth., 当英语中，主语较长，为了避免头重脚轻，往往前面用it形式主语替代，把真正主语放在后面。

参考译文：也许很难计算这些通过信件或者人工所传递的词汇、信息、信件与报告的数目，但是每天这个数目必定是极为巨大的。

例：Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.

结构框架：Exceptional children are different…F or these children to develop…their education must be adapted to those differences，第一个分句属于S+V+P基本句型，第二个分句属于S+V 基本句型。

结构分析：这是两个独立的句子。第一个句子不难理解。第二个句子中的For these children to develop to their full adult potential是带逻辑主语的不定式，作目的状语，即develop的逻辑主语是these children。

参考译文：特殊儿童与其他同龄儿童相比有明显的不同。为了开发其潜能，对他们的教育必须适应这些差异。

2）特殊句式

(1) 并列平行结构

并列结构是指由并列连词and，but，or，either…or…，neither…nor…，not only…but also…，

not…but…连接构成的结构或分句隔开的结构。要辨别并列结构，其判断的标准是：连接的

．．．

成分在语法形式上必须相同，即必须都是形容词，或都是介词短语，或都是不定式，或都是．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．

动名词，或都是分词等；如果是谓语并列，时态一般也应该相同．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．。

例：We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.

结构框架：We live in a society…，属于S+V基本句型。

结构分析：We live in a society…，后面which引导定语从句in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive，修饰society。冒号后面的部分是并列关系的名词词组，用来举例说明前面提出的观点。

参考译文：我们生活在一种药品(毒品) 的医学用途和社会用途都很广泛的社会里：一片用来止头疼的阿斯匹林，一瓶用来社交的葡萄酒，一杯早上同来提神的咖啡，一根用来定神的香烟。

例：It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.

结构框架：It is not that…but that…，属于S+V+P基本句型。

结构分析：It is not that …but that…“不是因为……而是因为……”，是常见的并列结构句型。the scales in the one case and the balance in the other在that从句中做并列主语，principles…or manner…是并列名词短语做介词in的宾语。

参考译文：不是面包师或屠夫所用的磅秤与化学家所用的天平在构造原理和工作方法上有所不同，而是与前者比，后者是一种更为精密的仪器，因此在计量上必然比前者准确得多。(2) 分隔结构

分隔结构是指本来应该紧密相连的句子的各成分被分开，中间存在其他成分的一种习惯

表达。分隔结构与插入结构的区别在于，插入成分在形式上有标点符号隔开，而分隔结构的．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．

内容则没有形式上的标志

．．．．．．．．．．．。

分隔结构可分为：主语与谓语、谓语与宾语、宾语与宾语补足语之间的分隔；

定语从句的先行词于从句之间的分隔；同位语从句的先行词与从句之间的分隔。

例：Observations have been made of the children at the beginning and the end of the preschool and the first grade.

结构框架：Observations of the children at the beginning and the end of the preschool and the first grade have been made，属于S+V基本句型。

结构分析：介词短语of the children at the beginning and the end of the preschool and the first grade是observations的定语，也是语义上的逻辑宾语，因其较长，所以后置，将谓语have been made提前，因此形成了主语与谓语的分隔。

参考译文：对孩子们在学前和一年级的开始和结束时的情况进行了观察。

例：The manufacturer who increases the unit price of his product by changing his package size to lower the quantity delivered can, without undue hardship, put his product into boxes, bags and tins that will contain even 4-ounce, 8-ounce, one pound, two-pound quantities of breakfast foods, cake mixes, etc.

结构框架：The manufacturer…can…put his product into boxes, bags and tins…，属于S+V+O 基本句型。

结构分析：本句中主句的主语manufacturer离谓语can put较远，并且谓语can put之间又有插入语without undue hardship，介词短语by changing…做who引导的定语从句中的状语修饰动词increases，that从句用来修饰boxes，bags and tins。

参考译文：生产厂家通过改变包装的尺寸来减少其产品的含量从而提高产品的单价，他们没有付出额外辛苦就能把产品放进装早餐、蛋糕预拌粉的盒子、袋子和听罐中，可装的分量分别为4盎司、8盎司、1磅、2磅不等。

(3) 比较结构

对于比较结构，应首先掌握它的句型，尤其是它的特殊句型，同时还要注意在理解或翻译过程中与中文的差异。应该掌握的特殊句型有：not so much …as… (与其说……不如说……)，not any more…than… (两者一样都不……)，no less than… (两者一样都……)，just as…so… (正如……，……也)。

例：Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.

结构框架：Science moves forward…not so much through…as because of…，属于S+V基本句型。

结构分析：这是一个简单句，主干结构是Science moves forward，they say是插入语，not so

much…as…“与其说……不如说……”是一比较结构做原因状语，修饰谓语动词moves forwards。

参考译文：他们(新学派科学家) 说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟大的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。

例：There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them.

结构框架：There is more agreement on …than there is (agreement) on …“更同意…而不同意…”，属于S+V+P基本句型。

结构分析：这是一个含有比较状语从句的复合句。比较的对象是the kinds of behavior referred to by the term“这个词”所指的各种表现和how to interpret or classify them“如何对这些表现进行解释和分类”，them指代kinds of behavior。

参考译文：人们对智力这个词所指的不同表现意见比较一致，而对这些表现如何解释或分类则有不同的看法。

(4) 倒装结构

倒装是指句子成分不是按照主语在前、谓语在后的正常语序排列，而是将谓语或者谓语的一部分移到主语之前。倒装是一种修辞手段，目的是为了强调。倒装的结构特点是：

①否定词及含有否定意义的词组修饰状语时，若置于句首，句子的主谓部分倒装；

②only修饰状语开头的句子，句子的主谓部分倒装；

③以某些副词或短语开头的句子，句子的主谓部分倒装，如so，well，to such a degree，to such an extent，to such extremes，to such a point，many a time等。

例：Compared with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before.

结构框架：Compared with the growing quantity of information is the development…which…，属于S+V+P基本句型结构。

结构分析：该句采用倒装结构，主语是the development of technologies which…因主语含有较长的修饰成分，所以放置在谓语和表语is compared with the growing quantity of information 之后。

参考译文：伴随着信息量不断增长的是技术的发展，这些技术使得人们能够比过去以更快的速度往更多的地方储存和发送更多的信息，而这在以前是不可能的。

例：Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional

competition, as population growth in the Northeast and midwest reaches a near standstill.

结构框架：Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation…，属于S+V基本句型结构。结构分析：此句是一个倒装句，因为主语the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition太长，所以放在谓语is emerging from the 1980 census之后，形成了语序上的变化，这种变化是英语句子结构的一大特点，考生应该熟练掌握。as population growth …reaches a near standstill是全句的时间状语。

参考译文：1980年美国人口普查结果表明，随着东北部和中西部人口增长近乎停止，地区间的竞争越来越激烈了。

(5) 强调结构

强调结构指用It is…that…句型重点突出句子的某一成分，强调其重要性。强调的部分可以是句子的主语、宾语、表语或状语。注意要将强调结构与it做形式主语区别开来。it．．

做形式主语时，

．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．that ．．．．引导的句子是真正的主语，因此是一个完整的句子，而强调结构中的．．．．．．．that

引导的句子是不完整的，它必须与强调的部分一起才能构成意义完整的句子。．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．

例：Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individual to maximize their incomes that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. 结构框架：Thus，…it is the demand…that…determine…，属于S+V基本句型。

结构分析：此句主干是强调结构，中间的过去分词短语coupled with…作为插入成分，其中有一并列成分the desire to maximize…and the desire to maximize…, 这两个不定式都做定语修饰desire，determine后接两个名词性从句做并列宾语。

参考译文：在美国经济体制中，消费者个人的需求，加上商人获取最大利润的追求和消费者渴望最大限度地提高购买力三者共同决定应该生产什么和如何利用资源去生产这些产品。例：Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.

结构框架：…it is humankind’s long suffering…that makes the idea…so fascinating，属于S+V+O+C基本句型。

结构分析：该句仍然是强调结构。主干结构是humankind’s suffering makes the idea fascinating。这里对主语humankind’s suffering进行强调。at the mercy of 意思是“听任….的摆布”,“受…的支配”，do our bidding“按照我们的意愿做”。

参考译文：可能正是因为人类长期遭受旱涝灾害的摆布才使得人们治理江河以供我驱策的理想如此令人痴迷。

(6) 省略结构

省略是指句子前面提到的人或事或动作，如果后面再一次出现，在不影响理解、不造成误解的前提下，为了避免重复将其省略掉。省略的内容一定是相同的，这是判断省略的思路。省略可以使句子更加紧凑、连贯，主要有动词的省略、名词的省略、修饰语的省略、从句引导词的省略和相同结构的省略等。翻译时一般要把省掉的内容补译出来。

例：Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown.

结构框架：Anything from... to … to… may activate，but how remains unknown，第一个分句属于S+V+O基本句型，第二个分句属于S+V+P基本句型。

结构分析：这是一个由but连接的并列句。第一个分句是anything…many activate…，第二个分句为省略结构，主语是一个how引导的名词性从句，在此省略了与前面提到的相同内容anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene，补全了的分句应该是how anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene remains unknown。

参考译文：从宇宙射线到辐射到日常生活，任何东西都有可能激活处于沉寂状态的致癌基因，但是如何激活尚不为人所知。

例：Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure.

结构框架：sth can be ....，属于S+V基本句型。

结构分析：不要把clinical depression controlled 和cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure 看成独立主格结构。其实，两个逗号连结的是三个平行部分，后面两个可以被视为省略了谓语动词前“can be”的成分。

参考译文：股骨出了毛病可以换掉，临床性情绪低落可以控制，白内障只需要30分钟的外科手术即可解决。

由上面的具体分析，可以总结长难句分析步骤：

①首先确定句子是简单句、并列句或复杂句。

②如果是简单句，首先确定句子的结构框架和基本句型，然后给出全句大意。译文意思应当通顺，并和上下文意义基本吻合。如意义出入较大，文理不通，则分析可能有误，这时应

考虑重新进行句子结构分析。

③如果是并列句，首先应找出并列连词并把全句分解为若干个分句；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；然后将全句综合考虑。

④如果是复杂句，首先找出从属连词并确定出主句，这时应特别注意连词省略现象和多义连词在句中的确切含义；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构、基本句型和句意；然后确定从句的性质，即该从句在句中修饰什么词语或结构；最后整体考虑全句大意，尤其要注意对修饰语的判断是否准确。

Exercise

Translate the following sentences into Chinese

1. Despite the saying that one never knows if lightning strikes him, a person can sometimes feel the bolt coming and if quick enough, take protective action in time.

2. Although perhaps only 1 percent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.

3. For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

4. Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.

5. New ways of organizing the workplace－all that reengineering and downsizing –are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.

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