定语从句

什么是定语和定语从句？
定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的单词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“……的”表示。单词作定语一般前置,句子或短语作定语则必须后置.句子作定语则叫定语从句.
a blue sea
a handsome boy
定语从句的位置:
1.紧跟在先行词的后面:
You must do everything that I do.
I have found the book which I lost.
I visited the school where I studied.
2.定语从句后移/分隔式定语从句
He laughs best who laughs last.
He is the only one of the teachers who
comes from Qingdao.
3.as引导的定语从句可前移
As you all know,the earth is round.
定语从句
Join the following sentences:
1. A plane is a machine. The machine can fly.
A plane is a machine the machine can fly.
A plane is a machine that /which can fly.
关系代词实际上是先行词的复指,that/which代指先行词machine。
2. The girl is Mary. We saw her yesterday.
The girl we saw her yesterday is Mary.
The girl who/that we saw yesterday is Mary.
关系代词实际上是先行词的复指，who/that代指先行词the girl。
1. The car which my uncle had just bought was destroyed in the earthquake.
2. This is the city where I was born.
定义：修饰名词或代词的从句。
先行词：被定语从句修饰的词。
关系词/连接词：连接主句和定语从句的连词。引导定语从句的连接词，一定要在从句中充当成分。
关系代词(作主语/宾语/表语):
1.who/whom(that)
2.which(that)
3..that不能放在介词的后面
4.whose=of which 或 of whom
5.as
关系副词(作状语) :
1.where=介词+ which
2.when=介词+ which
3.why=for+which
4.way的特殊用法 the way he lives./that he lives./in which he lives.
关系词的作用:
1)连接；2)代替先行词；3)在定从中作成分。
一、关系代词
1. The number of people _A___ lost homes reached as many as 250,000.
A. who B. which C. where D. when
1. who
作定从的主语/宾语
指人
作主语时不可省略
指代先行词

2. The boy _AB____ we saw yesterday was John's brother.
A. whom B. / C. which D. when
2. whom作定从的宾语
指人
可省略
指代先行词
3. Spielberg won a prize for a short film __AC___ he made.
A. which B. who C. / D. where
3. which作定从的主语或宾语
指物
作宾语可省略
指代先行词
4. It's about a big shark__CD__ attacks swimmers _BC__ are spending their holidays in a small village.
A. where B. who C. that D. which E./
4. that作定从的主语或宾语
指物或人
作宾语可省略
指代先行词
5. Spielberg, __C___ mother was a music teacher, was born in 1946.
A. who B. which C. whose D. that
5. whose作定从的定语
指物或人
不可省略
指代先行词=sb's/sth's
I once lived in a house ACD__ was broken.
A. whose roof B. which roof
C. of which the roof
D. the roof of which
5. whose＋n＝of which/whom the +n =the +n+of which/whom
她

父母不想把女儿嫁给一个家境贫穷的男人。
Her parents don't want to marry their daughter to a man_whose family/the family of whom/of whom the family is poor.
关系副词和定语从句
(1)我仍然记得这天。(2)在这天我来到这里。
合成一句：
我仍然记得（我来到这里的）那天。
I still remember the day. =on which=whenI came hereon the day。
1. Do you know the date _BC__ Lincoln was born?
A. which B. on which
C. when D. where
1. when作定从的时间状语
指时间,在从句中表示"在...时间"=in/on...+which
先行词为时间名词
(1)就是这所房子. (2)我去年在这所房子住过。
合成一句：
就是这所（我去年住过的）房子。
This is the house . I lived in the house=in which= where last year.
2. The farm _BD____ we picked cotton was 90 kilometers away.
A. when B. where C. why D. on which
2. where作定从的地点状语
指地点,在从句中表示"在...地点"=in/on...+which
先行词为地点名词(situation, business, case, point, surroundings,environment,scene等为地点概念的名词)
(1)他给了一个原因 (2)因为这个原因人们
合成一句：
他给了一个（人们喜欢音乐的）原因。
He gave a reason. =for which =why people like music for the reason。
3. I don't know the reason _BC___ he looks unhappy.
A. that B. why C. for which D. /
3. why作定从的原因状语
指原因,在从句中表示"因为...原因"=for which
先行词为reason
I disapprove the reasons _AD___ he came up with.
A. that B. why C. for which D. /
因此先行词虽然为reason,但如果连接词在从句中作主语或者宾语,则只能用that/which
4.以way为先行词的定语从句问题。
I don't like the way _ABC___ he talked to his mother.
I don't like the way __AC__ he chose to do it.
A. that B. in which C. / D. how
way方式，方法:1.连接词如果在从句中作状语时,用that或者in which且可以略。
2.连接词如果在从句作主语或宾语，用that或which
关系代词的用法:
何时可以省略？做宾语时可以省略
that指人、指物、主语、宾语
which指物、主语、宾语
who指人、主语、宾语
whom指人、宾语
解题方法和技巧
1.首先是确定关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中作什么成分。若是作主语、宾语，则在关系代词中选择。若是作状语，则在关系副词中选择。
2.其次是看先行词是人还是物；是时间、地点还是reason,way。
1. She looked at Jeff_AB__ was waving his arms.
2. The girl __C__ leg was broken in the earthquake was taken to hospital.
3. And there she saw a wall of water _BD__ was quickly advancing towards her.
A. who B. that C. whose D. which
1、判断关系词在定从中的成分是关键；
2、再看先行词。
定语从句使用中的特殊情况
一、只能用that的情况：
1. 先行词既有物又有人时。
He spoke of the persons and things that he had seen abro

ad.
2.先行词是something, anything, all, nothing等不定代词时。
Is there anything that I can do for you?
3.当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时或者被,all,the very,the only,the just修饰时。
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
定语从句使用中的特殊情况
二、不用that的情况：
1.介词后禁用关系词that。
I heard of the man, about whom he talked.
2. 非限制性定语从句。
She was late again, which made me unhappy.
三,介词＋关系代词的问题。
介词+关系代词的情况 1
who、that 不能用与介词之后
介词+关系代词的情况 2
The man whom you spoke to was a scientist.

The city which she lives in is far away.
介词+关系代词的情况 3
He lives in a lonely village. At the back of it is a hill.
He lives in a lovely village, at the back of _which_____is a hill.
He has three sisters. All of them are abroad.
He has three sisters,all of _whom____ are abroad
3. 固定动词或介词短语搭配
介词+关系代词的情况
下面两句中的介词能提前吗?
Is this the watch that you are looking for?
The old man whom I am looking after is better '
在固定短语中介词不能提前
介词+关系代词的情况练习
1.? Do you like the book on which she spent $10?
2.? Do you like the book for which she paid $10?
3.? Do you like the book from which she learned a lot?
4.? Do you like the book about which she often talks?
5.? He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.
6. There is a tall tree outside, under which stands our teacher.
7.? China has a lot of rivers, the second longest of which is the Yellow River.
8. The tower from which people can have a good view is on the hill.
9. The man to whom I spoke on the phone last night
is very good at wrestling.
10. He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of which hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.
关系副词实际上是介词＋先行词
I still remember the day (on the day =on which=when)when I came here.
This is the house where I lived last year.(in the house=in which= where)
There are many reasons why people like traveling.(for the reasons =for which=why)
I don’t like the way that you speak.(in the way =that=in which)
介词＋关系代词的问题。
1.of which/whom 结构很多时候表示“其中
Class 14 has 75 students, of whom 35 students are girls.=
35 students of whom are girls.
2. when/why/where很多时候可转换为介词+关系代词。
This is the house where I live.
Everyone knows the reason why he succeeded.
I remember the day when I visited the temple.
几种易混的情况
1.I’ll never forget the days when/in which we worked together.

2.I’ll never forget the days which/that we spent together.

3.I went to the place where/in which I worked ten years ago.

4.I went to the place which/that I visit

ed ten years ago.

5.This is the reason why/for which he was late.

6.6.This is the reason that/which he gave.
非限制性定语从句
一.引导非限制性定语从句的连接词who/whom/ whose/ which/where/when /why/as 来引导,不能用that
1。which引导的非限制性定语从句：
此时无论它在从句中充当什么成分它都不能省约，也不能换为that
1)和主句之间的关系不密切，只起附加说明作用：
We all like the book,which was written by LuXun.
2)用来代替整个先行分句的内容。这时它所引导的定语从句只能放在主句之后：
Bush was elected president again,which made Jim very sad.
二.as 引导的非限制性定语从句
1.as 具有正如之意，与之搭配的动词是固定的,如：
as you know/ see/planned/
as we expected/understand/think/ believe
也可以将它们用于被动结构中:
as is known/seen/planned/expected
The earth is round.It is known to all.
The earth is round,which/ as is known to all.
定语从句在句首时只能用as,
As is known to all, the earth is round.
it为形式主语,that引导主语从句
It is known to all that the earth is round.
what引导主语从句, that引导表语从句
What is known to all is that the earth is round.
2.as 引导的非限制性定语从句,用于下列固定句型中
1).This is such an interesting book as we all like.
2).This is so interesting a book as we all like.
这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一本书。(定语从句)
This is such an interesting book that we all like it.
This is so interesting a book that we all like it.
这本书如此有趣，大家都喜欢。(结果状语从句)
3)This is the same book as I have.
3.as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别：
1. which引导的从句只能放于逗号后面。
2. as引导的从句可前可后，常用于as is said above（如上所述), as we know （我们都知道), as is well known, as is often the case（正如往常一样），as is reported, as we expect等结构中，as含有“正如，正像”之意。
四.限定性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别:
① 限定性定语从句用于修饰和限定先行词，与先行词之间的关系非常密切。它所修饰的词代表一个（些）或一类特定的人或东西。如果删去，则剩下的部分意思就会含糊不清。如：
This is the man who gave me the money．这就是给我钱的那个人。
上句如删去从句who gave me the money，则成了This is the man．（这是那个人。）完全失去了整个句子的意思，因而不能删掉
② 非限定性定语从句，在意义上，它是先行词的一个附加修饰语，是对先行词的进一步说明。如果删去它，不影响整个句子的基本意思。如：
Wang Dong，who is in the room，wants to ask you some questions．
王东，他在房间里，想问你几个问题。
上述主句是Wang D

ong wants to ask you some questions，如果删去从句（who is in the room），并不影响整个句子基本意思的表达。
③ 另外，在意思上，有时限定性和非限定性定语从句的区别还是较大的。如：
In their class，there are fifteen students who can speak English well．
在他们班上有十五位英语说得好的学生。
（可以看出他们班学生要多于十五位） （限定性定语从句）
In their class，there are fifteen students， who can speak English well
他们班上有十五位学生,他们英语说得很好。（可以看出他们班上共有十五名学生，他们英语口语都好。）
(非限定性定语从句）
限制性定语从句,修饰限定,不能省略，翻译成….的
非限制性定语从句，形式是插入成分，能省略
解题方法和技巧
1.首先是确定关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中作什么成分。若是作主语、宾语，则在关系代词中选择。若是作状语，则在关系副词中选择。
2.其次是看先行词是人还是物；是时间、地点还是reason,way。
引导非限制性定语从句的连接词，一律不能省略
三.非限制性定语从句和单句的比较
1.I am reading Harry Porter, which is an interesting book.
2.He failed in the exam.This/It made his parents angry.
3.He failed in the exam, which made his parents angry.
4.He has two sons. Both of them are teachers.
5.He has two sons, both of whom are teachers.
对比训练
1. Is this the factory _ABC___ his father visited last year?
2. Is this the factory __DE__ his father worked last year?
A. which B. that C./
D. where E. in which
1. I will never forget the time _ABC___ I spent with the villagers.
2. I will never forget the time _D___ I stayed with the villagers.
A. which B. that C./ D. when
1. I don't believe the reason _ABC__ he gave for his absence.
2. I don't believe the reason _DE__ he was absent.
A. which B. that C. /
D. why E. for which
1. It is this shop _BC___ I bought all these things.
2. It is in this shop __A__ I bought all these things.
A. that B. where C. in which D. /
1. It was 1949 _A__ PRC was founded.
2. It was in 1949__C_ PRC was founded.
A. when B. in which C. that D. where
1. All _AC___ I do is for you.
2. _B___ I do is for you.
A. that B. what C. / D. which
what引导主语从句,在从句中作主语. what不能引导定语从句.
1. It is so difficult a question __A__ no one can solve it.
2. It is so difficult a question _B___ no one can solve.
A. that B. as
1. __B__ is announced, the meeting was put off.
2. _A___ is announced that the meeting was put off.
A. It B. As
3.as和which引导定语从句的区别：
1). which引导的从句只能放于逗号后面
2). as引导的从句可前可后，常用于as is said above（如上所述), as we know , as is well known, as is often the case（正如往常一样),as is reported, as we expect等结构中，as含有“正如，正

像”之意。
3).as还可以用语下列固定句型中:
so/such/as/the same……as….
1. Her sister has become a lawyer, _D___ she wanted to be.
A. who B. that C. what D. which
本句中which指代先行词a lawyer（律师身份).有逗号，不用that。
The famous football star, _D__ tried to make a goal, succeeded.
A. where B. when C. which D. who
2. The result of the game was good, _C___ we hadn't expected.
A. when B. that C. which D. what
本句中which指代前面整句话的内容，译为“这”。有逗号，不用that。
3. _C__ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting.
A. When B. After C. As D. Which
本句中as指代后面整句话的内容，译为“正如...一样”。位于句首，不用which。
4. I like the same programme _B___ you like.
A. that B.as C. which D. when
本句中as指代先行词programme，因为先行词被the same修饰，故选as。
as引导定语从句常与主句构成的the same...as; as....as; such/so....as结构。
5. _B___ is reported, Tom won the first prize.
A. It B. As C. Which D. That
本句中as指代后面Tom won the first prize的事实。译为“正如所报道的那样”。位于居首，不用which。
as引导非限制性定语可位于居首。
五.定语从句的主谓一致：?试对比：
I bought a book yesterday．It was very interesting．
＝The book which I bought yesterday was very interesting．
I bought some books yesterday．They were very interesting．
?＝The books which I bought yesterday were very interesting．
定语从句中如果连接词作主语谓语动词的数应与连接词的数即先行词的数保持一致。
He is one of the students who were praised by the teacher.
He is the(only)one of the students who was praised by the teacher.
定语从句中如果连接词作主语谓语动词的数应与连接词的数即先行词的数保持一致。
1.He talked happily about the men and book___A__ interested him greatly in the school.
A.that B.when C. who D.which
2.Can you lend me the book _D___ the other day?
A.which you talked
B.that you talked
C.about that you talked
D.you talked about
3.Is _C__some American friends visited last week?
A.this school where B.this school one
C.this the school D.this school
4.I’ll show you a store_D__you may buy all ___you need. A.that,that B.which ,that
C.where,which D.in which,/
5.Ali asked the police_C___he worked to contact (联系)him whenever there was an accident.
A.with him B.who C. with whom D.whom
6.We will be shown around the city:schools, museums,and some other places,_C__other visitors seldom go.A.what B.which C.where D.when
7.The paper_B___bamboo is made is especially fine.
A.which B.into which
C.of which D.from which
8.It’s impossible for us to hear everything _C__is going on in the world.
A.which B.what C.there D.w

here
9.Is this the reason _A__ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
A.he explained B.what he explained
C.how he explained D.why he explained
explain sth to sb=explain to sb. sth
10.The famous basketball star,__D__tried to make a comeback,attracted a lot of attention.
A.where B.when C.which D. who
11.Beijing government puts over 700 millon yuan to increase its green space, _D____ doubles(双倍) the money provided last year.
A.as B.while C.that D.which
19.Helen is much more kind to her youngest child than to the others,__B___of course,makes the others unhappy.
A.who B.which C.she D.that
20.The wrong you’ve done him is terrible,
for_B__you should make an apology t0 him , A.this B.which C.what D.that
21.The old lady,_C___had been killed in the
war,was given help by the local government.
A.all her children B.all of her children
Call of whose children D.whose all children
22.The favourite room is the tidy study with a fireplace,__A___we can watch TV and enjoy the nice scenery outside.
A.where B.when C.that D.which

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