Tetanus Immunoglobulin-VF
外伤后破伤风疫苗和被动免疫制剂使用指南(2019年版)

外伤后破伤风疫苗和被动免疫制剂使用指南(2019 年版)外伤后破伤风是非新生儿破伤风的主要类型。
为指导基层医疗机构做好外伤后破伤风的预防控制工作,尤其是外伤后的预防处置,降低破伤风发病率及病死率,中国疾病预防控制中心国家免疫规划技术工作组参考《2017 年世界卫生组织破伤风立场文件》,以及国内外最新研究进展,制定了本指南。
一、破伤风免疫制剂破伤风主动免疫制剂为含破伤风类毒素疫苗(tetanus toxoid-containing vaccine,TTCV)。
TTCV包括吸附破伤风疫苗(Tetanus vaccine,adsorbed,TT)、吸附白喉破伤风联合疫苗(Diphtheria and tetanus combined vaccine, adsorbed, DT)以及吸附无细胞百白破疫苗(Diphtheria, tetanus and acellular pertussis combined vaccine, adsorbed, DTaP)等。
破伤风被动免疫制剂包含破伤风抗毒素(Tetanus antitoxin,TAT)、马破伤风免疫球蛋白[equine anti-tetanusF(ab')2, F(ab')2] 和破伤风人免疫球蛋白(Human tetanusimmunoglobulin,HTIG)。
其中F(ab')2是在原有使用马血清生产 TAT 工艺的基础上,经加用柱色谱法纯化工序降低 IgG 等大分子蛋白的含量、提高有效成分抗体片段F(ab')的相对含量,2使之安全性较TAT 得到较大提高。
在 HTIG 难以获得时,应当优,其次选择 TAT。
先选择F(ab')2二、外伤后破伤风预防处置的基本流程外伤后进行伤口处置和合理使用破伤风免疫制剂对预防破伤风感染至关重要。
外伤后伤口处置按照外科诊疗常规要求,破伤风疫苗和被动免疫制剂使用基本流程如下:(一)根据伤口的情况进行分类在接诊外伤患者时,应当获取患者完整病史,包括受伤的环境和受伤的过程,对伤口进行分类。
犬伤门诊制度及相关知识

一、值班制度1.实行 24 小时值班制度。
二、工作人员职责1.值班工作人员穿戴工作衣、帽,严格按照《狂犬病暴露预防处置工作规范》,实施伤口处理、狂犬疫苗及狂犬免疫球蛋白的注射工作。
2.负责所有狂犬病暴露者的接诊工作,做好伤者的暴露级别判断和接种前知情同意告知。
3.认真规范书写医疗文书,规范填写犬伤患者信息和疫苗接种等记录,按月统计上报工作情况。
4.礼貌待人,耐心解答患者询问,做好狂犬病暴露者的宣传教育工作。
5.及时报告严重犬伤患者、一犬伤多人、疑似狂犬病等情况。
6.负责疫苗的领用和保管,做好疫苗出入库登记和冷链测温记录7.查实信息,保证接种安全。
8.做好安全防范工作,下班前检查电源、关闭门窗。
三、疫苗登记制度1.建立疫苗出入库登记本。
2.严格按照冷链要求进行登记(温度、湿度),每日二次。
四、院感管理制度1.接种室,诊疗室保持整齐,器械药品位置固定。
2.接种严格无菌操作。
3.落实一次性注射器毁形消毒,并记录。
4.严格执行消毒,门诊室,接种室内每天空气,物表消毒,定期消毒器械、辅料,病做好消毒记录。
一、犬伤门诊工作人员必须规范穿戴工作衣帽,勤剪指甲,工作前须用流动水洗手。
二、保持登记侯诊区、接种室等环境整洁卫生,光线明亮,空气流通。
每天下班前须用消毒液对接种台面消毒清洁,接种室内空气消毒用紫外线灯照射30分钟以上(新装紫外线灯管照射强度应≥90UW/cm2使用中的紫外线灯管照射强度应≥70UW/cm2<70UW/cm2的灯管应及时更换),紫外线灯按每M3空间≥15瓦安装,紫外线灯管表面应保持洁净,每周用酒精擦拭1次。
留观区和候诊区每天用1000mg/L含氯消毒剂擦拭桌面、座椅、地面等,含氯消毒剂每天更换。
三、皮肤消毒液必须密封保存,在有效期内使用,使用中的消毒液须每周更换2次,盛装的容器每周消毒2次。
接种部位要避开疤痕、炎症,硬结和皮肤病变处,消毒操作以注射部位为中心,由内向外缓慢旋转、逐步涂擦消毒面积不小于5cm X 5cm,局部用75%乙醇消毒时,待干后再接种。
医学免疫学课件——抗体

3 抗体的生物学功能 Biological activities of antibodies
抗体 Antibody
抗体的生物学功能
Nursing School of Sias International University
3 抗体的生物学功能 Biological activities of antibodies
独特型分子可刺激异种、同种异体以及自体产生相应 抗体,即抗独特型抗体(anti-idiotype antibody,AId), 在免疫网络调节中起主要作用。
Nursing School of Sias International University
抗体 Antibody
03
Nursing School of Sias International University
抗体 Antibody
Nursing School of Sias International University
பைடு நூலகம்
1 抗体的结构 Organization of antibodies
抗体的水解片段
➢木瓜蛋白酶(papain): —— 2 Fab + Fc
➢胃蛋白酶(pepsin): —— F( ab' )2 + pFc'
Nursing School of Sias International University
抗体 Antibody
抗体与免疫球蛋白的概念
抗体(antibody, Ab ):是由B细胞接受抗原刺激后, 增殖 分化为浆细胞所产生的一类具有免疫功能的球蛋白。
免疫球蛋白(immunoglobulin, Ig): 具有抗体活性或化 学结构与抗体相似的球蛋白。
船舶医药配备要求附则2

Page 1 of 7Alternative Medicines to be kept on board Hong Kong Seagoing ShipsNotes :1. Recommended Quantity is the specified quantity for every crew size of 10. Subject to Note 2 below, for crew size of over 10, the quantity to be stocked should be based on the next higher multiple of 10 (e.g. 3 x recommended quantity for a crew size of 25).2. Recommended Quantity marked with * is the specified quantity considered sufficient regardless of crew size.3. If Recommended Quantity is not of standard dispensing sales pack, the nearest available pack above the Recommended Quality is recommended.ItemTreatment DrugOrdering Size RecommendedQuantity1. Cardiovascular System1.1 Cardiovascular analeptics sympathomimetics Adrenaline acid tartrate inj 1.8mg (1:1000) 1ml amp 10* 1.2 Anti-angina preparations Nitroglycerin Spray 0.4mg/dose 200 doses/unit1 unit 1.3 Glyceryl Trinitrate patch 5mg2 1.4 DiureticsFrusemide i)40mg tabii)10mg in 1 ml inj (2ml amp)i) 40mg ii) 2ml amp i) 28* ii) 2 1.5 Anti-haemorrhagics if there are women with potential forchild bearing working on board (including utertonics) Phytomenadione (Vit K) paediatric inj (0.2ml amp)0.2ml amp1*1.6Ergometrine 500mcg, Oxytocin 5 units (1ml amp) (Syntometrine)1ml amp 2* 1.7 Anti-hypertensive Atenolol 50mg 28 1.8 Anti-parasympatheticAtropine Sulphate inj 1ml amp10* 2. Gastrointestinal SystemMedicines for gastric and duodenal disorders2.1 -Histamine H2 receptor anti-ulcerCimetidine400mg20Page 2 of 7ItemTreatment DrugOrdering Size RecommendedQuantity 2.2 -Antacid mucous mixtureProprietary Antacid of choice As required As required2.3 Anti-emetics Prochlorperazine Hydrochloride inj 12.5mg/ml amp 10* 2.4 Cinnarizine 15mg 602.5 Lubricant laxatives Glycerol suppository 2,250mg 12 2.6 Anti-diarrhoealsLoperamide capsules2mg 30 2.7 Anti-Haemorrhoid preparationsProprietary haemorriod preparation of choice As requiredAs required3. Analgesic / Anti-spasmodics3.1 Analgesic, anti-pyretics and anti-inflammatory agents Paracetamol tab 500mg 100 3.2 Ibuprofen tab400mg 100 3.3Indomethacin suppository 100mg 10 3.4 Powerful anaglesics Dihydrocodeine Tartrate tab30mg 28 3.5Morphine Sulphate 15mg in 1ml inj (1ml amp) 1ml amp 10 3.6 SpasmolyticsHyoscine Butylbromide tab 10mg 56 4. Nervous System4.1 Anxiolytics Diazepam inj 5mg/ml 1ml amp 5* 4.2Diazepam tab5mg 28* 4.3 Anti-depressant Amitriptyline Hydrochloride tab 50mg 20 4.4 Neuroleptics Haloperidol 5mg/ml inj1ml amp 5* 4.5Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride tab25mg28*Seasickness remedies(Covered by items 2.3 / 2.4)Page 3 of 7ItemTreatment DrugOrdering Size RecommendedQuantity 4.6 Anti-epileptics Diazepam rectal dispenser10mg in 2.5ml54.7Phenobarbitone Sodium inj1ml amp54.8 Hypnotics(Covered by item 4.2)5. Anti-allergics and Anti-anaphylactics5.1 H1 Anti-histamines Cetirizine10mg 30* 5.2 Chlorpheniramine Maleate tab 4mg 20 5.3Chlorpheniramine Maleate inj 1 ml amp25.4 Injectable / Oral glucocorticoidsHydrocortisone inj(Powder for reconstitution 100mg vial with 2 ml water for inj / ready diluted 100mg in 1ml inj)Powder 35.5 Prednisolone tab 5mg286. Respiratory System6.1 Bronchospasm preparationsSalbutamol inhaler100 micrograms per metered dose. 200 dose inhaler with volumatic1Page 4 of 7Item Treatment DrugOrdering Size RecommendedQuantity 6.2Beclomethasone inhaler100 micrograms per metered dose inhaler16.3Ventolin tab4mg 30 6.4 Anti-tussivesProprietary cough mixture As required As required 6.5 Medicines used for colds and sinusitisProprietary cold remedy As required As required7. Anti-infection7.1 AntibioticsBenzylpenicillin Sodium 600mg inj(Powder for reconstitution in a rubber capped and metal topped vial and water for inj 2ml) Powder 107.2 Ciprofloxacin tab 500mg 20 7.3 Cefuroxime inj 750mg vial 20 7.4 Erythromycin tab 250mg 28 7.5 Doxycycline capsules 100mg 8 7.6Amoxycillin tab 250mg 40 7.7 Anti-bacterial / Urinary antiseptics Trimethoprim tab 200mg 14 7.8 Anti-parasitics Mebendazole tab 100mg 6* 7.9 Intestinal anti-infectivesMetronidazole tab 400mg 21 7.10 Anti-tetanus vaccines and immunoglobulin Tetanus vaccine0.5mg amp 5*Tetanus Immunoglobulin amp for inj250 units1*Page 5 of 7Item Treatment DrugOrdering Size RecommendedQuantity8.Compounds Promoting Rehydration, CaloricIntake and Plasma Expansion8.1 WHO generic formulaSodium Chloride & dextrose rehydration salts (Sachet to provide Na=35mmol, K=20mmol, Cl=37mmol, HCO3=18mmol and glucose 200mmol when reconstituted in a litre of water)BP oral powder in sachet1 Box (16-20)9. Medicines for External Use – Skin Medicines9.1 Antiseptic solutions100ml solution or pre-impregnated wipes0.015% w/v Chlorhexidine and 0.15% w/v Cetrimide1* bottle or 1* pack wipes9.2 Antibiotic ointmentsNeomycin / Bacitracin cream 15g 1 9.3 Anti-inflammatory and analgesic ointments Hydrocortisone 1% cream 15g 2 9.4Proprietary NSAID gel / ointmentAs requiredAs required9.5 Anti-mycotic skin creams Benzoic ointment BP 50mg (Benzoic Acid 6%, Salicylic Acid 3%, in emulsifying ointment) 15g 3 9.6 Miconazole Nitrate 2% topical cream 30g 2 9.7 Miconazole Nitrate vaginal cream 2% 1 9.8Miconazole Nitrate pessaries 100mg 1 9.9 Burn preparations Silver Sulphadiazine 1% cream 50g 2 9.10Proprietary antiseptic cream of choiceAs requiredAs requiredPage 6 of 7Item Treatment DrugOrdering Size RecommendedQuantity 9.11Calamine lotion 15% 100ml bottle19.12 Miscellaneous skin preparations Zinc ointment, BP(containing Zinc Oxide 15%) 25g 1* 9.13 Potassium Permanganate crystals 10g container / Permitabs pack1*9.14Gamma Benzene Hexachloride -Body lotion - Hair application 1%100ml bottle 100ml bottle3110. Eye Medicines10.1 Antibiotic ointment Chloramphenicol eye ointment 1% 4g 4 10.2 Antibiotic drops Neomycin Sulphate 0.5%0.5ml 20* 10.3 Anti-inflammatory drops Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 0.1% 0.5ml 20* 10.4 Anaesthetic drops Amethocaine 0.5% 0.5ml 20* 10.5 Hypotonic drops Pilocarpine Nitrate 2% 0.5ml 20* 10.6 Diagnostic dropsFluorescein Sodium 1% 0.5ml 20* 11. Ear / Nasal Medicines11.1 Antibiotic / Anti-inflammatory solution Antibiotic eardrops containing in each ml;Neomycin 3,400 units, Polymixin B Sulphate 10,000 units, Hydrocortisone 10mg 5ml 1*11.2 Ephedrine Hydrochloride 0.5% nasal drops10ml 1*Page 7 of 7ItemTreatment DrugOrdering Size RecommendedQuantity12. Medicines for Oral and Throat Infections12.1 Antibiotic or antiseptic mouthwashesGlycerin of Thymol mouthwashThymol 0.05% and Glycerol 10% in water213. Local Anaesthetics13.1 Local anaesthetics given by subcutaneous injHydrochloride 1% 50mg in 5ml for inj Lignocaine Hydrochloride 1% (plain) 20mg in 2ml2ml 5 13.2 Local anaesthetic gelLignocaine Hydrochloride 2% in a lubricant water miscible base (gel) 20g 20g 1 13.3 Dental anaesthetics and antiseptic mixturesProprietary gel e.g. Bonjela1 unit1。
人破伤风免疫球蛋白治疗破伤风11例疗效观察

1.1 一般资料 本组患者 11例 .其中男 身 具有很强 的过敏 原性 。可引 起过 敏性 严 格无菌操 作 .动 作轻柔 ,对 痰液黏 稠者
7例 ,女 4例 ,年龄 29~72岁 .均有 外 伤 休克 等严重 的变态反应 。使用 TAT必须 加强气 道湿化 ;(3)气管切 开护理 ,每天 3
者伴有肢体抽搐 ,3例患者伴有呼吸费力。 而 TIG是 由乙型肝炎疫 苗灭 活后 再经 吸 射部位轻微酸痛 、红肿 、体 温略升等反应 ,
1.2 治疗 方 法 有 伤 口者 .立 即予 双 附破伤风疫 苗免疫 的供 血浆 者 中采 集破 一 般 可 自行 消 退 .明 显 的 过 敏 反 应 较 为 罕
4 参 考 文 献 [1] 黎娟 花 ,郑 洪 波 ,郑 朝盾 ,等 .抑郁 症患 者认知 功能 障碍 的研究
[J].实用 医学杂 志 ,2007,23(19):3022-3024. [2] 吴 钟琪 .医用 高 压氧 临床 手册 [M].长沙 :湖 南科 学技 术 出版
社 .1997:191. [3] 隋涛 ,王 黎 明 ,赵洪 彬 .高压 氧治 疗 在神 经 内科 的应用 [J].实
经 。(4)高压 氧 进神经元 代谢恢 复[ 。
综上 .高压 氧对 改善抑郁症患者 的睡眠障碍有 显著 的促 进作 用 。 高压 氧 治疗 1个 疗 程 1O次 ,至 少 需治疗 3~4个疗程效果较佳 ,最好 每年定期重复治 疗 以巩 固疗 效 。
immunoglobulin,TIG)是 预防和 治疗破伤 合可 .其 余 10例均痊愈 出院。
缓解 .特别注意观察患 者呼吸的频率 、节
风感 染的新制剂 。我院急诊科 于 2005年 3 讨 论
律 ,密 切 监测 血 氧 饱 和 度 。本 组 2例 患 者
低pH孵放病毒灭活处理对马破伤风免疫球蛋白F(ab′)2质量的影响

病毒灭活后ꎬ其抗体效价、聚合物( 二聚体、多聚体) 及 F( ab′) 2 含量未发生明显变化ꎻ样品于b′) 2 含量均符合« 中华人民共和国药典»2015 版( 三部) 的要求ꎮ 结论 低 pH 孵放病毒灭
活法适用于马破伤风免疫球蛋白 F( ab′) 2 病毒的灭活ꎮ
( 二聚体、多聚体) 及 F( ab′) 2 含量ꎬ评估低 pH 孵放病毒灭活法对上述质量指标的影响ꎻ以 1 mL / 瓶的规格分装经低
pH 孵放病毒灭活处理的马破伤风免疫球蛋白 F( ab′) 2 ꎬ于(25±1) ℃ 条件下存放 6 个月ꎬ定期取样并进行抗体效价、
聚合物( 二聚体、多聚体) 及 F( ab′) 2 含量检测ꎬ评估其稳定性ꎮ 结果 马破伤风免疫球蛋白 F( ab′) 2 经低 pH 孵放
张玲玲ꎬ包正琦ꎬ段丽娟ꎬ戴于栋ꎬ张光磊ꎬ高建军
兰州生物制品研究所有限责任公司血清室 甘肃省疫苗工程技术研究中心ꎬ甘肃 兰州 730046
摘要: 目的 考察低 pH 孵放病毒灭活处理对马破伤风免疫球蛋白 F( ab′) 2 质量的影响ꎮ 方法 取马破伤风免疫
球蛋白 F( ab′) 2 4 份ꎬ分别调整 pH 至 3.8、4.1、4.4 及 6.5ꎬ于(25±1) ℃ 条件下放置 21 d 后取样测定抗体效价、聚合物
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微生物学免疫学进展 2019 年 2 月第 47 卷第 1 期 Prog in Microbiol ImmunolꎬFeb. 2019ꎬ Vol.47 No.1
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低 pH 孵放病毒灭活处理对马破伤风免疫球 蛋白 F( ab′) 2 质量的影响
关键词:马破伤风免疫球蛋白 F( ab′) 2 ꎻ低 pH 孵放病毒灭活法ꎻ抗体效价ꎻF( ab′) 2 含量
厌氧性细菌--第一节 厌氧芽胞杆菌(1)
厌氧性细菌--第一节厌氧芽胞杆菌(1)第十四章厌氧性细菌厌氧性细菌(Anaerobic bacteria)是一大群种类繁多、专性厌氧,必须在无氧环境中才能生长的细菌。
厌氧菌广泛分布于自然界和人及动物的体内。
无芽胞厌氧菌主要存在于人体及动物体内,特别是肠道、口腔、止呼吸道和泌尿道等处,与需氧菌和兼性厌氧菌共同构成机体的正常菌群。
在正常菌群中厌氧菌通常占有绝对的优势。
正常情况下,菌群保护相对平衡,如长期应用广谱抗生素、激素、免疫抑制剂等,发生菌群失调,或机体抵抗力减退,则可导致内源性厌氧菌感染。
目前已知的重要厌氧菌见表。
表14-1 重要的厌氧菌一、芽胞菌梭状芽胞菌属(Clostridium)二、无芽胞菌(一)革兰氏阳性球菌1 消化球菌属(Peptococcus)2 消化链球菌属(Peptostreptococcus)(二)革兰氏阴性球菌韦荣氏球菌属(Veillonella)(三)革兰氏阴性无芽胞杆菌1 类杆菌属(Bacteroides)2 梭形杆菌属(Fusobacterium)(四)革兰氏阳性无芽胞杆菌1 双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)2 乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)3 真杆菌属(Eubacteriun)4 丙酸杆菌属(Propionibacterium)第一节厌氧芽胞杆菌厌氧芽胞杆菌只有一个属,称梭状芽胞杆菌属(Clostridium),简称梭菌属,革兰氏染色阳性,都能产生芽胞,芽胞直径大多比菌体宽,使菌体膨大成梭形,故得名。
芽胞的形状和位置在鉴别上有意义。
大多数须在严格厌氧条件下才能生长,少数可在微氧环境中繁殖。
一、破伤风梭菌破伤风梭菌(Clostridium tetani)是引导起破伤风的病原菌,大量存在于人和动物肠道中,由粪便污染土壤,经伤口感染引起疾病。
(一)生物学性状破伤风梭菌菌体细长,长4~8um ,宽0.3~ 0.5um ,周身鞭毛,芽胞呈圆形,位于菌体顶端,直径比菌体宽大,似鼓槌状,是本菌形态上的特征。
生物制药-药典释义
百日咳疫苗pertussis vaccine/whoopingcough白喉diphtheria破伤风tetanus百日咳Adsorbed Purified Pertussis VaccineAdsorbed Purified Pertussis Vaccine is a liquid for injection prepared by adding an aluminum salt to a liquid containing the protective antigen of Bordetella pertussis to make the antigen insoluble.It conforms to the requirements of Adsorbed Puri-fied Pertussis Vaccine in the Minimum Requirements for Biological Products.Description Adsorbed Purified Pertussis Vaccine forms a homogeneous, white turbidity on shaking.吸附精制百日咳疫苗是制备注射加铝盐液体含百日咳杆菌保护性抗原使抗原不溶液。
它符合生物制品的最低要求的吸附纯化百日咳疫苗要求。
描述吸附精制百日咳疫苗外是一种均匀白色混浊液。
白喉Freeze-dried Diphtheria Antitoxin,EquineFreeze-dried Diphtheria Antitoxin, Equine, is a preparation for injection which is dissolved before use.It contains diphtheria antitoxin in immunoglobulin of horse origin. It conforms to the requirements of Freeze-dried Diphtheria Antitoxin, Equine, in the Minimum Re-quirements for Biological Products.Description Freeze-dried Diphtheria Antitoxin, Equine,becomes a colorless or light yellow-brown, clear liquid or aslightly whitish turbid liquid on addition of solvent。
地塞米松在口腔颌面部手术中的临床研究
地塞米松在口腔颌面部手术中的临床研究陈安勇;汤炜【摘要】目的:探讨地塞米松在防止或减轻术后肿胀和感染中的作用.方法:将100例行口腔颌面部清创缝合手术患者随机分为两组,均使用抗生素,治疗组使用地塞米松,对照组不使用地塞米松,对术后肿胀和感染等情况进行对比研究.结果:治疗组的术后肿胀、疼痛、感染和瘢痕发生率分别为44%、54%、6%和18%,对照组的术后肿胀、疼痛、感染和瘢痕发生率分别为92%、80%、22%和34%,对照组的发生率明显高于治疗组,两组比较经统计学分析,肿胀、疼痛和感染方面差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:在掌握好适应证、禁忌证,同时使用抗生素的前提下,合理适量地使用地塞米松,对防止和减轻术后肿胀、疼痛、感染等并发症有积极的作用.【期刊名称】《中国医药导报》【年(卷),期】2010(007)036【总页数】3页(P28-29,46)【关键词】地塞米松;口腔颌面外科手术;感染【作者】陈安勇;汤炜【作者单位】四川省武胜县人民医院口腔科,四川武胜638400;四川大学华西口腔医院口腔颌面外科,四川成都610041【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R782口腔颌面部手术后,特别是经过缝合的手术,术区常常出现肿胀[1]等情况,进而易导致疼痛加剧和增加感染的几率[2-3]。
为减少类似并发症,笔者2009年3月~2010年3月尝试使用地塞米松(Dexamethasone)取得了较为满意的临床效果,现报道如下:1 资料与方法1.1 一般资料本组病例共100例,均为口腔颌面部裂伤患者,年龄18~60岁,对青霉素不过敏,且能够配合随诊者,其中,男77例,女23例;唇部28例,面部33例,黏膜12例,合并颌骨骨折4例,合并其他科损伤10例,多部位不合并颌骨骨折和不合并其他科损伤13例。
其中,门诊88例,住院12例。
排除标准:创口很小,未缝合或未用抗生素者;合并颅底骨折和(或)颅脑损伤者;妊妇或哺乳妇女。
破伤风
五、免疫预防
免疫接种:定期接种破伤风类毒素1ml/头, 皮下注射,免疫期为一年,第二年再接一次 ,免疫期可达四年。
UK Department of Health guidelines for managing wounds to prevent tetanus
一、流行病学及流行史
(一)流行状况
全世界都有发生,各年龄均易感,但在气候温暖潮湿、土壤富有有机 物质的人口稠密的地区最常发生。
全世界每年发病数约100万。 2003年我国因NNT死亡398例,是继狂犬病、病毒性肝炎、结核病后
死亡数居第4位的传染病。 In the United States, the incidence was 36–48 cases per year. This rate has
强 心 ( 强 尔 心 ) , 解 酸 ( NaHCO3 ) , 利 尿 (乌洛托品),防并发症(PG、SM),补液 (葡萄糖、VitC、VitB1)等。
Flow diagram showing the management of tetanus. 1—limited evidence; 2—some evidence; 3—good evidence
1.化脓性脑膜炎:虽有“角弓反张”状和颈项强直
等症状,但无阵发性痉挛,病人有剧烈头痛、高热喷 射性呕吐等,神志有时不清,脑脊液检查有压力增高, 白细胞计数增多等。
2.狂犬病:有被疯狗猫咬伤史,以吞咽肌抽搐为主,
咽肌应激性增强,病人听见水声或看见水咽骨立即发 生痉挛,剧痛喝水不能下咽,并流大量口涎。
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NATIONAL 160S01502
DATA SHEET Tetanus Immunoglobulin-VF
Prepared By: CSL Limited Issued by NZBS: 28/04/2008 Page 1 of 6 Authorised By: Peter Flanagan Copy No Previous ID: 160S01501 QA Approved By: Meredith Smith
NAME OF THE MEDICINE Human Tetanus Immunoglobulin, solution for intramuscular injection.
DESCRIPTION Tetanus Immunoglobulin-VF is a sterile, preservative-free solution containing 160 mg/mL human plasma proteins and 22.5 mg/mL glycine. The solution has a pH of 6.6. At least 98% of the protein is immunoglobulins (mainly IgG), with a tetanus antitoxin activity of not less than 100 IU/mL.
Tetanus Immunoglobulin-VF is prepared by Cohn cold-ethanol fractionation of human plasma obtained from voluntary blood donors. Donations are selected on the basis that they contain high levels of specific antibodies against the toxin of Clostridium tetani. Immunoglobulins for intramuscular injection, prepared by this process from plasma screened by current methods, have not been implicated in the transmission of viral infectious diseases including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Studies using plasma spiked with HIV have shown that the Cohn cold-ethanol fractionation process produces a very large reduction in virus titre with undetectable levels in the immunoglobulin fraction. Epidemiological studies have not recognised any cluster of AIDS patients or HIV seroconversion in immunoglobulin recipients. The manufacturing process for Tetanus Immunoglobulin-VF contains specific steps to reduce the possibility of viral transmission including pasteurisation for viral inactivation and nanofiltration for virus removal.
PHARMACOLOGY Tetanus Immunoglobulin-VF contains high levels of antibodies (mainly IgG) against tetanus toxin.
CLINICAL TRIALS A comparative clinical trial was conducted to investigate the effect of pasteurisation on the in vivo behaviour of intramuscular immunoglobulins using Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin (pasteurised and unpasteurised) as the representative of this group of products. Fifty-eight (58) healthy subjects (28 males and 30 females) each received an intramuscular injection of pasteurised (viral inactivated) or unpasteurised Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin. No significant differences were observed.
Twenty-eight (28) subjects received the viral inactivated product. Maximal serum concentration of IgG was reached after 8.0 ± 5.5 days (mean ± s.d.), and the estimated half life of IgG was 27.2 ± 6.6 days (mean ± s.d.). These values are consistent with ranges observed with other intramuscular immunoglobulin products.
A clinical trial with Tetanus Immunoglobulin-VF has not been conducted. NATIONAL 160S01502
DATA SHEET Tetanus Immunoglobulin-VF
Prepared By: CSL Limited Issued by NZBS: 28/04/2008 Page 2 of 6 Authorised By: Peter Flanagan Copy No Previous ID: 160S01501 QA Approved By: Meredith Smith
INDICATIONS Tetanus Immunoglobulin-VF is indicated for the passive protection of individuals who have sustained a tetanus-prone wound and who have either not been actively immunised against tetanus or whose immunisation history is doubtful. It should also be given to the fully immunised patient with a tetanus-prone wound if more than 10 years have elapsed since the last vaccine dose. In all the above instances, active immunisation with a tetanus vaccine should be commenced at the same time (refer to Table 1) according to current recommendations. Although Tetanus Immunoglobulin-VF and vaccine can be given at the same time, they should be administered in opposite limbs, using separate syringes.
Table 1. Guide to tetanus prophylaxis in wound management (refer to INDICATIONS) Type of wound Clean, minor wound All other wounds History of
active immunisation Tetanus Vaccine* Tetanus Immunoglobulin Tetanus Vaccine* Tetanus
Immunoglobulin Not immunised or less than 3 doses Yes No Yes Yes
3 doses or more: < 5 years since last dose No No No No
5 to 10 years since last dose No No Yes No
> 10 years since last dose Yes No Yes Yes
* For children less than 8 years old, use of a combined diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis (DTPa) vaccine is recommended in preference to tetanus vaccine alone. For persons 8 years of age or older use a combined diphtheria/tetanus (dT) vaccine in preference to tetanus vaccine alone.
CONTRAINDICATIONS Tetanus Immunoglobulin-VF is contraindicated in individuals: 1. with isolated Immunoglobulin A (IgA) deficiency, unless they have been tested and shown not to have circulating anti-IgA antibodies 2. who have severe thrombocytopenia or any coagulation disorder that would contraindicate intramuscular injections.