专八人文知识讲解ppt
专八人文(美国文学部分)
the Prairie大草原
the pathfinder探路人
the Deerslayer杀鹿者
Edgar Allan Poe爱伦·坡(poet, novelist)
Father of the American detective stories
Tales of the Grotesque andArabesque怪诞奇异故事集
站在大贵族大资产阶级立场上观察描述现实社会，被称为“温和现实主义”
O. Henry欧亨利
1.The father of modern American short stories;
2.American life humor encyclopedia
3.Short prose writer laureate as Manhattan
2Focus on commonness of the lives of the common people;
3Objective rather than idealistic view of human nature;
4Present moral visions;
5Usually open ending.(开放式结局)
2.pen name: Samuel Langhorne Clemens
3.Three giants of American realistic writers.
1.TheAdventures of TomSawyer;
2.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn(“all modern American literature comes”---Hemingway)
专八人文知识(英国文学)
The old and medieval English literature(8th-14th century )The renaissance period(14th –mid17th c)The neoclassical period(mid17th -18th c)The romantic period(mid18th -mid19th c)The Victorian period(1836-1901)Modern period(20th - )注：【后面的Matp指主要作品】一．The old and medieval English literature(8th-14th century)1.The Venerable Bede(A.D673-735) “father of English history”《the essiesiastical history of the English people》《the anglo-sarxon chronic》epic——Beowulf2.mid11th-mid14th 亚瑟王和圆桌骑士《Sir Gawain and the Green Knight，高文爵士和绿衣骑士》3.Geoffy Chaucer（杰弗利·乔叟，1343-1400）“the father of English poetry” ；“the first one who used London dialect ” in《The Canterbury Tales，坎特伯雷故事集》（1387-1400,a prologue\24 tales,描写14th 英国现状）二．The renaissance period (14th –mid17th c)1.Sonnet:contains 14 lines of iambic pentameter rhymed in various patterns 14行5音步抑扬格诗行（ababcdcdefefgg）e.g: So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.2.Thomas More(托马斯·莫尔1478-1535) Matp:《Utopia,乌托邦》（in Latin）3.Francis Bacon(培根1561-1626) “杰出essayist in English history”《the essays》4.Edmund Spenser(埃德蒙·斯宾赛,1552-1599) “the poet’s poet”；Matp:《The Faerie Queen,仙后》（1579）；create “Spencerian Stanza ,斯宾塞诗体”。
专八人文知识--语言学
第一章概述一、什么是语言？1.Definition of language （语言的定义）Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.（语言是人类用来交流的一套具有任意性的声音符号系统。
）2.Design/distinctive feature of language（语言的定义/本质特征）1)2)3)4)（移位性指语言可以让使用者谈论不在说话之时、说话之地存在的物体、事件和观点）例如：我们在中国可以谈论美国的物体和事件。
5)Cultural transmission（文化传播/文化传递性）Language is passed on from generation to generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct.（文化传播指语言是靠文化传播的，而不是靠父母遗传。
虽然人类的语言能力是天生的，但是语言系统的细节不是靠遗传传递，而是靠学习掌握的。
）二、什么是语言学？Linguistics is a scientific study of language.（语言学是对语言的科学研究）语言学的研究对象不是某特定的语种，而是人类所有的语言，在考察分析大量语言现象的基础上总结语言规律。
语言学家想要回答的基本问题是：什么是语言？语言的机制是什么？人们是如何使用语言实现各种目的的。
三、语言学的重要概念1.descriptive vs. prescriptive（描述性与规定性）描述性研究是现代语言学家采取的基本立场，注重观察分析语言中的事实，目的通常是描述人们一般是怎么说话、写作的。
规定性研究注意总结语言中的标准，目的通常是规定人们应该如何说话、写作。
例如：规定只能用单数、复数2.synchronic vs. diachronic（共时性与历时性）synchronic: the study of a language through the course of its history（共时研究以某个特定时期的语言为研究对象）例如：莎士比亚时代语言研究diachronic: takes a fixed instant as its point of observation（历时研究则研究语言各个阶段的发展变化，研究语言的历史发展规律）ngue vs. parole（语言与言语）该区分是现代语言学鼻祖Saussure提出的。
英语专八人文知识复习共85页文档
英语专八人文知识复习
56、死去何所道，托体同山阿。 57、春秋多佳日，登高赋新诗。 58、种豆南山下，草盛豆苗稀。晨兴 理荒秽 ，带月 荷锄归 。道狭 草木长 ，夕露 沾我衣 。衣沾 不足惜 ，但使 愿无违 。 59、相见Байду номын сангаас杂言，但道桑麻长。 60、迢迢新秋夕，亭亭月将圆。
谢谢
英语专八人文知识复习
英语专八人文知识复习The Fall Line瀑布线：A point where water-falls or rapids suddenly drop from a higher level to the lower one.瀑布线指的是瀑布急速地从高处向低处流泻的点。
The Appalachian Range阿巴拉契亚山脉：1200 miles long，consists of the Piedmont Plateau, Appalachian Plateaus and Appalachian Range.阿巴拉契亚山脉全场1200英里，由皮德蒙特高原、阿巴拉契亚高原及阿巴拉契亚山脉组成。
The Cordillera Range科迪勒拉山脉：Composed of the Coast Range, the Cascades and the Rocky Mountains.科迪勒拉山脉由海岸山脉、卡斯卡德山以及洛基山组成。
The Great Basin大盆地：The Part between the Colorado and Columbia Plateaus.指的是科罗拉多和哥伦比亚高地之间的局部。
The Great Central Plain中部大平原：The land mass between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians.指的是洛基山和阿巴拉伊亚山之间的平原。
The Great Plain大平原：The western part of the central plain.大平原：指的是中部平原以西的局部。
The Mississippi River密西西比河：The longest, the most important river in the U.S.A. It has a drainage area of 3225000 square kilometers.密西西比河是美国最长、最重要的河流。
专八人文知识复习_美国地理概况5
The Fall Line瀑布线：A point where water-falls or rapids suddenly drop from a higher level to the lower one.瀑布线指的是瀑布急速地从高处向低处流泻的点。
The Appalachian Range阿巴拉契亚山脉：1200 miles long，consists of the Piedmont Plateau, Appalachian Plateaus and Appalachian Range.阿巴拉契亚山脉全场1200英里，由皮德蒙特高原、阿巴拉契亚高原及阿巴拉契亚山脉组成。
The Cordillera Range科迪勒拉山脉：Composed of the Coast Range, the Cascades and the Rocky Mountains.科迪勒拉山脉由海岸山脉、卡斯卡德山以及洛基山组成。
The Great Basin大盆地：The Part between the Colorado and Columbia Plateaus.指的是科罗拉多和哥伦比亚高地之间的部分。
The Great Central Plain中部大平原：The land mass between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians.指的是洛基山和阿巴拉伊亚山之间的平原。
The Great Plain大平原：The western part of the central plain.大平原：指的是中部平原以西的部分。
The Mississippi River密西西比河：The longest, the most important river in the U.S.A. . It has a drainage area of 3225000 square kilometers.密西西比河是美国最长、最重要的河流。
专八考试人文知识精讲（6）
1. “To know something like the palm of one's hand” means ___?A to understand the nature of something and be competent in the performance of themB to understand everything without any questionC to understand only something easyD to be thoroughly familiar with the nature and details of something 2. British English is spoken in ___?A Great BritainB AustraliaC New ZealandD A.B and C 3. Which of the following joined England and Scotland in 1707?A the Act of SupremacyB the Act of UnionC the Reform ActD the Magana Carta 4. Who said “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.”?A AristotleB PlatoC ArchimedesD Euclid 5. The expression that can be used as the euphemism for “garbage collector” is “___”A collectingB garbage engineerC sanitary engineerD sanitation engineer 6. Who founded the Plantagenet Dynasty?A Henry IB King JosephC Henry IID Count of Anjor 7. Who said “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”:?A HoraceB VirgilC PlatoD Sappho 8. The religious persecution mainly existed during the reign of ___.A Elizabeth IB Henry VIIIC CromwellD Charles I 9. Eton College is a famous ___ of UK.A collegeB comprehensive schoolC public schoolD university 10.Westminster Palace is the ___?A seat of British House of ParliamentB seat of English churchC residence of king of queenD residence of Prime Minister 1. 选D.“To know something like the palm of one's hand”的意思是对“什么了如指掌”。
英语专八人文知识 语言学必背第5讲-句法学
英语专八人文知识语言学必背第5讲:句法学第五节句法学Syntax一、基本概念研究句子结构以及词、词组和短语构成的句子的规则the internal structure of sentences and the rules etc.二、几个重要概念1．横组合关系Syntagmatic relations/线形关系Linear relations：即词序word order，指句子中单词的链状顺序关系纵聚合关系Paradigmatic relations：把句子各个位置当成插槽Slot，则同义或相近词都可填入此槽，这就是词间纵聚合关系注：词的横组合及纵聚合关系是其句法理论的重要组成部分Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic relations is important part of 索绪尔Saussure’s syntactic theory.2．直接成分分析法Immediate Constituent Analysis简作IC Analysis：通过多次的二元切割将句子分割为词组、单词的一种句子分析手段3．语法范畴Grammatical Categories：指代名词、动词等此类的标志性特征definding properties名词：性Gender，数Number，格Case【数：单数Singular和双数Dual；性：阴性Feminine和阳性Masculine以及中性Neuter；格：代词主格Nominative，宾格Accusative，名词一般格General和所有格Genitive】动词：时态Tense，体Aspect，语态V oice三、关于句子：the maximum free form最大的语法分析单位1．句子关系：一致关系Agreement：两个或更多单词在某个特定环境下必须保持其某个范畴的一致，主要表现在主谓、修饰语和被修饰语之间。
如this man/these men支配关系Government：一个或几个单词因受到其他相邻词语的支配而必须与或者保持某个范畴的一致，如代词在动词后必须成宾格状态beat him等2. 句子的扩展Extension of sentence三种方法：结合Conjoining，嵌入Embedding和递归Recursiveness3. 句子结构向心结构Endocentric construction：具有核心的结构体。
专八人文知识
（一）重要文学术语诙谐短诗（Epigram）：诙谐短诗短小机智，表达一个耐人寻味的简单思想或观察。
奥斯卡·王尔德（Oscar Wilde）以他的诙谐短诗著称。
An epigram is a brief,clever,an usually memorable statement现实主义（Realism）：现实主义指艺术或文学中客观地将事物、行为或社会状况按照现实的本来情况进行表述，而不是用抽象的或者理想化的形式来表现。
Realism sought to portray familiar characters,situations,and settings in a realistic manner.This was done primarily by using an objective narrative point of view and through the buildup of accurate detail.（二）名家名作查尔斯·狄更斯（Charles Dickens,1812-1870）狄更斯是19世纪最伟大的小说家，批判现实主义的杰出代表。
其作品广泛而深刻地描写社会生活的各个方面，鲜明而生动地刻画了各阶层的代表人物的形象。
狄更斯作品的广度和深度远远超过了同时代的任何文学作品。
马克思将狄更斯列在英国19世纪批判现实主义小说家的首位。
在初期作品中，狄更斯对许多社会问题的解决还抱着比较乐观的态度，认为资本主义社会中的那些罪恶是可以补救的。
Sketches by Boz《波兹特写》Pickwick Papers《匹克威克外传》Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》-----小说中的奥利弗（Oliver）是狄更斯笔下的第一儿童形象。
The Old Curiosity Shop《老古玩店》在中期作品中，狄更斯对社会的乐观态度开始改变。
David Copperfield《大卫·科波菲尔》-----全书采用第一人称叙事语气，其中融进了坐着本人的许多生活经历。
专八考试人文知识精讲（5）
1. Who led The Peasants Uprising in Britain?A Watt TylerB Henry TurnerC RichardD Stephen 2. In English individualistic culture, one should bother Englishmen without a good reason and making appointment beforehand seems to be important. It is best reflected by an English proverb ___?A as welcome as a stormB an Englishman's house is his castleC do not wear out your welcomeD outstay one's welcome 3. ____ is the first weekday after Christmas, a legal holiday in English, Wales, Northern Ireland, New Zealand,Australia and South Africa.A Thanksgiving DayB Anzac DayC St. Valentine's DayD Boxing Day 4. The Bible was originally written in ___.A LatinB EnglishC HebrewD Arabic 5. ____ is a very wise man, the king of the Hebrews around the tenth century B.C. and was well-known for his wisdom.A SolomonB The old AdamC JudasD Jesus 6. Which of the following king was executed in the civil war?A James IB Charles IC James IID Charles II 7. From 1649 to 1658 English was called a Commonwealth. It was ruled first by Oliver Cromwell as ___.A PresidentB Lord ProtectorC Lieutenant GeneralD Commander of the New Model Army 8. A "vote of no confidence" is decided by ___.A the House of LordsB the Prime MinisterC the House of CommonsD the two major parties 9. Which of the following particularly happens on the Queen's Birthday?A Trooping the ColorB the EisteddfodC bonfiresD masquerades 10.In American English "Totem" is a loan word from ___, meaning “图腾” in chinese.A DutchB India languageC GermanD French 答案： 1. 选A.由于百年战争并没有改变农民的⽣活条件，⼜加上⼈头税（the Poll Tax）的征收。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
5. The three dialects spoken by____ _____and _____mixed into a single language called Anglo-Saxon, or old English. A Anglos, Saxons, Scottish B Anglos, Saxons, Irish C Anglos, Saxons, Jutes D Anglos, Saxons, welsh
2.The reading of the first chapter of the novel Pride and Prejudice has led the reader to the understanding of Mrs. Bennet as a woman of ___ A simple character and mean understanding B intricate character and short temper C simple character and good education D intricate character and outstanding talent
英国浪漫派 诗人， 诗人，其诗 歌两大主题 为：有关大 自然； 自然；人类 生活
4. At the beginning of 17th century appeared a school of poets called metaphysics by Samuel Johnson, ____is the founder of metaphysical 英国文艺复兴时期著名 poetry. 的剧作家兼诗人 A Ben Johnson B John Milton C John Bunyan D John Donne
性格简单理解 力差的女人
3.William Wordsworth’s poetry, divided by the subjects, falls into two major groups: one about ___ and the other about ___。 A nature, human life B society, human nature C human life, social system D universe, human spirit
专八ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้文知识
Oranee
1. In area, the United States is the ____ largest country in the world. A 2nd B 3rd C 4th D 5th
According To Area
:
Russia; Canada; China; United states
公元五世纪， Saxons， jutes开始迁入不列颠 开始迁入不列颠， 公元五世纪，Anglos, Saxons， jutes开始迁入不列颠， 这个部落融合成统一的民族英格兰， 这个部落融合成统一的民族英格兰，他们的语言也发展成 一种叫Anglo Anglo一种叫Anglo-Saxon, 或者 old English
THANKS