中国高等教育体制中的多样性(英文)

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(完整word版)高等教育学(完整版知识点)

(完整word版)高等教育学(完整版知识点)第一部分:判断（共12题)1、教育方针的基本构成：教育发展的指导思想(教育的性质）；教育的培养目标（广义的培养目标，即教育目的）;实施的途径（实现教育目的的途径）。

2、发展教育的三个途径：教学工作（主要途径）;科研训练（重要途径)；社会实践（新的教育方针予以强调）。

3、我国学位制度分为三级：学士、硕士、博士.4、我国现行高校领导体制:党委领导下的校长负责制（=学校基层委员会领导下的校长负责制）5、高校教职工代表大会：是教职工群众行使民主权利、民主管理学校的重要形式。

6、宏观高等教育结构：包括层次结构、科类结构、形式结构、能级结构、地域结构（即布局）、管理体制结构等。

7、微观高等教育结构：包括学科专业结构、课程结构、教材结构、队伍结构、各类人员的知识结构等。

8、高校教学系统组成：教师、学生、教学内容和教学媒介。

9、高校课程分类：从层次构成上，可分为公共基础课程、专业基础课程以及专业课程；从形式上看，可分为必修课程、选修课程。

10、大学生参与科研活动:有多种途径,可以结合日常教学进行，也可通过指导学生完成学年论文或毕业论文进行。

11、大学生社会实践活动的特征：人才培养的目的；现实参与的方式；定向选择的内容；互补并进的效果。

12、大学生社会实践活动在培养人方面起的作用:可促进知识的转化和拓展；有利于增强大学生的社会意识和社会技能；有利于发展大学生的创造才能和组织才能；有利于大学生提高修养、完善个性品质。

第二部分：名词解释（共21题）1、高等教育P5：高等教育是在完全的中等教育基础上进行的专业教育，是培养各类高级专门人才的社会活动。

2、广义文化P17：最广义的文化可以泛指人类在历史过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总称。

3狭义文化P17：常常是人们对精神财富及精神生活的一种通称，在此“文化”一词从狭义的角度使用。

4、教育方针P29：教育方针是国家在一定历史时期，根据社会政治经济发展的需要和基本国情，通过一定的立法程序，为教育事业确立总的工作方向和奋斗目标，是教育政策的总概括。

中国教育体制的演变及其特点

中国教育体制的演变及其特点中国教育体制的演变及其特点作为一个拥有悠久历史和文化的国家，中国教育体制经历了数千年的演变和发展。

从古代的私塾教育到现代的学校教育，中国的教育体制一直在不断变革，以适应社会的需求和发展的要求。

本文将从不同历史时期出发，分析中国教育体制的演变及其特点。

一、古代教育体制古代的中国教育体制主要以私塾为主，这些私塾通常由有一定教育素养和知识水平的士人开办，用于培养贵族子弟和士人的学术能力和品德。

古代教育注重传统文化和礼仪教育，强调经典文学、音乐、礼仪、德行等方面的培养。

这一教育体制长时间地维持了社会的稳定，也为后来的教育发展奠定了基础。

二、封建社会教育体制随着封建社会的形成，中国的教育进入了一个新阶段。

在这一时期，学校教育开始兴起，比如曾国藩的“家塾”模式在19世纪中叶开始风靡，并逐渐发展成为士大夫贵族子弟接受现代教育的主要途径。

同时，科举制度也发展起来，封建社会的最高学府状元府是科举制度的核心。

科举制度培养出了大量的士人，为社会稳定和发展做出了贡献。

然而，封建教育体制的弊端也变得越来越明显。

一方面，科举制度限制了人才的多样性，过分强调经典文化和文笔功底，不能满足时代发展的需求。

另一方面，封建社会的等级观念使得教育资源向上层人士倾斜，普通人民难以接受教育，造成社会不公平和不稳定。

三、近代教育体制的建立近代以来，中国遭受了外来侵略和内部动荡，教育体制也随之发生了重大变革。

在这一时期，一系列的现代学校得以兴起，这些学校采用西方教育体制和教育理念，注重科学、实用和人文素养的培养。

同时，以康有为、梁启超等人为代表的新文化运动在教育领域提倡文化变革和教育改革，呼吁人才培养要以国家利益和社会需求为导向。

近代教育体制的建立也面临了许多挑战。

一方面，学校教育的普及和提高对教育资源的需求巨大，但是短时间内很难满足。

另一方面，西方教育体制的引进和推行也遇到了一些困难，特别是对于传统教育思想和文化的冲击，使得教育改革产生了一些争议和不适应。

教育学研究世界各国的教育方式比较

提高公民的综合素质。 1、重视幼儿的身体健康和发展； 2、重视幼儿智力的发展； 3、重视幼儿社会性和情感的发展； 4、重视幼儿入小学的准备工作。
国别美国英国法国日本
俄罗斯
二、各国学前教育机构
主要机构名称
招收儿童的年龄学习年限
主管部门
幼儿园保育学校日托中心保育学校托儿所学前游戏小组幼儿学校托儿所幼儿园保育所托儿所幼儿园
第一章学校教育制度比较
学校教育制度，简称学制，也称学校系统。指一个国家各级各类学校的体系。它规定各级各类学校的性质、任务、入学条件、修业年限
以及它们之间的衔接和关系。
第一节现代学校教育制度的形成
➢ 西方： 16世纪，现代意义上的学校产
生 19世纪末，现代意义上的学校
教育制度建立单轨制
双轨制
德国：
联邦政府：3% 州政府：77% 市镇政府：19%
印度：
中央：9%左右邦和中央直辖区：91%
➢当地政府投入为主
丹麦：中央政府：25% 地方政府：12% 当地政府：63%
挪威：中央政府：40% 当地政府：60%
第五章中小学教育比较
一、各国中小学教育的结构
美国：多为6－3－3制，此外还有
容易脱离当地实际；
不鼓励自由实验，束缚了教师的创造性。
没有统一标准，各地区教育质量参差不齐；
各地区经济条件不同，教育事业的发展不均衡；
行政效率不高。
趋势：
1、教育行政体制的均权化 2、教育行政体制的法制化 3、教育行政体制的民主化 4、教育行政体制的专业化
第三章学前教育比较
比较法运用条件： ❖同一性 ❖双边性或多边性 ❖可比性

英语中的“学院”及汉语中“学院”的英译

英语中的“学院”及汉语中“学院”的英译1. 引言1.1 介绍英语中的“学院”及汉语中“学院”的英译In English, the term "college" is often used to refer to institutions of higher education. These can range from small liberal arts colleges to large research universities. The word "college" can also be used to describe a smaller division within a university, such as the College of Engineering or the College of Arts and Sciences.2. 正文2.1 学院在英语中的定义In English, the term "college" refers to an educational institution that offers higher education and often specializes in a particular field of study. Colleges typically grant undergraduate degrees, such as bachelor's degrees, and may also offer associate degrees or certificates. Colleges are usually smaller than universities and may focus on specific academic areas, such as liberal arts, business, or engineering.2.2 “学院”在汉语中的含义“学院”在汉语中的含义可以追溯至古代，最初指的是一种学术组织形式，类似于现代西方的学院。

天大2020春季学期考试《大学文化》在线考核试题答案41479

4.大学文化以工作性质划分（） A.大学教学文化
B.大学科研文化 C.大学行政文化 D.大学学术文化答案：ABCD
5.以下属于大学物质文化具体体现的有（） A.学校建筑（含纪念性建筑） B.学校标识（校徽、校旗、校服等） C.园林、景观和道路（铭牌） D.图书馆答案：ABCD
6.以下人物中，属于天津大学校友的是（） A.徐志摩 B.张太雷 C.马寅初 D.茅以升答案：ABCD
7.以下制度包括在大学制度文化范畴内的有（） A.大学章程 B.大学体制（办学体制、管理体制、治理结构） C.教学制度、科研制度 D.人事制度、礼仪制度答案：ABCD
8.以下属于中国古代四大书院的是（） A.白鹿洞书院 B.岳麓书院 C.石鼓书院 D.应天府书院答案：ABCD
9.院系调整中，天津大学陆续调出若干系、组，参与组建了今天（）诸多院校，哺育了蹒跚起步的新中国高等教育。 A.北京科技大学 B.北京邮电大学 C.北京航空航天大学 D.天津工业大学答案：ABCD
4.广义的大学精神，指各类大学所普遍存在的优良校风、相对稳定的群体心理优势和精神状态。如求真求实精神、团结协作精神、开拓创新精神等，再如勤奋好学之风、团结友爱之风、为人师表之风等。 A.正确 B.错误答案：A
5.大学文化是大学的重要财富和无形资产，是影响大学办学质量和可持续发展的重要甚至是决定性因素。 A.正确 B.错误答案：A
6.文明的动态性较为明显,随着历史的发展而发展进步,如物质文明,变化最大；而表现在规范、伦理、道德方面的文化则不尽然,变化缓慢。 A.正确 B.错误答案：A
7.文化是一种“存在”。存在是“有”，而不是“无”。“文化”与“文化表现”（或“文化现象”、文化形态）既有联系，又有区别：“文化表现”等于文化加负载物（载体），是文化的“外化”或“外显”，它是多种多样、形态万千的，其多样性取决于载体的多样性。 A.正确 B.错误答案：A

《生物多样性公约》英文版

CARTAGENA PROTOCOL ON BIOSAFETY TO THE CONVENTION ONBIOLOGICAL DIVERSITYThe Parties to this Protocol,Being Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, hereinafter referred to as "the Convention",Recalling Article 19, paragraphs 3 and 4, and Articles 8 (g) and 17 of the Convention,Recalling also decision II/5 of 17 November 1995 of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention to develop a Protocol on biosafety, specifically focusing on transboundary movement of any living modified organism resulting from modern biotechnology that may have adverse effect on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, setting out for consideration, in particular, appropriate procedures for advance informed agreement,Reaffirming the precautionary approach contained in Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development,Aware of the rapid expansion of modern biotechnology and the growing public concern over its potential adverse effects on biological diversity, taking also into account risksto human health,Recognizing that modern biotechnology has great potential for human well-being if developed and used with adequate safety measures for the environment and human health,Recognizing also the crucial importance to humankind of centres of origin and centres of genetic diversity,Taking into account the limited capabilities of many countries, particularly developing countries, to cope with the nature and scale of known and potential risks associated with living modified organisms,Recognizing that trade and environment agreements should be mutually supportive with a view to achieving sustainable development,Emphasizing that this Protocol shall not be interpreted as implying a change in the rights and obligations of a Party under any existing international agreements,Understanding that the above recital is not intended to subordinate this Protocol to other international agreements,Have agreed as follows:Article 1OBJECTIVEIn accordance with the precautionary approach contained in Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, the objective of this Protocol is to contribute to ensuring an adequate level of protection in the field of the safe transfer, handling and use of living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health, and specifically focusing on transboundary movements.Article 2GENERAL PROVISIONS1. Each Party shall take necessary and appropriate legal, administrative and other measures to implement its obligations under this Protocol.2. The Parties shall ensure that the development, handling, transport, use, transfer and release of any living modified organisms are undertaken in a manner that prevents or reduces the risks to biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health.3. Nothing in this Protocol shall affect in any way the sovereignty of States over their territorial sea established in accordance with international law, and the sovereign rights and the jurisdiction which States have in their exclusive economic zones and their continental shelves in accordance with international law, and the exercise by ships and aircraft of all States of navigational rights and freedoms as provided for in international law and as reflected in relevant international instruments.4. Nothing in this Protocol shall be interpreted as restricting the right of a Party to take action that is more protective of the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity than that called for in this Protocol, provided that such action is consistentwith the objective and the provisions of this Protocol and is in accordance with thatParty's other obligations under international law.5. The Parties are encouraged to take into account, as appropriate, available expertise, instruments and work undertaken in international forums with competence in the area of risks to human health.Article 3USE OF TERMSFor the purposes of this Protocol:(a) "Conference of the Parties" means the Conference of the Parties to the Convention;(b) "Contained use" means any operation, undertaken within a facility,installation or other physical structure, which involves living modified organisms that are controlled by specific measures that effectively limit their contact with, and their impact on, the external environment;(c) "Export" means intentional transboundary movement from one Party to another Party;(d) "Exporter" means any legal or natural person, under the jurisdiction of the Party of export, who arranges for a living modified organism to be exported;(e) "Import" means intentional transboundary movement into one Party from another Party;(f) "Importer" means any legal or natural person, under the jurisdiction of the Party of import, who arranges for a living modified organism to be imported;(g) "Living modified organism" means any living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology;(h) "Living organism" means any biological entity capable of transferring or replicating genetic material, including sterile organisms, viruses and viroids;(i) "Modern biotechnology" means the application of:a. In vitro nucleic acid techniques, including recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) and direct injection of nucleic acid into cells or organelles, orb. Fusion of cells beyond the taxonomic family,that overcome natural physiological reproductive or recombination barriers and that are not techniques used in traditional breeding and selection;(j) "Regional economic integration organization" means an organization constituted by sovereign States of a given region, to which its member States have transferred competence in respect of matters governed by this Protocol and which has been duly authorized, in accordance with its internal procedures, to sign, ratify, accept, approve or accede to it;(k) "Transboundary movement" means the movement of a living modified organism from one Party to another Party, save that for the purposes of Articles 17 and 24 transboundary movement extends to movement between Parties and non-Parties.Article 4SCOPEThis Protocol shall apply to the transboundary movement, transit, handling and use of all living modified organisms that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health.Article 5PHARMACEUTICALSNotwithstanding Article 4 and without prejudice to any right of a Party to subjectall living modified organisms to risk assessment prior to the making of decisions on import, this Protocol shall not apply to the transboundary movement of living modified organisms which are pharmaceuticals for humans that are addressed by other relevant international agreements or organisations.Article 6TRANSIT AND CONTAINED USE1. Notwithstanding Article 4 and without prejudice to any right of a Party of transit to regulate the transport of living modified organisms through its territory and make available to the Biosafety Clearing-House, any decision of that Party, subject to Article 2, paragraph 3, regarding the transit through its territory of a specific living modified organism, the provisions of this Protocol with respect to the advance informed agreement procedure shall not apply to living modified organisms in transit.2. Notwithstanding Article 4 and without prejudice to any right of a Party to subjectall living modified organisms to risk assessment prior to decisions on import and to set standards for contained use within its jurisdiction, the provisions of this Protocol with respect to the advance informed agreement procedure shall not apply to the transboundary movement of living modified organisms destined for contained use undertaken in accordance with the standards of the Party of import.Article 7APPLICATION OF THE ADVANCE INFORMED AGREEMENT PROCEDURE1. Subject to Articles 5 and 6, the advance informed agreement procedure in Articles 8 to 10 and 12 shall apply prior to the first intentional transboundary movement of living modified organisms for intentional introduction into the environment of the Party of import.2. "Intentional introduction into the environment" in paragraph 1 above, does not refer to living modified organisms intended for direct use as food or feed, or for processing.3. Article 11 shall apply prior to the first transboundary movement of living modified organisms intended for direct use as food or feed, or for processing.4. The advance informed agreement procedure shall not apply to the intentional transboundary movement of living modified organisms identified in a decision of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol as being not likely to have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health.Article 8NOTIFICATION1. The Party of export shall notify, or require the exporter to ensure notification to, in writing, the competent national authority of the Party of import prior to theintentional transboundary movement of a living modified organism that falls within the scope of Article 7, paragraph 1. The notification shall contain, at a minimum, the information specified in Annex I.2. The Party of export shall ensure that there is a legal requirement for the accuracy of information provided by the exporter.Article 9ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF RECEIPT OF NOTIFICATION1. The Party of import shall acknowledge receipt of the notification, in writing, to the notifier within ninety days of its receipt.2. The acknowledgement shall state:(a) The date of receipt of the notification;(b) Whether the notification, prima facie, contains the information referred to in Article 8;(c) Whether to proceed according to the domestic regulatory framework of the Party of import or according to the procedure specified in Article 10.3. The domestic regulatory framework referred to in paragraph 2 (c) above, shall be consistent with this Protocol.4. A failure by the Party of import to acknowledge receipt of a notification shall not imply its consent to an intentional transboundary movement.Article 10DECISION PROCEDURE1. Decisions taken by the Party of import shall be in accordance with Article 15.2. The Party of import shall, within the period of time referred to in Article 9, inform the notifier, in writing, whether the intentional transboundary movement may proceed:(a) Only after the Party of import has given its written consent; or(b) After no less than ninety days without a subsequent written consent.3. Within two hundred and seventy days of the date of receipt of notification, the Party of import shall communicate, in writing, to the notifier and to the Biosafety Clearing-House the decision referred to in paragraph 2 (a) above:(a) Approving the import, with or without conditions, including how the decision will apply to subsequent imports of the same living modified organism;(b) Prohibiting the import;(c) Requesting additional relevant information in accordance with its domestic regulatory framework or Annex I; in calculating the time within which the Party of importis to respond, the number of days it has to wait for additional relevant information shall not be taken into account; or(d) Informing the notifier that the period specified in this paragraph is extended by a defined period of time.4. Except in a case in which consent is unconditional, a decision under paragraph 3 above, shall set out the reasons on which it is based.5. A failure by the Party of import to communicate its decision within two hundred and seventy days of the date of receipt of the notification shall not imply its consent to an intentional transboundary movement.6. Lack of scientific certainty due to insufficient relevant scientific information and knowledge regarding the extent of the potential adverse effects of a living modified organism on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity in the Party of import, taking also into account risks to human health, shall not prevent that Party from taking a decision, as appropriate, with regard to the import of the living modified organism in question as referred to in paragraph 3 above, in order to avoid or minimize suchpotential adverse effects.7. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties shall, at itsfirst meeting, decide upon appropriate procedures and mechanisms to facilitate decision-making by Parties of import.Article 11PROCEDURE FOR LIVING MODIFIED ORGANISMS INTENDED FOR DIRECT USE AS FOOD OR FEED, OR FORPROCESSING1. A Party that makes a final decision regarding domestic use, including placing on the market, of a living modified organism that may be subject to transboundary movement for direct use as food or feed, or for processing shall, within fifteen days of making that decision, inform the Parties through the Biosafety Clearing-House. This information shall contain, at a minimum, the information specified in Annex II. The Party shall provide a copy of the information, in writing, to the national focal point of each Party that informs the Secretariat in advance that it does not have access to the Biosafety Clearing-House. This provision shall not apply to decisions regarding field trials.2. The Party making a decision under paragraph 1 above, shall ensure that there is a legal requirement for the accuracy of information provided by the applicant.3. Any Party may request additional information from the authority identified in paragraph (b) of Annex II.4. A Party may take a decision on the import of living modified organisms intended for direct use as food or feed, or for processing, under its domestic regulatory framework that is consistent with the objective of this Protocol.5. Each Party shall make available to the Biosafety Clearing-House copies of anynational laws, regulations and guidelines applicable to the import of living modified organisms intended for direct use as food or feed, or for processing, if available.6. A developing country Party or a Party with an economy in transition may, in the absence of the domestic regulatory framework referred to in paragraph 4 above, and in exercise of its domestic jurisdiction, declare through the Biosafety Clearing-House that its decision prior to the first import of a living modified organism intended for direct use as food or feed, or for processing, on which information has been provided under paragraph 1 above, will be taken according to the following:(a) A risk assessment undertaken in accordance with Annex III; and(b) A decision made within a predictable timeframe, not exceeding two hundred and seventy days.7. Failure by a Party to communicate its decision according to paragraph 6 above, shall not imply its consent or refusal to the import of a living modified organism intended for direct use as food or feed, or for processing, unless otherwise specified by the Party.8. Lack of scientific certainty due to insufficient relevant scientific information and knowledge regarding the extent of the potential adverse effects of a living modified organism on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity in the Party of import, taking also into account risks to human health, shall not prevent that Party from taking a decision, as appropriate, with regard to the import of that living modifiedorganism intended for direct use as food or feed, or for processing, in order to avoid or minimize such potential adverse effects.9. A Party may indicate its needs for financial and technical assistance and capacity-building with respect to living modified organisms intended for direct use as food or feed, or for processing. Parties shall cooperate to meet these needs in accordance with Articles 22 and 28.Article 12REVIEW OF DECISIONS1. A Party of import may, at any time, in light of new scientific information on potential adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, taking also into account the risks to human health, review and change a decision regarding an intentional transboundary movement. In such case, the Party shall, within thirty days, inform any notifier that has previously notified movements of the living modified organism referred to in such decision, as well as the Biosafety Clearing-House, and shall set out the reasons for its decision.2. A Party of export or a notifier may request the Party of import to review a decision it has made in respect of it under Article 10 where the Party of export or the notifier considers that:(a) A change in circumstances has occurred that may influence the outcome of the risk assessment upon which the decision was based; or(b) Additional relevant scientific or technical information has become available.3. The Party of import shall respond in writing to such a request within ninety days and set out the reasons for its decision.4. The Party of import may, at its discretion, require a risk assessment for subsequent imports.Article 13SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURE1. A Party of import may, provided that adequate measures are applied to ensure the safe intentional transboundary movement of living modified organisms in accordance with the objective of this Protocol, specify in advance to the Biosafety Clearing-House:(a) Cases in which intentional transboundary movement to it may take place at the same time as the movement is notified to the Party of import; and(b) Imports of living modified organisms to it to be exempted from the advance informed agreement procedure.Notifications under subparagraph (a) above, may apply to subsequent similar movements to the same Party.2. The information relating to an intentional transboundary movement that is to be provided in the notifications referred to in paragraph 1 (a) above, shall be the information specified in Annex I.Article 14BILATERAL, REGIONAL AND MULTILATERAL AGREEMENTS AND ARRANGEMENTS1. Parties may enter into bilateral, regional and multilateral agreements and arrangements regarding intentional transboundary movements of living modified organisms, consistent with the objective of this Protocol and provided that such agreements and arrangements do not result in a lower level of protection than that provided for by the Protocol.2. The Parties shall inform each other, through the Biosafety Clearing-House, of any such bilateral, regional and multilateral agreements and arrangements that they have entered into before or after the date of entry into force of this Protocol.3. The provisions of this Protocol shall not affect intentional transboundary movements that take place pursuant to such agreements and arrangements as between the parties to those agreements or arrangements.4. Any Party may determine that its domestic regulations shall apply with respect to specific imports to it and shall notify the Biosafety Clearing-House of its decision.Article 15RISK ASSESSMENT1. Risk assessments undertaken pursuant to this Protocol shall be carried out in a scientifically sound manner, in accordance with Annex III and taking into account recognized risk assessment techniques. Such risk assessments shall be based, at a minimum, on information provided in accordance with Article 8 and other available scientific evidence in order to identify and evaluate the possible adverse effects of living modified organisms on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health.2. The Party of import shall ensure that risk assessments are carried out for decisions taken under Article 10. It may require the exporter to carry out the risk assessment.3. The cost of risk assessment shall be borne by the notifier if the Party of import so requires.Article 16RISK MANAGEMENT1. The Parties shall, taking into account Article 8 (g) of the Convention, establish and maintain appropriate mechanisms, measures and strategies to regulate, manage and control risks identified in the risk assessment provisions of this Protocol associated with the use, handling and transboundary movement of living modified organisms.2. Measures based on risk assessment shall be imposed to the extent necessary to prevent adverse effects of the living modified organism on the conservation and sustainable use ofbiological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health, within the territory of the Party of import.3. Each Party shall take appropriate measures to prevent unintentional transboundary movements of living modified organisms, including such measures as requiring a risk assessment to be carried out prior to the first release of a living modified organism.4. Without prejudice to paragraph 2 above, each Party shall endeavour to ensure that any living modified organism, whether imported or locally developed, has undergone an appropriate period of observation that is commensurate with its life-cycle or generation time before it is put to its intended use.5. Parties shall cooperate with a view to:(a) Identifying living modified organisms or specific traits of living modified organisms that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use ofbiological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health; and(b) Taking appropriate measures regarding the treatment of such living modified organisms or specific traits.Article 17UNINTENTIONAL TRANSBOUNDARY MOVEMENTS AND EMERGENCY MEASURES1. Each Party shall take appropriate measures to notify affected or potentially affected States, the Biosafety Clearing-House and, where appropriate, relevant international organizations, when it knows of an occurrence under its jurisdiction resulting in a release that leads, or may lead, to an unintentional transboundary movement of a living modified organism that is likely to have significant adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health in such States. The notification shall be provided as soon as the Party knows of the above situation.2. Each Party shall, no later than the date of entry into force of this Protocol for it, make available to the Biosafety Clearing-House the relevant details setting out its point of contact for the purposes of receiving notifications under this Article.3. Any notification arising from paragraph 1 above, should include:(a) Available relevant information on the estimated quantities and relevant characteristics and/or traits of the living modified organism;(b) Information on the circumstances and estimated date of the release, and on the use of the living modified organism in the originating Party;(c) Any available information about the possible adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health, as well as available information about possible risk management measures;(d) Any other relevant information; and(e) A point of contact for further information.4. In order to minimize any significant adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health, each Party, under whose jurisdiction the release of the living modified organism referred to in paragraph 1 above, occurs, shall immediately consult the affected or potentiallyaffected States to enable them to determine appropriate responses and initiate necessary action, including emergency measures.Article 18HANDLING, TRANSPORT, PACKAGING AND IDENTIFICATION1. In order to avoid adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health, each Party shall take necessary measures to require that living modified organisms that are subject to intentional transboundary movement within the scope of this Protocol are handled, packaged and transported under conditions of safety, taking into consideration relevant international rules and standards.2. Each Party shall take measures to require that documentation accompanying:(a) Living modified organisms that are intended for direct use as food or feed, or for processing, clearly identifies that they "may contain" living modified organisms and are not intended for intentional introduction into the environment, as well as a contact point for further information. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of theParties to this Protocol shall take a decision on the detailed requirements for this purpose, including specification of their identity and any unique identification, no later than two years after the date of entry into force of this Protocol;(b) Living modified organisms that are destined for contained use clearlyidentifies them as living modified organisms; and specifies any requirements for the safe handling, storage, transport and use, the contact point for further information, including the name and address of the individual and institution to whom the living modified organisms are consigned; and(c) Living modified organisms that are intended for intentional introduction into the environment of the Party of import and any other living modified organisms within the scope of the Protocol, clearly identifies them as living modified organisms; specifies the identity and relevant traits and/or characteristics, any requirements for the safe handling, storage, transport and use, the contact point for further information and, as appropriate, the name and address of the importer and exporter; and contains a declaration that the movement is in conformity with the requirements of this Protocol applicable to the exporter.3. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall consider the need for and modalities of developing standards with regard to identification, handling, packaging and transport practices, in consultation with other relevant international bodies.Article 19COMPETENT NATIONAL AUTHORITIES AND NATIONAL FOCAL POINTS1. Each Party shall designate one national focal point to be responsible on its behalf for liaison with the Secretariat. Each Party shall also designate one or more competentnational authorities, which shall be responsible for performing the administrative functions required by this Protocol and which shall be authorized to act on its behalf with respect to those functions. A Party may designate a single entity to fulfil the functions of both focal point and competent national authority.2. Each Party shall, no later than the date of entry into force of this Protocol for it, notify the Secretariat of the names and addresses of its focal point and its competent national authority or authorities. Where a Party designates more than one competent national authority, it shall convey to the Secretariat, with its notification thereof, relevant information on the respective responsibilities of those authorities. Where applicable, such information shall, at a minimum, specify which competent authority is responsible for which type of living modified organism. Each Party shall forthwith notify the Secretariat of any changes in the designation of its national focal point or in the name and address or responsibilities of its competent national authority or authorities.3. The Secretariat shall forthwith inform the Parties of the notifications it receives under paragraph 2 above, and shall also make such information available through the Biosafety Clearing-House.Article 20INFORMATION SHARING AND THE BIOSAFETY CLEARING-HOUSE1. A Biosafety Clearing-House is hereby established as part of the clearing-house mechanism under Article 18, paragraph 3, of the Convention, in order to:(a) Facilitate the exchange of scientific, technical, environmental and legal information on, and experience with, living modified organisms; and(b) Assist Parties to implement the Protocol, taking into account the special needs of developing country Parties, in particular the least developed and small island developing States among them, and countries with economies in transition as well ascountries that are centres of origin and centres of genetic diversity.2. The Biosafety Clearing-House shall serve as a means through which information is made available for the purposes of paragraph 1 above. It shall provide access to information。

《高等教育学》

《高等教育学》说明：1.资料中粗楷体字为教材每章后的复习思考题，请大家特别注意。

5.本资料仅供参考，还请各位学员以仔细研读书本为主.预祝大家考试顺利，全部通过！第一章绪论➢本章在正式讲述高等教育问题之前简要介绍了高等教育的发展概况、高等教育研究的阶段、高等教育学的学科性质、发展动因、学科体系、主要的研究方法等问题，使大家对高等教育和高等教育学有一个基本的了解。

➢本章重点是高等教育的发展阶段和特征，特别是各阶段中涉及到大学或高等教育的重要历史事件与历史人物。

1.高等教育作为一种活动源远流长。

在历史长河中，它曾走过了19世纪末以前漫长的成长阶段，度过了20世纪的扩张时期，现已跨入了21世纪的门槛。

2.高等教育研究大致经历了个别研究阶段、组织研究阶段和系统研究阶段。

3。

高等教育学是一门实践性很强的学科，它的发展除主体动因外，主要是高等教育事业的推动、高等教育的内部矛盾和相关学科的协同效应等促进的.第一节高等教育发展简况4。

考察高等教育发展史,我们可以从两个大的特征来分析,即成长中的高等教育和扩张中的高等教育。

5.成长中的高等教育主要指19世纪末以前高等教育从萌芽到雏型、成型而趋于完善的过程。

6.高等教育的萌芽阶段，在西方为古希腊时代；在中国为春秋战国时代。

7。

古巴比伦的“寺庙学校”把学问分成两级,一为初级教育，传授读写知识，一为高级教育,除读写训练外，还学习文法、苏美尔文字等；古埃及也有“寺庙学校"，由精通数学、天文知识的僧侣执教，传授知识与探讨学问并重。

8。

寺庙学校：古巴比伦和古埃及的一种学校形式。

由精通数学、天文知识的僧侣执教，传授知识和探讨学问并重。

9.雅典大学：雅典大学是希腊最古老和最具影响力的大学,它是当时新成立的希腊国的第一所大学，当时包括修辞学校、阿卡德米学园、哲学学校“吕克昂"以及斯多葛派创立的学校和伊壁鸠鲁派创立的学校.10。

七艺：即文法、修辞学和辩证法（三艺）、算术、几何学、天文学和音乐理论（四艺）。

高等教育学潘懋元总结

选择：1外国近代高等教育肇始于中世纪大学2中世纪大学是指12至16世纪欧洲产生的大学，其代表是12世纪建立的5所大学，即意大利的萨勒诺大学和波伦亚大学、法国的巴黎大学和蒙比利埃大学，以及英国的牛律大学。

3中世纪大学可分为两种基本类型，一种是“学生大学”，以波伦亚大学为代表；另一种是“教师大学”，以巴黎大学为代表。

4中世纪大学有文、法、神、医4科。

四科均设的大学以巴黎大学为代表，成为中世纪大学的样板。

5美国：《莫雷尔法》是这场革命的标志。

政府赠予各州土地办大学，这种大学以‘为各州农业和工业发展服务”为宗旨，史称“赠地学院”或“农工大学’。

以康乃尔大学的校长安德鲁·怀特提出的“通用课程：让任何人获得任何学科的教育”。

6美国最早进行研究生教育的是密执安大学。

但真正的研究型大学则一般认为是从约翰·霍普金斯大学。

7日本第一个教育改革令——《学制》。

1886年改东京大学为“帝国大学”，设法、医、文、理、工、农学院，是当时世界除美国外最早拥有技术科系的综合性大学。

8二战后美国1944年公布《军人权利法案》，大大推动了高等教育发展。

91862年，京师同文馆，我国近代第一所过渡性高等学校。

最早采用班级授课制，同文馆开了创办新学校的先河。

1895年，天津中西学堂，是我国近代第一所公立大学。

1898年5月，京师大学堂，1912年5月改名为北京大学。

是近代中国最著名、最正式完备的公立大学。

10民国时期高等教育也经历了以下3个阶段：民国初期资产阶级革命民主派的教育变革（孙中山、蔡元培）、北洋政府时期的复古教育（袁世凯）、国民政府时期的教育。

11蔡元培主持下制定形成的《壬子癸丑学制》，是中国第一个具有资产阶级性质的教育制度；12“文革”结束后，高等教育改革与发展可简要概括为“拨乱反正、开创未来”8个字，这也是新时期高等教育的主要特色。

13教育的两个不可分割的基本功能：促进人的发展与促进社会的发展。

14教育最基本的经济功能就是劳动力的再生产。

高等教育学

一、名词解释高等教育：是在完全的中等教育基础上进行的，培养学术性或职业性的各类高级专门人才的专业教育。

高等教育学：是一门以高等教育的运行形态和发展基本规律为研究对象的具有综合性、理论性和应用性的教育科学。

高等教育结构：指高等教育内部各要素之间的构成状态和比例关系，它是一个多维度多层次的复杂的综合结构。

主要包括体制结构、形式结构、层次结构、科类结构、能级结构、地区结构（即布局）等。

高等教育的能级结构：具有不同办学条件、不同办学要求和培养目标的各类高等学校的比例关系。

教育方针：国家在一定的历史时期，根据社会政治经济发展的需要，通过一定的立法程序为教育事业确立的总的工作方向和奋斗目标，使教育政策的总概括；其内容包括教育指导思想，教育目的以及实现教育目的的基本途径，是一切教育工作应遵循的基本指针。

高等教育目的：指按一定社会的要求把接受过完全中等教育的人培养成为一定社会所需要的高级专门人才，它规定了人才培养的基本规格和质量要求。

高等教育的培养目标：指高等教育培养人的总的质量目标和规格要求。

高等学校的微观管理体制：是指高校管理体制中的高校各个层次、管理单元间的职责、权力和利益关系，即高校的内部管理。

学校教育制度：简称学制或学校系统，是指一个国家的各级各类学校的系统，它规定学校的种类、性质、入学条件、修业年限、主办权、领导管理体制以及学校之间的衔接和他们之间的关系等等。

学位制度：即国家为保证学术的严肃性通过建立明确的衡量标准从而对相应学术程度的受教育者授予一定称号的制度。

教师专业化：指教师在整个专业生涯中，通过终身专业训练，获得教育专业知识技能，实施专业自主表现专业道德，并逐步提升自身专业素质，成为一名良好的教育专业工作者的专业成长过程。

其基本含义是：①教师专业既包括学科专业性，也包括教育专业性。

②国家有教师教育的专门机构、专门教育内容和措施。

③国家有对教师资格和教师教育结构的认定制度和管理制度。

④教师专业发展是一个持续不断的过程，教师专业化也是一个发展的概念，即是一个转台，又是一个不断深化的过程。

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1 INTERNATIONAL HIGHER EDUCATION – NUMBER 66 WINTER 2012 Pages 22-24. Institutional Diversity in Chinese Higher Education Ruth Hayhoe and Jun Li

Ruth Hayhoe is a professor at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Canada. E-mail: ruth-hayhoe@sympatico.ca. Jun Li is an assistant professor in the Department of International Education at the Hong Kong Institute of Education. Hayhoe and Li are coauthors, along with Jing Lin and Qiang Zha, of Portraits of 21st Century Chinese Universities: In the Move to Mass Higher Education, Comparative Education Research Centre and Springer, Hong Kong and Springer, 2011.

The degree to which Chinese higher education has maintained some institutional diversity is quite remarkable, in spite of pressures to conform to the model of a global research university. University presidents are naturally concerned about their institutions’ locations in global-ranking systems, and national policy has supported significant efforts to enable universities to achieve world-class quality and standing. Strong national programs have also been under way to support fields of knowledge seen as important in China’s development and to ensure some redistribution of resources to less-developed parts of the country.

GLOBALIZATION AS A PROCESS OF HOMOGENIZATION Chinese higher education has been reshaped in the massification process toward a highly hierarchical system, with substantive priority funding given to the top 100 institutions in Project 211, initiated in 1993. An even-steeper hierarchy has 2

emerged with Project 985, established to support 39 top institutions in 1998. These institutions benefit from resources and opportunities for global engagement, setting them apart from the majority of regional and local institutions. A kind of homogenization toward world trends in the mergers have taken place, as well as the strong impetus toward curricular comprehensiveness. While China’s medical universities were separate institutions under the Soviet model of the 1950s, virtually all of them have been merged with top-level comprehensive and polytechnic universities. Faculty have argued that this was important in raising their rankings, since medical research attracts considerable research funding. In addition, comprehensive universities, such as Peking and Fudan Universities, which formerly focused only on basic arts and sciences, have now developed faculties of engineering and management. Polytechnic universities, such as Tsinghua and Shanghai Jiao Tong, have developed programs in humanities and social sciences. In spite of this trend, some of the unique types of universities developed under Soviet socialist influences in the 1950s have survived and enhanced their profiles over the recent period. This has ensured the maintenance of considerable diversity in the system. These include normal universities, agricultural universities, and universities engaged with minority cultures. Their persistence has been made possible by national policy and by the initiative of institutional leaders in a period of enhanced autonomy. Three examples may give some insight into how this has happened. 3

EDUCATION-RELATED UNIVERSITIES IN A DIVERSE SYSTEM The “normal university” is an almost unknown concept in Anglo-American academic discourse. Derived from France’s Ecole Normale Supérieure, it is a comprehensive university focusing on basic arts and sciences and the preparation of teachers for secondary and tertiary schools. China already had normal universities before 1949, and under Soviet influence they were developed into a nationwide system. Leaders of East China Normal University in Shanghai, one of China’s top educational institutions, explained their resentment of a government policy that forbade them from removing the word “normal” from their title or from any kind of merger, except those bringing in cognate educational institutions for early childhood, special education, or adult education. While seeing this as a serious disadvantage at first, later they managed to attract substantive funding from the Shanghai government for strengthening their image as an enhanced version of the normal university. The East China Normal University took on new responsibilities for education at all levels of schooling and for adult learners, as well as broadening the curriculum into new areas of the social and natural sciences. A strategic partnership with the Ecole Normale Supérieure in graduate education and the decision to make this Shanghai campus an international education city has now given this institution a unique identity and profile. The efforts of successive presidents and the support of the Shanghai municipal government enabled them to enter Projects 211 and 985. These activists have led the way in demonstrating the contribution normal universities can make to a knowledge economy. Shanghai’s stunning debut as number one in the world, in the most recent Program for International Student Assessment tests (of the