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司玉琢第三版海商法第一章

司玉琢第三版海商法第一章

我们认为,海商法应定义为:调整特定的 海上运输关系和船舶关系的法律规范的总 称。(理解)
二、海商法的调整对象
调整对象是指某一法律部门所调整的特定的社会关系.它 是划分法律部门的基本依据和出发点。不同的部门法律有 不同的调整对象。 关于海商法的定义可以看出,它的调整对象就是海事法规 范所作用的社会关系,也就是海事法规范所作用的特定海 上运输关系和船舶关系,从而依海事法规范对该社会关系 和人们的行为在法律上作出肯定与否定的评价。
(二)与船舶有关的特定社会关系



1.船舶的法律地位。主要围绕船舶国籍、船舶航行权、沿海运 输权等方面发生的船舶所有人与船旗国或沿海国有关当局之间 的关系。 2.船舶物权。主要指涉及船舶所有权、船舶抵押权、船舶优 先权等问题时,所产生的船舶所有人与各债权人,或者与法院 或仲裁机构之间的关系。 3.船舶安全。主要是围绕船舶适航条件、船员配备等所发生 的船舶所有人与港口有关当局的关系。 4.船舶管理。主要指国家就航运管理、航运政策以及船舶登 记等方面与海上运输组织、船舶所有人和经营人等之间的关系。 上述特定关系除船舶物权外,主要表现为国家行政机关与海 上运输组织及船舶所有人之间纵向的行政法律关系,属行政法 范畴。这种特定关系虽然刁;是我国海商法的主要调整对象, 但是从国际海运立法的发展趋势看,这种关系由海事法律规范 加以调整,正在日益增强。
三、海商法的特点
海商法是独立的法律部门,与其他法律部门相比较,有其 鲜明的特点。 法国学者帕尔德修在其所著们8世纪海法集》一书的序言 中指出,海商法具有三个特点:①普遍性(海商法不只受 一个国家特殊利益和风俗的影响,在各国中是普遍的)。 ②不动性(海商法不因政局的变化而受到影响,是不动的)。 ③习惯起源性(海商法是根据航海习惯逐步形成的,它本 身有其自主自立性)。

医学-第三版脓毒症与感染性休克定义国际共识

医学-第三版脓毒症与感染性休克定义国际共识
sepsis 2.0:sepsis 1.0基础上+≥2条诊断标准(包括一 般指标、炎症反应指标、血流动力学、器官功能障碍指标、 组织灌注指标)。
器官功能障碍指标:
低氧血症(PaO2/FiO2<300mmHg) 急性少尿(尿量<0.5ml.kg-1.h-1且至少持续2h以上) 血肌酐>44.2umol/L(5mg/L) 凝血功能异常(INR>1.5或APTT>60s) 肠梗阻(肠鸣音消失) 血小板减少(PLT<100*109/L) 高胆红素血症(血浆TBil>40mg/L或70umol/L)
结语
“脓毒症3.0”涵盖了“炎症”、“宿主反应” 和“器官功能障碍” 3 个要素,强调了紊乱的宿 主反应和致死性器官功能障碍是脓毒症与感染的重 要区别,并将qSOFA 和SOFA 分别作为快速筛查和 临床诊断脓毒症的标准,新的定义同样也对感染性 休克提出了临床诊断指标,从而推进重视程度和进 一步的积极治疗。对“脓毒症3.0”的评价显然需 要通过之后的大型临床实践不断验证。
Sepsis 1.0(芝加哥标准)
脓毒症(sepsis):由感染引起的全身炎症反应综合征,即 感染+SIRS≥2。
严重脓毒症(severe sepsis):脓毒症伴有其导致的器官 功能障碍和/或组织灌注不足。低灌注可出现但不限于乳酸 中毒、少尿或精神状态的急性改变等。
感染性休克(septic shock):在脓毒症基础上感染持续加 重,经过充分容量复苏后仍发生低血压。低血压指收缩压 <90mmHg,或下降40mmHg无其他低血压原因可循。
Sepsis 3.0
脓毒症和感染性休克的临床判断标准
脓毒症的新定义强调了致命性的器官功能障碍,工作组在比 较了SIRS、序贯器官衰竭评分(SOFA,评分条目参见表1) 和 Logistic 器官功能障碍评分系统(LODS)后,推荐对于基础 器官功能障碍状态未知的患者,基线SOFA 评分设定为0,将 感染后SOFA 评分快速增加≥ 2 作为脓毒症器官功能障碍的 临床判断标准。对于普通院内疑似感染人群而言,SOFA ≥ 2者的整体病死率约10%,显著高于S-T 段抬高心肌梗死8.1% 的整体病死率。同样,SOFA ≥ 2 者要比SOFA<2 者的死亡 风险增加2.0~2.5 倍。

《行政管理学》夏书章 (第三版)

《行政管理学》夏书章 (第三版)

第一章行政和行政管理学第一节行政管理学的对象、内容和特点一、什么是行政(一) “行政”是行政管理学的基本概念广义上,把国家机关和非国家机关,如企事业单位、社会团体乃至私人组织中的计划、决策、协调、人事、后勤庶务等管理活动,称为行政;狭义上,认为行政是政府机关执行的任务和进行的活动。

本课程主要是基于对后者的认识而作如下界说:行政是国家权力机关的执行机关依法管理国家事务、社会公共事务和机关内部事务的活动。

(二)政治与行政政治与行政是政府的两种功能。

政治与政策或国家意志的表达相关;行政则与这些政策的执行相关”。

自是以后,“政治是国家意志的表达”和“行政是国家意志的执行”就成为行政学中一种影响很广的观点。

政治和行政分离的理论是对19世纪80年代美国政府体制改革经验的概括和总结。

从马克思主义的观点看来,政治与行政都是建立在一定经济基础之上、为一定经济基础服务的上层建筑。

两者密切联系,又互相区别。

(三)管理与行政管理是伴随人类社会产生而出现的一种活动。

国家产生以后,国家政务逐渐从混沌的社会事务中分离出来,并逐渐出现了以国家政务管理为主要职责的专门机构和集团。

但在国家的政务管理以外,还有多种多样的管理领域以及由此形成的各各不同的管理主体和管理行为。

行政与管理有着密切的关系。

行政管理是面向社会、服务大众的管理活动。

这种管理活动首先和主要地是由在任何社会中都是最大和最具权威性的公共组织——政府来承担和完成的。

从这一意义上说,行政管理就是政府管理,行政管理学是研究政府的管理活动及其规律的科学。

广义的行政管理是政府行政组织、非政府的公共组织对公共事务的管理与公共服务的提供。

(四)立法、司法和行政西方国家把国家权力体系分为立法权、司法权和行政权,并分别由议会、法院和政府“独立”行使。

行政是与立法和司法相互制约的一种权力体系。

西方国家实行“三权分立”制,我国实行人民代表大会制,这都是依据各自国家的国情而采取的国家权力的组织形式。

Java基础入门第三版课后习题答案

Java基础入门第三版课后习题答案

第1章Java开发入门一、1.对象2.面向对象、跨平台性3.javac4.Java虚拟机(或JVM)5.JRE二、1.错2.错3.错4.对5.对三、1.C2.ABCD3.D4.ABCD5.D四、1.简答性、面向对象、安全性、跨平台性、支持多线程、分布性。

2. Java程序运行时,必须经过编译和运行两个步骤。

首先将后缀名为.java的源文件进行编译,生成后缀名为.class的字节码文件,然后Java虚拟机将字节码文件进行解释执行,并将结果显示出来。

五、HelloWorld.java1 public class HelloWorld {2 public static void main(String[] args) {3 System.out.println("这是第一个Java程序!");4 }5 }第2章Java编程基础一、1.class2.单行注释、多行注释、文档注释3.44.==5.容器、0二、1.对2.错3.对4.错5.对三、1.AC2.A3.BD4.C5.C四、1.Java语言的八种基本数据类型有:byte字节型,占一个字节。

short短整型,占两个字节。

int整型,占4个字节。

long长整型,占8个字节。

float单精度浮点型,占4个字节。

double 双精度浮点型,占8个字节。

char字符型,占两个字节。

boolean型,表示逻辑值,有true 和false两个值,分别占一个字节。

2. 在switch条件语句和循环语句中都可以使用break语句。

当它出现在switch条件语句中时,作用是终止某个case并跳出switch结构。

当它出现在循环语句中,作用是跳出循环语句,执行循环后面的代码;continue语句用在循环语句中,它的作用是终止本次循环,执行下一次循环。

五、1.1public class getSum {2public static void main(String[] args) {3int sum = 0;4for (int i = 1; i < 100; i++) {5if (i % 2 != 0)6sum += i;7}8System.out.println(sum);9}10}2.1public class Test {2 public static void main(String[] args) {3 int i = 1;4 long sum = 1;5 do {6 sum *= i;7 i++;8 } while (i <= 5);9 System.out.println(sum);10 }11}第3章面向对象(上)一、1.封装、继承、多态2.private、default、protected、public3.static4.private5.参数类型参数个数6.this二、1.对2.对3.错4.对5.对三、1.C2.B3.D4.B5.C四、1.面向对象的特点主要可以概括为封装性、继承性和多态性。

土力学与地基基础第三版课后答案全解

土力学与地基基础第三版课后答案全解

第2章 土的性质及工程分类2.2 试证明下列换算公式 (1)1s w d d e ρρ=+(2) 1r w s w s er d r e γ+=+(3) (1)S r wd n s n−=证明: 令1s v =,则由v s v e v =得v v e =,1s v v v v e =+=+,由s s sm d v =·1w p 得s s s w s w m d v d ρρ== 由wsm w m =·100%得w s s w m wm wd ρ== 所以 (1)s w s w m m m d w ρ=+=+ (1)由 sd m vρ= 得 1s wd d eρρ=+ (2)由wr vv s v =·100%得s r wd s e =⇒s r wd s e =则(1)(1)11s w s w d w d w r m r g g g ve e ρρ++====++1s w s w d wr d r e +=+1r w s ws er d r e +=+ (3)由v v n v =·100% 得 11e n n e e n =⇒=+−,则w r vvs v =·100%=s wd e =(1)s vd n n − 2.3在土的三相组成示意图中,取土粒体积1s v =。

已知某土样的土粒比重s d =2.70,含水量=32.2%,土的天然密度ρ=1.913/g cm ,水的密度31.0/w g cm ρ=。

按各三相比例指标的定义,计算图2.50中6个括号内的数值及r s 和'r 。

解:因1s v =, 2.70s d =, w=32.2%, ρ=1.91g/3cm , 31.0/w g cm ρ=由(1) 2.70(10.322)1.0110.871.91s w d w e ρρ++=−=−= (1)3v v 0.87e cm ==(2)0.322w s v wd ==*2.70=0.873cm (3)110.87 1.87v e =+=+=3cm (4) 2.70s s w m d ρ==*1.0=2.70g(5)0.322w s w m wd ρ==*2.70*1.00.87g = (6) 3.57s w m m m g =+= (7)s r wd s e =或w v vv *0.87100%0.87=*100%=100% (8)''1 2.71110.87s w d r g g e ρρ−−===++*1039.1/kN m = 2.4 用体积为723cm 的环刀取得某原状土样重129.5g ,烘干后土重121.5g ,土粒比重为2.7,试计算该土样的含水量w 、孔隙比e 、饱和度r s 、重度r 、饱和重度sat r 浮重度'r 以及干重度d r ,并比较各重度的数值大小(先导得公式然后求解)。

计算机网络(第三版)第5章 习题答案

计算机网络(第三版)第5章 习题答案

1.广义的网络互连可以在那几个层次上实现?分别需要用到哪些网络互连设备?答:广义的网络互连包括:物理层的互连、数据链路层互连、网络层互连、高层互连。

1)物理层的互连是在不同的电缆段之间复制位信号。

物理层的连接设备主要是中继器。

2)数据链路层互连是在网络之间存储转发数据帧。

互连的主要设备是网桥。

3)网络层互连是在不同的网络之间存储转发分组。

互连的主要设备是路由器。

4)传输层及以上各层的互连属于高层互连。

实现高层互连的设备是网关。

2.为什么说因特网可以在不可靠的网络层上实现可靠的传输服务?答:因为因特网的网络层使用数据报通信,没有应答,重传等保证机制,所以提供的是一种不可靠的网络服务;因特网的可靠传输服务主要由TCP协议来完成,TCP协议不仅保证可靠传输,还提供流量控制和拥塞控制等服务,这样TCP与IP协议的结合就可以完成可靠的网络传输服务。

3.有人说,既然局域网接入因特网需要使用路由器,而路由器已经能完成本地网络与因特网之间的连接问题,何必还要使用NAT或PAT?请你对这个疑问做出合理的解答。

答:(略)4.因特网中存在三种地址和两种地址转换机制,这两种机制的特点和区别是什么?这三种地址存在的意义何在?答:因特网上普遍存在的三种地址分别是主机域名,IP地址和局域网卡上的MAC地址,两种地址转换机制分别是DNS(用于完成主机域名到IP地址的转换,是一个全球性的分布式应用)和ARP(完成局域网内主机IP到MAC地址的转换,是一种局部性的应用)。

存在的意义是主机域名可以帮助人们记忆网络主机地址,因为它是用英文拼写,IP地址则是完成TCP/IP网络通信所必须,是用IP地址可以唯一性的确定通信所需的网络主机或路由器,所有域名也必须转换成IP地址之后才能用于网络通信。

MAC地址是网卡的物理地址,它由48位二进制数表示。

MAC地址是网卡的物理地址。

每块网卡都有一个唯一的MAC地址。

虽然此地址没法改变,但是可以通过软件的方法欺骗系统。

新编大学英语(第三版)综合教程课后习题答案

新编大学英语(第三版)综合教程1 课后习题答案Unit 1 Personal Relationships ExercisesPost-ReadingReading Comprehension11A2 B3 A4 A5B6 C7 A8C2 1 killed 2 wounded 3 arrived 4 girl 5 badly / seriously6 blood 7 none 8 American 9 type 10 orphans11 French 12 difficulty 13 frightened 14 would 15 cried16 Vietnamese 17 found 18 understand 19 willing 20 friend3 Sample V Vietnamese nurse H Heng N Navy nurse V: Is it hurting Heng H: No. V: So why are you crying Is there anything wrong H: I’m sad that I will have to leave the world. I’m a little scared before I die. I don’t want to die but I don’t want my friend to die either. V: Why do you think you are gong to die H: The doctor said unless I gave my blood to my friend she would certainly die. V: You must have misunderstood him. You only have to give some of your blood to the girl. This won’t do any harm to your health. H: Really Are you sure V: Yes. Have a good sleep now. When you wake up I’m sure you’ll be as strong as before. V: to the Navy nurse: He thought he was dying. He misunderstood you. He thought you had asked him to give all his blood to the little girl so that she could live. N: But why would he be willing to do that V: Heng the Navy nurse wants to know why you would be willing to give all yourbl ood to the little girl H: She’s my friend.Vocabulary1 reply 2 land 3 supplied 4 wound 5 replied 6 signed7 wounded 8 supplies 9 sign 10 balancing 11 land 12 balancerun: 1 D 2 A 3 C 4 E 5 F 6 Bmatch: 1 D 2 B 3 F 4 C 5 E 6 A1 Insert 2 in the balance 3 requests 4 relief 5 let out6 steady 7 stiff 8 misunderstood 9 limited 10 actionTranslationWhen I knew the details I realized that I should not have lost my temper in the office.I don’t / didn’t know Bob very well but we go / went out for an occasional drinktogether.The meeting is supposed to take place on Tuesday but we have to postpone it / put it off.Our government took action to bring / get all the Chinese in that country back to China.Including weekends there are only 12 more days to buy Christmas presents / gifts.Without immediate action many kinds / species of wild animals would die from hunger.Part 3 Further Development1 Grammar Review Sample A: Did you hear that Tom failed the English final He was 10 minutes late for the final because he woke up late. B: Th at’s too bad. But he should have asked his roommate to wake him up. A: Well anyway he got to the classroom before the listening part finished. But then he found the batteries for his radio were dead. B: Well he should have bought new batteries the day before. A: Yes very true. He then had to borrow two batteries from his classmate. But when Tom was doing the exam he found there were many words that were new to him. B: He should have spent more time memorizing new words and phrases before the exam. A: Yes and then Tom had a splitting headache because he had studied until two in the morning. B: That’s too bad. But he really shouldn’t have stayed up the night before the exam. A: And what’s more Tom was so afraid to fail the final that he peeped at his neighbor’s paper. He was caught and would be punished. B: Really He shouldn’t have cheated on the exam.2 Vocabulary Review1 A Though / Although B though C thoughA Both “although” and “though” can be used as conjunctions to introduce a subordinateclause of concessio n 让步状语从句in which you mention something which contrastswith what you are saying in the main clause.B “Though” is sometimes used as an adverb. When used as an adverb it is not used at thebeginning of a clause. “Although” cannot be used as an adverb.C When a clause beginning with “though” ends with a complement or adverb you canbring the complement or adverb forward to the beginning of the clause. However when aclause beginning with “although” ends with a complement or adverb you cannot movethe complement or adverb to the beginning of the clause.2 A reply / answer B answer Creplying Both “answer” and “reply” can be used as nouns and verbs. With a noun object we use the verb “answer” or “reply to”. e.g. We must answer / reply to these questions as soon as possible.3 A speaks B speak C talking D speak / talk You say that someone “speaks” or “can speak” a foreign language. If someone is giving a speech you say they are “speaking”. If two or more people are having a conversation you say that they are “talking”. You do not say that they are “speaking”. If you “speak to / talk to” someone you have a conversation with them.4 A injured / hurt B hurt / injured C wounded / injured D wounds You can be “wounded” or receive a “wound” from any attack in which a gun or sharp instrument such as a sword or knife is used. You can be “hurt” or “injured” or receive an “injury” a when any other weapon such as a heavy stick or bomb is used b in an accident. Both “wound” and “injure” are more serious than “hurt”. Note that “hurt” can be used as an intransitive verb but not “wound” or “injure”. e.g. It hurts when I try to move my leg.5 A houses B apartment apartments A “house” is a building for people to live in and often has more than one level. An “apartment” in American English or a “flat” in British English refers to a set of rooms within a larger building usually on one level.6A asideB apartC aside / apart Both “aside” and “apart” can be used as adverbs. “Aside” means “away or to the side”. “Apart” means “separated by a distance”. The phrase “aside from / apart from” means a except for b in addition to.7 A requests B requested C demandedD demands Both “request” and “demand” mean “ask for sth. or ask sb. to do sth.”. “Request” is more formal and stronger than “ask for”. “Demand” i s even stronger. If you “demand” something you feel strongly that you have the right to get it and will not take “no” for an answer. Both “request” and “demand” can be used as a verb or as a noun.A “request” for something is a polite demand for it.8 A bor derB boundary The word “border” refers to the dividing line between two countries or states or the land near that line. A “boundary” is a precise line marking the outer limits of an area.3 Roommates and Friends STEP ONE Sample In addition to those listed in the book my ideal roommate would also be: someone who does not smoke a responsible and honest person someone who does not snore while sleeping the best student in my class someone who does not stay up too late an independent person someone who does not interfere in my private affairs a tolerant person a trustworthy person etc. STEP TWO Sample No I don’t think roommates are usually friends. Living in the same room doesn’t necessarily mean that friendships will develop. Although roommates are usually friendly to each other not all of them are friends because friendliness is not always an indication of friendship. It’s true with classmates. Only when people have similar interests and a common outlook on life will they become friends or close friends. I think more often than not roommates will become friends. Obviously roommates spend much time together and therefore will learn a lot about each other. When people get to know each other friendship often develops. Many people could have become friends if they had met and got together often or long enough. Sharing rooms paves the way to friendship. We often hear older people say they were roommates or classmates and therefore good friends. It doesn’t mean roommates will surely become friends. They’re more likely t o become friends.4 It Made Me Feel So Good STEP TWO Sample As a newcomer in this university the first letter I’ve received here is from my best friend Dong Ming. Dong Ming and I were classmates in high school and we spent a lot of time together studying talking and playing around. I can safely say that not a single day was spent without our being together during our senior high school years. But now we’re studying at two different universities far apart from each other. Hisletter makes me feel as if we wer e together again talking. And what’s important is not the letter itself but what he said in the letter.Dear Dong HaoI felt sad when we left each other last Friday and yet a little happy about all the newthings and the excitement ahead of usin our new coll ege life. It’s what we want andneed.One thing is very important to both of us: to make more friends and to learn to get alongwith others. To do so I believe we should respect others—their point of view their wayof doing things etc. Only in this way can we make more friends and make our campuslife more interesting. What do you think I look forward to your reply. Best Wishes Dong Ming Sometimes I feel good about myself when I’ve been able to contribute a little bit to my relationships with others. I remember what I did for Xiao Li my next door neighbor and good friend. Last summer Xiao Li got seriously ill and was in the hospital for five weeks. At the beginning I didn’t know what I could do for him. I went to Mom for advice. Mom thought about it for a while a nd said “Well the only thing I can tell you is to be available when he needs you—not when you want to be available.” I took Mom’s advice seriously. I called him on the phone now and then to check if he needed any help and I went to see him every day after school and did what I could for him. So when Xiao Li recovered and left the hospital I felt so happy.5 When Your Neighbor Is in Need of Help STEP ONE Sample A young woman was walking along the streets one night when she was attacked. She screamed for help and managed to escape. A few minutes later her attacker caught her again and she continued screaming for help while the neighbors watched terrified from their windows and did nothing. They didn’t even call the police. The woman died of multiple stab wounds 多处刺伤. STEP TWO Sample 1 I think there are several reasons for that. First people were rather cowardly and selfish. When they heard someone screaming late at night they thought that might be dangerous so they just stood back and watched the woman get killed in front of them. They preferred to protect themselves rather than get involved to risk being injured or even killed. Second they felt that there are already institutions in cities to deal with this kind of problem. They didn’t think they needed to intervene because the police would do something for them. Finally it is possible that these people were so terrified that they could not think clearly or take action to protect the woman. 2 I don’t know. Maybe I would go to the street and try to protect the woman. I think more people would come to help if they realized what was really happening. Maybe I would call the police. But I’m afraid that when the police arrived she might already have been killed. Or maybe I would be too scared to give any help. I might simply close the window and put my ear plugs in. These are the different things I might do on such an occasion but I believe it’s most likely that I would call the police.Part 4 Translation and Writing2 Translation Practice Lean on Me 依靠我吧Sometimes in our lives we all have pain we all have sorrow 生活中我们会有痛苦,会有悲伤But if we are wise we know that there’s always tomorrow. 然而,聪明的我们明白总有明天(可指望)。

建筑施工技术课件第三版-单层工业厂房结构安装

-16 屋架的绑扎 (a)屋架跨度≤18m时;(b) 屋架跨度>18m时; (c)屋架跨度≥30m时;(d)三角形组合屋架
(2)屋架的扶直与排放 按照起重机与屋架预制时相对位置的不同,屋架扶直正向 扶直和反向扶直两种方式: 1)正向扶直 2)反向扶直 正向扶直与反向扶直的最大区别在于起重机位于屋架的方 位不同,正向扶直,起重机位于下弦一边,反向扶直则位于上 弦一边;扶直过程中,正向扶直,升钩时升臂,反向扶直, 升钩时降臂。升臂比降臂易于操作且较安全,故一般应采用正 向扶直。 屋架就位分为同侧就位和异侧就位。
(2)钢柱基础。 施工时应保证基础顶面与锚栓位置准确,其误差在±2mm 以内,基础顶面要垂直,倾斜度小于1/1000,锚栓在支座范围 内的误差为±5mm。 6.1.2构件的吊装 1、柱子的吊装 (1)绑扎 柱的绑扎方法、绑扎位置和绑扎点数,应根据柱的形状 、长度、截面、配筋、起吊方法和起重机性能等因素确定 。由于柱起吊时吊离地面的瞬间由自重产生的弯矩最大, 其最合理的绑扎点位置,应按柱子产生的正负弯矩绝对值 相等的原则来确定。根据柱起吊后柱身是否垂直,柱子的 吊装方法分为斜吊法和直吊法。 1)斜吊绑扎
图6-2 基础弹线
若杯底偏高则要凿去,若杯底的标高不够,则用水泥砂浆 或细石混凝土将杯底填平至设计标高,可允许误差为±5mm。 在实际施工中为避免杯底超高,往往在浇筑混凝土时留40~ 50mm不浇,待杯底抄平调整时一次补至调整标高数值。
柱基施工时,杯底标高一般比设计标高低,柱在吊装前 需对基础杯底标高进行一次调整(或称找平)。调整方法是 测出杯底原有标高(小柱测中间一点,大柱测四个角点), 再量出柱脚底面至牛腿面的实际长度,计算出杯底标高调整 值,并在杯口内标出,然后用1:2水泥砂浆或细石混凝土将杯 底找平至标志处。调整值=(牛腿面设计标高-杯底原有标 高)-柱脚底面至牛腿面的实际长度。例如,牛腿面的设计 标高是+7.80m,杯底设计标高-1.20,柱基施工时,杯底标 高控制值取-1.25,施工后,实测杯底标高为-1.23,量得柱底 至牛腿面的实际长度为9.01m,则杯底标高调整值为Δh= hh1-h2=7.80+1.23-9.01=+0.02m。

人工智能第三版课件第3章 搜索的基本策略


2.3.1 启发式信息的表示
(2) 启发式函数应能够估计出可能加速 达到目标的程度
这可以帮助确定当扩展一个节点时,那些 节点应从搜索树中删除。
启发式函数对搜索树(图)的每一节点的真正 优点估计得愈精确,解题过程就愈少走弯路。
2.3.1 启发式信息的表示
例 2.8 八 皇 后 问 题 (8-Queens problem)
弱法主要包括: .最佳优先法 .生成测试法 .爬山法 .广度优先法 .问题归约法 .约束满足法 .手段目的分析法。
1.生成测试法(Generateand-test)
生成测试法的基本步骤为: 1. 生成一个可能的解,此解是状态空 间一个点,或一条始于S0的路径。 2. 用生成的“解”与目标比较。 3. 达到目标则停止,否则转第一步。
确定一个启发式函数f(n), n 为被搜索 的节点,它把问题状态的描述映射成问题 解决的程度,通常这种程度用数值来表示, 就是启发式函数的值。这个值的大小用来 决定最佳搜索路径。
2.3.1 启发式信息的表示
(2)表示成规则
如AM的一条启发式规则为: 如 果 存 在 一 个 有 趣 的 二 元 函 数 f(x,y) , 那 么看看两变元相同时会发生什么?
2.3.1 启发式信息的表示
如何构造启发式函数? (1)启发式函数能够根据问题的当前状态, 确定用于继续求解问题的信息。
这样的启发式函数能够有效地帮助决定 那些后继节点应被产生。
2.3.1 启发式信息的表示
例2.7 八数码问题。
S0
283 16 4
Sg
75
123 84 7 65
问题空间为:
a11 a12 a13 a21 a22 a23 a31 a32 a33

国际贸易惯例与规则(第三版)第十二章 国际货物运输中的保函、无单放货、THC及STC条款_60

(一)记名提单具有提单属性
依中国《海商法》第79条,记名提单不得 转让。由于记名提单从签发之日起,收货人已经 确定,因此,签发记名提单的意义在于,明确了 提单项下货物的物权归属于记名收货人。法律强 调记名提单不得转让,旨在保护记名收货人的物 权。由此可见,记名收货人以外的任何人无权转 让记名提单。当然,从物权方面看,记名收货人 可以转让记名提单,这是记名收货人行使物权的 一种表现方式。这种转让符合民法原理,也不违 背中国《海商法》的上述规定。
17
(五)伪造正本提单提货的处理办法
目前,国际货物运输中,为了不延误开航 ,船长自己签发提单的情况越来越少,一般是授 权代理签发提单;在期租船运输中,一般授权租 船人代签发提单。随着多次转租,这种授权也随 着向下延伸下去。而租船人或转租租船人在背后 乱签发提单或多套提单来约束船东或船长的情况 也非常普遍;有时卖方为了买方(收货人)报关 等的便利,在结汇之前将一份或多份副本提单寄 给买方,于是,不诚实的买方按副本提单伪造正 本提单提货。
9
(八)承运人通常否认保函的存在 如前所述,承运人凭保函签发清洁提单通
常被视为构成对收货人的欺诈,其结果有可能不 仅要赔偿收货人的损失,而且有可能会因此而丧 失其免责和享受责任限制的法定权利。因此,承 运人宁愿接受收货人的索赔,也不愿意承认保函 的存在,以保函为自己开脱责任,因为那样不仅 达不到开脱责任的目的,反而会愈陷愈深而难以 自拔。
25
(二)记名提单下无单放货责任的争议 指示提单下承运人放货需要凭正本提单,
这一点国内外立法、司法实践及国际习惯做法比 较统一。但记名提单下是否需要凭正本提单放货 国内外存在着较大的分歧。归纳起来,主要有两 种观点和做法,一是承运人应只“凭身份放货” ;二是承运人应“凭正本提单放货”。
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第三版 心 理 辅 导 陪 伴 你 成 长
生活三部曲
王 纯
这几日,总想写些什么,正如鲁迅先生所说:“我正有写一点东西的必要了。”2014年过了,经历
一个40多天的假期,对我们而言真是个很奢侈的假期,在各个方面都有自己的感受吧。今天通过心
理报这个途径,把自己的心声表达出来。
我生命的灵魂——宝贝
从儿子4个月我便开始上班,白天很少和他在一起,儿子成长的许多快乐也许我都错过,因懂得
每每想起他和你亲密的日子也就那么几年的道理,心生歉意,正好趁这个幸福来临的假期,好好陪伴
儿子,随着他一天天长大,心眼多了,也有脾气了,更能拿东西了,每天屋子里的,抽屉里的东西都
拿出来玩,有时真想说他几句,可是看到他吃完包子,把盆扣到头上;喝完酸奶满脸画图的样子,愤
意悄然而去,仍觉得很幸福。他爱吃的东西,你要是问他要,假装没听见,转身便走,可要是不喜欢
的东西,便一个劲的往你嘴里放,很是好玩。儿子喜欢玩,热闹,有时会和他疯一会,他总是躲在床
边的小缝里,等你去抓他,如此重复很多次,可他却不知厌倦。最让我欣慰的是他很健康,胃口也好,
饭饭、水果来之不拒,吃来香香,身体倍儿棒。儿子最爱两个地方,一个是厨房,香香的地方,有好
吃的吸引他;一个是卫生间,这两个地方总是给他无穷的乐趣和无限的吸引力。每晚我们的搂喽,宝
贝的抱抱,都给我们这一家三口带来无穷的乐趣和无限的幸福,这便成了我每天的期待。宝贝的一声
妈妈,也带给我无穷的幸福,无限的回报。假期短暂,但和孩子相处的快乐是无止境的,感谢上天给
了我一个如此健康,聪明,乐观的宝贝。
生活的动力——工作
上大学毕业到今天,仍能为自己拥有这样一份事业而高兴,也许是性本爱丘山,让我选择回到家
乡;也许是心灵的牵动,我选择了当老师,真是相知,相识,相爱,相许的过程,让我把自己奉献给
了边疆的教育事业,回首这几年,让我感动过、快乐过、幸福过、哭泣过、后悔过而又坚定的走到了
今天。当过班主任,做了课任,曾自己开玩笑说,我是二中一块砖,哪里需要哪里搬,当班任,分班
时,痛心疾首;高三送走毕业班,整个人就像被掏空了一样,短暂的休息迎来新一轮的教学,豪情壮
志的我又到高三去跨课,繁重的教学,让我喘不过气来,几经坚持,走过了那艰难的岁月。完成了人
生的大事,也迎来了2014,现在也已过了快半年了,慨叹时光流逝,今天虽不能说投笔从戎吧!但也
真是满腹话语更与何人说?我的同事们啊都有着多么崇高的情怀,大家甘愿做天空的白云,红花边的
绿草,每天披星戴月的奔赴在去往学校的路上,这就是教师——奉献自己,照亮别人。
成长的回忆——小院
我爱高楼林立,但也不妨向往田园小院,在那里出生,在那里成长,走过了我的童年,少年,青
年,走过了那30年的岁月,小屋伴随我的成长,小院里有很多童年我美好的回忆,有小伙伴们一起
捉迷藏,跳皮筋,打口袋,欢声笑语常在耳畔,嬉笑怒骂皆成了我现在的文章。房子后院有一个小园
子,春天播种,夏天浇水,秋天收获,冬日白雪,四季轮回,新鲜的蔬菜成了我们美味的佳肴;冬天
打雪仗、推雪人带给我们无穷的乐趣,更让我不能忘记的是屋里屋外总有一位疼爱我们的爷爷,拄着
拐杖,来回的走着,对我谆谆教诲,以自己的亲身经历告诫我们、提醒我们“忘记过去就意味着背叛”,
成了我的人生格言。就在那一年冬季,这位老人悄然而去,那种疼痛与不舍到今日仍在心头,我从不
说,但梦中也会与爷爷相见,真想大喊一声“我很想你”。而今早想写点什么来纪念爷爷和我曾居住
的小院,今天终于能把这种情感付诸笔端,借以流露情感,表达心声,传递祝福。
现在上班也已两个多月了,忘却的旧主快要降临了,我正有写一点东西的必要了。
2013,灰了、亮了、走了。2014,来了、绿了、红了,走在从家到学校的路上,想到自己的人生,
路在远方,我在路上。

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