欧洲文化渊源期末复习
欧洲文化入门复习资料
一．细节知识点（一）Greek ＆Roman1.drama●Aeschylus埃斯基洛斯：Prometheus Bound被束缚的普罗米修斯,Persians波斯人，Agamennon●Sophcles索发克里斯：（tragic art）Oedipus the king, Electra，Antigone●Euripides欧里庇得斯：“problem plays”，Andromache，Medea，Trojan Women●Aristophanes阿里斯多芬尼斯：Frogs，Clouds，Wasps，Birds2.Historian●H erodotus：*“father of history”* from Greek to Persians *full ofanecdotes and dialogues ,interesting●T hucydides: *younger than Herodotus *Athens to Sparta and Athensto Syracuse希拉库萨 *style is imagination and power *the greatesthistorian that ever lived3.philosophy and science●P ythagoras毕达哥拉斯： *bold thinker *believe everything isnumbers* scientific mathematics----point，line ，magnitude震级，surface，body，first proportion●H eracleitus赫拉克里克：*fire is the primary element of universe*sayings: all is flux，nothing stationary/you cannot step twice intothe same river/fresh waters are ever flowing in upon you/ the sunis new every day.*believe mingling of opposites ,opposites produce harmony(二) Bibletranslation●Latin version：383-405AD by St .Jerome●English version：1382 John Wycliff(三)Middle ages/ Medieval1. AD 476 Roman power was gone2. after 1054 Church was divided into Roman Catholic and Eastern OrthodoxChurch3.The Crusades: 1096－1291 last for about 200 years4.learning：● Charlemagne查理曼大帝：*western and central Europe*father of Europe .Emperor of Romans in 800*Carolingian Renaissance加洛林*encourage Christian religion and ancient learning by setting monasteryschools● Alfred the Great阿尔弗雷德大帝：*ruler of Anglo Saxon of Wessex*Encourage teacher and scholars , Wessex center of learning*Anglo Saxon chronicles英国编年史● St .Thomas Aquinas*Italian philosopher ,scholasticism经院哲学*Summa Contra Centiles , Summa Theologiae 《神学大全》*building a society of “God’s rule””God’s will”，Pope is“Christ’splenipotentiary基督的全权代表” above secular rulers● Roger Bacon罗杰培根*a British monk ,one of the earliest advocates of experimental scientificresearch and observation*works :Opus maius ,encyclopedia of the sciences of his time5．Literature●Beowulf :an Anglo Saxon epic● Song of Roland ，La Chanson de Gestes: French● Dante：the divine of comedy神曲 greatest poet of Italy●Geoffrey Chaucer 乔叟：English poet ：canterbury tales坎特伯雷故事集，（first short story teller, first modern poet in English literature ）（四）Renaissance1.started in Florence and Venice， Italy2.heart of Renaissance philosophy is greatness of man ，humanism3.masterpieces :● Giovanni Boccaccio薄伽丘：Decameron十日谈（the greatest achievementof prose fiction 散文小说in the middle ages）● Francesco Petrarch彼德拉克：*discover Cicero’s Oration Oro Arochia,a Roman defense of poetry*Works： Canzoniers（lyrical）, Africa，Metrical Epistles，On Contempt forthe Worldly Life，On Solitude，Ecologues， The Letters●Giotto乔托：*forerunner of Renaissance，led the way to humanism，realistic depiction of space*works: Flight into Egypt ,Betrayal of Juda s●Giorgione乔尔乔捏：Tempesta , Sleeping Venus（use of colour schemes to unify picture and most revolutionaryresult in this sphere)●Leonardo da Vinci:*painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor,anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer.*12 paintings 5000 books ,Renaissance man in the true sense of word.*Last Supper(most famous religious pictures), Mona Lisa(most portrait)●Michelangelo Buonarroti:* an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer* David ，Sistine Chapel ，Dying Slave ,Moses●Raphael：Madonna（Virgin Mary）各种圣母画，school of Athens● Rabelais拉伯雷： French ，Gargantua and Pantagruel《巨人传》● Pleiade 七星诗社：French ,leader is Pirre de Ronsard(Sonnet PourHelene) ，发扬保卫法兰西语言●Cervantes塞万提斯：Spanish，Don Quixote 1062● Erasmus：Dutch， Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, teacher, andtheologian，Greek edition of New Testament ,Praise of Folly《愚人颂》●Durer : German ,follower of Martin Lutherthe four horsemen of apocalypse 天启四骑士knight ，death and the devil●Thomas more：英国人，Utopia乌托邦，conclusion●Shakespeare：英国人Twelfth night ，As you like it ，Hamlet，Othello，King Lear ，Macbeth，Antony and Cleopatra，Sonnets, King Henry 5，6二 .名词解释1.RenaissanceRenaissance is a period of western civilization between 14-17th century.The word Renaissance means revival .it also means the revival of interestin ancient Greek and Roman culture，which started in Florence andVenice ，Italy . the heart of~is humanism.2 . Reformation~ was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement ,which began with Martin Luther’s 95 theses in 1517. TheReformation began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church.3．Middle ages ：~is also called Medieval ,”the year of faith”* or the thousand-year period following the fall of the western roman empire in the 5th century .it camebetween ancient times and modern times .During this period Germanickingdom grew into nations such as England ,French ,Spain, Italy, Germany.4 . Feudalism~is a system of holding land in exchange for military service .the word~was derived from the Latin “feudum” , a grant of land.5 Catholic~Means” universal”. ~church was a highly centralized and disciplinedinternational religious organization .in the middle ages ,almost everyEuropeans belonged to it.6. old testament~is one of the two parts of the Bible ,which is about the God and the laws of God. Testament means agreement—the agreement between God and man.7. Pentateuch 摩西五书The oldest first five parts of the Bible including Genesis ,Exodus，Leviticus, Numbers， Deuteronomy8. doric ：one of Greek architecture styles，~is also called masculine style .it’s sturdy 坚定的，powerful，severelooking ，showing sense of proportions andnumbers.Ionic：feminine style graceful and elegant，showing wealth of ornament装饰三.问答1. What happened in Western Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire?After the Roman Empire lost its predominance优势, a great many Germanic Kingdoms began to grow into the nations know as England, France, Italy, andGermany in its place. These nations of Western Europe were in the scene of frequent wars and invasions. The political unity had given way to widespread destruction and confusion. Hunger and disease killed many lives and village fell into ruin and great areas of land lay waste. There was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. Christianity was almost the all and the one of Medieval lives in western Europe and took lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds years.2. What were the cultural characteristics of the period from 500 to 1000? Above all, the cultural characters of this period were the heritage and achievement of Roman culture and the emergence of Hebrew and Gothic culture.3.What made Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance?Because of its geographical position, foreign trade developed early in Italy. This brought Italy into contact with other cultures and gave rise to urban economy and helped Italy accumulate wealth which was an essential factor for the flowering of art and literature.For two centuries beginning from the late 15th century, Florence was the golden city which gave birth to a whole generation of poets, scholars, artists and sculptors. There was in Florence a revival of interest in classical learning and rising of humanist ideas.And to spread the new ideas, libraries and academies were founded.In the 15th century printing was invented and helped to spread humanist ideas.4. How did Italian Renaissance art and architecture break away from medi eval traditions?The Italian Renaissance art and architecture radically broke away from the medieval methods of representing the visible world. Compared with the latter, the former has t he following distinct features:⑴Art broke away from the domination of church and artist who used to be craftsmen commissioned by the church became a separate strata doing noble and creati ve work⑵Themes of painting and architecture changed from purely celestial realm focusingon the stories of the Bible, of God and Mary to an appreciation of all aspects of n ature and man;⑶The artists studied the ruins of Roman and Greek temples and put many of the principles of ancient civilization into their works;⑷Artists introduced in their works scientific theories of anatomy and perspective.。
欧洲文化入门复习资料
1、Two major elements in European culture：the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element.2、The Homer epics consists of the Iliad and theOdyssey.The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece，led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy. The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek. In the final battle，Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks.The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home island of Ithaca. It describes many adventures he ran into on his long sea voyage and how finally he was reunited with his faithful wife Penelope.3、古希腊三大悲剧家：Aeschylus, Sophocles,EuripidesWorks of Aeschylus：Prometheus Bound，Persians，and Agamemnon .There are only two actors and one chorus in these plays. Aeschylus is noted for his vivid character portrayal and majestic poetry.Works of Sophocles：Oedipus the King，Electra，and Antigone （theme：the difficult choice between public duty and private feeling）. He has had a great impact on European culture. The Oedipus complex（恋母情结）、Electra（恋父情结）were derived from his plays Work of Euripides：Andromache，Medea，and Trojan Women. He was more of a realist than other two. His characters are less heroic，more like ordinary people. He may be called the first writer of “problem plays”4.Herodotus is often called “Father of History”，wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians . His history is full of anecdotes and digressions and lively dialogue.5.Thucydides is more accurate as an historian. He told about the war between Athens and Syracuse ，a Greek state on the island of Sicily. He traced events to their causes and brought out their effects. Macaulay called Thucydides “the greatest historian that ever lived”6.Pythagoras was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers. He was t he founder of scientific mathematics.7.Heracleitus believed fire to be the primary element of the universe，out of which everything else had arisen. To him,“all is flux，nothing is stationary”. He alsosaid，“you cannot step twice into the same river；for fresh waters are ever flowing in upon you. The sun is new everyday”he held the theory of the mingling of opposites and believed that it was the strife between the opposites that produced harmony. 8.Democtitus speculated about the atomic structure of matter. Indeed，he was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory. He was one of the earliest philosophical materialists and Marx`s first published work was a study of Democritus.9Socrates taught Plato，who taught Aristotle. They were active in Athens in the 5th and the 4th century B.C.Socrates was known through Dialogues by Plato. Socrates liked to talk with people in the marketplace and in the streets ，asking and answering questions. He was ready to discuss anything in heaven and earth，specializing in exposing fallacies. When words like justice ，religiousness，virtue，wisdom，ect. Were used by others，he would ask the speaker to explain them and then dissect the answers to show how they were wrong and or illogical. This method of argument，byquestioning and answering，has come to be known as the dialectical method.Plato showed himself a brilliant stylist，writing with wit and grace. His Dialogues are important not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. His other works: Apology（Socrates` defense of himself at the trial），Symposium （about beauty and love），and the Republic（about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets）Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. It dealt with the problems of how，in the complex，ever —changing the world，men were to attain knowledge. The reply he gave was：men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general“ideas”，like beauty，truth，goodness. Only these ideas are completely real，while the physical world is only relatively real. For this reason，Plato`s philosophy is called Idealism. Many of his ideas were absorbed into Christian thoughtAristotle studied in Plato`s Academy for years. Later he became the tutor of Alexander the Macedonian King. In him the great humanist and the great man of science meet. On logic, moral philosophy，politics，metaphysics（形而上学），psychology，physics，zoology，poetry，rhetoric，he wrote epoch-making works，which dominated Europe thought for more than a thousand years. He did much to form，through his various and diverse interpreters，the philosophical，scientific and cosmological outlook of an entire world. Dante called him “the master of those who know”His works：Ethics（an introduction to moral philosophy），Politics，Poetics（a treatise on literary theory），and Rhetoric （dealing with the art of persuading an audience）Aristotle differed from his teacher in following ways：for one thing，Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato`s reliance on subjective thinking；also，he thought that “form”（idea）and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here ，he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical worldAristotle thought happiness that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason，goodness and contemplation should be a man`s aim in life.10.contending schools of thought:百家争鸣The Cynics：got their name because Diogenes，one of their leaders，decided to live like a dog and the word “cynic”means“dog”in Greek. He rejected all conventions—whether of religion，of manner，dress，housing，food，or of decency. In fact，he lived by begging. He proclaimed his brotherhood，not only with the whole human race，but also with animals. On the other hand，he had no patience with the rich and the powerfulThe Sceptics （诡辩学家）followed Pyrrhon，who heldthat not all knowledge was attainable. Hence he and his followers doubted t the truth of what others accepted as true.The Epicureans were disciples of Epicurus，whobelieved pleasure to be the highest good in life，butby pleasure he meant，not sensual enjoyment，butfreedom from pain and emotional upheaval. Thishe thought could be attained by the practice of virtue.His teaching wa s misunderstood by later peopleand the word“Epicurean”has come to meanindulgence in luxurious living. Epicuruswas a materialist.Opposed to the Epicureans were the Stoics. To them，the most important thing in life was not pleasure，but duty. This developed into the theory that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. The chief Stoic was Zeno. He was also a materialist，asserting the existence of the real world. He believed that there is no such thing as chance，and that the course of nature is rigidly determined by natural laws. In the life of an individual man，virtue is the solo good；such things as health，happiness，possessions，are of no account. Since virtue resides in the will，everything good or bad in a man`s life depends only upon himself. If he has to die, he should die nobly，like Socrates.Greek architecture three styles：a.the Doric style （masculine style. powerful, sturdy, showing a good sense of propotion）, the Ionic style(feminine style), the Corinthian style(oranmental luxury)There famous temples: the Acropplis at Athens, the Parthenon.The impact of Greek culture: a,The Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other Eruropean countries.b. The Greeks invented mathematics and science and phylosophy. Their spirt of innovation had immence influence in later generations c. The Greek is the birthland of the democracy. d.They set a great example of thinking rationally and logically. e. In literature, they have exerted an influence which can be still felt today. Epic poetry, tragedy, comedy, lyric poetry, historical writing f.architecture, sculpture.Romans and Greeks异同：Common:a. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of cittizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. b. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified-Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on-and their myth to be fused. c.Their languages worked in similar ways, and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Banglandesh to Iceland. Difference: a.The Romans built up a vast empire: The Greeks didn’t. b.The Romans were confident in their military and administrative capabilities. c.The Greeks enjoyed an artistic and intellectural inheritance much richer than the Romans.Roman peace: The emperors relied on a strong army-the famous Roman regions-and an efficient bureaucracy to exert their rule, which was facilitated by a well-developed system of roads. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of oece lasting 200 years, a remarkable phenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana.Virgil:The greatest of Latin poet, wrote the greatest epic, the Aeneid.Tragic hero: Aeneas was a truely tragic hero because to fufil his hitoric mission he had to betray the great passion of his life. While he gained an empire, his love for Dido, qyeen of Carhage. While he gained an empire, he lost something no empire could compensate, happiness in life.The Colosseum:斗兽场It is an enormous amphitheatre built in the centre of Rome in imperial times. It held more than 5000 spectatots.The relationship between Judaism and Christianity: They are closely related. the Jewish tradition gave birth to Christianity. Both originated in Palestine-thehub of migration and trade toutes, which led to exchange of ideas over wide areas.The bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament.The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. Consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books called Pentateuch.The Pentateuch.(摩西五经)：Genesis: a religious account of the origin of the Hebrew people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Isosa and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph. (The fall of man, Noah’s ark)Exodus: a riligious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s Law. Leviticus: a collection of primitive laws. Numbers: a continuation of the account of the flight from Egypt with two censuses about the Exodus. Deuteronomy: the final words of Moses to his people, restating his orders and fifty years’ experiences as a leader.The spread of Christianity:it spread steadily over the Mediterranean region, instead of being poor people’s religion in the earlier days, it began to draw men and women from all classes. The Romans grew tired of war and feared the collapse of the empire. A war was won by Constantine, he believed that God had helped him in winning the battle, issued the Edict of Milan in 313. it granted religious freedom to all and made Christianity legal. later seeing it the hope of moral solidarity, Constantine renounced pretensions to divinity. In 392AD, Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions.The New Testament is about the doctrine (教义) of Jesus Christ. His disciples in the first century wrote down in Greek about his life and teaching.Four accounts were accepted as part of the New Testament, which tells the beginning of the Christianity. The four accounts were believed to have been written by Matthew, Mark, Luck,and John, four of Jesus’s early fellows. They tell of the birth, teaching, death, and Resurrection of Jesus. The Acts of the Apostles, a history of the early Christian movement; the Epistles, or the letters to the church groups around Mediterranean; the book of Revelation,启示录：a visionary account of the final triumph of God’s purpose.The Old Testament was written in Hebrew, and the New Testament was written in Greek.The most ancient Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition by St. Jerome.But the most important and influential of the English Bible is the “Authorized” or the King James version. The New Testament is，in essence (实质上)，the four accounts (四福音书)，written by the four disciples.弟子The word “Testament”means “agreement”，the agreement between God and Man.The New Testament: T he Bible was divided into two sections：the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament is about the doctrine (教义) of Jesus Christ.⑴. The Middle Ages: a period in which classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged. The fusion and blending of different ideas and practices paved the way for the development of what is the present- day European culture.（名词解释）In European history，the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.⑵. Feudalism: it in Europe was mainly a systemof land holding---a system of land holding in exchangefor military service. “Feudalism”was derived fromthe Latin “feudum”, a grant of land. It is also a systemof government ---a form of local and decentralizedgovernment.Feudalism was also a system of government---a formof local and decentralized government. This is a periodin which classical,Hebrew and Gothic heritagesmerged.And it is this fusion and blending of different ideas andpractices that paved the way for the development ofwhat is the present-day European culture.⑶. The church:after 1054, the church wasdivided into the Roman Catholic Church and theEastern Orthodox Church. The Catholic Church madeLatin the official language In the medieval “age offaith”, almost all Europeans belonged to the Christian(Catholic) Church. Religion was of great importance invirtually every phrase of daily life. The word“catholic”, meant “universal”. The Catholic Churchwas a highly centralized and disciplined internationalorganization.政教合一⑷. Lay members of Catholic Church: pope教皇--- supreme head; college of cardinals---elected pope,served as advisors, next in power to pope; archbishops大主教---province, bishops主教---diocese区, priests牧师---parish教区; religious orders---militarymonastic, lived in monasteries (abbeys) governed byabbots.⑸.Early Monasticism(早期修道院制)：Between300 and 500 A.D.，many men withdrew from worldlycontacts to deserts and lonely places. This movementdeveloped into the establishment of monasteries andconvents for monks and nuns. Some of the hermits (隐士)were great scholars known as “Father of theChurch”，whose work is generally consideredorthodox.(东正教)A noble champion of early monasticism was St.Jerome, who translated into Latin both Old andNew Testaments from the Hebrew and Greeksoriginals.His translation work, the Vulgate, becamethe official Latin Bible used by the Roman CatholicChurch of this day.⑹. Augustine of Hippo: The Confession, The Cityof God. （the Roman’s fall was a punishment forhaving become rich and corrupt and for havingpersecuted Christians.⑺.the crusades十字军东征(went on about 200years) :The Objectives of the crusades was at first torelease the Holy Land, in particular Jerusalem, fromthe Saracens, but in time was extended to seizingSpain from the Moors, the Slavs and Pagans fromeastern Europe, and the islands of the Mediterranean.原因：in 1071 Palestine fell to the armies of theTurkish Moslems who attacked the Christian pilgrimsto Jerusalem, killing many of them and sold manyothers as slaves. News of this kind roused greatindignation among Christians in Western Europe. Theresult was a series of holy was called crusades thatwent on about 200 years.后果：by 1291 the Moslems had taken over the lastChristian strongland. They won the crusades and ruledall the territory in Palestine that the crusades hadfought to control.影响：①although the crusades have not achievetheir goal to regain the holy land, they had animportant effect on the future of both the east and thewest. They brought the east into closer contact with thewest. And they greatly influenced the history ofEurope.②during the wars while many of the feudallords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home foundopportunities to strengthen themselves, thus amongother things, crusades helped to break down feudalism,which in turn led to the rise of the monarchies.③through their contact with the more culturedByzantines and Moslems, the western Europeanschanged many of their old ideas. Their desire forwealth or power began to overshadow their religiousideals. ④the crusades also resulted in renewingpeople’s interest in learning and invention. By the13th century, universities, which grew from cathedralschools, had spread all over Europe.⑻Charlemagne, among many other things he did,encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools,giving support to scholars and setting scribes to workcopying various ancient books.The result of Charlemagne’s efforts is called theCarolingian Renaissance. The most interesting facetof this rather minor Renaissance is the spectacle ofFrankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilatethe riches of the Roman Classical and theChristianized Hebraic culture.⑼christianism基督教: Catholicism天主教,Orthodox Church东正教; Protestantism基督新教⑽Beowulf is an Anglo-Saxon epic, originating fromthe collective efforts oral literature.⑾Dante Alighieri and the divine comedy: one of thelandmarks of world literature. 实质The greatestChristian poem with a profound vision of the medievalChristian world, expresses humanistic ideas whichforeshadowed the spirit of Renaissance; 影响wrotehis masterpiece in Italian rather in latin, influenceddecisively the evolution of European literature awayfrom its origins in latin culture to a new variedexpression.The fall of the Western Roman Empire: in the latterpart of the 4th century, the Huns swept into Europe ,robbing and killing as they came along,, manycivilized Germanic tribes fled their homelands in northEurope and were rushed into the Roman Empire.In476 A.D. a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the lastRoman emperor and took control of the government.。
外国史期末复习材料
外国史期末复习材料一、古代文明1.古代近东文明：美索不达米亚文明、埃及文明、波斯文明等。
2.古希腊文明：希腊城邦制、雅典民主、苏格拉底哲学等。
3.古罗马帝国：罗马共和国、罗马帝国、君士坦丁大帝等。
4.印度古代文明：印度教、佛教、孔雀王朝等。
5.中国古代文明：夏、商、周、秦、汉、三国、晋、隋、唐等。
二、中世纪欧洲文明1.斯堪的纳维亚人的海上活动和探险：维京人的活动范围、维京人殖民活动的后果等。
2.封建制度：封建主义的起源、农奴制度、封建君主国家的兴起等。
3.教会与国家：教皇国权之争、十字军东征、修道院的重要性等。
4.西班牙、葡萄牙和意大利的崛起：航海探险、地理大发现、商业革命等。
三、现代国际关系的发展1.经济革命与农业革命：工业革命的起源、农业革命对工业革命的影响等。
2.科技进步与社会变革：印刷术、火药和指南针的发明对世界历史的影响等。
3.殖民主义与帝国主义：欧洲列强对世界各地的扩张、殖民地经济和文化的影响等。
4.两次世界大战：第一次世界大战的爆发、战争原因及其后果、第二次世界大战的爆发、战争原因及其后果等。
四、冷战与后冷战时期1.冷战的起因与特点：苏联和美国的意识形态冲突、冷战冲突的地缘政治性质等。
2.核武时代：核武器的传播与非扩散、冷战核军备竞赛等。
3.后冷战时期：苏联解体、德国统一、新兴市场经济的崛起等。
4.国际组织与全球化：联合国的作用和局限性、世界贸易组织的作用和问题等。
五、国际关系理论1.现实主义：国家主权、国家利益、权力政治的重要性等。
2.自由主义：国际制度、国际民主体系、民主和经济合作的重要性等。
3.构建主义：角色认同、社会化过程对国际关系的影响等。
4.性别，种族和后现代主义：性别和种族对国际关系的影响、后现代主义对国际关系研究的贡献等。
六、外交政策与国际关系1.大国的外交政策：美国外交政策、中国外交政策、俄罗斯外交政策等。
2.国际合作与竞争：经济合作和贸易战、国际组织的作用与限制等。
欧洲文化入门复习重点
Introduction1、There are many elements constituting European Culture.2、There are two major elements: Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.The richness of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.Division One：Greek Culture and Roman Culture1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labour.3、Ancient Greece’s epics was created by Homer.4、The Home r’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.5、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.6、Three masters in tragedy三大悲剧大师①AeschylusPrometheus Bound —→Shelly Prometheus Unbound②SophoclesOedipus the King —→ Freud’s “the Oedipus complex” (恋母情结)—→ David Herbert Lawrence’s Sons and lovers③EuripidesA．Trojan WomenB．He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧)C．Realism can be traced back to the Ancient Greece，to be specific, Euripides.7、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes.Aristophanes writes about nature.8、History (Historical writing)“Father of History” —→ Herodotus —→ war (between Greeks and Persians)“t he greatest historian that ever lived.” —→ Thucydides —→ war (between Sparta and Athens) 9、①Euclid’s Elements解析几何It was in use in English schools until the early years of the 20th century.②ArchimedesHis work laid basis for not only geometry几何学,but also arithmetic算术, mechanics机械, and hydrostatics.流体静力学“Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”.（Archimedes）10、The melting between Roman Culture and Greek Culture. (罗马征服希腊的标志)From 146 B.C., Latin was the language of the western half of the Roman Empire, and Greek that of the eastern half.Both Latin and Greek belong to Indo-European language.11、The dividing range in the Roman history refers to 27 B.C.12、The year 27 B.C. Divided the Roman history into two periods: republic and empire.13、The idea of Republic can be traced back to Plato’s republic.14、In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteedby the Roman legions(罗马军团)15、In the Roman history, there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was known asPax Romana.(神圣罗马帝国)16、In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteedby the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana17、The Roman Law protected the rights of plebeians (平民).18、The important contribution made by the Romans to the European culture was the Roman Law.19、After 395,the empire was divided into East (the Byzantine Empire) and West.20、Cicero西赛罗his legal and political speeches are models of Latin diction拉丁语用词described as Ciceronian.西赛罗式的an enormous influence on the development of European prose.21、Virgil: Aeneid 阿尼德22、The pantheon was built in 27 B.C.The world’s first vast interior space.世界上第一所最大的室内场所23、The representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-assembly.古希腊民主的表现形式24、The embodiment of Greek democracy is citizen-assembly. 古希腊民主的具体形式25. Many of Plato’s ideas were later absorbed into Christian thought.How did the Ancient Greek philosophy develop?(1)、Three founders1、Pythagoras①All things were numbers.②Scientific mathematics.③Theory of proportion.比例的理论2、Heracleitue①Fire is the primary elements of the universe.火是万物之源②The theory of the mingling of opposites produced harmony.矛盾的对立统一3、Democritus①the atomic theory.第一个原子理论开拓者②materialism.唯物主义(2)、Three thinkers1、Socrates①He hadn’t works. We can know him from Plato’s dialogues.②The dialectical method was established by Socrates.2、Plato①The Academy is the first school in the world, it was established by Plato.②He has four works. Dialogues, Apology, Symposium and Republic.3、Aristotle①The Lyceum is the second school in the world, it was established by Aristotle.②Aristotle is a humanist.(2)、Five contending schools1、The Sophists诡辩派①Under the leadership of Protagoras.②The representative of work is On the God.诸神论③His doctrine is “man is the measure of all things”.2、The Cynics犬儒派①Under the leadership of Diogenes.②The word “cynic” means “dog” in English.③He proclaimed his brotherhood. And he had no patience with the rich and powerful.3、The Sceptics置疑学派①Under the leadership of Pyrrhon.②His thought is not all knowledge was attainable, and doubting the truth of what others accepted as true.4、The Epicureans享乐派①Under the leadership of Epicurus.②Pleasure to be the highest good in life but not sensual enjoyment.Pleasure could be attained by the practice of virtue.Epicurus was a materialist. He believed that the world consisted of atoms.5、The Stoics斯多哥派①Under the leadership of Zeno.②His thought is duty is the most important thing in life.One should endure hardship and misfortune with courage.He developed into Stoics’ duty.He was also a materialist.What’s the difference between Plato and Aristotle in terms of their philosophical ideas(system)？1、For one thing, Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking.2、For another, he thought that “form” and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here, too, he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world3、Aristotle thought happiness was men’s aim in life，but not happiness in the vulgar sense, but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason, goodness and contemplation.What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere. Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1、Spirit of innovation创新精神The Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters of any inherited orthodoxy.2、Supreme Achievement至高无上的成就The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3、Lasting effect持续的影响①Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect. ②In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics经典之作: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn. ③In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.Division Two：The Bible and Christianity1、Christianity is by far the most influential in the West.2、Judeo-Christian tradition constitutes one of the two major components of European culture: Judaism and Christianity.3、The Jewish tradition, which gave birth to Christianity. (犹太教是基督教的前身)Both originated in Palestine, which was known as Canaan.4、The ancestors of the Jews — the Hebrews.5、The Hebrews history was recorded in the Old Testament of the Bible.6、The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament.7、The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God.8、The New Testament is about the doctrine of Jesus Christ.9、The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.10、The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch.摩西五经11、The Fall of Man was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, The Bible.12、Noah’s Ark was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, The Bible.13、The content of historical Books: 1200B.C. 586 B.C.Dealing with history of the Hebrew people from their entry into Palestine around 1200 B.C., till the fall of Palestine into hands of Assyrians and Chaldeans in 586 B.C.14、The History Books① The development of system of landed nobles.② The development of monarchy. 君主专制③ Establishment of the two Kingdoms. 两大王国的初步形成④ The settlement in the highlands⑤ Age of great prosperity under Saul, David and Solomon.15、Towards the end of the fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of the New Testament, which tells the beginning of Christianity.16、The Birth of Jesus was recorded in Matthew (马修福音书)17、The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.What difference between Christianity and the other religions?Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions.1、One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2、The other is that God gave his only begotten son, so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. (加尔文主义也有这样的观点)What is the great significance of the translations of the bible?1、It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2、Miltion’s Paradise Lost , Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden.Division Three：The Middle Ages1、the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.The middle ages is so called because it was the transitional period(过渡时期) between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2、In 476 A.D. a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 西罗马476灭，东罗马1653年灭3、Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service (军事力量). The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”,a grant of land.4、5、The Catholic Church made Latin the official language and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage (传统) of the Roman Empire.6、The word “catholic” meant “universal”.(广泛的，无处不在的)7、St. Jerome, who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. Vulgate (拉丁语圣经)8、Augustine —→ “Confession” and “The City of God”9、The most important of all courses was Jerusalem. (耶路撒冷)10、Crusades went on about 200 years. There were altogether eight chief Crusades.11、The crusades ended up with the victory of Moslems.(穆斯林)By 1291 the Moslems (穆斯林) had taken over the last Christian stronghold. They won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the Crusaders had fought to control.12、Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet (一面) of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle (有见解) of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate (吸收) the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.13、National Epics(民族史诗运动)The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states (民族国家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics.14、Chaucer (乔叟) 的诗歌特点：① power of observation (观察)② piercing irony (敏锐的讽刺) ③ sense of humour ④ warm humanity (温暖的人性)15、Gothic① The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.② It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.③ The Gothic was an outgrowth (丰富与发展) of the Romanesque.（罗马式）16、The Canterbury Tales:① The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer.② Chaucer introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.③ Both Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales are the best representative of the middle English.17 In the middle ages, what cultures began to merge？Classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged (文化融合). It paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture.Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith (信仰的年代)？1、During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2、The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3、In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years.4、It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.How did Feudalism develop in Europe in middle ages?1、feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding — a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.2、In order to seek the protection of large land-owners, the people of small farms or land gave their farms and land to large land-owners, but they still had freedom, they were called freemen.3、While the people from towns and cities did not possess farms or land. They had nothing but their freedom to be given to large land-owners, and then they lost their freedom for protection. They were called serfs.4、In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owners of the fiefs was call vassals.5、There came a form of local and decentralized (分散) government.6、As a knight, he were pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.What positive influence does the Crusades exert on the European Culture?(What is the great significance of the Crusades?)1、The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe. (拉近了东西方的交流)2、During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies. (取而代之的是君主专制)3、Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4、The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals (阿拉伯数字), algebra (代数), and Arab medicine (医学) were introduced to the West.5、As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade inwestern Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.How did literature develop in the middle ages?1、The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states (民族国家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2、Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy: (但丁与神曲)① His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.② The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed (预示) the spirit of Renaissance.③ Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin. (只用意大利语创作)3、Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales: (乔叟与坎特布雷集)① The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.②Most of the tales are written in verse (诗) which reflects(反映) Chaucer’s innovation (改革) by introducing into the native alliterative verse (压头韵) the French and Italian styles.③ Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.短篇写作第一人④ Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.Division Four：Renaissance and Reformation1、RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The wo rd “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism (保守主义思想) in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (资产阶级), to lift the restrictions (禁忌) in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture.2、In Renaissance literature of Italy, Petrarch (彼得拉克) was the representative poet.3、Intellectuals became closely tied up with the rising bourgeoisie. (人文主义兴起的重要原因Humanistic ideas to develop)4、At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of the greatness of man.(以人为本—人文主义的核心)5、Last Supper adapted from the New Testament of the Bible.6、Michelangelo —— David —— Sistine Chapel (from the First book of the Bible, the Genesis ) —— Dying Slave (垂死的奴隶) —— Moses (摩西)7、Raphael was best known for his Madonna. (圣母玛利亚)He painted his Madonnas in different postures against different backgrounds.8、One of the famous paintings besides the Madonnas is School of Athens (雅典学派). Plato and Aristotle engaged in argument.9、Titian —— The Venus of Urbino (维纳斯)10、John Wyclif —— translation of the Bible into English for the first time.11、Martin Luther —— translation of the whole Bible with the vernacular language.12、The reformation get its victory first in England.13、ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political (社会政治) movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues.宗教改革的实质是：反对罗马天主教，直接形式是用母语翻译圣经14、CalvinismCalvinism was established by Calvin in the period of Renaissance. Presbyterian government (长老会). Only those specially elected by God can be saved (上帝的选民) . This belief serves so well to help the rising bourgeoisie on its path (有助于资本主义的兴起)。
西方文化史期末复习经典论述题
1、西方文化的内涵1）西方文化的基本内涵可以概要地表述为：第一，包括语言文字、哲学、历史学、建筑、艺术、法律和政治制度在内的希腊罗马文化；第二，以虔诚信仰为核心的犹太教文化和基督教文化；第三，给欧洲社会带来风俗习惯和民主传统的日耳曼文化；第四，伴随着商业交往、宗教热情和殖民冒险发展起来的资本主义文化。
所以，在东方人的观念中，西方充满着浪漫与理性、热情与虔诚、冒险与智慧。
西方文化通过不同文化的“杂交”和相互否定而产生出新的文化性状，最终的结果是导致了整个社会和历史文化的不断变迁和自我超越。
2）当代西方文化的发展始终与科学理性、工具理性（目的理性或技术理性）为中心的现代工业文明相随，但逐渐暴露出重理轻文的偏颇、快餐文化的消极、拜金文化的媚俗。
2、阐述地理特征与希腊精神塑造间的关系城邦林立的松散状态培养了自由独立民主的精神，同时，容易导致内战。
临海的地理位置，培养了海洋民族的冒险精神，同时，为反抗权威准备了随着得以出逃的出海口。
3、为什么基督教从非法的地下组织迅速发展为世界性宗教1）罗马帝国后期，社会生活相对安定、交通便利，使用希腊方言更容易沟通感情2）罗马文化活力逐渐衰退这就为新的宗教的思想传播提供了客观条件3）基督教是多种思想和精神因素相结合的混合物。
具有普遍性和包容性的根本特点（这是他的内在吸引力）4、文艺复兴为何首先出现在意大利1）意大利是古罗马的发源地，又是中世纪基督教文化的心脏地区。
从文化渊源上，这里保留了古罗马优秀的古典文化传统，他们始终把自己看作是古代罗马人的后裔。
2）意大利的城市共和国的商业和贸易很发达，这就为文学和艺术的发展提供了雄厚的物质基础。
（如佛罗伦萨的美第奇家族）3）作为资本主义的最早诞生地，意大利为文艺复兴提供了新兴资产阶级和新兴市民阶层。
4）新兴资产阶级包括经济上成功的实业家、商人和银行家，他们对社会和文化生活提出了自己的，不同于过去的新要求，用手中的钱丰富和美化自己的生活成为他们的生活追求。
西方文化概论期末考试复习资料
西方文化概论期末复习资料古希腊文化的特征主要有五方面：(1)古希腊的一个重要的美学思想就是和谐是美。
神只是理想化了的人。
(2) 人文主义。
希腊人重视个人价值，追求自由，享乐 .(3) 理性主义. 希腊人是奔放的理性色彩还是比较突出的(4) 悲剧性。
自身的追求与命运的矛盾，就形成悲剧。
(5) 雄伟性.这点是上面一点的延续。
悲剧不是侧重写悲，而是写悲壮雄伟。
希腊的史诗戏剧大多体现英雄主义色彩，抒情性较强。
语言高亢，句式短促。
宗教改革运动的原因：（1）四分五裂的政治局面严重阻碍德国经济的发展（根本原因）（2）罗马教廷对德意志的政治控制和经济搜刮（主要原因）（3）马丁·路德立志改革（主观原因）（4）教皇兜售赎罪券，马丁·路德发表“九十五条论纲”（直接原因）宗教改革的出现的主要派别：路德教派、加尔文派、英国国教宗教改革的历史作用：第一，打击了西欧的封建势力，有利于资本主义的发展。
第二，打击了天主教会在欧洲的神权统治,促进了西欧民族意识和民族国家发展.第三，否定了罗马天主教会的权威，解放了思想,为资本主义的兴起和发展奠定了基础.第四，形成新教派,出现新的宗教分布格局.人文主义的基本内容是提倡“人道”，反对“神道”；提倡个性解放，反对宗教桎梏和禁欲主义；肯定人性和人的价值，要求享受人世的欢乐，提倡人的个性解放和自由平等，要求把人从宗教束缚中解放出来主要精神实质：人性的解放地理大发现是指15～18世纪，欧洲航海者开辟新航路和“发现”新大陆的通称，它是地理学发展史中的重大事件。
推动了人类文明的发展①将世界市场连接成一个整体，新航路即世界市场联系之路；②证明了“地圆学说”正确性，冲击了神学理论，推动了自然科学的发展，思想震撼；③世界各大洲的孤立状态被打破，人类文明交流之路。
同时也带来罪恶殖民掠夺，加速西欧原始积累，而导致亚非拉的贫困落后，最终落后于西方，血与火的争夺。
客观上也刺激了商品经济的发展。
欧洲各国的文化底蕴与民族特色
欧洲各国的文化底蕴与民族特色欧洲是一个多元化的大陆，拥有着许许多多的文化和民族特色。
每个国家都有着独特的历史渊源和文化积淀。
在这篇文章中，我们将从欧洲各国的文化底蕴和民族特色两个方面来探讨欧洲的多元化。
一、文化底蕴欧洲的文化底蕴可以追溯到古希腊和罗马时期。
这两个文明古国为欧洲的文化发展奠定了基础。
希腊文学、哲学、数学和艺术等领域的成就，被誉为人类文明的灯塔。
罗马的法律制度、建筑艺术和文化以及基督教信仰对欧洲的影响也是深远的。
中世纪时期，欧洲的文化达到了巅峰期。
法国的文学、艺术和音乐等成就著名于世。
意大利则有着世界著名的文艺复兴时期，众多杰出的文艺家涌现出来，如达芬奇、米开朗琪罗等等。
西班牙的文化也有着鲜明的特色，例如坎塞曼、戈雅等。
在现代，欧洲的文化影响持续扩散，特别是英国的文化更是在全球范围内流传和影响广泛。
如英国文学、音乐、电影、时装等在全球都有着越来越大的影响。
法国的时尚、美食和艺术等也同样在世界范围内受到广泛关注。
二、民族特色欧洲各国的民族特色也是非常鲜明的。
意大利的文艺复兴是其历史上最为辉煌的时期之一。
在文学、艺术、音乐领域，意大利有着独特的贡献。
独具特色的文艺复兴风格，使得意大利在艺术界独树一帜。
意大利还是世界上最早的音乐学院所在地，多年来形成了浓厚的音乐文化氛围。
法国的特色则在于其细腻、优美的艺术和时尚。
法国咖啡、红酒、芝士和香水等也是法国文化的重要组成部分。
在电影和音乐领域，法国同样有着较高的独立性和影响力。
捷克的古老城市、博物馆和历史遗迹等古建筑具有极高的价值。
捷克在古建筑修缮方面非常注重，不仅保护了自己的历史文化遗产，而且也吸引了来世界各地的游客。
总之，欧洲各国的文化底蕴和民族特色不仅反映出这个大陆的多元化，还体现了这些国家的历史、文化和民族强烈的自我认同感。
在当今全球化的时代，欧洲的文化和民族特色也在不断进化，不断地吸引着人们的目光。
一二单元整合复习 古代亚非、欧洲文明
熟练背诵、并背写在听写本上。（背过的同学可直接背---写5选3） 1、金字塔的修建的意义？ 2、《汉谟拉比法典》的地位和意义？ 3、种姓制度的四个等级、特点？ 4、评价亚历山大东征？ 5、评价雅典的民主政治？
文明起源
---古代亚非、欧洲文明
涉及内容：一、二单元复习；1--6课
看图读史--东西文明对比
二、据此回答推动社会发展的因素有哪些？
改革、杰出人物的推动、制度的创新、思想的解放
整理罗马发展线索
罗马城
前1000年
罗马共和国 称霸地中海 斯巴达克起义
前509年 前2世纪
前73年
标志着西欧奴隶社会的结束
476年
4世纪末
西罗马帝国
帝国分裂
被日耳曼人灭亡
前27年
屋大维 建立 罗马帝国
前49年 凯撒执政
5、婆罗门贵族宣扬造物主创造等级说的目的是什么？
维护高级种姓的统治
6、种姓制度的特点
各等级世代相袭； 各等级之间贵贱分明，低等级的人不能从事高等级的职业，不 同等级的人不得通婚。
7、种姓制度的影响（积极和消极）
积极： 在一定程度上为种姓内成员提供了保护，有利于维护统治及社会安定。
消极： 制造了种姓隔离，维护社会不平等，使下层劳动群众备受压迫和
古代亚非文明
文明 时间 国家 建立者 发源的河流 文明的代表
古埃及文 明
前3500
古埃及 王国
古埃及人 尼罗河 共同点：
金字塔、 象形文字
古两河流域 文明
前3500
古巴比 伦王国
①苏都美起尔源人于大幼 底河格发里拉流斯底域河河；
汉谟拉比法典； 楔形文字
②都以农业为主，农耕文明
部编版九年级历史上册 第二单元古代欧洲文明复习PPT课件
单元知识梳理
第4课 希腊城邦和亚历山大帝国 1.希腊城邦 (1)范围:包括希腊半岛(主体)、爱琴海诸岛等地区。 (2)特点:海岸线曲折,港湾众多,岛屿密布,适宜航海业和 海外贸易的发展。 (3)文明:产生于爱琴海地区,爱琴文明包括克里特文明 和迈锡尼文明。此后进入荷马时代。 (4)兴起:公元前8世纪,希腊出现了城邦,斯巴达是最大 的城邦。 (5)居民:分为公民和非公民,二者是统治与被统治的关 系。成年男性公民有参与统治的权利,只有公民才能占 有土地;参军打仗是公民的义务;城邦各项活动都以公民 为主体。
2.雅典的民主政治 (1)背景:经过几次改革后,雅典建立了民主政体。 公元前5世纪中后期,伯里克利主政时期,雅典民 主达到全盛,奴隶制政治发展到高峰。 (2)表现:雅典公职人员几乎都是从全体公民中 抽签产生。代表各地的10个主席团轮流主持城 邦日常事务;主席团由各地抽签产生,主席团主 席也经抽签产生;公民大会是最高权力机构。伯 里克利还建立了津贴制度。 (3)局限:占雅典人口绝大多数的外邦人、奴隶、 妇女没有任何政治权利。
典型 代表
发源 地区
文明 类型
文明 基础
对外 交往
基本 特征
特点
东西文明比较（奴隶社会）
古代亚非文明
西方文明
古代埃及、古代两河流域、 古代希腊、罗马
古代印度、古代中国
大河流域
地中海沿岸
大河文明
海洋文明
发达的农业
2.罗马帝国 (1)政权更迭:公元前49年,凯撒控制元老院。公元前31 年,屋大维成为最后的胜利者,他首创“元首制”,掌握最 高统治实权。 (2)建国:公元前27年,罗马共和国演变为罗马帝国。屋 大维采取了许多措施解决矛盾,罗马帝国进入了和平发 展的时代。 (3)扩张:2世纪,罗马帝国进入黄金时期。帝国版图横跨 欧、亚、非三洲,地中海成为罗马帝国的“内湖”。 3.罗马帝国衰亡 (1)原因:3世纪,罗马帝国陷入长期的政治经济大危机;日 耳曼人侵入罗马帝国。 (2)灭亡:4世纪末,罗马帝国分裂为东西两个帝国。476 年,西罗马帝国在日耳曼人的打击下灭亡。
部编九年级上册第二单元《古代欧洲文明》复习纲要
部编九年级上册第二单元《古代欧洲文明》复习纲要一、希腊城邦和亚历山大帝国1. 希腊：西方文明发源地，其早期文明是爱琴文明；斯巴达是希腊最大的城邦；居民分为公民和非公民，公民与非公民是统治与被统治的关系2. 雅典民主政治：伯里克利主政时期发展到高峰；最高权力机构是公民大会；成年男性公民都可以参政3. 亚历山大帝国：马其顿国王亚历山大通过东征，建立起地跨欧、亚、非三洲的“亚历山大帝国”二、罗马城邦和罗马帝国1. 罗马共和国：公元前509年建立；国家决策权掌握在元老院手里；《十二铜表法》是罗马法发展过程中的重要里程碑2. 罗马称霸地中海：罗马打败迦太基，征服西地中海地区；后来，又征服东地中海地区，成为地中海地区的霸主3. 罗马帝国：公元前27年，屋大维建立罗马帝国；2世纪，帝国版图地跨欧、亚、非三洲，达到鼎盛；4世纪末，罗马分裂；476年，西罗马帝国灭亡。
三、希腊罗马古典文化1.文学：《荷马史诗》是了解早期希腊社会的主要文献2.雕塑：《掷铁饼者》是希腊雕塑艺术的杰作之一3.建筑：希腊雅典的帕特农神庙，罗马的凯旋门4.哲学：代表人物有德谟克利特、苏格拉底、亚里士多德5.法学：《十二铜表法》是后世罗马法典乃至欧洲法学的渊源6.公历：源于儒略历基础知识梳理一、希腊城邦和亚历山大帝国知识点1.希腊城邦1.古希腊（1很小，耕地十分有限。
古代希腊是西方文明的发源地。
（2）文明发源地：爱琴海地区。
（3）文明代表：克里特文明和迈锡尼文明。
2.希腊城邦（1）概况：公元前8世纪，希腊出现了城邦。
希腊城邦一般是以一个城市或市镇为中心，把周围的农村联合起来，组成一个小圆。
（2）特点“小国寡民”。
（3）居民：分为公民和非公民（包括外邦人和奴隶）。
成年男性公民有参与统治的权利；非公民没有政治权利，公民与非公民是统治与被统治的关系。
二者界限分明，非公民转化为公民，极为困难。
知识点雅典的民主政治中真正参政的只有成年男性公民，妇女、儿童、外邦人和奴隶被排斥在外。
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期末复习：
1-7单元，每单元Writing部分之前（包括）出现的希腊神话及圣经故事，
Pre-information部分出现的背景信息及典故，Further Reading部分的短文（阅
读理解），Vocabulary Focus部分的词汇。Aegean civilization, Minoan
civilization, Mycenaean civilization简要信息。
考试题型：
Part I Listening Comprehension (25%)
Section A
Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long
conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked
about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only
once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read
the four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D], and decide which is the best answer,
then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line though
the centre.
Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each
passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be
spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from
the four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Then mark the corresponding letter
on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.
Part II Multiple Choice (25%)
Direction: There are 25 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there
are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the ONE that best completes
the sentences. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.
Part III True or False Judgment (10%)
Direction: In this part, there are 10 statements. Decide whether the statements are
true or false. Choose T for true and F for false and mark your answer on the
ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.
Part IV Allusions and Interpretations Matching (10%)
Direction: In this part, you are given 10 allusions from the Greek myths and the
Bible, and the corresponding interpretations to them. Match the allusions and their
proper interpretations. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening
the corresponding letter in the brackets.
Part V Figures and Descriptions Matching (5%)
Direction: In this part, you are given 5 descriptions from the Greek myths and the
Bible, and some figures related to them. Match the descriptions to the proper figures
involved. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the
corresponding letter in the brackets.
Part VI Reading Comprehension (10%)
Direction: In this part there are two passages followed by some questions. Of each
question there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. You should decide on
the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a
single line through the center.
Part VII Writing (15%)
Direction:
Write an essay based on one of the following two questions as required in no less
than 120 words on your ANSWER SHEET.
典故：pre-information
词汇 Vocabulary Focus
人名、地名