小说中的女性主义分析
从女性主义视角解读《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧
在失去克莱尔之后，苔丝开始对自我价值进行反思，最终将自己的命运掌控在 自己的手中，选择了与仇人同居以缓解家境窘迫的局面。虽然这种选择带给她 无尽的痛苦，但这也体现了她对自由和平等的追求。
苔丝的悲剧命运不仅是因为社会的偏见和压迫，也是因为她在追求自我价值和 爱情的过程中所遭遇的重重困难。然而，尽管在面临困境时苔丝曾经陷入迷茫 和痛苦之中，但最终她还是选择勇敢地面对现实，并为了自己和家庭的生计而 努力奋斗。这种勇敢的精神和对命运的坚韧不拔值得我们学习和借鉴。
苔丝出生于一个贫穷的小贩家庭，是一个美丽、善良、勤劳、坚韧的女孩。然 而，在那个男权主导的社会，苔丝的美丽和独立个性却成为了她的原罪。她被 诱奸，被迫与牧师的儿子克莱尔订婚，然后在新的婚宴之夜向丈夫坦白过去的 不幸。然而，她没能得到丈夫的谅解，两人分居，苔丝陷入深深的痛苦中。
从女性主义角度看，苔丝的悲剧主要体现在以下几个方面：
谢谢观看
参考内容三
基本内容
《德伯家的苔丝》是英国著名作家哈代的杰作，被誉为“威塞克斯系列”中的 一颗璀璨明珠。在这部小说中，哈代通过对苔丝·德伯的悲剧命运的描写，展 示了19世纪英国社会背景下一个贫穷乡村女孩的挣扎与抗争。苔丝的悲剧不仅 仅是个人的不幸，更是社会道德与价值观的扭曲所致。
苔丝出生于一个贫苦小贩家庭，生活的贫困使她不得不听从父母的安排，到一 个富老太婆家去攀亲戚。然而，她在那里却被少爷亚历克诱奸。这个事件对苔 丝的命运产生了重大影响，使她背负着沉重的心理负担。亚历克的诱奸行为不 仅侵犯了苔丝的身体，更是对她纯洁心灵的摧残。这种伤害使得苔丝在以后的 情感道路上始终挣扎在阴影之中。
从女性主义视角解读《德伯家 的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧
基本内容
《德伯家的苔丝》是英国作家托马斯·哈代的一部经典小说，以其深入的社会 问题探讨和生动的人物塑造而著名。这部小说描绘了女主角苔丝的悲剧命运， 以及她在男权社会中与三个男人的复杂情感纠葛。本次演示将从女性主义视角 出发，对苔丝的悲剧进行深入解读。
读书心得——女性主义视角下小说《飘》中的母亲形象分析
读书心得——女性主义视角下小说《飘》中的母亲形象分析在父权文化和意识形态中，男性始终站在道德制高点，统治整个世界的话语权，制订判定女性品德的标准，将女性幻化为“家中天使”，顺从和忘我的女性形象成为男尊女卑的父权制文化中的刻板印象。
约翰·班扬坚决反对女性参与教会事物，认为女性是头脑简单、意志薄弱的性别；政治哲学家托马斯·卡莱尔说道：一个女人的真正宿命就是嫁给一个她能够爱并尊重的男人，然后在他的保护下以自己所有的智慧、优雅和英雄品质平静地过此后的生活。
美国女性作家玛格丽特·米切尔身受母亲女性主义思想的影响，以女性特有的细腻、敏感和对女性角色的把握，成功塑造了一系列个性鲜明的女性形象，给予了女性独立的信心和期望，如自私叛逆、不畏男权的思嘉，性情温和、意志坚定的媚兰，优雅仁慈、恬退隐忍的爱伦等。
这些女性都扮演着共同的母亲角色，战争前，她们管理着丈夫的庄园，维护着种植园经济的文明；战争中，她们勇敢地与敌人斗争，坚定支持着她们的丈夫、儿子在前方战斗；战争结束后，她们勇敢地走出家门寻求工作机会，以女性的柔韧和坚强为亚特兰大战后重建做出积极的贡献。
本文从女性主义视角出发解读小说中的母亲角色，展现母亲角色在父权社会的生存困境，分析女性自我意识逐渐觉醒的过程。
一、父权社会中的“圣母”形象在父权社会中，母亲历来被认为是无私、顺从、虔诚的抽象符号，被理想化为“圣母”形象，是童贞女与母亲这两类男性最渴求的女性形象的整合。
她贞洁温顺、恬静安宁、富有母性。
她对男性认可的价值世界不构成任何挑战，而有一种母性庇护的心态［2］。
事实上，“贤妻良母”和“家中天使”正是中西方父权制社会强加给母亲的枷锁，一方面强调母亲甘于奉献、勤于家务，为家庭做出牺牲。
另一方面要求母亲恪守妇道，不能有自己的思想，绝对顺从丈夫、儿子。
父权社会歌颂母亲的“圣母”形象，为女性树立一个个“圣母”式典范形象，一定程度上反映了父权社会对女性的思想控制和文化奴役。
论《嘉莉妹妹》中的女性主义
摘要：西奥多·德莱塞的第一部小说《嘉莉妹妹》是美国文学史上一部具有划时代意义的作品。
时至今日，嘉莉妹妹仍是个有争议的人物形象。
人们对这部作品也褒贬不一，在当时，有的人将嘉莉视为堕落女人（fallen woman）的代表，有的将她视为破茧成蝶，完成“自我实现”的先锋。
本文从上个世纪之交西方女性主义如火如荼进展，这一特定社会历史背景出发，以女性主义的视角研究了《嘉莉妹妹》这部作品。
从鲜明的个性, 生活中的强者，事业及人格的独立三个方面解读嘉莉妹妹的新女性内涵。
“新女性”是工业化革命的产物。
[1]关键词：嘉莉妹妹女性主义自我实现新女性一、引言本文旨在自该作品问世以来，就饱受文学界与批评界的争议。
有的人对他的这部作品大加赞赏，认为他把当时的那种社会经济状况表现得淋漓尽致。
而也有人说他的作品太过现实违反了文学本身所要塑造的境界，特别是小说中嘉莉不择手段追求自己想要的东西这一形象被人们简单地贴上“堕落女人”的标签。
随着时代的发展，对该作品的分析和解读也不断推陈出新，由消费主义、享乐主义、女性主义、自然主义等多个角度到城市观念和城市话语。
当代中国社会，经济发展迅速，社会高速运转，在一定程度上与19世纪的美国社会相似，不少人面对社会现实之时，在物质与道德的抉择中陷入迷茫，因此对《嘉莉妹妹》的赏析，在当今中国有着很强的现实意义。
本文通过对《嘉莉妹妹》这一作品的简要介绍和赏析，解读了《嘉莉妹妹》一书中的女性主义特色，并浅析了《嘉莉妹妹》一书对我们当代社会中年青一代的启发，从女性主义角度分析分析了嘉莉妹妹这一角色。
1.女性主义的意义女性却一直被掩埋在历史之外，是“一道裂缝或一种沉默，是看不见并且听不到的性别。
”[2]j ust as Simone de Beauvoir puts it，“One"is not born but rather becomes,a woman．It is civilization as a whole that produces this creature．Only the intervention of someone else can establish an individual as an other．”[3]在文学方面，女性主义者和作家挖掘大量被埋没的妇女作家和作品，重现妇女作品的连续性、一致性和连贯性，并挑战传统的经典文学书目，将妇女作品置于经典文学之列。
试析《理智与情感》中的女性主义意识
2522019年20期总第460期ENGLISH ON CAMPUS试析《理智与情感》中的女性主义意识文/李未妍质，同时以辛辣讽刺这一典型奥斯汀笔锋来与物化女性、贬低女性的传统守旧思想形成对立。
两位女性主人公敢于在家庭思想上挣脱牢笼、逆风追梦，更是书中所述女性意识觉醒的最佳体现之一。
3.个人之压。
当时，主流婚姻观只以门第为重，女性姻缘只为累积财富、提高社会地位，不掺杂任何情感因素，此种有悖人伦的思想主导了女性的爱情、婚姻与家庭生活，因此，女子在择偶过程中不仅被他人当作等价交换的货品，甚至因为社会舆论与家庭熏陶的影响，自己也将自己视作椟中之珠、坐待高价，所以在当时女性承受的重压之中，除社会之压与家庭之压之外，更有来自自身的思想重压。
而在本书中，奥斯汀恰恰抓住了这种女性个人重压，并将其和两位女性主人公在此方面的不群进行比较，由此达到对比衬托、思想升华、情感启迪的作用。
二、觉醒1.思想觉醒。
本书主导理念之一即为在男权社会中追逐自身价值、实现女性意识觉醒，这种觉醒首先体现在女性主人公的思想之上，在埃莉诺与玛丽安的逐爱之旅的种种思想转变中皆有所体现。
例如：玛丽安原本将自身幸福全然寄托于威勒比，“女附于男”，但随着故事情节的推进，她逐渐意识到幸福只能依靠自身，渐渐摒弃需求与依赖，自身谋求幸福，这种思想转变看似是向男权现实妥协，实则是在理智中寻得真我的女性主义思想觉醒，亦昭示了当时女性由依附转向独立、由被动转向主动、由从夫转向从己的深刻思想觉醒，2.行为觉醒。
由于位处劣势，当时女性在实现思想意识的觉醒与独立之后，行动从心亦为难事，要想求得个人幸福，在很大程度上仍只能倚靠婚姻，但奥斯汀恰着眼于此，通过女主人公的行动觉醒寄托其希望女性实现行动觉醒甚至行为独立的美好愿望，在弱势地位中重拾行动主权、将自身由弱转强，就要从根本上实现行为的觉醒与蜕变，本书的故事情节也可从宏观上理解为两位主人公重得人生自主权与实现人生觉醒之路。
浅析《简爱》中的女性主义思想
目录摘要 (1)关键词 (1)Abstract (1)前言 (2)一、作者女性主义思想的产生 (2)二、《简爱》中的女性主义思想 (3)（一）突破相貌美丽的俗套 (3)（二）顽强、独立、自尊、自爱 (4)（三）政治、经济、人格平等的新式爱情观 (5)结语 (7)参考文献： (8)浅析《简爱》中的女性主义思想学生姓名：学号：文学院汉语言专业指导老师：职称:摘要：在现代社会女性的地位普遍有所提高，但由于受传统文化观念的影响，现实社会中仍然存在着男女不平等的现象。
而夏洛蒂·勃朗特的《简爱》是西方女性主义的一部代表作，本文将对作者女性主义思想产生的原因以及简爱中的女性主义思想进行论述，她的女性主义思想主要是通过他哦破美丽的俗套，独立、顽强、自尊、自爱以及政治、经济平等的新式爱情观来体现，通过论述使我们加深对女性主义思想的认识，从而促进我国女性自我意识的觉醒与提高。
关键词：女性主义思想；独立；顽强；新式爱情观Abstract:The status of women in modern society in general has increased, but due to the influence of traditional cultural values, the real world there are still inequality between men and women. The Charlotte • Bronte's "Jane Eyre" is a masterpiece of Western feminism, this article will be thinking of the causes of feminism and feminist Jane thinking in the discourse, and her feminist ideas mainly through his Oh, beautiful breaking stereotypes, independent, stubborn, self-esteem, self-love, and political and economic equality to reflect the new concept of love, through the discussion to deepen our understanding of feminist ideology.Keywords:Feminist ideas；Independence；Stubborn；New Concept of Love前言随着女性地位的提高，女性主义也越来越被受到重视，所谓女性主义，归结起来就是：在全人类实现男女平等。
浅析《紫色》中的女性主义(英文论文)
浅析《紫色》中的女性主义摘要：二十世纪美国黑人作家对美国文学的发展做出了不可磨灭的贡献，他们的作品极大地丰富了美国文学，同时也对世界文学的创作产生了巨大的影响。
进入七十年代以后，黑人女作家领导文学潮流，掀起了第三次美国黑人文学高潮。
艾丽丝•沃克是当代美国最杰出和最具影响力的黑人女性作家之一。
她对黑人命运问题的研究探讨，引起文坛瞩目，被认为是美国黑人作家中的后起之秀，有“女才子”之誉。
小说《紫色》是她文学创作的最高成就。
本文主旨意在分析《紫色》中的女性主义。
第一章简要地介绍了爱丽丝•沃克的个人经历及作品《紫色》。
第二章论文的理论基础—女性主义的含义和它的发展阶段。
第三章是本文的主体，以小说的主旨及其写作技巧—书信体形式两方面为切入点来分析《紫色》中所体现的女性主义。
最后本文得出女性如果要独立、自尊、自强，需通过自己不懈的努力，战胜重重困难，最终才能取得与男性平等的社会地位与权力的结论。
这也正是爱丽丝·沃克想要表达的女性主义的真正内涵。
关键词：《紫色》美国黑人女性女权主义双重压迫寻求独立An Analysis of Feminism in The Color PurpleLi YixuanAbstract: Afro—American writers have made great contribution to American literature in the 20th century. Their works have enormously enriched American literature and exerted great influence on literary creation in the world. Black women writers have set off a new upsurge of literature since the 1970s. This is called the third Renaissance of Afro—American literature. Alice Walker is one of the most remarkable and influential Afro—Americanwriters in contemporary American literary world. Her famous novel The Color Purple is the summit of her literary achievements. The thesis is intended to explore the Feminism in the novel The Color Purple. Chapter one gives a brief introduction to Alice Walker’s personal experience and her novel The Color Purple. Chapter two shows the theoretical foundation of the thesis—Feminism, the definition and the development of it. Chapter three, is the main body of the thesis, deals with the analysis of Feminism in this novel and its writing technique—epistolary style，use these two aspects as a starting point to analysis the feminist which embodied in this novel. The end of this paper which concluded if women want to gain independence, self—esteem and self—reliance, the only thing they can do is to try every effort and to overcome the numerous difficulties to gain these things. And finally they can get the social status and social rights which is equal to men. This is exactly what Alice Walker wants to express the true meaning of the Feminism.Keywords:The Color Purple; Afro—American women; Feminism; double oppression;independenceContents承诺保证书 (I)摘要 (II)Abstract (III)Introduction (1)I. A Brief Introduction of Alice Walker and Her Novel —The Color Purple (2)1.1 A Brief Introduction of Alice Walker (2)1.2 Alice Walker’s Literary Work—The Color Purple (3)II. Theoretical Foundation (5)2.1The Definition of Feminism (5)2.2The Development of Feminism (5)III. An Analysis of Feminism in the Novel—The Color Purple (8)3.1 The Theme of the Novel (8)3.1.1 Sex ual Oppression upon Black Women (8)3.1.2 Fighting for Independence (11)3.2 The Writing Technique and Rhetoric Method of the Novel (14)3.2.1 Epistolary Style (14)3.2.2 Metaphor (15)Conclusion (17)References (18)IntroductionThe Afro-American literature is one of the important parts of the American literature and it undergoes a very long development and different periods of development. In the earlier stage of the 20th century, Afro-American literature expresses the praise for black nationalities and the longings for equality and freedom. "Fictions of protest" by middle stage writers focus on the exposure of racism and the poverty of Afro-Americans and reveal the writers’anxiety about the American dream. In the later stage, female writers represented by Walker have been turned over a new leaf. This thesis is a brief analysis of Alice Walker and her famous work The Color Purple. In this novel Walker mainly discussed the contradiction between men and women. Disclose the oppression inside the black community. Though telling the story of Celie—an ordinary black woman in the southern village in American—from insensitive to bear the oppression from the black males to realize the reality and fright for herself. The author deeply disclose the life which Afro—American women were suffered and exquisite depicted the Celie’s sufferings. Use Walker’s words:This novel describes the emotion of social oppression and the spirit’s substances are all told by a black woman who suffered a frustrated life. While she—Celie finally found a way out. She finally found a job, got her friendship, her own love and dignity.” The great place of this novel is that it not only disclose the misery of Afro—American women, but also discussed how to help those women to get rid of the “the problem of recover oneself” traditionally.I. A Brief Introduction of Alice Walker and Her Novel —The Color Purple1.1 A Brief Introduction of Alice WalkerAlice Walker is one of the most important contemporary Afro—American women writers, born in 1944. She is a novelist, a short fiction writer, a poet, a critic all at once. She is the eighth child of a sharecropper family in Eatonton, Georgia, where the tenant farmer system kept most black families perpetually in debt. She always lived a very poor life and at that time education was not taken very seriously. But Walker’s mother insisted that her children should go to school. After her trying Walker started school at four years old and proved to be an excellent child.In 1961 Walker was awarded a scholarship to Spelman College, a small black women school in Atlanta. In the following years she was selected to attend the Youth World Peace Festival in Finland. It was also when she first heard about Dr. Marin Luther King in her freshman year at Spelman.In 1964, she transferred to Sarah Lawrence College in Bronxvile, New York where she majored in literature and has a deep study in Latin poetry and history. After graduating from Sarah Lawrence with a bachelor’s degree, Walker returned to the South and was actively to participate in the Civil Rights Movement. Her work in Georgia put her closely linked to the poorest and lowest educated Afro—Americans and allowed her to have an attention to the impact of poverty on the relationships between black men and women.In 1970, she wrote her first novel, The Third Life of George Copeland; her second collection of poems, Revolutionary Petunias and Other Poems (1973); her first short stories collection,In Love and Trouble: Stories of Black Women (1973). Walker became a leader of spokesperson for the black feminism.By 1979, her next novel began forming in her mind. She thought she must to write the novel in which the characters are trying to contact her, to speak through her. So she sold her house and moved to California, settling in the countryside of San Francisco, a place that “looked a lot like the town in Georgia most of the characters were from”. And there the things which in her mind came freely and the novel The Color Purple flowed.Alice Walker was a civil rights advocator and actively to take part in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960’s. She was a spokeswoman for the women’s movement. The honors and awards which she gained include Bread Loaf Writers’ Conference Scholar in 1966, Merrill Writing Fellow in 1966—1967, the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters Rosenthal Award in 1974 for In Love and Trouble, the Pulitzer Prize and the American Book Award in 1982 for The Color Purple, and so on. She is claimed to be one of the most famous black women writers in the American literary history.1.2 Alice Walker’s Literary Work—The Color PurpleThe background of the novel is in a southern American village roughly between 1916 and 1942, a period during the status of blacks remained unaltered in the Deep South. The protagonist Celie suffered a miserable life, at first she keeps silent about what happened on her, but this doesn’t stop bad things happening on her. H er mother dies, her two children are taken away, leaving her alone wondering whether they have been sold or even killed. Celie is victimized physically and mentally by her father. Utterly alone and out of desperation, she has no choice but to write to God to express her sufferings and feelings.Celie lives like a slave. In fact, the life with Albert, her husband, is the continuous of her nightmare. In the wedding day, Harpo, the oldest son of Albert welcomes Celiewith a rock laying her head open and the blood runs. He tortured her. His dad tells him not to do that. And he rapes Celie with her head blooding. Actually, Albert marries Celie not for love, just because he is in need of a servant to take good care of his three children and Celie just fit this.To Celie, the most desperate thing is that she never gets love and care from her mother, instead, her mother who doesn’t know the truth always screams and torture her. After she dies, Nettie, the most intimate woman in Celie’s life, is separated from Celie by Mr. Albert. Since then, Celie gets no message from her and thought she has died. Reading through the old letters, Celie knows Mr. Albert’s evil deeds with Nettie and her family’s truth. S he knows that her father, who rapes her, isn’t her natural father; her natural father has been dead because he is succeeding in the financial business in the white business world. Celie is angered by all that God has allowed to happen to her. She writes her last letter to God retelling her sufferings and accusing God of being silence. She is totally desperate to what has happened on her.As Celie curses on Mr. Albert for what he has done to her, she finds something which she has never been aware of. She has learned that the quality of life must not depend on the outside world; to be survived; to find one’s value; is what color purple means for. Celie can surround herself in purple, for she is in control of Kingdom.II. Theoretical Foundation2.1 The Definition of FeminismFeminism refers to a major woman’s experiences as the source and motivation of social theory and political movement. Critique of social relations, many supporters of feminism also focus on the analysis of gender inequality and promote women's rights, interests and issues. It also refers to a social theory and political movement with the female experience for its source in the social relations outside criticism, many women socialist supporters also focuses on the analysis of the gender inequality and promote women's rights and interests issues of feminist theory aims to understand the nature of the inequality, emphasis on gender, political power relations and sex consciousness (sexuality) on the theme of feminist inquiry, including discrimination stereotype materialized (especially about sex and chemical) body housework distribution oppressions and the oppression form the patriarchy. And in my opinion, the Feminism which Alice Walker discussed has a deeper meaning. It is a comprehensive protest to all kinds of oppression system (sexual oppression and racial oppression).2.2 The Development of FeminismFeminism in the nineteenth century gradually changed to the organized social movement because more and more people believe that women in a patriarchal society should treated equally. The feminist movement is rooted in the Western progressive, especially the nineteenth Century reform movement.Early feminists and early feminist movement is often called the first wave, and after 1960 feminist called the second wave. There is also the so-called the third-wave, but feminists for its existence necessity, contribution and concept disagree. The reason why these periods are called is because they like the waves, one after another; never discontinuous, later used the former Walker's contribution and resources.The Western Feminism can be mainly divided into three generations:The first generation of Western Feminism: Western Feminism originated in France bourgeois revolution and enlightenment movement, the second half of the nineteenth Century the emergence of the first generation, and the industrial revolution in Europe, is the representative of the British Harriet Tyler Mill. French female writer Gore in 1790 issued a “Declaration on the Rights of Women”, 17 women's rights. Declaration later became a programmatic document of the feminist movement. M. Wollstonecraft, British writer, published a book “Defense for Women's Rights”, in 1792, proposed that women should enjoy equal treatment with men in education, employment and politics. Until 1920, the United States passed a bill to protect women the right to vote. The initial appeal of women in education and legislation should be equal. In the United States, Elizabeth Cady Stanton National Woman Suffrage Association represented (NWSA) repeatedly requested the federal Congress to allow women to participate in political polling repeatedly refused to encounter, eventually in the Nineteenth Amendment (1920). During this period, feminism is not elevated to the level of theory, is mainly a number of practical activities and “March 8. International Women's Day "was born.The second generation of Western Feminism: The second stage is the most important phase of feminism in the West stage. The feminists found that although the women in the field of political and economic fight for equality and efforts to achieve significant results, but the unequal status of women in social life has not been fundamentally improved. For example, groups of women get the right to vote in politics is still in a low position , occupational segregation and career development prospects of poor highlights, the case of equal pay for equal work , equal employment basically guaranteed. This contradiction prompted feminist thinking in depth, forming a unique feminist theory. From early 20th until 1960s, the world experienced two world wars. During this period, Afro—American woman still under the control of themale society. The challenge which they faced is the patriarchal society, challenges the "class" system.The third generation of Western Feminism: Postmodern Feminism.Postmodern Feminism began in the last century 60-80 age, her resulting presumably and two factors, one is, since 60's "liberation" and the men and women in opposition to the feminist thought, has brought numerous family breakdown, single mothers and the AIDS epidemic, so people began to reflect: especially in the elimination of binary opposition between men and women, forming “Gentle Feminist”, "Green Feminists”. While recognizing the achievements of the feminist movement to protect women's rights, it also questioned the other hand; feminists have tried to subvert the traditional family model. Post-modern feminism is still a growth stage. Trying to eliminate inequality between men and women on the basis of the recognition of gender differences, emphasizing the social nature of gender roles, the idea of equality between men and women as a product of patriarchy .Thus, postmodern feminist emerge as the times require.III. An Analysis of Feminism in the Novel—The Color Purple3.1 The Theme of the NovelThe color purple is a feminist Bildungsroman. It tells how Afro—American women find themselves and fight for themselves though describing the sufferings of what Celie had experienced.While revealing patriarchy’s oppression upon Afro—American women, feminists point out that while disclosing the oppressions, what Afro—American men done had consequently deepens Afro—American women’s suffering. As Hruston states in Their Eyes were Watching God: “So de white man throw down de load and tell de nigger man thus pick it up. He picks it up because he has to, but he doesn’t tote it. He hand it to his woman folks. De nigger woman is de mule of the worlds so far as ah can see.” Alice Walker tries to disclose these oppressions in her novels. In The Color Purple, Walker also shows us how racism exacerbates these oppressions in Afro—American family. Black feminist writers reveal racial, gender oppressions between the sexes to improve the gender binary opposition between men and women, longing for an ideal, gender relation.Throughout these oppressions that the Afro—American women suffers, the main oppressions were racial oppression and sexual oppression.3.1.1 Sexual Oppression upon Black WomenSexual oppression has a great influence to the Afro—American women. The black has consciously in the face of modern society of sexual discrimination. Compared with men, blac k women’s statuses are lower. Their marginalized status is not only caused by racial discrimination, but also from male social gender discrimination.Alice Walker writes: “Black women are called in the folklore that so aptly identifies one’s status in society ‘the mule of the world’, because we have been handed the burdens that everyone else refuse to carry.” In the Color Purple, the only choice for a girl like Nettie to make is “either to marry somebody like her husband or wind up in some white lady kitc hen.”(CP 1987:17) In a patriarchy society, women are the main labor force both at home and in the fields.Although black women are the main labor force of the black family, they have no rights they deserve. On the contrary, they are constantly beaten by their husband. Mr. X—Celie’s husband, instructs his son: “Wives is like children. You have o let them know who got the upper hand. Nothing can do better th an a good sound beating.”(CP 1997:34) Mr. X beats Celie “like her beat the children. Cept he cont eve r hardly beat them. He say, Celie, git the belt. The children be outside the room peeking through the crack…”(CP 1987:22) The men who exploit and oppress women are acting out what Diana E.H.Russell terms the “masculinity mystique”—“To win, to be superior, to conquer, and to control demonstrate masculinity to those who subscribe to common cultural notions of masculinity.” Since Harpo is confused by the perfect control that his father exerts over Celie, he feels less than a man because of his inability to control his wife Sofia. Following his father’s instruction, Harpo keeps on beat ing Sofia and this finally leads to their separation.Except for the heavy burden and physical hurts, black women are sexually abused. In black men’s eyes, black women are only t he instruments for them to release their bad mood. They just enjoy their own happiness and the only thing left for women is the untold sufferings.In the Color Purple, in order to control women under their power, black men constantly impose their own con cept upon black women. Celie has “always been a good girl.”(CP 1987:3) She is so good—natured even his stepfather has to admit that “she good with children… Never heard her say a hard word to one of them.”(CP1987:12) She selflessly helps to take care of Shug when she is seriously ill, although she is he r husband’s mistress; she is also a clever student in school praised by her teacher, she says that: “long as she been a teacher she never know nobody want to learn bad” as her. But her stepfather always abus es her. He introduces Celie to Mr. X : “She ain’t fresh… She spoiled. She ugly… She is too old to be living her at home. And she has a bad influence on my other girls… She ain’t smart either… And another thing—she tell lies.”(CP1987:10) In his eyes, Celie is “evil and always up to no good” and “he can’t stand” hr no more. (CP 1987:5)Shug is also a good woman. She follows one of the few professions open to black women: blues singer; she is independent economically by hard working; she safeguards her selfhood; she asserts her own value; she displays a wisdom learned in her working lives to teach the girls she loves not to allow others to use or revile their individuality and tells the men what she thinks of their weaknesses. One thing that we can figure out is that one of the strategies the black men employ to take women under their control is to decry their reputation and deprive them of their confidence. They try all the means to let the women believe that they themselves are bad in nature and inborn, so they deserve any kind of ill—treatments black men exert on them.In Africa, men, even some women, don’ think girl need to be educated. When Nettie asks a mother why she thinks so, she said, “A girl is nothing to herself, only to hr husband can she become s omething.”(CP 1987:132) When Tashi, a little girlfriend of Olivia, Celie’s daughter in Africa, learns some knowledge from Olivia and becomes quiet and thoughtful, her patents even get upset for being afraid that she will not fit into village life. In addition, women are deprived of the right to choose the ways of their lives from their own free will. In the novel, it is Celie’s stepfather who chooses husband for Celie. He is her owner. In a scene reminiscent of a slave action, Celie is passed like a piece of property from one creel and domineering black male into the hands of another:The Color Purple is to expose the double oppression endured by the black women so that the solution to this problem existing in the black community can push forward the develo pment of black people’s unity. The most significant for Alice Walker is that she advances her tentative solution—feminism in the hope of curing the social diseases of racism and sexism and promoting the development of society.Walker through the description of a black woman seeking her dual identity reveals to us that only if black women in the United States integrated black blood, do the masters of their own destiny, he creates his own, can they get rid of edge position, and obtain their own identity.3.1.2 Fighting for IndependenceAlthough the Afro—American women under the control of the patriarchal social, they never give up struggling for their own independence. Their independence can be discussed mainly from these two aspects: familial independence and social independence.In the patriarchal family, women are the labor force both inside the house and outside in the field. However they didn’t get what they deserve to get, such as equality, love and respect. On the contrary, they suffered pain and mental torture. What they had experienced also sowed the seeds for the future of their resistance.Social independence implies black women’s independence in the society, including economical and political independence. In America, many Afro—American women have to depend on black men mainly due to their main status in economy. They are generally degraded to objects and became the secondary gender in the society. So exploration for social independence is very significant for black women to change their social status. In the Color Purple, the feminist explores to gain social independence mainly by using the Afro—American woman’s potential ability, whichalso discloses the feministic viewpoint—to make full use of black women’s strong viewpoints and realizing the importance of gaining their own social independence.Number one is Celie’s self-identity and women's socialist mental health.Identity, is one of the major contents in western literary criticism, it advocates accented literature classic, the thorough analysis colonial hegemony and male central cultural rewriting history between men and women in colonial conflict story.If Celie continue to maintain a callous life, resigned, muddy disturbance to spend her life go, then, then the characters will fall into the traditional literature's misconduct. However, Walker doesn’t want to fall into formality. She, in an interview said: "people not only to live, to prosperity but also to love life. She gave her life to the love and life " Live unremitting pursuit, pour into to literary works, Celie from decayed traditional thought to emancipate herself, helped herself to set up the life of optimism attitude, to break the traditional literature in the description of black women "" False image, namely and the reality of black women did not fit with the image, Shaping a new black women's image.Number two is Celie’s exploration: from the rebellious to rebirth.In Ceie’s mind God is omniscient and omnipotent. After these sufferings, God is the only listener and savior to her, however, after sent 55 letters to God and without any answers back to her, Celie could no longer bear it, she even said: “ What did God do for me?—He is a big devil, his behavior is just like any other man I know: frivolous, forgetful and contemptible.” This sentence represents the first leap of her character’s development. She not only challenges the authority of God’s but also challenges the patriarchy’s thought.Independent women, who run away from her family and then return to it again, will have a different feeling. After the success, she forgives her husband whom once abused her, and then they become very good friends. Although she don’t want to rebuild her family, but in her opinion, her husband was not as disgusting as before. Her concern about personal destiny cares about group destiny, from the thinking about the individual value, personal survival significance to all mankind pain and liberation exploration. She stood at the height of the human life, overlooking human life and rethinks the life. This humanity spirit and highly responsibility really make us to rethink on and take example by.Number three is from Celie’s heart journey to see Walker’s women socialist connotationCelie’s self identity and women's socialist spirit is meaningful; it ha s the ideal womanism of the author. The Color Purple describes a group of black women whom representative is Celie, they pursue for equal rights and personal identity, struggle to enlarge the attention range. Walker wrote the black woman whom in the lowest social level, what’s more important, on the basis of racial and sexual oppression; Walker added to the natural element and combines them together. Committed to achieve interpersonal, man and natural’s harmonious survival mode.Moreover, Celie's tolerant and mind is universal love is what Walker’s Socialist soul places. In the process of difficult self-identity construction, pursue women's spirit use the spirit of tolerance to forgive those black men who had abused them; Black male also abandoned the original great man's doctrine thought, through the self-improvement, they not only realize the spirit of their own survival, but also promoted other characters in the novel (especially the female character) complete live, thus bring the black community to a rebirth.In economy, the womanist quests for self—realization form black feminine household activities, which are usually belittled by black males or even females themselves by relating to revelations of black women as the weak sex in the society. The womanist realizes her limitless potential as a black woman in her daily work—the wisdom and artistic creativity, by which she gains self—confidence and self—support, and thus actualizes her independence in the society.In culture, the womanist quests for social independence by her own black feminine tradition. She persists in presenting her creative artistic charm as a black woman, in her feminine creative activities, such as quilting, designing nd making pants. While questing for black woman’s beauty and dign ity in these artistic activities, she gets her cultural independence. Moreover, Celie sticks to speaking her native language instead of the Standard English, which also indicates her persistent exploration for her own cultural tradition and her cultural independence.At the end of the novel, Celie achieves great economical success; she sets up her own company to produce all kinds of pants designed by her. By making pants, Celie creates a new way to make her living and completely frees herself from subordinate status in economy and realizes her self—independence in the society. She is no longer the oppressed, exploitative, abusive object. She can say what she wants to say. She founded her female subjectivity, and eventually became the woman who has full of confidence, dignity, and personality. From the reverse to stand on her own, Celie produced very big change, after awakening has more strong resistance. She insisted on using their own language to express them, express her anger, her joy and her song.3.2 The Writing Technique and Rhetoric Method of the Novel3.2.1 Epistolary StyleEpistolary novel is a type of novel in which the author is carry on by means of series of letters. It is a traditional feminine genre associated with women’s voice, feelings。
从《飘》中解读女性主义_新女性
从《飘》中解读女性主义_新女性《飘》的表达方式仍然采用传统的现实主义手法，但是在内容上却有了很大的不同，表现出了鲜明的时代特征。
随着《飘》中的女主人公斯嘉丽的经历和蜕变，慢慢让我们感受到了女性主义的萌发，本文拟从爱情，生活和事业几个方便来解读《飘》中所展现出来的女性主义。
一爱情女主人公斯嘉丽对爱情的不懈追求一直是小说的灵魂和主线。
从斯嘉丽面对爱情的态度来看也淋漓尽致地展现出这位新女性与当时的社会文化所推崇的主流价值观是格格不入的。
美国南方以教养礼仪著称，从懂事起，孩子们便被教育成彬彬有礼的绅士和温柔优雅的淑女。
为了使女孩长大后成为符合社会标准的贤妻良母，父母们真是煞费苦心且绝对没有丝毫姑息迁就的余地。
从一直贴身照顾斯嘉丽的黑妈妈身上就可以很清楚的看到这一点，在参加宴会前黑妈妈要求斯嘉丽吃东西，因为淑女在宴会上吃得越少越被认为有教养，而且当黑妈妈知道斯嘉丽爱着已经快要结婚的艾西利时觉得斯嘉丽简直犯了大忌，完全在挑战她的道德底线。
在当时的传统中，女性应该是温柔的，被动的，矜持的淑女。
而我们的女主人公斯嘉丽完全粉碎了这幅美丽的窈窕淑女画面，而是处处展现出她的叛乱和独特。
对于斯嘉丽追求爱情的过程中所表现出来特立独行，我们可以从以下几个阶段来看：第一，少女时期的斯嘉丽。
还在塔拉庄园无忧无虑幸福生活的斯嘉丽，是一个美丽傲慢，善于社交，总是赢得很多男性追逐的美人儿。
她和其他矜持的淑女们不同，她很享受那种众星捧月被很多男性环绕的感觉，她敢跟任何一个男子调情。
在感情上，她是主动地，她享受着自己给自己创造的甜蜜。
当她知道她一直深爱着的艾西利快要结婚时，她甚至立即撕下了淑女的面具，而是不顾一切跑到艾西利面前向他表白。
这在当时来说，是一个非常大胆，颠覆传统的举动，因为没有一个淑女会主动去跟一个异性表白。
在遭到艾西利拒绝之后，斯嘉丽没有碍于女性身份而掩饰自己的愤怒，甚至打了艾西利一个巴掌。
这个巴掌也表现出斯嘉丽在爱情中敢爱敢恨，雷厉风行的作风。
浅析《芒果街上的小屋》中的女性主义思想
徐世超浅析《芒果街上的小屋》中的女性主义思想内容摘要：《芒果街上的小屋》是墨西哥裔的美国作家桑德拉·希斯内罗丝的代表作，小说通过主人翁埃斯佩朗莎在芒果街上的所见所思所想所感，强烈地表达了作者对自由和对平等的渴望。
作者桑德拉·希斯内罗丝用诗化的语言描述了芒果街和主人翁埃斯佩朗莎的生活。
小说中主人翁埃斯佩朗莎不断地反抗男权制社会，追求自我和自由充分地反映了小说中的女性主义思想。
关键词：《芒果街上的小屋》女性主义思想反抗男权社会桑德拉·希斯内罗丝是当今世界上知名的诗人与作家，她以其清新、干净的语言征服了读者。
发表于1984年的《芒果街上的小屋》是桑德拉·希斯内罗丝最出名的代表作。
这部小说共由44个小篇组成，每一小篇都有一个特定的主题，每一主题又都或多或少地影响了主人翁———埃斯佩朗莎的生活。
在小说中埃斯佩朗莎一直想拥有一间属于自己的房子，逃离芒果街，逃离父权社会，从而过上自己所向往的生活。
女性主义意识的觉醒和对自我身份寻求是小说的主题。
本论文将旨在通过对主人翁———埃斯佩朗莎的反抗、逃离和寻找自我、自由的角度对《芒果街上的小屋》中女性主义思想进行分析探索。
一.理论依据———女性主义文论女性主义文论最先兴起于欧美国家。
原因有二：其一是由于西方工业革命的兴起，英国等许多国家进入了经济、文化、教育等快速发展的工业社会。
在工业革命中，教育文化事业突飞猛进，许多女性有更多的机会来接受教育，而这些接受过良好教育的女性们就成为了女性主义运动的先驱。
其二是因为19世纪时法国大革命和美国独立战争的爆发，这两场革命使人们意识到了自由和权利的重要性，从而许多女性开始走上街头，争取权利。
在女性主义运动中有两大分支：英美学派和法国学派。
两者相较而言，“前者特重社会历史研究，着力揭示潜藏在文本内部的两性对立和女性被压迫的真实情况；而后者则视写作为革命，以语言的构合组织来抗拒并颠覆旧有社会秩序。
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Trifles is seen as an example of early feminist drama, because it is two female
characters', Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale's, ability to sympathize with the victim's wife,
Minnie, and so understand her motives, that leads them to the evidence against her,
while the men are blinded by their cold, emotionless investigation of material facts.
The female characters find the body of a canary, which had its neck wrung, killed in
the same way as the deceased (John Wright), thus leading them to the conclusion that
Minnie was the murderer, and they appear to empathize with her situation. Clearly, the
wife is symbolized by the caged bird, a common symbol of women's roles in society.
The plot concludes with the two women hiding the evidence against Minnie.
The male characters are prejudiced in believing that nothing important can be
discovered in areas of the house where Minnie spent the majority of her time. Their
minds are clouded by the prejudice and disregard important clues as being mere
"trifles" that women concern themselves with, searching the barn and the bedroom,
places where men have dominance, rather than the kitchen, the only place where a
woman would be in charge. One important line, spoken by the sheriff, says of the
kitchen "Nothing here but kitchen things." This dismissal of the importance of the
woman's life and the male reluctance to enter the "woman's sphere" is key in the men's
failure to discover the crucial evidence for the case. The most important evidence, the
dead canary that the two women find, was hidden in Minnie's sewing basket. The men
scorn the domestic sphere, even kicking some of the items in contempt.
The two women, having pieced together the murder, face the moral dilemma of telling
the men about the motive or protecting Minnie, who they see as a victim. Their choice
raises questions about solidarity among women, the meaning of justice, and the role of
women in society as a source of justice.
As the women note, Minnie used to sing before she married John Wright.
Martha theorizes that after Minnie's marriage, she was prevented from
singing, or doing anything else which would have yielded her pleasure, by
her husband. Minnie's plight is represented by Martha as a spiritual death,
symbolized in the strangling of her songbird companion.
Another point worth noting is that both Martha and Mrs. Peters express guilt
over not having visited Minnie more often--a reading which opens up the
possibility that Martha's reading of the evidence is skewed by her own
feelings that she should have helped Minnie.
Minnie is embodied in her kitchen and sewing things. The cold weather
freezes and breaks her preserve jars, symbolizing the cold environment of
her home breaking her spirit, as well as the coldness which causes the
characters to fail in human empathy towards each other. The bare kitchen
can be seen as symbol of the lives of the former inhabitants.
The male characters are clear symbols of "law" and cold rationality, while
the women display an intuitiveness representative of the psychoanalytic
movement, evoking an interrogation of the value of superficial rational
thought.