高考英语语法专题复习动词
2.动词
（1）时态与语态
A.时态的定义
要了解英语中的时态需思考三个问题：1）英语中有没有时态2）英语如何体现时态3）汉语中有没有时态下面我们通过三句话来解决这三个问题
a.我买了一本书。
b.I buy a book today.
c.I bought a book yesterday.
因此英语的时态是通过动词的形式和时间来体现的，即，所谓时态就是在不同的时间发生动作或存在状态但用动词的不同形式来表达。
B.时态的种类
英语时态可分为三大类
一般时进行时完成时
一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时
一般过去时过去进行时现在完成进行时
一般将来时将来进行时过去完成时
过去将来时将来完成时
高考中常考4中时态：一般现在时，一般过去时，现在完成时，过去完成时
C.具体时态的讲解（从时间和动词形式的角度）
A.）一般现在时
1）时间：现在
2）动词：do/does
3）用法:注意真理和客观事实，例如：
The teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun.
B.）一般过去时
1）时间：过去
2）动词：did
3）用法：已发生，但与现在无关，例如：
He bought a book yesterday.（是昨天买的，但今天有没有买不知道）
C.）一般将来时与过去将来时
1）时间：都发生在将来（区分两个将来）
一般将来时是相对于现在的将来，过去将来时是相对于过去的将来，对比：
He says that he will go to America next year.
He said that he would go to America next year.
2）动词：will do/would do
3）用法:还未发生。
注意“主将从现”的特殊用法
在时间状语从句和条件中语从句中可使用“主将从现”，即主语用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时。例如：If you go to the part tomorrow, you will have a good time.
D.）进行时
1)时间：时间点（具体的时间点或抽象的时间点）
He was doing his work at 8:00 yesterday morning.(具体时间点)
He was waiting his friends in the airport when I arrived at his home.（抽象时间点）
2)动词：be+doing
现在进行时：is/am/are doing
过去进行时：was/were doing
将来进行时：will be doing
3)用法:正在做或未完成
E.）现在完成时
1）时间：过去持续到现在或过去动作对现在造成影响
注意：a.持续不可中断：He lived in Beijing for 3 years, but now he lives in Shanghai.
b.延续性动词与瞬间动词的转化：He has kept the book for 3 years.(本句中不能用has bought)
2）动词：have/has + done
3）用法:动作过去发生但与现在有关
4）句型：a. Sine +时间点
b. For +时间段
c. 主句+sine从句（主语用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时）
d. It is/have been+时间+sine从句（从句用一般过去时）
e. It is +次数+(that)从句（从句用一般过去时）
5）标志词：so far, recently, in the past/last+时间
例如：My hometown has changed a lot in the past five years.
F.）过去完成时
1）时间：过去的过去
2）动词：had + done
When I arrived at the station, the train had left.
It was+次数+（that）+从句（从句用过去完成时）
G.）几种易混时态的辨析
1）．一般现在时与现在进行时
(1)一般现在时主要用于习惯性或经常性动作，常伴随使用usually，often，seldom等频度副词；现在进行时主要用于表示目前或现阶段正在进行的动作或状态，常跟now，at present等时间状语。
He usually writes a lot of letters，but he isn't writing at present.
他经常写许多信，但他现在没在写。
(2)表示客观事实或普遍真理时，要用一般现在时，不能用现在进行时。
The Earth goes around the Sun.
地球绕着太阳转。
2）．一般过去时与过去进行时
(1)一般过去时表示一个完成的动作，而过去进行时表示过去某一阶段正在进行的动作。
I was reading a novel last night.
昨晚我在看小说(可能没看完)。
I read a novel last night.
我昨晚看了一本小说(已经看完了)。
(2)一般过去时用于表示一个单纯动作，过去进行时用于表示过去一段时间反复做的动作。
Did he ask questions?
他提问题了吗？
He was asking questions all the time.
他始终在提问题。
(3)一般过去时表示过去某个时刻发生的动作(侧重说明事实)，过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间发生的动作(强调在这一过程中所进行的动作或展开的情景)。
He drew a picture yesterday afternoon.
他昨天下午画了一张画(昨天下午他做了这么一件事)。
He was drawing a picture yesterday afternoon.
他昨天下午在画一张画(昨天下午他一直在画画，没干别的事)。
(3)一般过去时表示过去某个时刻发生的动作(侧重说明事实)，过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间发生的动作(强调在这一过程中所进行的动作或展开的情景)。
He drew a picture yesterday afternoon.
他昨天下午画了一张画(昨天下午他做了这么一件事)。
He was drawing a picture yesterday afternoon.
他昨天下午在画一张画(昨天下午他一直在画画，没干别的事)。
3）．现在完成时与一般过去时
(1)两者都表示发生在过去的动作。但现在完成时表示过去动作与现在的关系，主要说明现在的情况；一般过去时强调动作发生在过去某一时间，与现在不发生联系。例如：
They've gone to Paris.
他们到巴黎去了(说明他们现在去巴黎了，不在这里)。
They went to Paris.
他们去过巴黎(只说明去过，不表明是否现在仍在那里)。
(2)现在完成时表示从过去发生到现在一段时间内的任何时间，可与so far，up to now，lately，ever since 等表示包括现在一段时间的状语连用，但不能和表示过去时间的状语连用；一般过去时表示的是过去某一特定时间或与现在无关的某一过去时间。
I haven't seen the film yet.
我还没看过这部影片(到目前为止)。
I saw the film the day before yesterday.
我前天看的这部电影(表明看电影的时间是在前天)。
4）．过去完成时与一般过去时
(1)一般过去时通常与具体过去时间状语连用；即使没有时间状语，根据具体的语言环境，我们也可以作出明确的判断。
(2)过去完成时是一种相对的时态，表示在过去某时刻之前发生。时间参照点与一般过去时不同，一般过去时是对现在说话时刻而言，过去完成时则是与过去某一时刻而言的，即“过去的过去”。
5．一般将来时与将来进行时
一般将来时表示对“现在时刻”来说，将要发生的动作或将要存在的状态；而将来进行时表示将来的某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。
She is sixteen，who will be seventeen next year.
她十六岁，明年将十七岁。
What will you be doing at this time next Monday?
下周一这时候你将会在做什么呢？
5）．一般将来时与将来进行时
一般将来时表示对“现在时刻”来说，将要发生的动作或将要存在的状态；而将来进行时表示将来的某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。
She is sixteen，who will be seventeen next year.
她十六岁，明年将十七岁。
What will you be doing at this time next Monday?
下周一这时候你将会在做什么呢？
(2)现在完成进行时往往表示动作在重复，现在完成时则常常不带重复性。如：
Have you been meeting her lately？(经常相见)
Have you met her lately？(不重复发生)
(3)现在完成进行时比较生动，有时含有明显的感情色彩；而现在完成时往往只说明一个事实、一种影响或结果，平铺直叙，没有什么感情色彩可言。如：
Recently Mary has been doing her homework regularly.(显然是在表扬玛丽)
Recently Mary has done her homework regularly.(只说明一个事实)
D. 被动语态
1）一般形式
Be+done
2）具体时态的被动
一般现在时的被动：is/am/are+done
一般过去时的被动：was/were+done
现在完成时的被动：have/has been done
过去完成时的被动：had been done
3）特殊用法
(1)英语中有很多动词，如break，catch，clean，drive，look，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它
们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义，主语通常是物；在这种情况下，常常和easily，well等副词连用。
This kind of cloth washes well.这种布好洗。
The sign reads as follows.这牌子告示如下。
This material won't wear.这种材料不耐穿。
The machine runs well.这种机器运转良好。
特别提醒：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。
(2)表示感受、感官的系动词feel，sound，taste，look等后跟形容词、名词构成系表结构，无被动形式。
Your reason sounds reasonable.
你的理由听起来合理。
(3)在need，want，require，deserve，bear等动词、worth等形容词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
The house needs repairing/to be repaired.
这所房子需要修理。
(4)在某些“主语(人/物)＋be＋形容词＋不定式”中不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。
The problem is difficult to work out.
这道题很难计算出。(可看作to work out省略了for me)
(5)be to rent/blame/let也属于主动形式表被动意义。
Who is to blame for the mistake?
谁应为这个错误接受谴责？
The houses are to let.
这些房子有待出租。
(6)介词in，on，under等＋名词构成介词短语表被动意义。
表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之意，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。常见的有：under control受控制；under treatment在治疗中；under repair在修理中；under discussion在讨论中；under construction在施工中；beyond belief令人难以置信；beyond one's reach鞭长莫及；beyond one's control无法控制；
beyond our hope我们始料不及；for sale出售；for rent出租；
in print在印刷中；in sight在视野范围内；on sale出售；on show展出；on trial受审；out of control控制
不了；out of sight超出视线；out of one's reach够不着；out of fashion不流行。如：
The rumor is beyond belief(＝can't be believed)．
那个谣言令人难以置信。
Today some treasures are on show(＝are being shown)in the museum.
今天一些珍宝正在博物馆展出。
（2）非谓语动词
A.非谓语动词与谓语动词的区别
形式不同：谓语动词do/does/did，谓语动词的基本功能是做谓语，因此时态语态一定属于谓语动词。
非谓语动词doing/to do/done(基本形式)，其实质还是动词，但在句子中不做谓语而是做除谓语以外的其他成分。
B.非谓语动词的使用范围
非谓语一定用在简单句中或复合句的单句中
C.非谓语动词的形式（包含变式结构）及意义
Doing to do done
主动，进行将来，主动被动，完成
Being done to be done
被动，进行将来，被动
Having done
主动，完成
非谓语的否定是在非谓语前面加not：not doing/not to do
Viewing from the top of the mountain, I can see a beautiful city.
View和主语I是主动关系，所以用doing。
Viewed from the top of the mountain, the city is very beautiful.
View和主语the city是被动关系，所以用done。
D.不定式的用法
1）表将来（分为被动和主动两种形式）
2）表目的，一般能翻译为“为了......，来......”就用to do
To get there on time I got up very early.
3）表结果，一般用only to do
The reporter hurried to the airport,only to be told the start had left.
4）表原因
We were very excited to hear the news.
5）一些形容词如：difficult, hard, easy,happy,pleasant等后面接to do
6）固定句型：it is +adj/n for/of sb. +to do
E.非谓语的特殊用法（被动形式表主动意义）和with复合结构
1）特殊用法
部分过去分词来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示被动关系，其前不用being。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：seated(坐着的)、hidden(躲着)、stationed(驻扎)、lost/absorbed in(沉溺于)、born in(出身于)、dressed in(穿着)、tired of(厌烦了)等。
Lost/Absorbed in deep thought，he didn't hear the sound.
2）With复合结构
with复合结构(with＋宾语＋宾语补足语)作状语，是用现在分词、过去分词还是动词不定式作宾语补足语，关键是看宾语和宾语补足语之间的关系。
With time passing by(time和pass之间为主动关系)，he almost forgot everything in the past.
随着时间的流逝，他几乎忘记了过去所有的事情。
He sat on the chair，with his hands tied(hands和tie之间为被动关系)behind his back.
他坐在椅子上，双手在背后捆着。
3）独立主格
如果分词作状语的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，须在分词前面加上它自己的主语，这种结构叫独立主格结构，其作用相当于状语从句；有时也用with复合结构(with＋宾语＋宾语补足语)作状语。
(1)名词/主格代词＋现在分词
名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主谓关系。
The girl staring at him(＝As the girl stared at him)，he didn't know what to say.
女孩两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
(2)名词/主格代词＋过去分词
名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系。
The problems solved(＝As the problems were solved)，the quality has been improved.
随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
(3)名词/主格代词＋不定式
名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。
He is going to make a model plane，some old parts to help.
借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。
F.动词后接doing和to do 的区别
注意
1．动名词作宾语时，可以带逻辑主语。此时，逻辑主语可以是物主代词、人称代词的宾格或所有格。
Do you mind my/me reading your paper?
你介意我看你的考卷吗？
2．作宾语的动名词和不定式除了一般式和主动式，还有完成式、被动式。完成式表示该动作比谓语动作先发生。否定式在doing/to do前加not。
(1)I regret not having taken her advice.(not须放在having前)
我感到遗憾，没有听从她的建议。
(2)They couldn't stand being treated like that.
他们不能忍受被那样对待。
(3)He decided to help me but I pretended to have finished my job.
他决定帮我，但我假装已经完成工作了。
G.高考中常见非谓语固定搭配
(1)afford，agree，choose，determine，expect，decide，learn，offer，manage，hope，want，wish，promise，refuse，fail，pretend，happen等动词后跟不定式作宾语。
(2)appreciate，avoid，bear，consider，dislike，delay，enjoy，escape，finish，hate，imagine，keep，mind，
miss，practise，postpone，resist，risk，stand，suggest等动词后跟动名词作宾语。
（3）情态动词与虚拟语气
A.情态动词
1）情态动词基本含义
一、can/could与be able to
1．can/could用来表示“一般能力”；be able to有多种时态，且用来表示在特定条件下的“具体能力”。如：My grandma is over seventy，but she can still read without glasses.
They will be able to tell you the news soon.
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.
2．表示允许可用can或could，与may/might意义接近。could可用于现在时，只是语气更加委婉、客气，回答时则一般要用can而不用could。
—Could I have the television on?
—Yes，you can./No，you can't.
二、may与might
1．表示允许，意为“可以，许可”，用法基本上同can与could。如：
May I use your bicycle?
2．表示可能性，意为“也许，可能”。如：
According to the weather forecast, it may rain tomorrow.
3．may可以放在句首，表示祝愿。如：
May good luck be yours!
三、must与have to
1．must用来表示说话人的主观看法；have to表示客观的需要，强调外界压力，不得已而为之。如：He said that they must work hard。
他说他们必须努力工作。(主观上要做这件事)
My brother was ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.
我弟弟生病了，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)
2．表示“不必”，须用don't have to或needn't。must的否定式表示“禁止，绝对不可”。如：
You don't have to tell him about it.
你不必告诉他那件事。
You mustn't tell him about it.
你绝不能告诉他那件事。
—Must we do it now?
我们必须现在做吗？
—No, you needn't.
不，你们不必。
四、shall
1．用于第一、第三人称的疑问句中，用来征求对方的意见或请求指示。如：
What shall he do next?
他下一步干什么呢？
2．用于第二、第三人称的陈述句中，表示说话人的意愿，有“命令、警告、允诺、威胁、强制”等意思。如：
He shall stay in bed.
他必须躺在床上。
You shall have it back next week.
下周一定还你。
He says he won't go, but I say he shall.
他说他不去，但我说他必须去。
五、will与would
1．will用于各种人称，表示“意志、意愿”或“决心”等。如：
If you will keep your watch half an hour slow, it is hardly surprising that you are late for your appointments.
如果你想要让你的表慢半个小时，你约会时迟到就不足为怪了。
2．will表示习惯性的动作，有“总是，惯于”的含义。如：
An Englishman will usually show you the way in the street.
英国人通常是会在街上给你指路的。
3．would可表示过去反复发生的动作。如：
On Sundays he would get up early and go fishing.
星期天他总是早起去钓鱼。
六、should与ought to
1．should表示“建议”或“劝告”，有“应该”之意。如：
You should learn from each other.
2．ought to表示根据某种义务或必要“应当”做某事。如：
Everyone ought to obey the traffic regulations.
3．should和ought to也可用来表示推测，意为“想必会……”。如：
—When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.
—
2）情态动词表推测
1．can用于肯定句中表示客观的可能性，意为“有时会”；用于疑问句中可以表示推测，意为“可能”，有时表示一种惊讶的语气；用于否定句中也可以表示推测，can't意为“不可能”，语气很强烈。
It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it can be rather cold sometimes.
我的家乡在三月份通常很暖和，但有时候也会相当冷。
Mr. Bush is on time for everything. How can it be that he was late for the meeting?
布什先生做什么事情都很准时，他怎么可能开会迟到呢？
—Let's visit Tom together, Stephen.
—There's no need to do so. He can't be at home, because I saw him board the flight to Beijing this morning.
——Stephen，咱们一起拜访汤姆吧。
——没必要这样做。他一定不在家，因为今天早晨我看见他登上了飞往北京的航班。
2．may/might用于肯定句中可以用来表示不十分肯定的推测，意为“有可能”；用于否定句中也可以表示推测，may not意为“可能不”，表示一种不太确定的语气。
The traffic is heavy these days. I might arrive a bit late, so could you save me a place?
这些天交通很繁忙，我可能会来晚一点，请你帮我保留个位置好吗？
3．must表示推测时只能用于肯定句中，意为“一定，必定”，表示十分肯定的语气(在疑问句中或否定句中要用can/could)。
—It's the office! So you must know eating is not allowed here.
—Oh, sorry.
——这是办公室！所以你一定知道这里不许吃东西。
——噢，对不起。
4．should用来表示推测时意为“应该”，即含有“按道理来说应当如此”的意思。
There shouldn't be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school.
因为你在驾校训练了这么多，通过路考应该没什么困难。
3）情态动词+have done
1．should/ought to＋have done，表示“过去本应该做而(实际)没有做的事情”，含有责备或遗憾的语气，意为“本应该……”。其否定形式为“should not/ought not to have＋done”，表示某种行为本不该发生但实际上发生了。
I shouldn't have watched that movie—it'll give me horrible dreams.
我本不应该看那部电影——它会令我做噩梦。
You ought to have come to the party yesterday, but why didn't you come?
昨天你本来应该参加聚会的，可是你为什么不来？
2．must＋have done，用于肯定句，表示“过去一定做过某事”，表示一种很有把握的推测。注意，对过去发生的情况的否定推测常用“can't/couldn't＋have done”表示。
—Ye Shiwen won two gold medals in London Olympic Games.
—She must have gone through tough training.
——叶诗文在伦敦奥运会获得了两枚金牌。
——她肯定受到严格的训练。
—Do you know where David is? I couldn't find him anywhere.
—Well. He can't have gone far—his coat's still here.
——你知道大卫在哪里吗？我到处找不到他。
——大卫的上衣还在这里，因此他肯定没走远。
3．needn't＋have done，表示“过去没有必要做某事，但实际上做了某事”。
Mark needn't have hurried. After driving at top speed, he arrived half an hour early.
马克本没必要那么匆忙。他以最快速度开车，结果早到了半个小时。
4．may/might＋have done，表示对过去情况的一种不太有把握的可能性的推测，表示“可能已做了某事……”，否定句表示“可能还没有……”。
Sorry, I'm late. I might have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.
对不起，我迟到了。我可能把闹钟关掉后又睡着了。
5．could＋have done表示“过去本来可以做某事，但实际上没有做”；can/could＋have done表示“过去可能做了某件事”。
I could have saved the poor rabbit, but I didn't have the right drugs with me at that moment.
我本来可以拯救那只可怜的兔子的，可是我当时没有合适的药品。
B.虚拟语气
一、虚拟语气在虚拟条件句中的用法
1.在具体运用中，条件从句中有时可省略if而采用倒装结构。如：
Had it not been for your help, we wouldn't have achieved so much.
2．介词without/but for、连词but、副词otherwise常用来表示某种假设条件。如：
I wouldn't have made such rapid progress without your help.
3．有时候从句动作和主句动作发生的时间不一致，这时谓语动词的形式要根据各自的时间来调整。如：If the weather had been more favourable, the crops would be growing still better.
二、“should＋动词原形”表示的虚拟语气
这一类型常见词有“一坚持(insist)、二命令(order, command)、三建议(advise, suggest, propose)、四要求(request, require, demand, desire)”。以上词及其派生名词所接的名词性从句都使用“(should＋)动词原形”的虚拟语气。
①Jane's pale face suggested that she was ill, and her mother suggested that she(should) have a medical examination.
简苍白的脸色表明她病了，她母亲建议她去检查身体。
②She insisted that the man had stolen her car and that he(should) be sent to prison.
她坚持说那个男人偷了她的车，并坚决要求他坐牢。
三、特殊句式中的虚拟语气
If only/It's (high) time (that)．..
wish/would rather/as if等固定句式要求用相应的虚拟语气表达形式。
①I wish I could fly.
真希望我能飞。
②I would rather you came tomorrow.
我宁愿你明天来。
③If only I had taken your advice!
要是听从了你的建议该多好啊！
（4）主谓一致
主谓一致的考察只能体现为对be动词或原形三单的考察
A.两个常考原则
1）就近原则
这一原则是指，谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致.常出现在这类句子中的连词有：or, either… or …，neither… nor …，not only… but also …等.例如：
Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter.
不是我，就是他们要对那件事的结局负责任.
Neither the unkind words nor the unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress.既不是那些不友好的话，也不是那不友好的态度让我沮丧.
Not only he but also all his family are keen on concerts.
不仅仅是他，而且是他全家人都很热衷于音乐会.
Neither his family nor he knows anything about it.
他全家人和他都不知道那件事.
2）就远原则
当主语后面接由as well as, as much as, accompanied by, including in addition to, more than, no less than, rather than, together with, with等引导的词组时，谓语动词这些词与前面的主语保持一致。
Petroleum, along with fuel gas, has recently risen in price.
最近石油和燃料煤气的价格上涨了.
The teacher, with all his students, is going to have a picnic this weekend.老师打算这个周末与学生们一起去野炊.
The students, together with their teacher, are going to have a picnic this weekend.学生们打算这个周末与他们的老师一起去野炊.
The warehouse, with all its stockings, was burned last night.
昨晚，那个仓库连同其所有的货物一起被烧毁了.
B.并列主语的主谓一致
1．两个单数名词用and连接，表示两个不同的概念时，谓语动词常用复数形式。如：
Tom and Jack were close friends.
汤姆和杰克是亲密的朋友。
2．两个单数名词用and连接，表示同一人、同一物、同一个概念或表示不可分割的整体时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：
The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party.
那位歌舞演员将参加我们的晚会。
3．被every, each, many a, no等限定的单数名词由and连接时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。其中，后一个限定词可省略。如：
Each boy and (each) girl has an apple.
每个男孩和每个女孩都有一个苹果。
4．一个单数名词被几个用and连接的并列形容词修饰时，可以指一件事或几件事，这种名词作主语，要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的数。如：
What he says and does do not agree.
他言行不一致。
Simple and plain living is a fine quality.
生活俭朴是一种优良的品质。
English and American literature are appealing to her.
英国文学和美国文学都对她有吸引力。
5．由and连接的两个what从句作主语时，要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的数。如：
What he says and does does not concern me.
他的言行与我无关。
6．由or, nor, either...or，neither...nor, not only...but (also)连接的并列主语，通常根据就近原则，谓语动词的单复数形式要和与它邻近的主语的数保持一致。如：
One or two friends are coming this evening.
今天晚上有一两个朋友要来。
Neither I nor he is in favour of her marriage.
我和他都不赞成她的婚姻。
7．“单数名词＋with, along with, together with, as well as, rather than, as much as, but, except等＋名词”作主语时，谓语仍用单数形式。如：
Dr. Smith, together with his wife, is to arrive on the evening flight.
史密斯博士及其夫人将乘晚班飞机抵达。
Nobody but one teacher and three students was in the laboratory.
除了一个老师和三个学生外，没有人在实验室里。
C.某些名词作主语时的主谓一致
1．集体名词family, class, crew, team, group, public, audience, crowd, government, committee等作主语时，动词的单复数形式要根据主语所指的意义而定。当把集体名词作为一个整体看待时，谓语动词常用单数形式；如果指其中各个成员时，谓语动词常用复数形式。如：
The class consists of 25 boys and 20 girls.
这个班由25个男生和20个女生组成。
The class are doing experiments.
全班学生正在做实验。
2．由两部分构成的表示物体的名词，如trousers, pants, jeans, compasses, glasses, shorts等作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式。但如果这类名词前用了a pair of或two/three/...pairs of来修饰，谓语动词的数往往取决于pair的单复数形式。如：
Your glasses are very nice.
你的眼镜很漂亮。
This pair of trousers is mine.
这条裤子是我的。
D.数词与量词作主语的主谓一致
1．表示时间、重量、距离、价格、体积等的名词的复数形式作主语，通常当作整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
Twenty years is a long time in one's life.
20年在人的一生中是很长的一段时间。
2．分数和百分数修饰可数或不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数还是复数取决于它们表示的意义。
试比较：
About one third of the books are worth reading.
这些书中大约有1/3值得读一读。
3．有“kind(form, type, sort, species, portion, series) of”等修饰的主语，其谓语形式常取决于这些词的单复数。如：
This new type of buses is on show.
这种新型的公共汽车现在正在展出。
All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome.
必须克服各种各样的困难。
4．如果主语由“many a/more than one＋单数名词”构成，谓语动词常用单数。如：
Many a page in this book is missing.
这本书缺了许多页。
5．a quantity of及quantities of后既可接复数名词，亦可接不可数名词；a quantity of...作主语时谓语动词的单数形式取决于后面的名词是否可数；而quantities of...作主语时谓语总用复数形式。如：With more forests being destroyed, a large quantity of good earth is being washed away each year.
＝With more forests being destroyed, quantities of good earth are being washed away each year.
随着越来越多的森林被砍伐，每年有大量的沃土被冲走了。
E.从句中的主谓一致
在用it作形式主语的句子中和在用it构成的强调句型中，谓语动词常用单数。如：
It isn't obvious which route would be the best.
哪条路线会是最好的还不明显。
It was he who taught us English last year.
去年是他教我们英语。(强调句型)
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