英语语言学练习题含答案
英语语言学试题1及答案
英语语言学试题1及答案1）Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four×10=20%)、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to layA、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、 mouthB、 lipsC、 tongueD、 vocal cords、The morpheme vision in the common word elevision is a(n) ___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、 free morpheme、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator、Can I borrow your bike? _____ You have a bike.A、 is synonymous withB、 is inconsistent withC、 entailsD、 presupposes、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences isA、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ orA、 elaborationB、 simplificationC、 external borrowingD、internal borrowing、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used asA、Lingua francaB、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which isA、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrusB、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in theA、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisition×10=10%)、Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language.、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ .、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms.、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary isc______.、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d___ the、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, I ______is a product of L2 training, mother tongue×10=20%))21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the)22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.)23、The compound word ookstore is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the)24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.)25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and)26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that)27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken today also includes-European.)28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as)29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, speakers' perceptions determine)30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language.. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×、duality、diachronic linguistics、broad transcription、morphological rules、phrase structure rule、relational opposites、componential analysis、context、euphemism、brain lateralization. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration.、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect theacquisition of a second language.(1)参考答案单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）、C 2、C 3、D 4、D 5、D、B 7、B 8、C 9、A 10、D10小题，每小题1分，共10分）、knowledge、bilabial、morphology、sentence、complete、representatives、coinage、delete、critical、interlanguage10小题，每小题2分，共20分）、F、Foicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.、F、F、F、T、T、F、F-Whorf hypothesis, language、T10小题，每小题3分，共30分）、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the33．、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning.、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular2小题，每小题10分，共20分）、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, soundowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds,owel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved→→ /faiv/(Modern English)--spindle.10分，总论及四小点各占2分。
2021-英语语言学期末试题练习-+答案
2021-英语语言学期末试题练习-+答案英语语言学练习题Ⅰ. MatchingMatch each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B.Column A 1.displacemen tngue3.suprasegme ntal feature4.deep structure5.predication analysis6.idiolect7.pidgin8.mistakes9.interlangua ge10.motivation11.arbitrarinesspetence13.broadtranscription14.morphology15.category16.errorsponentialanalysis18.context19.blending20.culture21.learningstrategies22.selectionalrestrictions23.phrasestructurerules24.culturediffusionColumn BA.L earners’ independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. 9B.Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive, having a strong impact on his efforts n learning a second language. 21C.T he rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23D.T hrough communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B. 24E.A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. 6F.A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted1共17页purposes such as trading. 7G.T he kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents---- arguments and predicates. 5 H.T hey refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 22I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties. 4J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3K.T he study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1N.L earner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10O.T he total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community.20P.T he common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer. 18Q.T he way of word formation by which new words may be formed by combining parts of other words. 19R.A group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language, such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. 15S.A way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. This approach believes that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components. 17T.The ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his2共17页language. 12U.O ne of the properties of human language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. 11V.A way to transcribe speech sounds with letter-symbols only. 13W.They reflect gaps in a learner’s knowledge of the target language, not self-corrigible. 16 X.T hey reflect occasional lapses in performance. 8Ⅱ.Blank-filling.Fill in the following blanks with a word, whose initial letter has been given.1.“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” This quotation is a good illu stration of the a____ nature of language. Arbitrary2.The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a d____ study. Diachronic3.Chomsky defines c____ as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Competence4.In the production of vowels the air stream coming from the lungs meets with no o____. This marks the essential difference between vowels and consonants. Obstruction5.The different phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the a____ of the phoneme. Allophone6.Allophones of the same phoneme cannot occur in the same phonetic environment. They are said to be in c____ distribution. Complementary7.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i____. Intonation3共17页8.The m____ unit of meaning is traditionally called morpheme. Minimum9.I____ morphemes are bound morphemes that are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. Inflectional10.Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain three elements: head, specifier, and c____. Complement11.Concerning the study of meaning, conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of c____ in the mind. concept 12.The sense relation between “animal” and “dog” is called h____.hyponymy13.P____ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings. Polysemy14.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the c____ of use is taken into consideration. Context15.S____ refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class. Sociolect16.WHO is an a____ derived from the initials of “World Health Organization”. Acronym 17.According to Halliday, language varies as its function varies; it differs in different situations. The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a r____. Register18.In cross-cultural communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B, thus bringing about the phenomenon of cultural d____. Diffusion19.While the first language is acquired s____, the second or foreign language is more commonly learned consciously.4共17页Subconsciouslynguage a______ refers to a natural ability for learning a second language. Acquisition21.Vibration of vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called “v”, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English. Voice22.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called s____ features. Suprasegmental23.Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and rules for word f____. Formation24.The minimal unit of meaning is traditionally called m____. Morpheme25.The sense relation between “autumn” and “fall” is called s____. Synonym26.H____ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. , different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. Homonymy 27.In daily communication, people do not always observe the four maxims of the co-operative principle. Conversational i____ would arise when the maxims are flouted. Implicature28.SARS is an a____ derived from the initials of “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome”. Acronym29.I____ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. Idiolect30.RP, the short form of “R____ Pronunciation” refers to the particular wa y of pronouncing standard English. ReceivedⅢ.Multiple choice.Choose the best answer to the following items. 1.____ is considered to be the father of modern linguistics.5共17页A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. Leonard BloomfieldD. M. A. K. Halliday2.In the scope of linguistics, ____ form the part of language which links together the sound pattern and meaning.A. morphology and syntaxB. phonetics and semanticsC. semantics and syntaxD. morphology and semantics3.____ studies the sounds from the hearer’s point of view, i.e., how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.A. auditory phoneticsB. acoustic phoneticsC. articulatory phonetics4.Which of the following words begins with a velar voiced stop? ____A. godB. bossC. cockD. dog5.Which of the following words ends with a dental, voiceless fricative? ____A. roseB. waveC. clothD. massage6.Which of the following words contains a back, open and unrounded vowel? ____A. godB. bootC. walkD. task7.Which of the following is Not a velar sound? _____A. [h]B. [k]C. [g]D. [ŋ]8.Which of the following is Not a minimal pair?____A. bat, biteB. kill, pillC. peak, pig,D. meat, seat9.Which of the following is an open class words?____A. emailB. butC. theD. they10.The underlined morphemes in the following belong to the inflectional6共17页morphemes except ____.A. paintsB. painterC. paintedD. painting11.Which of the following words has more than three morphemes? ____A. psychophysicsB. boyfriendsC. forefatherD. undesirability12.The pair of words “dead and alive” is called ____.A.gradable antonymsB. relationalopposites C. complementary antonyms 13.Which pair of the following words can be categorized as stylistic synonyms?____A. torch & flashlightB. die & deceaseC. amaze & astoundD. luggage & baggage14.X: John has given up smoking.Y: John used to smoke.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y15.X: My father has been to London.Y: My father has been to UK.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y16.When we violate any of the maxims of Co-operative Principle, our language might become ____.A. impoliteB. incorrectC. indirectD. unclear17.According to Searl’s classification of speech acts, which of the following is an instance of directives? ____A.I fire you!7共17页B.Your money or your life!C.I’m sorry for the mess I have made.D.I have never seen the man before.18.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang19.The word “Kodak” is a(n) ____.A. blendB. coined wordC. clipped wordD. acronym20.Which of the following words is Not formed by means of clipping?_____A. memoB. motelC. quakeD. gym21.According to Halliday, mode of discourse refers to the _____ of communication.A. subjectB. roleC. situationD. means22.Which of the following theories of language acquisition believes that language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation? ____.A.The behaviorist viewB. Theinnatist viewC. The interactionist viewD. The cognitive theory23.Which of the following sentences is an example of overgeneralization? ____.A.Jane told me to give up smoking.B.Jane asked me to give up smoking.C.Jane advised me to give up smoking.D.Jane suggested me to give up smoking.24.Which of the following hypotheses is put forth by Dr. Krashen? ____.A.Critical Period HypothesisB. Input HypothesisC. Language Acquisition Device HypothesisD. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis25.Who among the following linguists put forward Co-operative Principles?A.Paul GriceB. John SearleC. KrashenD. Leech8共17页26.Which of the following linguists is the initiator of transformational generative grammar?A.F. de SaussureB. N. ChomskyC.G. Leech D. M. A. K. Halliday27.When a ______ comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language and children learn it as their first language, it becomes .B.A. creole... pidginB. pidgin... creoleC.C. regional dialect... sociolectD. sociolect ... regional dialect28.____ studies the sounds from the speaker’s point of view, i.e., how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate speech sounds. A. Auditory phonetics B. Acoustic phoneticsC. Articulatory phonetics29.We know the verb “put” requires an NP followed by a PP or Adv. Thus, the process of putting words of the same lexical category into smaller classes according to their syntactic characteristic is called .A. categorizationB. subcategorizationC. syntactic categoriesD. coordination30.Which of the following words contains a front, close and unrounded vowel? ____A. badB. bedC. beatD. but31.The underlined morphemes in the following belong to the derivational morphemes except ____.A. fasterB. writerC. lovelyD. conversion32.Which of the following is an open class words?____A. emailB. butC. theD. they33.The pair of words “borrow and lend” is called ____.A.gradable antonymsB. relational9共17页opposites C. complementary antonyms 34.Which pair of the following words can be categorized as collocational synonyms?____ A. torch & flashlight B. pretty & handsomeC. amaze & astoundD. luggage & baggage35.X: My sister will soon be divorced.Y: My sister is a married woman.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y36.X: John married a blond heiress.Y: John married a blond.The sentence relation between X and Y is ____ A. X entails Y B. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is contradictory with Y37.According to Searl’s classification of speech acts, which of the following is Not an instance of directives? ____A. Open the window!B. Your money or your life!C. Would you like to go to the picnic with us?D. I have never seen the man before.38.The word “brunch” is a(n) ____.A. blendB. coined wordC. clipped wordD. acronym39.According to Halliday, field of discourse refers to the _____ of communication.A. subjectB. roleC. situationD. means40.There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed" in the word "learned" is known as a( n)A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form10共17页41.Which of the following theories of language acquisition holds that human beings are biologically programmed for language and that the language develops in the child just as other biological functions such as walking? ____.A. The behaviorist viewB.The innatist viewC.The interactionist viewD.The cognitive theory42.The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as .A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula43.Which of the following hypotheses is put forward by Eric Lenneberg? ____.A. Critical Period HypothesisB.Input Hypothesisnguage Acquisition Device HypothesisD.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis44.Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called ____morpheme. A. inflectional B .free C. boundD. derivational45.There are ____ morphemes in the word denationalization?A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. sixnguage isA. instinctiveB. non-instinctiveC. staticD. genetically transmitted47.Pitch variation is known as ____ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC.pronunciation D. voice48.Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?A. [z]B.[w]C.[e]D.[v]49.21. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [b]D. [p]50.Which vowel is different from the others11共17页according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [u]C. [e]D. [i]51.What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. VoicedC.Glottal stop D. Consonant52.When a child uses “mummy”to refer to any woman, most probably his “mummy” means .A. + HumanB. + Human+ AdultC. + Human + Adult –MaleD. +Human + Adult - Male + Parent53.The utterance "We're already working 25 hours a day, eight days a week." obviously violates the maxim of ______.A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner54.The pair of words “north” and “south” is ___.A. gradable oppositesB. relationaloppositesC. co-hyponymsD. synonyms55.Which of the following sentences is NOT an example of cross-association?A. other / anotherB. much /manyC. stalagmite / stalagtiteD. bow / bow56.describes whether a proposition is true or false.A. TruthB. Truth valueC. Truthcondition D. Falsehood57."John sent Mary a post card." is a case ofA. one-place predicationB. two-placepredicationC. three-place predicationD. no-placepredication58."John killed Bill but Bill didn't die" is a( n)A. entailmentB. presuppositionC. anomalyD. contradiction59.refers to the process whereby a word is shortened without a change in the12共17页meaning and in the part of speech.A. BlendingB. Back-formationC. ClippingD. Conversion60.Which of the following aspects is NOT the core of the study of general linguistics?A. soundB. structureC. meaningD. applicationⅣ.True of false judgment.Judge whether the following statements are true or false. Write T in the corresponding bracket for a true statement and F for a false one.1.Linguistics studies languages in general, but not any particular language, e.g. English, Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, etc. T2.Modern linguistics regards the written language as the natural or primary medium of human language. F3.In narrow transcription, we transcribe the speech sounds with letter-symbols only while in broad transcription we transcribe the speech sounds with letter-symbols together with the diacritics. T4.By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language. Tplete homonyms are often brought into being by coincidence. T6.Of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recently the most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics. F7.The meaning of the word “seal” in the sentence “the seal could not be found” cannot be determined unless the context in which the sentence occurs is restored. T8.An Innatist view of language acquisition holds that human beings are biologically programmed for language. T9.According to co-operative principle, the conversational participants have to strictly observe the four maxims, so that the conversation can go on successfully. F13共17页10.The same word may stir up different association in people under different cultural background. T11. A child who enters a foreign language speech community by the age of three or four can learn the new language without the trace of an accent. T12.In communication it will never be the case that what is grammatical is not acceptable, and what is ungrammatical may not be inappropriate. F13.Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. T14.Since there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds, language is absolutely arbitrary. F15.Vowels may be distinguished as front, central and back according to the manner of articulation. F16.Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning. F17. A phonological feature of the English compounds is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element, and the second element receives secondary stress. F 18.All the affixes belong to bound morphemes. T19. A polysemic word is the result of the evolution of the primary meaning of the word. T20.According to the innatist view of language acquisition, only when the language is modified and adjusted to the level of children’s comprehension, do they process and internalize the language items. F21.When a child acquires his mother tongue, he also acquires a language-specific culture and becomes socialized in certain ways. T 22.According to Austin, the performative utterance is used to perform an action, it also has truth value. F23.Children can learn their native language14共17页well whenever they start and whatever kinds of language samples they receive. F24.Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings. T25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. FⅤ.Give a short answer to each of the following questions.1.Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of word meaning. What are they and how are they related to each other? P662.According to Halliday, what is register? What are the social variables that determine the register? P117-1183.What are the main features of human language that essentially make it different from other animal communication systems? P8-94.Give a brief illustration to the “semantic triangle” suggested by Ogden and Richards.P63-64Ⅵ. Essay question.1.According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance? Give an example to illustrate this? P80-822.What are the four maxims of the CP? Illustrate with examples how flouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature? P85-883.Please observe the following sentences; all of them are not well formed. What rules does each of the following sentences violate? And what are the two aspects in terms of sentence15共17页meaning? Please illustrate briefly.1) He ated the cake yesterday.2) We will gone to Beijing tomorrow.3) The table intended to marry the chair.4) My favorite fruit is red pears.Please take a look at the section 5.5.2 (page 73) to the first paragraph on page 74.1. The meaning of sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components. And it includes both grammatical meaning and semantic meaning.2. The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, which is governed by the grammatical rules of the language. Any violation can result in mistakes, making a sentence unacceptable. Such as sentence 1) has a wrong word “ated” and 2) has “will gone”;3. But grammatically well-formed sentences can still be unacceptable because whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is decided by rules called selectional restrictions, in other words, constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. Some sentences may be grammatically well-formed, yet they may not be semantically meaningful because they contain words which are not supposed to go together. For example, as we can find in sentence 3) and 4), no table would intend to marry the chair unless in a children’s story and there is no red pears usually in the world. Therefore, some selectional restrictions have been violated.16共17页。
英语语言学试题及答案
英语语言学试题（1）I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike."A、is synonymous withB、is inconsistent withC、entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization.A、elaborationB、simplificationC、external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、Lingua francaB、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrusB、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisitionII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ .13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d___ the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c______period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, I ______is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)( )21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.( )22、V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.( )23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.( )24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.( )25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English. ( )26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.( )27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.( )28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as domains. ( )29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.( )30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language.语言学试题(1)参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FV oicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generallyused in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) V owel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis, e.g.spinle--spindle. 4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。
语言学考试题及答案英语
语言学考试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究语言的科学，其主要研究对象是：A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的演变D. 语言的运用答案：B2. 语音学是语言学的一个分支，它主要研究：A. 语言的社会功能B. 语言的物理属性C. 语言的语法结构D. 语言的语义内容答案：B3. 下列哪项是语义学的研究范畴？A. 语音的产生B. 词汇的意义C. 句子的构造D. 语言的演变答案：B4. 语言的语法规则包括：A. 词汇的选择B. 句子的构造C. 语调的运用D. 语言的起源答案：B5. 社会语言学主要关注语言与：A. 个人心理B. 社会结构C. 语言的演变D. 文化传承答案：B6. 心理语言学研究的是：A. 语言与社会的关系B. 语言与心理的关系C. 语言与文化的关系D. 语言与物理的关系答案：B7. 语言的产生和发展与人类的哪项能力密切相关？A. 逻辑思维B. 语言模仿C. 抽象思维D. 社会交往答案：D8. 语言的方言是指：A. 同一语言的不同变体B. 不同语言之间的相似性C. 语言的起源D. 语言的演变答案：A9. 语言的标准化是指：A. 语言的简化B. 语言的统一C. 语言的规范化D. 语言的创新答案：C10. 语言的借词是指：A. 从其他语言借用的词汇B. 同一语言内部的词汇C. 语言的起源D. 语言的演变答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学、__________和心理语言学。
答案：社会语言学2. 语言的最小意义单位是__________。
答案：语素3. 语言的音位是__________的最小单位。
答案：语音4. 语言的词汇包括基本词汇和__________。
答案：派生词汇5. 语言的句法结构包括词法和__________。
答案：句法6. 语言的语用学研究的是语言的__________。
答案：使用7. 语言的方言差异可能导致__________。
英语语言学名词解释练习含答案
名词解释Unit1nguage:can be generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.(5ˊ)2.Synchronic: the description of a language at some point of timein history.(5ˊ)3.Diachronic: the description of a language as it changes through time.(5ˊ)4.Parole:refers to the realization of langue in actual use and the naturally occurring language events.(5ˊ)petence and performance:competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language﹔(2ˊ)and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication(3ˊ).Unit26.Phonetics:is defined as the study of the phonic medium oflanguage(1ˊ)；it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’slanguages(2ˊ),these three branches of phonetics are labeledarticulator phonetics，auditory phonetics，an acoustic phonetics respectively(2ˊ)．7.Diacritics:diacriticswhich are added to the letter-symbols to bring outthe finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do．(5ˊ)8.Broad transcription and narrow transcription:one is the transcription with letter-symbols only(2ˊ),the other is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics(3ˊ)．9.phoneme:a phoneme is a phonological unit：it is a unit that is of distinctive value(3ˊ);it is an abstract unit(2ˊ)．10.Sequential rules: there are rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.(5ˊ)Unit311.Morpheme:The smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.(5ˊ)12.Perivtion:It is an affixational proless that forms a word with a meaning(2ˊ) and/or category distinct from that of its bases(3ˊ).13.Word:Linguists define the word as the smallest free form found in language.(5ˊ)14.Free morpheme:A morpheme which can be a word by itself.(5ˊ)15.Root:The root constitutes the core of the word and carries the major.(5ˊ)Unit416.Phrase structure rule:A cortain word can only concur with certain other words(1ˊ).There must be certain grammatical mechanism that ensures the appropriate position that specifiers,heads,and complements occupy in phrase structure(2ˊ).Such special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule(2ˊ).17.Syntax:syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences.(5ˊ)18.Coordination rule:For example,some structures are formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the relp of a conjunction such as and or(3ˊ).Such phrases are called coordinate structures(2ˊ).19.Deep structure and surface structure:The first,formed by the XP rule in a accordance with the head's subcategorization properties,is called deep stmcture(3ˊ).The second,corresponding to the final syntanicform of the sentence which resuts from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure(2ˊ).20.Categories:Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulficl the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence,a noun phrase or a verb(3ˊ).Word level categories are divided in two kinds:major lexical categories and minor lexical categories(2ˊ).Unit521.semantics:can be simply defined as the study of meaning(2ˊ),meaning is central to the study of communication(3ˊ).22.Contextualist:The contextualist view of meaning is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts(3ˊ).Two kinds of context are recognized:the situational context and the linguistic context(2ˊ).23.Behaviorism:Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the "situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer."(5ˊ)24.Sense:sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of linguistic form.(5ˊ)25.Reference:means what a linguistic form refers to in the real,physical world(2ˊ)﹔it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience(3ˊ).26.Synonymy:refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning(1ˊ).Polysemy:while different words may have the same or similar meaning,the same one word may have more than one meaning(1ˊ).Homonymy:refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form(1ˊ).Hyponymy:refers to the sense relation between a more general,more inclusive word and a more specific word(1ˊ).Antonymy:antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning(1ˊ).。
简明英语语言学教程第二版第6章第7章练习题参考答案
语言学教材第6章、第7章、第8章练习题参考答案Chapter 6 PRAGMATICS1. What does pragmatics study? How does it differ from traditional semantics?答：Generally speaking, pragmatics is the study of meaning in the context. It studies meaning in a dynamic way and as a process. In order to have a successful communication, the speaker and hearer must take the context into their consideration so as to effect the right meaning and intention. The development and establishment pragmatics in 1960s and 1970s resulted mainly from the expansion of the study semantics. However, it is different from the traditional semantics. The major difference between them lies in that pragmatics studies meaning in a dynamic way, while semantics studies meaning in a static way. Pragmatics takes context into consideration while semantics does not. Pragmatics takes care of the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.2. Why is the notion of context essential in the pragmatic study of linguistic communication? 答：The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. Various continents of shared knowledge have been identified, e.g. knowledge of the language they use, knowledge of what has been said before, knowledge about the world in general, knowledge about the specific situation in which linguistic communication is taking place, and knowledge about each other. Context determines the speaker's use of language and also the heater's interpretation of what is said to him. Without such knowledge, linguistic communication would not be possible, and without considering such knowledge, linguistic communication cannot be satisfactorily accounted for in a pragmatic sense. Look at the following sentences:(1) How did it go?(2) It is cold in hem.(3) It was a hot Christmas day so we went down to the beach in the afternoon and had agood time swimming and surfing.Sentence (1) might be used in a conversation between two students talking about an examination, or two surgeons talking about an operation, or in some other contexts; (2) might be said by the speaker to ask the hearer to turn on the heater, or leave the place, or to put on more clothes, or to apologize for the poor condition of the room, depending on the situation of context; (3) makes sense only ii the hearer has the knowledge that Christmas falls in summer in the southern hemisphere.3. How are sentence meaning and utterance meaning related, and how do they differ?答： A sentence is a grammatical concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied as the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication. But if we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an utterance, and it should be considered in the situation in which it is actually uttered (or used). So it is impossible to tell if “The dog is barking” is a sentence or an utterance. It can be either. It all depends on how we look at it and how we are going to analyze it. If we take it as a grammatical unit and consider it as a self-contained unit in isolation from context, then we are treating it as a sentence. If we take it as something a speaker utters in a certain situation with a certain purpose,then we are treating it as an utterance.Therefore, while the meaning of a sentence is abstract, and decontextualized, that of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. The meaning of an utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. Now, take the sentence "My bag is heavy" as an example. Semantic analysis of the meaning of the sentence results in the one-place predication BAG (BEING HEA VY). Then a pragmatic analysis of the utterance meaning of the .sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered. For example, it could be uttered by a speaker as a straightforward statement, telling the hearer that his bag is heavy. It could also be intended by the speaker as an indirect, polite request, asking the hearer to help him carry the bag. Another possibility is that the speaker is declining someone's request for help. All these are possible interpretations of the same utte rance “My bag is heavy”. How it is to be understood depends on the context in which it is uttered and the purpose for which the speaker utters it.While most utterances take the form of grammatically complete sentences, some utterances do not, and some cannot even be restored to complete sentences.4. Try to think of contexts in which the following sentences can be used for other purposes than just stating facts:a) The room is messy.b) Oh, it is raining!c) The music of the movie is good.d) You have been keeping my notes for a whole week now.答：a) A father entered his son‟s room and found it is very messy. Then when he said, “The room is messy,” he was blaming his son for not tidying it up.b) A son asked his father to play with him o utside. So when the father said, “Oh, it‟s raining”,he meant they couldn‟t play outside.c) Two persons just watched a movie and had a discussion of it. One person said, “The story ofthe movie is very moving”, so when the other person said, “The music of the movie is good”, he meant he didn't think the story of the movie was good.d) A person wanted his notes back, so when he said, “you have been keeping my notes for awhole week now”, he was demanding the return of his notes.5. According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance. Give an example.答：According to Austin's new model, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act.A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker‟s intention; it is the act perf ormed in saying something. A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something. Let's look at an example:You have left the door wide open.The locutionary act performed by the speaker is his utterance of the words “you”, “have”, “door”, “open”, etc. thus expressing what the words literally mean.The illocutionary act performed by the speaker is that by making such an utterance he has expressed his intention of speaking, i.e. asking someone to close the door, or making a complaint, depending on the context.The perlocutionary act refers to the effect of the utterance. If the hearer gets the speaker's message and sees that the speaker means to tell him to close the door, the speaker has successfully brought about the change in the real world he has intended to; then the perlocutionary act is successfully performed.6. What are the five types of illocutionary speech acts Searle has specified? What is theillocutionary point of each type?答：(1) representatives: stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true(2) directives: trying to get the hearer to do something(3) commissives: committing the speaker himself to some future course of action(4) expressives: expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing(5) declarations: bringing about immediate changes by saying somethingThe illocutionary point of the representatives is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said, in other words, when performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true. Stating, believing, sweating, hypothesizing are among the most typical of the representatives.Directives ate attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do some- thing. Inviting, suggesting, requesting, advising, wanting, threatening and ordering are all specific instances of this class.Commissives are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action, i.e. when speaking the speaker puts himself under a certain obligation. Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical ones.The illocutionary point of expressives is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance. The speaker is expressing his feelings or attitudes towards an existing state of affairs, e.g. apologizing, thanking, congratulating.The last class “declarations” has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this type brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.7. What is indirect language use? How is it explained in the light of speech act theory?答：When someone is not saying I an explicit and straightforward manner what he means to say, rather he is trying to put across his message in an implicit, roundabout way, we can say he is using indirect language.Explanation (略) (见教材p.84-85)8. What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples to show how floutingthese maxims gives rise to conversational implicature?答：Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. It goes as follows:Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle:(1) The maxim of quantity①Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of theexchange).②Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.(2) The maxim of quality①Do not say what you believe to be false.②Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.(3) The maxim of relationBe relevant.(4) The maxim of manner①Avoid obscurity of expression.②Avoid ambiguity.③Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).④Be orderly.9. What is pragmatic failure? Try to find instances of pragmatic failure in the English usedby Chinese learners of English.答：The technical term for breakdowns in the course of communication is pragmatic failure.Pragmatic failure occurs when the speaker fails to use language effectively to achieve a specific communication purpose, or when the hearer fails to recognize the intention or the illocutionary force of the speaker‟s utterance in the context of communication.Instances (略) (见教材p.89)Chapter 7 Language Change1. The vocabulary of English consists of native and also thousands of borrowed words. Look up the following words in a dictionary which provides the etymologies (history) of words. In each case speculate as to how the particular word came to be borrowed from a particular language.a. sizeb. skillc. royald. ranche. robotf. potatog. astronaut h. emerald i. pagodaj. khaki k. bulldoze 1. hoodlum答：a. size (< old French)b. skill (< old Norse)c. royal (< old French < Latin)d. ranch (< Spanish < French)e. robot (< Czech < old Church Slavonic)f. potato (< Spanish < Taino)g. astronaut (< French)h. emerald (< Middle English & old French)i. pagoda (< Persian < Sanskrit)j. khaki (< Hindi <Persian)k. bulldoze (< bull(Botany Bay Slang) < old English)l. hoodlum (< German)2. The Encyclopedia Britannica Yearbook has usually published a new word list, which is, in the Britannica’s editor's view, a list of those words that had entered the language during the year. Would you expect a yearbook to publish a “lost-word list” recording the words dropped from the language during the year? Defend your answer.答：(略)3. Below is a passage from Shakespeare's Hamlet,King: Where is Pelonius?Hamlet: In heaven, send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there, seek him i' theother place yourself. But indeed, if you find him notwithin this month, you shall nose him as you go up thestairs into the lobby.Act IV, scene iiiStudy these lines and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.答：In modern English, these lines are more likely written as:King: Where is Pelonius?Hamlet: In heaven, send to see there. If your messenger cannot find him there, yourself seek him at the other place. But indeed, if you cannot find him within this month, you shallnotice him as you go up the stairs into the lobby.4. Comment with examples on the following statement “Words and expressions will be forced into use in spite of all the exertions of all the writers in the world.”答：The statement means that when necessary, people will make use of available uses even if there is no writers' efforts. For example, there are more and more new words and expressions which are introduced into language not by writers, e.g., email, hacker, IBM (international big mouth, means a person who acts like a gossip.)5. Suppose you are outside a government office where doors still bear the notice, “This door must not be left in an open position.” Now try to explain the notice in simple and plain English.答：“Keep the door dote. ” or “The door must be kept close.”6. Give at least two examples showing the influence of American English on British English. 答：(略)7. Find in any books, newspapers, or journals newly coined words in association with social and political needs, internet or computer language.答：For example: SARS, Golden week, euro, e-mail, bi-media(双媒体的), cybernaut计算机(网络)漫游者, DVD, eyephone(视像耳机), etc．8. With examples, give some plausible explanations for linguistic change.答：(略)Chapter 8 Language and Society1. How is language related to society?答：There are many indications of the inter-relationship between language and society. One of them is that while language is principally used to communicate meaning, it is also used to establish and maintain social relationships. This social function of language is embodied in the use of such utterances as “Good morning!”, “Hi!”, “How's your family?”, “Nice day today, isn't it?”.Another indication is that users of the same language in a sense all speak differently. The kind of language each of them chooses to use is in part determined by his social background. And language, in its turn, reveals information about its speaker. When we speak, we cannot avoid giving clues to our listeners about ourselves.Then to some extent, language, especially the structure of its lexicon, reflects both the physical and the social environments of a society. For example while there is only one word in English for “snow”, there are several in Eskimo. This is a reflection of the need for the Eskimos to make distinctions between various kinds of snow in their snowy living environment.As a social phenomenon language is closely related to the structure of the society in which it is used, and the evaluation of a linguistic form is entirely social. To a linguist, all language forms and accents are equally good as far as they can fulfill the communicative functions they are expected to fulfill. Therefore, judgments concerning the correctness and purity of linguistic varieties are social rather than linguistic. A case in point is the use of the postvocalic [r]. While in English accents without postvocalic [r] are considered to be more correct than accents with it, in New York city, accents with postvocalic [r] enjoys more prestige and are considered more correct than without it.2. Explain with an example that the evaluation of language is social rather than linguistic. 答：The evaluation of language is social rather than linguistic. This is because every language or language variety can express all ideas that its native speakers want to express. That is to say, language and language variety are equal in expressing meaning. For example, the much-prejudiced Black English can be used by the black people to communicate with each other without feeling any hindrance. But many other people think Black English is not pure English because it does not conform to their grammar and not adopted by educated people. As a result, many people feel shameful to use Black English. From this example we can know that the evaluation of language is social, not linguistic.3. What are the main social dialects discussed in this chapter? How do they jointly determineidiolect?答：The main social dialects discussed in this chapter are regional dialect, sociolect, gender and age. Idiolect is a personal dialect, of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. These factors jointly determine the way he/she talks. While the language system provides all its users with the same set of potentials, the realization of these potentials is individualized by a number of social factors, resulting in idiolects.4. In what sense is the standard dialect a special variety of language?答：First of all, the standard dialect is based on a selected variety of the language, usually it is the local speech of an area which is considered the nation's political and commercial center. Forexample, standard English developed out of the English dialects used in and around London as they were modified over the centuries by speakers in the court, by scholars from universities and writers. Gradually the English used by the upper classes in the capital city diverged markedly from the English used by other social groups and came to be regarded as the model for all those who wished to speak and write well.Second, the standard dialect is not dialect a child acquires naturally like his regional dialect. It is a superimposed variety; it is a variety imposed from above over the range of regional dialects. Some government agency writes grammar books and dictionaries to …fix‟ this variety and everyone agrees on what is correct usage of the language. So it has a widely accepted codified grammar and vocabulary. Once codification takes place, it is necessary for an ambitious citizen to learn to use the correct language and to avoid …incorrect‟ language. Therefore, the standard dialect is the variety which is taught and learnt in schools.Then the standard dialect has some special functions. Also designated as the official or national language of a country, the standard dialect is used for such official purposes as government documents, education, news reporting; it is the language used on any formal occasions.5. What is register as used by Halliday? Illustrate it with an example of your own.答：According to Halliday, “Language varies as its function varies; it differs in different situations.” The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register. Halliday further distinguishes three social variables that determine the register: field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse.For example, a lecture on linguistics could be identified asField: scientific (linguistic)Tenor: teacher — students (formal, polite)Mode: oral (academic lecturing)6. What linguistic features of Black English do you know? Do you think Black English is an illogical and inferior variety of English? Why (not)?答：(1) A prominent phonological feature of Black English is the simplification of consonant clusters at the end of a word. According to this consonant deletion rule, the final-position consonants are often deleted; thus “passed” is pronounced [pa:s], mend [men], desk [des], and told [təʋl].A syntactic feature of Black English that has often been cited to show its illogicality is the deletion of the link verb “be”. In Black English we frequently come across sentences without the copula verb: “They mine”, “You crazy”, “Her hands cold”, and “That house big”. In fact, copula verb deletion is not a unique feature of Black English; it is also found in some other dialects of English and in languages like Russian and Chinese. Another syntactic feature of Black English that has been the target of attack is the use of double negation constructions, e.g.(8 — 2) He don't know nothing. (He doesn't know anything.)(8 — 3) I ain't afraid of no ghosts. (I'm not afraid of ghosts.)Some people consider these sentences illogical because they claim that two negatives make a positive. But in fact such double negative constructions were found in all dialects of English of the earlier periods.(2) (略)7. What peculiar features docs pidgin have?答：Pidgins arose from a blending of several languages such as Chinese dialects and English, African dialects and French, African dialects and Portuguese. Usually a European language serves as the basis of the pidgin in the sense that some of its grammar and vocabulary is derived from the European language used by traders and missionaries in order to communicate with peoples whose languages they did not know.Pidgins typically have a limited vocabulary and a very reduced grammatical structure characterized by the loss of inflections, gender end case, The “simplified” variety performs its functions as trading and employment.8. How do bilingualism and diglossia differ, and what do they have in common?答：Bilingualism refers to the situation that in some speech communities, two languages are used side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes. But instead of two different languages, in a diglossic situation two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play.The two languages of bilingualism and the two varieties of diglossia each has different role to play as situation changes.。
高二英语语言学要点练习题40题
高二英语语言学要点单选题40题1.Which word has a different vowel sound from the others?A.catB.hatC.cakeD.map答案：C。
A、B、D 选项中的单词元音发音都是/æ/，而C 选项中cake 的元音发音是/eɪ/。
2.Which word has the same consonant sound at the end as “fish”?A.dishB.bushshD.rush答案：A。
fish 和dish 结尾的辅音发音都是/ʃ/。
B 选项bush 结尾辅音是/ʃ/，但中间元音不同；C 选项lash 结尾辅音是/ʃ/，但整体发音不同；D 选项rush 结尾辅音是/ʃ/，但整体发音不同。
3.Which word has a different initial consonant sound from the others?A.penB.banC.canD.van答案：A。
B、C、D 选项中单词的起始辅音发音都是/v/，而 A选项中pen 的起始辅音发音是/p/。
4.Which word has the same vowel sound as “meet”?A.beatB.meatC.heatD.feet答案：D。
A、B、C 选项中的单词元音发音都是/iː/，与meet 的元音发音相同，D 选项中feet 的元音发音也是/iː/。
5.Which word has a different vowel sound in the middle from the others?A.sitB.bitC.fitD.pite答案：D。
A、B、C 选项中的单词元音发音都是/ɪ/，而D 选项中pite 的元音发音是/aɪ/。
6.Which word has the same final consonant sound as “bag”?gB.magC.sagD.tag答案：D。
英语语言学试题7及答案
英语语言学试题7及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "linguistics" is derived from the Latin word "lingua," which means ________.A. languageB. tongueC. speechD. dialect答案：A2. Which of the following is NOT a branch of linguistics?A. PhoneticsB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Astronomy答案：D3. The study of language change over time is known as________.A. Historical LinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. PsycholinguisticsD. Neurolinguistics答案：A4. In linguistics, the smallest unit of meaning is called a ________.A. phonemeB. morphemeC. lexemeD. grapheme答案：B5. The process of analyzing the structure of sentences is known as ________.A. phoneticsB. phonologyC. syntaxD. semantics答案：C6. The study of how language is used in different social contexts is called ________.A. sociolinguisticsB. psycholinguisticsC. neurolinguisticsD. computational linguistics答案：A7. The branch of linguistics that deals with the relationship between language and thought is ________.A. cognitive linguisticsB. sociolinguisticsC. psycholinguisticsD. computational linguistics答案：A8. The study of the physical properties of speech sounds is known as ________.A. phoneticsB. phonologyC. syntaxD. semantics答案：A9. The branch of linguistics that deals with the meaning of words and phrases is ________.A. semanticsB. syntaxC. pragmaticsD. morphology答案：A10. The study of the internal structure of words is called ________.A. morphologyB. syntaxC. semanticsD. phonology答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. In the context of linguistics, the term "phoneme" refers to the smallest ________ unit that can distinguish one word from another in a particular language.答案：distinctive2. The study of language in relation to culture is known as ________.答案：anthropological linguistics3. The branch of linguistics that deals with the structure of words is ________.答案：morphology4. The process of understanding the meaning of sentences is known as ________.答案：pragmatics5. The study of language acquisition in children is a part of ________.答案：psycholinguistics6. The branch of linguistics that deals with the relationship between language and society is ________.答案：sociolinguistics7. The study of the way language is used in everyday conversation is called ________.答案：conversation analysis8. The branch of linguistics that studies the way language is used in specific professional contexts is ________.答案：register analysis9. The study of the way language is used to persuade or influence others is known as ________.答案：rhetoric10. The branch of linguistics that deals with therelationship between language and the brain is ________.答案：neurolinguistics三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1. Explain the difference between phonetics and phonology.答案：Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds, including how they are produced, transmitted, and perceived. Phonology, on the other hand, is the study of the abstract sound patterns within a particular language or across languages, focusing on how these sounds function in the system of a language.2. Describe the role of morphology in linguistic analysis.答案：Morphology is the branch of linguistics that studies the internal structure of words and the rules for forming words from morphemes. It plays a crucial role in linguistic analysis by helping to understand how words are formed and how they can be broken down into their constituent parts.3. What is the significance of sociolinguistics in understanding language variation?答案：Sociolinguistics is significant in understanding language variation because it examines how language is influenced by social factors such as social class, ethnicity, gender, and age. It helps to explain why different groups within a society may use language differently and how language can be a marker of social identity.4. Discuss the importance of pragmatics in communication.答案：Pragmatics is important in communication because it deals with the way context influences the interpretation of meaning. It helps to understand how speakers and listenersuse language to achieve communicative goals, such as conveying information, making requests, or expressing emotions. Pragmatics also helps to explain how meaning can be inferred from context and non-literal language。
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第 1 页 Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. 第 2 页
9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. 10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. 11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. 14. Social changes can often bring about language changes. 15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. 16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar. 18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. 19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language. 20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure. 第 3 页
Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 21. Chomsky defines “competence〞 as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language. 22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules. 23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units. 24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication. 25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________. 26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned. 27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use. 第 4 页
28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics. 29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before. 30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _______ study of language.
Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______. A. prescriptive B. analytic C. descriptive D. linguistic
32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language 第 5 页
A. Arbitrariness B. Displacement C. Duality D. Meaningfulness
33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______. A. primary B. correct C. secondary D. stable
34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _______. A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue D. All of the above
35. A historical study of language is a _______ study of langu