Chapter1-IBN course__ introduction
IB课程之中文课程详细介绍
IB课程之中文课程详细介绍什么是IB课程，相信并不是所有学生都有所了解。
IB全称为国际预科证书课程，拥有IB文凭的人更易受到国际名校的青睐。
IB国际课程如此受欢迎，它的课程又包含了哪些呢?下面我们就一起了解一下IB中文课程的学习方法，感兴趣的朋友可以参考一下。
什么是IB课程?IB课程全称为国际预科证书课程(International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme,简称IB课程)，是由国际文凭组织为高中生设计的为期两年的课程。
高中十一和十二年级学生设置的两年制大学预科课程。
IB课程不以世界上任何一个国家的课程体系为基础而自成体系，广泛吸收了当代许多发达国家主流课程体系的优点，涵盖了其主要的核心内容。
因此IB课程体系即具有与世界各国主流教育课程体系之间的兼容性，又有自己教育理念发展下的独特性。
IB国际课程非常重视学生的语言，有第一语言和第二语言，甚至有的同学修读两门第二语言等。
就拿IB中文来说，分为中文A，中文B，中文Ab initio; 每种课程下面又有小分支，比如中文A下面又分为中文A：文学和中文A：语言和文学，每种下面又再细分为高级(High Level,简称HL)和标准级(Standard Level,简称SL)，以供不同中文背景的学生学习。
说到这里，大家可能觉得有点乱，看个示意图会比较清楚一些：类别：适合对象第一学科组Chinese中文A：文学(分HL和SL)一般适合家庭母语为中文且仅全英文授课时间不足三年者中文A：语言和文学(分HL和SL)一般适合家庭母语为中文但在国际学校读书超过三年以上者中文A：文学与表演艺术(仅SL)跨学科课程，结合中文文学和艺术科目第二学科组Mandarin中文B-HL适合爱好中文及了解部分中国文学的外国学生中文B-SL适合爱好中文的外国学生中文Ab initio针对外国学生学习入门汉语者看到这里，很多学生和家长可能会想：中文A有点像中国的语文，中文B就是教外国人说的中文。
chapter 1 general idea of IBN
Topic 1: General Idea of International Business Negotiation 1. Conflicts and negotiations around 2. Definition of negotiation 3. Definition and components of business negotiation 4. Definition of IBN and its features 5. Classification of Negotiation 6. Basic subjects in IBN
Topic 1: General Idea of International Business Negotiation
Relevant key concept:
conflicts Conflict is the reason why a negotiation is possible to develop. A conflict is a dispute, disagreement or argument between two or more interdependent parties who have different and common interest. If being handled properly, conflicts will brigh about favorable outcomes rather than unfavorable results. stakes Clash of stakes or interests is the reason why a conflict happens. Stakes are the value of benefits that may be gained or lost, and costs that may be incurred or avoided. Stakes are compared to the status quo, options and alternatives, and are expressed as interests, which can be long term or underlying desired and issues articulated for negotiation.
新编简明英语语言学教程chapter1Introduction剖析
Descriptive vs. prescriptive
Synchronic vs. diachronic Langue vs. parole Competence vs. performance
Prescriptive vs. Descriptive
Don't say X. People don't say X. The first is a prescriptive command, while the second is a descriptive statement. The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are.
Prescriptive vs. Descriptive
Prescriptive: to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language. (modern linguistics) Descriptive: to describe and analyze the language people actually use. (traditional grammar)
Prescriptive vs. Descriptive
The nature of linguistics as a science determines its preoccupation with description instead of prescription.
Synchronic vs. Diachronic
Chapter_1-International_Business_Finance-
Making Decision
MANAGERS IMPLEMENT THEIR DECISION
IDENTIFY A PROBLEM
ANALYSIS
MANAGERS MAKE DECISION
Role Modeling In Solving A Problem
1.Identify a problem
Chapter Outline
Multinational Enterprises (MNE)
Globalization
Same or similar challenges that have faced by MNEs
and domestic firms Managers’ Role
Course Overview
In this course, we will learn the importance of
International Business Finance in the world economy, the impact of cultures in international business management, challenges and politics in International Businesses. We also learn the impact of big economies in International Finance activities, various motivations of governments as the main engine of running the Global Business Activities.
n = project’s life
chapter1-Introduction
1.1 What is Materials Science and Engineering?
Materials Science and Engineering forms the bedrock for the engineering disciplines because the structures, components, and devices that engineers design and use must be made out of something, and that is a material. The properties of the materials that are available define and limit the capabilities that the device or structure can have, and the techniques that can be used to fabricate it.
Outline
1.1 What is Materials Science and Engineering? 1.2 Classification of Materials 1.3 Functional Classification of Materials 1.4 Classification of Materials Based on Structure 1.5 Environmental and Other Effects 1.6 Materials Design and Selection
Objectives
Introduce the field of materials science and engineering (MSE) Provide introduction to the classification of materials
Chapter One Introduction
Chapter One: Introduction1. Linguistics and English linguistics1) As the name suggests, linguistics is the study of language in general and of particular languages, their structure, grammar, history, culture, and so on.2) According to John Lyons（约翰·莱昂斯），linguistics is divided into types: general linguistics（普通语言学）and descriptive linguistics (描述语言学).A. Differences:i. General linguistics deals with language in general, or the whole human language. Descriptive linguistics studies particular languages.ii. General linguistics aims at developing a theory that describes the rules of human language in general. Descriptive linguistics attempts to establish models that describe the rules of particular languages like Chinese, German, English, etc.B. Relationship:They explicitly or implic itly depend on each other.i. On the one hand, general linguistics provides descriptive linguistics with a general framework in which a particular language can be analyzed and described.ii. On the other hand, the descriptions of particular languages, in turn, supply empirical evidence which may confirm or refute the model(s) put forward by general linguists. Thus, general linguistics and descriptive linguistics are complementary to each other.3) English linguistics is a kind of descriptive linguistics. It deals with a particular language --- English, for the purpose of constructing a model to represent the unconscious linguistic knowledge possessed by a fluent English speaker.Actually the study of any particular language is a kind of descriptive linguistics.2. The nature of language(s)Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols, which is creative, double-structured and changeable.1) Language is a system.i. Every language consists of a set of rules, including phonological rules, morphological rules, syntactic rules, semantic rules, grammatical rules, and so on. These rules underlie people's actual speech or writing.ii. In de Saussure's（索绪尔）term, the system of language is called langue（语言体系）and the speaker's speech is called parole (言语).iii. According to Chomsky（乔姆斯基）, competence（语言知识）is "the speaker-hearer's knowledge of his language"，while performance（言语行为）is "the actual use of language in concrete situations".iv. Langue or competence is abstract and not directly observed, while parole or performance is concrete and directly observable. It has to take in a definite time and place, and in a particular situation.2) Language is symbolic.i. What is a symbol? How many parts does a symbol consist of?A symbol is essentially made up of two parts: a concrete object or form, and the meaning or the idea that it conveys.ii. There are a few words which cannot be classified as symbols such as the, a, an, etc.3) Language is a system of vocal symbols.i. Two types: visual symbols, auditory symbolsii. Not all sounds produced by human speech organs are linguistic symbols. For example, sneezes, coughs and so on usually do not have symbolic value.iii. Language is primarily speech, and not the written form. Three reasons: A. Biolog ically speaking, children begin to learn to speak much earlier than to learn to read and write. B. Functionally speaking, the spoken form is used more frequently than the written form in our daily life. C. Historically speaking, all human languages were spoken before they were written and there are still many languages in the world today which have not been written down.4) Language is arbitrary.i. The relationship between the sounds and their meaning is arbitrary.ii. By saying language is arbitrary, we mean that we cannot give a reason why a certain linguistic form should represent a certain meaning and why a certain meaning should be represented by a certain form.iii. It does not imply that any individual speaker has the freedom to determine the pronunciation of a word.5) Language is creative.i. Every language contains an infinite number of sentences, which, however, are generated by a small set of rules and a finite set of words.ii. The length of a sentence has no limit in theory.6) Language is double-structured.Two levels: grammatically --- meaningful and sound --- meaningless7) Language is changeable.Language has changes in three systems: sound system, lexical system and grammatical system.3. Scientific method3.0 Definition: Generally speaking, a scientific method is the procedure adopted by scientists in conducting their investigation and establishing their conclusion.3.1 Scientific method in generalFour stages: collecting data, forming a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis and drawing conclusions3.2 Scientific method in linguisticsFour stages: gather data, construct a tentative rule, examine the tentative rule, finalize the ruleAn important principle --- objectivity3.2.1 ObjectivityThree common linguistic biasesA. Some languages are primitive and some languages are advanced.B. Only the standard variety is the pure form of a language.C. Change is not natural for living languages and such a change is a sign of corruption and decay.3.2.2 Sources of dataA. Collecting data is the initial work for any linguistic description.B. If the linguist describes a language that he does not know himself, he may find a suitable native speaker of that language as his informant（（为语言学调查）提供资料的本地人），who is usually a bilingual.3.2.3 Rules constructionA. The essential task of linguistic description is to construct rules which may account for a native speaker's implicit knowledge about the language.B. How does a linguist construct a rule?Step 1: the linguist starts with collecting data.Step 2: based on the data collected, he may construct a very simple rule as a tentative version.Step 3: then he examines the tentative rule against further data. If the additional data do not agree with it, he has to modify it.Step 4: he keeps on testing the rule and, accordingly, revising the rule until the rule can account for all the relevant data collected.Attention: very likely, the data gathered are not complete. Thus, the rule formed is open to further modifications.4. The goal of linguistics4.0 Definition: the goal of linguistics is to establish a model of a native speaker's competence.4.1 Modeli. There are two kinds of models:A. a physical or literal model --- it can be used to investigate the function and construction of the real object.B. a conceptual or theoretical model --- it can be used to examine something unobservable such as the nature of economy.Which type does a model of the competence of a native speaker belong to? --- The latter.ii. Two features of an adequate model of competence: explicitness（明确性）and generativeness（生成性）A. By saying a model is explicit, we mean that the rules of the language the model contains are clearly defined.B. By saying a model is generative, we mean that we can use a finite set of rules to generate an infinite number of sentences.4.2 CompetenceA native speaker has four types of linguistic knowledge: phonological knowledge（音位知识）, morphological knowledge（词法知识）, syntactic knowledge（句法知识）and semantic knowledge（语义知识）i. Phonological knowledge is a native speaker's intuition about the sounds and sound patterns of his language.ii. Morphological knowledge is a native speaker's intuition about how a word is formed.iii. Syntactic knowledge is a native speaker's intuition about whether a sentence is grammatical or not.iv. Semantic knowledge is a native speaker's intuition about the meaning of language.5. Sub-branches of linguistics1) Phonetics（语音学）is the study of speech sounds of all human languages. It deals with questions like how speech sounds are produced, transmitted and perceived, how English sounds are classified and described.2) Phonology （音系学）is the science that deals with the sound system of a language.3) Morphology（词法、形态学）deals with word formation and the internal structure of words.4) Syntax（句法）is concerned with how words are combined to form phrases and how phrases are combined by rules to form sentences.5) Semantics（语义学）is the study of the meaning of words and sentences6. Saussure: The Father of Modern Linguistics1) When did modern linguistics start? --- At the beginning of the 20th century.2) What are the most influential schools of modern linguistics? --- Structural linguistics（结构语言学）and Transformational-generative Grammar (TG Grammar)（转换生成语法）3) Who is commonly acknowledged as the father of modern linguistics? --- Ferdinand de Saussure4) Why is he regarded as the founder of modern linguistics?Answer:1。
chapter1 Introduction to e-business
7
e-Business vs e-Commerce
E-Business:
Improving business performance through low cost and open connectivity:
• New technologies in the value chain • Connecting value chains across businesses in order to : • Improve service/reduce costs • Open new channels • Transform competitive landscapes
6
Electronic commerce or e-commerce is where business transactions take place via electronic communication networks, especially the Internet.
E-business vs. E-commerce
Traditional business organization „develop step by step‟:
Definitions are clear No change in the business and technology environment High time pressure Continuous learning
4
“It is not the strongest of the species that survive, nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change”
Chapter One Introduction
1.2 The nature of translation
Discussion
Definitions of translation
Definitions given by Chinese scholars
翻译是将一种文字之真义全部移至另一种文字而绝不失其风格 的神韵。（吴献书，1949） 翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整 地重新表达出来的语言活动。（张培基，1980） 翻译的实质是语际的意义转换。（刘宓庆，1990） 翻译的定义应该是：“将一种语言传达的信息用另一种语言传 达出来。”（蔡毅，1995） 翻译是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用另一种语言文字表达出 来的文化活动。（王克非，1997） 翻译是语际之间的信息传递和语族之间的文化交流。（萧立明， 2001）
Come, let us go down, and confuse their language there, so that they will not understand one another’s speech.” So the Lord scattered them abroad from there over the face of all the earth, and they left off building the city. Therefore it was called Babel, because there the Lord confused the language of all the earth; and from there the Lord scattered them abroad over the face of all the earth.
Different views on translation
IB数学和IB课程简介
吴老师
IB数学和IB课程简介
• • • • • • • IB课程总体介绍 IB课程特点 IB课程目标 IB课程设置 IBDP数学课程的特点 IB数学HL教学大纲 一些建议
IB课程介绍
• IB课程是International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme的简称。 • 目前全球共有138个国家和地区，2771所学 校，超过763000位学生在接受IB课程学习。 • IB文凭被包括英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利 亚等在内的全球很多大学所认可，成为通 往世界名校的通行证。
IB数学HL教学大纲(Core)
• • • • • • • Algebra Functions & equations Circular functions & trigonometry Matrices Vectors Statistics & probability Calculus
IBDP数学学科特点
• 涵盖广泛的知识领域(Syllabus) • 有不同难度的子课程可供选择(HL, SL, etc.) • 重视数学软件及图形计算器的应用 (Technology) • 侧重知识的形成过程(TOK) • 培养学生对数学知识的运用(IA) • 激发学生对数学本身的学科热情(EE)
IB课程特点
• 自成体系：不以世界上任何一个国家的课 程体系为基础而，广泛吸收了当代许多发 达国家主流课程体系的优点，涵盖了其主 要的核心内容。 • 富有挑战性 • 有较高承认度 • 具备国际性
IB课程目标
• The International Baccalaureate aims to develop inquiring, knowledgeable and caring young people who help to create a better and more peaceful world through intercultural understanding and respect. • To this end the organization works with schools, governments and international organizations to develop challenging programmes of international education and rigorous assessment. • These programmes encourage students across the world to become active, compassionate and lifelong learners who understand that other people, with their differences, can also be right.
Introduction（引言）
Introduction（引言）Chapter 1Introduction（引言）§1.1 Space and Time（空间与时间）universe 宇宙object 物体measurement 测量kinematics 运动学motion of objects 物体的运动mass point/particle 质点center of mass 质心space and time 时空rotation 旋转subject 研究的对象phenomena 现象intergalactic 星系间的submicroscopic 亚微观的dimension 尺度uniform 均匀的isotropic 各向同性的continuous 连续的direction 方向graininess 颗粒性location 位置frame of reference 参考系specify 确定、规定simultaneously 同时地inconsistent with 与…不一致define/definition 定义platinum-iridium 铂铱合金atomic standard 原子标准transition 跃迁meridian 子午线general conference on weights and measures国际计量大会vacuum 真空former standard of length米原器atomic energy level 原子能级isotope cesium 铯同位素krypton 氪angstrom 埃§1.2 Coordinate Systems and Frames of Reference（坐标系与参考系）frame of reference 参考系coordinate system 坐标系rectangular Cartesian coordinates直角笛卡儿坐标系axis / axes (pl.) （坐标）轴origin 坐标原点at rest 静止dimension 维mutually perpendicular 互相垂直intersection 交点§1.3 Idealized Models（理想模型）idealized model 理想模型simplified version 简化方式neglect 忽略particle 质点air resistance 空气阻力vacuum 真空in terms of 利用rigid body 刚体insulator 绝缘体§1.4 Vectors（矢量）vector 矢量scalar 标量magnitude 大小velocity 速度acceleration 加速度momentum 动量to 正比于proportionalparallel 平行vector 位置矢量position§1.5 Properties of Vectors（矢量的特点）resultant/net vector 合矢量addition 加法subtraction 减法equivalent 等价的translate 平移head-to-tail method 三角形法parallelogram method 平行四边形法diagonal对角线commutative law交换律product 标积scalarproduct 点积dotdistributive law 分配律multiplication 乘法product 叉积crossproduct 矢积vectorarea 面积rule 右手定则right-handparallel 平行multiply 乘function 函数variable 某一变量somederivative 导数§1.6 Components of a Vector（矢量的分量）component 分量absolute value 绝对值projection 投影perpendicular 垂线rectangular component 正交分量§1.7 Unit Vectors（单位矢量）unit vector 单位矢量dimensionless 无量纲的unit magnitude 单位大小respectively 分别地Chapter 2Kinematics: Motion in Two and Three Dimensions（运动学：二维与三维运动）§2.1 Kinematical Function of a Point（质点的运动函数）position vector 位置矢量trigonometry 三角学§2.2 Displacement and Velocity（位移与速度）trajectory 轨迹displacement vector 位移矢量velocity 速度ratio 比值，比率line 直线straightapproach 趋近、接近limit 极限average velocity 平均速度instantaneous velocity 瞬时速度slope 斜率chord 弦limiting process 求极限过程path 弯曲路径curvedderivative 导数magnitude and direction 大小和方向speed 速率scalar components 标量分量limiting value 极限值limiting process 求极限过程tangent 相切、切线change 增量、改变量differential n.微分differentiate v. 微分、求导integrate v.积分integration n.积分coefficient 系数module (矢量的)模successively 连续地root 平方根square§2.3 Acceleration（加速度）acceleration 加速度average acceleration 平均加速度instantaneous acceleration 瞬时加速度second derivative 二阶导数positive 正的negative 负的respectively 分别地one-dimensional motion 一维运动uniform circular motion 匀速圆周运动projectile motion 抛体运动§2.4 Motion with Constant Acceleration（匀加速运动）无§2.5 Linear Motion with Constant Acceleration（匀加速直线运动）linear 线性的one-dimensional 一维的corresponding 对应的eliminate 消去freely falling bodies 自由落体resistance 空气阻力airacceleration due to gravity 重力加速度altitude 高度vertical direction 竖直方向sign 负号negativelatitude 经度regardlessof 与…无关maximum value 最大值minimum value 最小值§2.6 Projectile Motion （抛体运动）projectile 抛体trajectory 轨迹assumption 假设negligible 可忽略的rotation 转动air friction 空气摩擦parabola 抛物线parabolic trajectory 抛物线轨迹initial 初始的horizontal 水平的independent 独立的superposition 叠加flight time 飞行时间horizontal range 射程maximum height 最大高度horizontal surface 水平面a body projected horizontally平抛物体vertical 竖直的firing angle 抛射角§2.7 Circular Motion（圆周运动）circular motion 圆周运动uniform circular motion匀速圆周运动circular motion with varying speed变速圆周运动centripetal 向心的length 弧长arcangular displacement 角位移instantaneous angular velocity（瞬时）角速度radian(s) 弧度dimensional 有量纲的counterclockwise 逆时针clockwise 顺时针circle 圆center of a circle 圆心vectorially 矢量地angular acceleration 角加速度tangential acceleration 切向加速度center-seeking 向心resolve （矢量）分解centripetal acceleration 向心加速度normal acceleration 法向加速度perpendicular to 垂直于radial 径向的radius 半径§2.8 Relative Motion（相对运动）relative velocity 相对速度relative acceleration 相对加速度observer 观察者outcome 结果measurement 测量stationary 静止的differentiate 求微分Galilean transformation equation伽利略变换valid 有效的special theory of relativity 狭义相对论as it turns out 结果是relative to 相对于heading due north 头朝北triangle 直角三角形rightupstream 逆流hypotenuse 直角三角形的斜边Chapter 3Newton’s Laws of Motion（牛顿运动定律）§3.1 Newton’s First Law（牛顿第一定律）rest 静止atnet external force/ resultant force合外力inertial frame of reference 惯性参考系inertia 惯性act on = exert （力）作用于approximation 近似inertial mass 惯性质量interact (n. interaction) 相互作用resultant external force 合外力momentum 动量unless stated otherwise 除非另有说明§3.2 Newton’s Second Law（牛顿第二定律）nonzero 非零的mass 质量momentum 动量rate of change 变化率directly proportional to 正比于inversely proportional to 反比于§3.3 Newton’s Third Law（牛顿第三定律）interact 相互作用opposite 相反、相对isolated 孤立的action force 作用力reaction force 反作用力§3.4 Applications of Newton’s Laws（牛顿运动定律的应用）tension 张力diagram 示意图isolate 隔离free-body diagram 受力图unknown 未知量Atwood’s Machine 阿特伍德机light string 轻绳vertically 竖直地frictionless 无摩擦的incline 斜面pulley 滑轮balanced 平衡的block 木块、滑块wedge 楔、斜铁plane 平面horizontal surface 水平面§3.5 International Units and Dimensions（国际单位制与量纲）physical quantity 物理量fundamental unit 基本单位universally 普遍scientific community 科学界luminous intensity 光强度abbreviation 缩写lowercase 小写的uppercase 大写的rectangle 矩形§3.6 Introduction to Some Common Forces（几种常见力）electromagnetic 电磁的lean against 倚靠compress 压mattress spring 床垫弹簧normal force 法向力、支持力stiffness 倔强性stretch 拉伸frictional force / force of friction 摩擦力viscous medium 粘滞媒质（介质）resistance 阻力force of static friction 静摩擦力maximum force of static friction最大静摩擦力is proportional to 正比于proportionality constant 比例常数coefficient of static friction 静摩擦系数coefficient of kinetic friction 滑动摩擦系数variation 变化§3.7 The Four Fundamental Forces（四种基本力）gravitational force 引力universal gravitational constant万有引力常数electromagnetic force 电磁力bind 约束Coulomb’s law 库仑定律charged particle 带电粒子strong nuclear force 强力hydrogen 氢nucleus (pl. nuclei or nucleuses)原子核neutron 中子proton 质子counteract 抵抗repulsive 排斥的strength 强度weak nuclear force 弱力short-range force 短程力radioactivity 放射性radioactive decay 放射性衰变nucleons 核子massless 无质量的action at a distance 远程作用hypothesis 假设field 场Chapter 4Linear Momentum and Angular Momentum（动量与角动量）§4.1 Linear Momentum and Impulse（动量与冲量）(linear) momentum 动量impulse 冲量impulse-momentum theorem动量定理time-average force 平均冲力§4.2 Impulse-momentum Theorem for Particles System（质点系的动量定理）particles system 质点系internal forces 内力forces 外力external§4.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum（动量守恒定律）momenta （pl.）动量§4.4 Center of Mass（质心）vector notation 矢量表示continuous object 连续物体element of mass 质元§4.5 Motion of the Center of Mass（质心的运动）conserved 守恒的isolated system 孤立系统§4.6 Angular Momentum of a Particle（质点的角动量）conserved 守恒的isolated system 孤立系统§4.7 Conservation Law of Angular Momen tum（角动量守恒定律）Kepler 开普勒ellipse 椭圆Chapter 6Rotation of a Rigid Body about a Fixed Axis（刚体的定轴转动）§6.1 Motion of a Rigid Body（刚体的运动）rigid body 刚体parallelogram rule 平行四边形法则translation 平动an extended body 空间实体rotation 转动nondeformable 不变形的resultant motion 合运动parallel 平行fixed axis 固定轴counterclockwise motion 逆时针运动angular acceleration 角加速度clockwise motion 顺时针运动separation 间隔translation 平动angular velocity 角速度trajectory 轨迹§6.2 Law of Rotation of a Rigid Body about a Fixed Axis（刚体定轴转动定律）moment of inertia 转动惯量 rotationaxis 旋转轴torque 力矩 proportionalityconstant比例常数element of mass 质元line of action of force 力的作用线analogue 类似；相似 perpendiculardistance 垂直距离distribution of mass 质量分布 pivotabout 围绕…旋转；以…为轴旋转moment arm 力臂is proportional to 与…成正比§6.3 Calculation of Moments of Inertia for Rigid Bodies（转动惯量的计算）an extended body 延续实体hoop圆环spherical shell薄球壳solid sphere实心球spherical cavity球腔linear density线密度§6.4 Application of Law of Rotation of a Rigid Body about a Fixed Axis（刚体定轴转动定律应用）orientation 方向；方位atwood’s machi ne伍德机brake制动器，刹车pedal踏板sprocket链轮齿bearing轴承pulley 滑轮nonslip 无滑动§6.5 Conservation of Angular Momentum with Respect to the Fixed Axis（对定轴角动量守恒）resultant external torque 合外力矩isolated 隔离的valid 有效；适用pin 销；轴Chapter 7Electric Fields of Stationary Electric Charges（静止电荷的电场）§7.1 Charge（电荷）Electricity 电学magnetism 磁学accelerator 加速器electronic 电子的interatomic 原子间的intermolecular 分子间的amber 琥珀rub 摩擦magnetite 磁铁矿magnesia 氧化镁electrification 充电electromagnetism 电磁学magnet 磁铁plastic rod 塑料棒charge 电荷repel 排斥quantized 量子化的 attract 吸引quantization 量子化suspend 悬挂proton 质子neutron 中子electrically charged 带电的electron 电子body 带电体neutral 中性的chargedconservation 守恒integer 整数multiple 整数倍uncharged 不带电的 integral§7.2 Coulomb’s Law（库仑定律）to 正比于Coulomb’s Law 库仑定律 proportionalinversely proportional to 相反地square 平方separating 分开的 product 乘积 permittivity 介电常数repulsive 排斥constant库仑常数hydrogen 氢 Coulomboppositeprinciple 叠加原理sign 符号相反 superposition§7.3 The Electric Field（电场）field(intensity) 电场强度field 电场 electricelectriccharge 场源电荷charge 检验电荷 sourcetestdistribution 分布radio waves 无线电波X-ray X-射线atmosphere 大气lightning 闪电thundercloud 雷雨云§7.4 Calculation of Electric Field（电场的计算）stationary 静止的bisector 平分线denominator 分母manipulation 处理electric dipole 电偶极子linear charge density 电荷线密度electric dipole moment 电偶极矩surface charge density 电荷面密度density 电荷体密度spherically symmetric 球对称volumechargecontinuous charge distribution 电荷连续分布ring charge 带电圆环charge element 元电荷charged disk 带电圆盘strategy 策略infinite plate of charge 无限大带电平面§7.5 Electric Fie ld Lines and Electric Flux（电场线和电通量）electric field lines 电场线electric flux 电通量infinity 无穷远visualize 形象化strength 强度penetrate 穿过surface 闭合曲面qualitative 定量的 closedalign 排列thread 线intersection 相交cross 交叉§7.6 Gauss’s Law（高斯定理）shape 任意形状law 高斯定理 arbitraryGaus s’sgaussian surface 高斯面electric flux 电通量principle 原理practice 实际§7.7 Application of Gauss’s Law（高斯定理的应用）algebraic 代数的rearrange 重新整理symmetry 球对称charge distribution 电荷分布 sphericalsymmetry 平面对称cylindrical symmetry 柱对称 planesymmetric 对称的spherical shell 球壳length 无限长infinite plane 无限大平面infiniteChapter 8Electric Potential（电势）§8.1 Conservativity of Electrostatic Field（静电场的保守性）field 保守力场forceline integral 线积分 conservativeclosed path 闭合路径 conservative 保守的circuital theorem for electrostatic field 静电场环路定理§8.2 Potential Difference and Electric Potential（电势差和电势）potential difference 电势差 electricpotential 电势energy 静电势能infinity 无穷远 electrostaticpotentialvolt 伏特voltage 电压volt 电子伏特battery 电池electron§8.3 Calculation of Electric Potential（电势的计算）lines 虚线equipotential surface 等势面 brokensemicircular 半圆的insulating 绝缘的infinite 无限的dashedlines 虚线extend 延伸solid lines 实线finite 有限的arbitrary 任意的function 函数curved surface 曲面§8.4 Electric Potential Gradient（电势梯度）gradient 梯度notation 符号potential Gradient 电势梯度maximum 最大值right angle 直角sketch 勾画§8.5 Electrostatic Potential Energy（静电势能）electrostatic potential energy 静电势能vicinity 附近Chapter 9Conductor in Electrostatic Field（静电场中的导体）§9.1 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium（导体的静电平衡）isolated conductor 孤立导体electrostatic equilibrium 静电平衡equipotential body 等势体radius of curvature 曲率半径electrostatic shielding 静电屏蔽neutralize 电中和sharp point discharge 尖端放电lightningrod 避雷针stroke 雷击cosmicrays 宇宙射线lightningglow discharge 辉光放电ion 离子corona discharge 电晕放电shrink 收缩cavity 空腔grounding 接地surface 曲面conducting wire 导线curvedcollision 碰撞thunderstorm 雷暴induced charge 感应电荷insert 插入guarantee 保证contradiction 矛盾§9.2 Calculation of Electrostatic Field with Conductors Nearby （有导体存在时静电场的分析与计算）conducting slab 导电板lateral area 侧面effect 边缘效应uncharged conductor 不带电导体 edgeredistribute 重新分配external 外部Chapter 10Capacitors and Dielectrics in Electrostatic Field（电容器和静电场中的电介质）§10.1 Capacitance and Capacitors（电容和电容器）Leyden jar 莱顿瓶 flash 闪光灯capacitance 电容coaxial 同轴的capacitor 电容器coaxial cable 同轴电缆parallel-plate capacitor 平行平板电容器concentric 同心的cylindrical capacitor圆柱形电容器parallel combination 并联spherical capacitor 球形电容器series combination 串联submultiple 因数farad 法拉microfarad 微法拉picofarad 皮法拉rectify 调整inductance 自感应ignition 点火sparking 打火花metallic 金属(性)的combination 联合、组合equivalent 相当的§10.2 Dielectrics and Electric Field（电介质与电场）dielectric 电介质relative dielectric constant 相对介电常数voltmeter 伏特计insulating 绝缘的dielectric breakdown 介质击穿dielectric strength 介电强度§10.3 Polarization of Dielectrics（电介质的极化）molecules 极性分子polarize 极化polarpolarization 极化nonpolar molecules 非极性分子induced dipole moments 感应电矩permanent electric dipole moments 固有电矩surface charge 表面电荷align 排成一线orient 取向bound charge 束缚电荷homogeneous 均匀的free charge 自由电荷microwave 微波 oven 烤箱vibrate 振动 tune 调整resonate 共振 oscillate 振荡§10.4 Gauss’s Law for Electric Displacement Vector（D r的高斯定律）electric displacement 电位移 dielectric constant介电常数deliberately 故意地the flux of D rD r的通量permittivity 电容率§10.5 Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor （电容器的能量）transfer 转移 electrostatic potential energy 静电势能 battery 电池electrostatic field energy 静电场能increment 增量energy density 能量密度transformation 转化maximum operating voltage 最大工作电压terminal 终端deliver 递送dissipate 消散pathway 路径Chapter 11Magnetic Force (磁力)§11.1 Nature o f Magnetic Force(磁力的本质)magnetite 磁铁矿石 bar magnet 条形磁铁 interaction 相互作用magnetic pole 磁极 electric current loops of molecules 分子环形电流§11.2 Magnetic Field and Magnetic Field Vector(磁场和磁感应强度)magnetic field 磁场magnetic field vector=magnetic induction =magnetic flux density 磁感应强度magnetic force 磁场力 Lorentz force 洛仑兹力 B-line 磁感(应)线 magnetic flux 磁通量tesla(T) 特（斯拉） weber 韦伯§11.3 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field(带电粒子在磁场中的运动)cyclotron period 回旋周期magnetic focusing 磁聚焦helix 螺旋线pitch 螺距magnetic lens 磁镜magnetic confinement 磁约束a magnetic bottle 磁瓶the mass spectrometer 质谱仪 schematic drawing 示意图 ion 离子precision 精确度proton 质子deuteron 氘核bombard 轰击cyclotron 加速器dees D型盒evacuate 抽成真空shield 屏蔽oscillate 振动plasma 等离子体fusion 核聚变nuclearVan Allen belts 范阿仑辐射带§11.4 The Hall Effect(霍尔效应)the Hall voltage 霍尔电压the drift velocity 漂移速度§11.5 Magnetic Force on a Current-carrying Conductor(载流导体在磁场中受力—安培力)current-carrying conductor/wire载流导体/导线current loop in a uniform magnetic field匀强磁场中的载流线圈linear element 线元current element vector 电流元矢量loop 环, 回路magnetic moment of a current loop载流线圈磁矩rectangular loop 矩形回路a wire segment 一段导线strip 条；带Chapter 12Source of Magnetic Field（磁场的源）§12.1 The Magnetic Field of Moving Point Charges（运动点电荷的磁场）permeability of free space真空磁导率§12.2 The Biot-Savart Law（毕奥-萨伐尔定律）the Biot-Savart Law 毕奥-萨伐尔定律permeability of free space真空磁导率Gauss’ law in magnetism磁场的高斯定律magnetic monopoles 磁单极solenoid 螺线管turn 匝current-carrying wire 载流导线encircle 环绕current element 电流元diverge 发散converge 聚合pole 磁极magneticmagnet 磁铁flux 磁通量magnetic§12.3 Ampere Circuital Theorem （安培环路定理）penetrate 穿过bounded by 以…为边界finite point 有限点line integral 线积分§12.4 Application of Ampere Circuital Theorem（安培环路定理的应用）current-carrying wire 载流导线circumference 周长cylindrical shell 圆柱形壳toroid 螺绕环inner radius 内径outer radius 外径spherical conductor 球形导体§12.5 Magnetic Field due to Varying Electric Field（与变化的电场相联系的磁场）displacement current 位移电流generalized Ampere’s Law广义安培环路定理conduction current 传导电流magnetic monopole 磁单级postulate 假设total current 全电流steady current 恒定电流§12.6 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Current-carrying Wires（平行电流间的相互作用力）antiparallel 反平行Chapter 13Magnetic Media in Magnetic Field（磁场中的磁介质）§13.1 E ffect on Magnetic Field Caused by Magnetic Media （磁介质对磁场的影响）magnetic medium 磁介质diamagnetic medium 抗磁质paramagnetic medium 顺磁质ferromagnetic material 铁磁质magnetic moment 磁矩paramagnetism 顺磁性partial alignment 部分取向electron spin 电子自旋magnetic dipole 磁偶极子ferromagnetism 铁磁性diamagnetism 抗磁性induced magnetic moment感生磁矩permanent magnetic moment固有磁矩§13.2 Atomic Magnetic Dipole Moments（原子磁矩）magnetization 磁化atomic 原子的magnetic dipole moment 磁矩orbital magnetic moment 轨道磁矩quantum theory 量子理论intrinsic spin angular momentum内禀自旋角动量§13.3 Magnetization（磁介质的磁化）magnetization n.磁化、磁化强度magnetize v. 磁化atomic current loop 分子环流amperian current 安培电流cross-sectional area 横截面积induced magnetic dipole moments感生磁矩surface magnetization current/ bound current面磁化电流(面束缚电流)applied magnetic field 外加磁场magnetic susceptibility 磁化率relative permeability 相对磁导率bismuth 铋Bohr magneton 玻尔磁子superconductor 超导体emf 电动势§13.4 Ferromagnetic Materials（铁磁质）iron 铁cobalt 钴nickel 镍alloy 合金ferromagnetism 铁磁性magnetic domain 磁畴critical temperature 临界温度Curie temperature 居里温度thermal agitation 热扰动effect 边界效应endmagnetic saturation 磁饱和reversible 可逆的magnetic hysteresis 磁滞效应hysteresis loop 磁滞回线magnetization curve 磁化曲线initial magnetization curve 起始磁化曲线remnant magnetization 剩磁coercive force 矫顽力memory 记忆能力magnetize 磁化demagnetize 去磁，退磁transformer 变压器motor 电动机secondary coil 副线圈 cycle 循环 irreversible process 不可逆过程hard ferromagnetic materials 硬磁性材料soft ferromagnetic materials 软磁性材料 hysteresis loss 磁滞损耗（铁损） Curie point 居里点permanent magnet 永久磁体, magnetic tape 磁带，memory unit 记忆元件 iron cores 铁芯 galvanometer 电流计§13.5 Circuital Theorem for H r （H r的环路定理）magnetic intensity 磁场强度 magnetization current 磁化电流free current 自由电流 isotropic 各向同性的 permeability 磁导率relative permeability 相对磁导率Chapter 14Electromagnetic Induction （电磁感应）§14.1 Faraday Law of Electromagnetic Induction （法拉第电磁感应定律）electromagnetic induction 电磁感应 induction current 感应电流emf (electromotive force) 电动势induction emf 感生电动势weber 韦伯 Lenz Law 楞次定律 polarity 极性§14.2 Mo tional emf （动生电动势） motional emf 动生电动势§14.3 Induced emf and Induced Electric Field （感生电动势和感生电场）nonelectrostatic force 非静电力induced emf 感生电动势induced electric field 感生电场vortex field 涡旋场eddy currents 涡流nonconservative field 非保守场time-varying field 时变场alternate 变化alternative 交流电的，交变的laminated 叠片（组成）的§14.4 Mutual Induction（互感现象）mutual induction 互感现象mutual inductance 互感系数emf by mutual induction 互感电动势orientation 方位§14.5 Self-induction（自感现象）self-induction 自感现象self-inductance 自感系数inductor 电感self-induced emf 自感电动势is proportional to 正比于§14.6 Energy of Magnetic Field（磁场的能量）magnetic energy density磁场能量密度energy due to mutual induction互感磁能Chapter 15Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves（麦克斯韦方程组与电磁波）§15-1 Maxwell’s Equations（麦克斯韦方程组）§15-2 Electromagnetic Waves（电磁波）propagation 传播phase 同相、同步intransverse waves 横波wavelength 波长visible spectrum 可见光谱infrared waves 红外波radiation 辐射ultraviolet ray 紫外线Poynging vector 坡印亭矢量§15-3 The Wave Equation for Electromagnetic Waves（电磁波的方程）wave function 波函数wave equation 波的方程wave number 波数angular frequency 角频率plane wave 平面波Chapter 16Temperature and the Kinetic Theory of Gases（温度与气体运动论）§16.1 Thermal Equilibrium and Temperature （热平衡及温度）temperature 温度hotness 热coldness 冷thermometric property 热力学特性thermal contact 热接触the average internal molecular kinetic energy 分子内平均动能thermal equilibrium 热平衡electrical conductor 导电器the zeroth law of thermodynamics热力学第零定律temperature scale 温标§16.2 The Celsius and Fahrenheit Temperature Scales（摄氏温标与华氏温标）thermometer 温度计temperature scale 温标the ice-point temperature 冰点温度point 冰点freezingsteam-point 沸点normal boiling point 标准沸点the steam-point temper a ture 气化点温度the Celsius temperature scale摄氏温标the Fahrenheit temperature scale华氏温标§16.3 Gas Thermometers and the Absolute Temperature Scale（气体温度计和绝对温标）calibrate 校对、校准discrepancy 差异volume 体积density 密度sufficiently low 足够低sulfur 硫a constant-volume gas thermometer等容气体温度计triple point of water 水的三相点ideal-gas temperature scale理想气体温标absolute temperature scale绝对温标。