Chapter_two(2)
英语：Chapter-2《Pollution-Fighters》课件(1)(牛津上海版八年级下)
fruits We get ______from trees.
What do you know about…?
How long do they live?Match the items on the left with the average ages on the right. • a mice i 70 years • b trees ii 150 years • c tortoises iii 40 years • d whales iv 4000 years • e people v 3 years
We get __________from trees. furniture
paper We get _____from trees.
We get _______from pencils trees.
We get _____from trees. coke
We get coffee __________from trees. beans
Chapter Two
Pollution Fighters
Look and Think
What good are trees?
We get shade from trees.
We get_ties trees.
We get _____________from trees. wooden houses
d. a life-giving gas found in air
e. something produced by chemistry f. areas of 10000 square meters
7. nasty
g. gay that something bad or dangerous or may happens
(广州花都黄冈小学)朗文英语4B Chapter one and two 练习题
朗文英语4B Chapter one and two 练习题一．用下列所给的词完成下列对话。
1．A: Why do you want to join the drama club? B: Because I ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿2. A: ＿＿＿do you want to sports club? B: Because I ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿3. A: ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿the English club? B: Because I ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿4. A: ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿the music club? B: Because I ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿二．根据括号里的词的正确形式填空。
e and join＿＿＿(we).We can find out plants together.2.English club can help ＿＿＿(you) to improve ＿＿＿(you) English.3.Why doesn’t Lucy join the art club? She ＿＿＿(not like) ＿＿＿(paint). She ＿＿＿(like) music, so she＿＿＿(join) the music club.4.I join the drama club because I＿＿＿(want)to ＿＿＿(act) in the play.5.I joined the math club because I want to improve＿＿＿(i) math.6.Why do you want to join the drama club? Because acting＿＿(make)＿＿(I) happy.7.Tom like＿＿＿(eat). He＿＿＿(not like) ＿＿＿(do)sports, so he＿＿＿(not join) the sports club.三．按要求改写句子。
八年级英语上册Chapter2《Adayinthelifeof…whiz-kidWen
Chapter 2 A day in the life of,whiz -kid WendyⅠ、 Listen and match the picture to the sentence you hear依据你听到的句子，选出内容符合的图片，用A、 B、C、 D、 E 或 F 表示，填入空格内： 6%Ⅱ、 Listen and choose the best response to the sentence you hear依据你听到的句子选出最适合的应答，用A、B、 C 或 D 表示，填入括号内：6%( ) 1. a. No，it isn’t. b. Yes，it is.c. Yes ，certainly.d. My pleasure.( ) 2. a. It’s near the cinema. b. It’s 10 minutes’ walk.c. No ，it takes you only a few minutes to get there on foot.d. You can take a bus there.( ) 3. a. Thank you. b. Yes，please.c. Just a little.d. Don’t say that.( ) 4. a. Yes，I like. b. Yes，please.c. Yes ，I ’d love to.d. Yes，I like to.( ) 5. a. No，you mustn’t. b. No，you needn’t.c. Sorry，I’m using it now.d. Sorry，I can’t lend any to you.( ) 6. a. Yes，of course. b. Yes，I will.c. All right.d. No，you can’t.Ⅲ、 Listen to the dialogue and choose the best answer to the question you hear根据你听到的对话和问题，选出最适合的答案，用A、 B、 C或 D 表示，填入括号内：6% ( ) 1. a. At home. b. At the railway station.c. In the library.d. In a shop.( ) 2. a. In Shanghai. b. On the way to Shanghai.c. On the way to Beijing.d. In Beijing.( ) 3. a. Canada. b. Australia.c. Britain.d. The United States.( ) 4. a. No，I don’t know. b. Yes，I have.c. Yes ，you are right.d. No，I don’t have.( ) 5. a. At home. b. In the park.c. At school.d. He usually goes to see his friends.( ) 6. a. On foot. b. By car. c. By bike. D. By busⅣ、 Listen to the passage and tell whether the following statements are true or false 判断以下句子能否切合你听到的短文内容，切合的用“T”表示，不切合的用“ F”表示，填入括号内： 6%( ) 1. Dr Buthume came from Canada in 1941.( ) 2. He died for the Chinese people in the war.( ) 3. He taught many people to be doctors.( ) 4. He died soon with that soldier.( ) 5. Few people came to China to help the Chinese people.( ) 6. He saved many people ’s lives and set a good exampl e of a doctorⅤ、 Listen to the passage and complete the table听短文，达成以下表格，每空格限填一词： 6%1.Judy and Uncle Mike have lived in Los Angeles for 1 ______ years.2.Mrs Li and Grandmother plan to stay in Los Angeles for two 2 ______3.They have bought their air 3 ______ already.4.They have not 4 ______ their 5 ______ yet.5.She has also bought some tea and dried 6 ______PartⅡ词汇和语法Ⅰ、 Write the words that go with the descriptions：6%1.talk about something2.selling，the part of a business which tries to sell the product3. be present；go to4.help someone do something5.very easy6. a person who plans，makes or repairs machines，engines，bridges，etc1.d_________2. s_________3. a_________4. a_________5.s_________6. e_________Ⅱ、 Choose the right one用A或B表示：5%1.Wendy Wang is the top student and she usually ________ A grades.(A. achieves B. achives)2. It’s cold outside，you’d better ________(A. put on B. wear) a warm coat.3.This problem ________(A. is too simple to work out B. is simple enough to workout)4. I have five coins. Two coins are Chinese，________(A. the others coins B. the other coins) are American.5.I sometimes stop to buy some ice — cream ________(A. on my way to home B. on my way home).Ⅲ、 Choose the best answer：13%() 1. It’s already 9:30 p.m.，but my father is still ____his new books.a. continuing workb. continuing workingc. continue workingd. continues to works( ) 2. You’re careless，You have missed ____“h”in the word“machine”.() 3. The old usually ____.a. needs much sleepb. need much sleepc. need to much sleepd. need to have many sleeps ( ) 4. The whiz—kid ____ 2 a.m.，He has a lot of work to do.a. go to bed untilb. goes to bed untilc. never go to bed untild. seldom goes to bed before( ) 5. ____ do you have violin lessons? Once a week.a. How longb. How farc. How many timesd. How often() 6. How do you come to school every day?I usually come to school ____.a. by carsb. in carc. on my own card. in a new car() 7. What do you usually do on weekends?I play rugby ____ Saturday morning and ____ Sunday.a. in,.inb. in,.onc. on,.ond. on,.in( ) 8. Which o f the followings is similar to“sales”.a. sell thingsb. selling thingsc. buy thingsd. buying things() 9. Those folk songs ____.a. very popularb. like a lot of peoplec. are very populard. sounds wonderfully()10. All pilots ___ the passengers’ safety.a. must be responsible forb. must be responsible toc. must responsible ford. are responsible to()11. My sister likes making phone calls to her friends ____.a. on her way homeb. in the way to homec. on her way schoold. in the way home()12. Some of the work ____.a. is simple enough for me to finishb. is too simple for me to finishc. are too simple for me( )13. – I am seldom late for school. --____.a. So am Ib. So seldom Ic. Neither am Id. Neither seldom IⅣ、 Fill in the correct verbs用A、B、C,,表示：4%A. studiesB. usually don’t takeC. doesn’tD. studysE. watchesF. doesn ’t doG. don’t usually takeH. watchs1.She ___________________ her housework at home.2.Do you always go to school in your own car?No. I _____________________________ my own car.3. My sister always ________ English before dinner and ________ TV after dinner.1. ____2. ____3. ____、____Ⅴ、 Change the sentences：10%1. Bill must be an actor.（改为否认句）Bill __________ __________ an actor.2. I am too young to drive.（保持原意）I am not __________ __________ to drive.3. My mother has the duty for sales.My mother is __________ __________ sales.4. We have Computer Club meetings on Friday.（否认句）We __________ __________Computer Club meetings on Friday.5. Oh ， the banknote（纸币）is one thousand dollar.（保持原意）Oh ，this is __________ __________ banknote.Ⅵ、 Choose the word or expression which is closest in meaning to the underlined part ：5%A. is not interestingB. always passesC. not often goesD. are liked very much by childrenE. came back toF. always passesG.doesn ’t often go1.Hong Kong returned to China in 1997.2.Those cartoons are very popular.3.Wendy seldom goes to bed until 2:00 a.m.4.Some of the work is boring.5.The girl never fails an exam.1. ____2. ____3. ____4. ____5. ____PartⅢ阅读和写话Ⅰ、阅读理解：5%An old woman is on her way home and she is carrying a large of groceries（食品，杂货） . Suddenly a monkey comes and takes the groceries and runs away.Where does this happen? This happens in Hong Kong.Hong Kong is a big city with a big problem—a problem with monkeys. About 700 monkeys live in the forests near Hong Kong and they usually come to the city to eattheir meals.The monkeys take bags of groceries from old women，take bread from babies，go into flats through open windows and take fruit from kitchen tables. In some flatsthe monkeys find cans of beer. They open the pop-top cans and drink the beer.The people of Hong Kong don’t want the monkeys in their city. They say，‘ Hong Kong is not a good place for moneys. The forest is a good place for monkeys.’But the monkeys don ’t want to eat in the forest because there is no bread inthe forest，and there is no beer either.So， every day the monkeys come into the city. How can people stop them? Nobodyknows！Decide whether the following statements are True(T) or False(F)：() 1. Monkeys stay in Hong Kong because people in Hong Kong like them very much.( ) 2. Monkeys in Hong Kong often take things from people ’s hands.( ) 3. Monkeys in Hong Kong have got used to （习惯于） the life in the city of Hong Kong.( ) 4. People in Hong Kong have got some ways to get the monkeys back into the forests. ( ) 5. The passage tells us about the monkey problem in Hong Kong.Ⅱ、 Read the following and write the letters A 、 B or C in the brackets to match the question 用 A、B 或 C 配问句： 8%Life around here by Mi-Cha BongSchool officials want to change class times from 7:30 in the evening to 7:30 in themorning. What do you think ?Hilmi Askin ：‘ I think it ’s a terrible idea ！ I usually get up at 9:00 and even that ’s difficult for me. At night I like to watch TV and relax （休闲） . I go to bed around1:00 in the morning. Besides ，I can ’t catch a bus at that time of the morning. ’Isabel Lopez ：‘ I think it ’s a great idea. I ’m always up at 5:00 in the morning.It ’s the best time of the day. Fir st I go jogging （慢跑） . Then I take a shower ，have breakfast and watch TV. A 7:30 class would be perfect （完满的） for me. ’Hwa-Jeong Lim ：‘ I never get up before 9:00. I always have several cups of coffee.Then I walk the dog，check my e-mail ，take a shower ，call myparents ，finish my homework and have breakfast. A morning class would be no good for me. ’A. HilmiB. IsabelC. Hwa-Jeong( ) 1. Who checks e-mail in the morning?( ) 2. Who likes the idea of early morning classes?( ) 3. Who needs a lot of coffee in the morning?( ) 4. Who likes to watch TV at night?( ) 5. Who gets up at 5:00 in the morning?( ) 6. Who phones family members every morning?( ) 7. Who goes to bed 1:00 in the morning?( ) 8. Who does homework in the morning?Ⅲ、 Write the words缺词填空：5%NamesYou have a first name to tell who you are. You have a last name to tell whichfamily you are f______. But a long，long time ago，people didn’t have last names. Later they had t______ invent （发明）last names b______ there were too many Charlies，too many Roberts ，and too many Mary’s. People stared （瞪着眼睛） to ask ，Which Charlie? Which Robert? Which Mary?So if a Charlie was a carpenter，he became Charlie Carpenter. If a Robert wasa s______ of Peter，he became Robert Peterson. If a May l______ near the woods，she became Mary Woods.This is the way that some last names started long，long ago.Ⅳ、 Complete the dialogue：5%Shop assistant：1. ________Jim ：I want to buy a shirt.Shop assistant：Oh，here are many shirts for young people. 2. ________Jim ：No，I like white ones better.Shop assistant：White? 3. ________Jim ：It looks nice. 4. ________Shop assistant：One hundred and eight yuan.Jim ：Ok. May I try it on?Shop assistant：5. ________ (Pause稍停) you look nice in the shirt.Jim ：I ’ll take it.A. Yes ， of course.B. How much is it?C. What can I do for you?D. Thank you very much.E. Do you want the black one on the right?F. What about this white one?G. Do you want the black one on the right or the white one on the left?Ⅴ、 Write at least five sentences about the topic“My spare time”(you can referto the paragraph of 4:15p.m. of the text)以课文4：15p.m为参照，以My spare time为题写五句话。
Chapter 2 Phonetics and phonology
8
▪ One of the first activities of the Association was to produce a journal in which the contents were printed entirely in phonetic transcription.
▪ As there is no obstruction of air in the production of vowels, the description of the consonants and vowels cannot be done along the same lines.
14
2.1 Consonants
18
▪ Bilabial ▪ Labiodental ▪ Dental ▪ Alveolar ▪ Postalveolar ▪ Retroflex ▪ Palatal ▪ Velar ▪ Uvular ▪ Pharyngeal ▪ Glottal
19
2.2 Vowels
▪ Cardinal Vowels, as exhibited by the vowel diagram in the IPA chart, are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.
语言学简明教程Chapter_2
Vocal tract
Pharyngeal cavity
Glottis/Throat
Pharynx, velum
Oral cavity mouth
Nasal cavity nose
12
13
The process of sound production
trachea
airstream
larynx
18
Place of articulation
bilabial: / p, b, m/ labiodental: / f, v/
dental: / θ, ð / alveolar: / t, d, l, n, s, z / palatal : / j, ∫, з / velar: / k, g, ŋ / palatal-alveolar: / t ∫, d з / glottal: [h]
7
Henry Sweet, in his Handbook of phonetics made a distinction between narrow and broad transcription. Compare : broad and narrow transcription
words: pit broad transcription: /pit/ narrow transcription: /phit/ feel /fi:l/ /fi:ł/ later /’leitə/ /’leiDə/
(vocal cords)
voiceless velum voiced glottal stop
oral cavity
nasal cavity
工业机器人专业英语课件Chapter 2
QUESTIONS
Questions
Question 1: How many types of robots are mentioned in this chapter, and what are they?
Question 2: What is an industrial robot?
Answer
VOCABULARY
nursing /'nɜːsɪŋ/ n. 护理；看护；养育v. 看护；养育（nurse的ing形式） precision /prɪ'sɪʒ(ə)n/ n. 精度，[数] 精密度；精确adj. 精密的，精确的 fatigue /fə'tiːg/ n. 疲劳，疲乏；杂役 adj. 疲劳的 vt. 使疲劳 vi. 疲劳 speed /spiːd/ v. 快速运动；加速；（使）繁荣；n. 速度；进度；迅速 quality /ˈkwɒlətɪ/ n. 质量，[统计] 品质；特性；才能adj. 优质的；高品质的 surgical /'sɜːdʒɪk(ə)l/ n. 外科手术；外科病房adj. 外科的；手术上的 procedure /prə'siːdʒə/ n. 程序，手续；步骤 guardian /'gɑːdɪən/ n. [法] 监护人，保护人；守护者adj. 守护的 patient /'peɪʃ(ə)nt/ n. 病人，患者；受动者，承受者adj. 有耐心的，能容忍的 response /rɪ'spɒns/ n. 响应；反应；回答
Answerຫໍສະໝຸດ Question 5: How to choose a suitable explorer robot?
TRANSLATION
VOCABULARY
语言学_Chapter 2_Phonetics
PHONETICS PHONOLOGY
2.1 The phonic medium
语音学 语音的 发生、传递、感知 不涉及到意义 基本单位：音素 phone （或者可以区别意义、或者不可区别意义）
classify and describe them?
• 2. How many consonants are there in English? How • • 3. What is the major difference of English vowels
and consonants? to classify and describe them?
Manner of Articulation
• ... concerns the size of the air
passage:
– the articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period; – they may narrow the space considerably; or – they may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other.
Of course not! All languages have both voiceless and voiced sounds contrasting in their phonological systems. Try to pronounce English vowels, they are ______. Pronounce [b, g] and [p, k]. Can you find any difference?
Chapter 2 构词法(词缀法)
Chapter 2 Word Formation Methods:Affixation(derivation) (30-40) compounding(28-30) conversion(26)shortening(clipping, acronym) 8-10blending 1-5AffixationDefinitionis generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to bases.Process: Derivation; words: derivativesAffixes may be derivational (-ness, pre-), or inflectional (plural –s, past tense –ed)is, thus, a word formation process by adding morphemes at the beginning (prefixation), or at the end (suffixation) of words.词缀的特点1.词缀来源的多样性GreekPrefix: amphi-, anti-, arch-, auto-, cata-, di-, dia-, enne-, hector-, hemi-, hexa-, hyper-, hypo-, kilo-, mono-, neo-, octa-, pan-, penta-, poly-, proto-, pseudo- LatinPrefix: bi-, centi-, counter-, deci-, demi-, en-, ex-, in-, infra-, inter-, mal-, milli-, mini-, multi-, nona-, post-, pre-, pro-, re-, sept-, sub-, super-, sur-, trans-, tri-, ultra-, uni-, vice-Suffix : -age, -al, -ant, -ate, -ible, -iveRomanic :Prefix: de-, dis-, non-Suffix: -able, -ary, -eer, -ery, -esque, -ess, -ette, -ic, -ify, -iron, -ity, -let, -ment, -or, -ous, -sion, -tionOld EnglishPrefix: a-, be-, for-, fore-, mis-, off-, out-, over-, to-, under-, with-Suffix: -dom, -ed, -er, -fold, -ful, -hood, -ing, -ish, -less, -like, -ling, -ly, -ness, -ship, -some, -ster, -ward, -wise, -y2. 词缀的多义性in-: 不，入dis-: 分离，除去解除，解散取消，否定-ish: ……似的有点……的民族的，……语言的近乎于……的(口) 表示年龄或时间：大约，左右-ly: 构成的形容词：相似的，具有某种性质的时间的反复构成的副词：以……方式，程度，顺序，在……时候，在……方面，在……方向同一词缀，不同意思，不同翻译e.g. –er-ism: 主义，制度不同领域里，多种汉译barbarism Buddhism Darwinism euphemism fanaticismmagnetismmaterialismpatriotismrelativismtourism3. 词缀的同义性表示否定：a-dis-in(im-, il, ir)non-un-Prefix“不良的，假的”等贬义mal-, mis-, pseudo-时间先后ante-, ex-, fore-, post-, pre-人们看法或态度anti-, counter-, pro-消除de-, dis-, un-大小，程度arch-, be-, infra-, macro-, maxi-, micro-, midi-, mini-, out-, over-, re-, retro-, with-周围、外层、靠近inter-, intra-, peri-, sub-, super-, trans-全部be-, omni-, pan-, panto-, per-使……成为be-, en-Suffix:学科–ics phiysics; -logy biology; -ry chemistry身份–age, -dom致使、变成–ate, -en, -fy, -ize性质、状态–acious, -al, -an, -aneous, -ar, -ary, -astic, -ate, -atic, -eous, -etic, -fic, -ful, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ical, -icular, -id, -ile, -ine, -ious, -itous, -ive, -lent, -less, -ory, -ous, -some, -tic, -tious, -ual, -uous, -y地点，场所–age, -ern, -ery, -arium, -itory, -ry小–c(u)le, -el, -(e)rel, -et, -ette, -ie, -kin, -let, -ling, -ock, -y抽象–asm, -ery, -hood, -ition, -ity, -osity, -our, -ry, -ship, -sion行为，动作-age, -ation, -ing, -ism, -sion事物，器皿–ant, -er, -or“家，元，者”等“人”-ain, -aire, -an, -ant, -ar, -ard, -arian, -ary, -ast, -ate, -ee, -eer, -ician, -ist, -ive, -ling, -or表示阴性的名词后缀–enne, -ess, -line, -trix形状、特性-form, -ish, -like, -ly, -oid, -ose, -ous, -ular事物、方式、状态、方向–erly, -ly, -s, -wards, -ways, -wise疾病–ia, -ism, -itis, -oma, -osis可以改变词性的前缀：en-(在p, b, m前一般用em-), be-, a-en-: +n. →v. to make…endanger, enslave, enthrone+a. →v. enable, enfeeble, enlarge, enrich+v. →v. enfold, enlightenbe-: +n. or a. →v. becloud, befriend, becalm, belittlebe-: +n.+ed →a. 有“轻蔑，戏谑”等意思benighted, bespectacleda-: +n. or v. →a. (做表语) afire, afoot, asleep, astir5. 构词能力的差异性6. 变化的时代性electronic equipment, electronic computer, electronic surveillance, electronic music, electronic bulletin board, electronic data interchange, electronic highway/superhighway新的前缀e-: e-mail, e-journals, e-groups, e-business, e-leaning, e-finance, e-book, e-card, e-cash, e-shopper, e-tailing, e-zinecybercybercafé(网络咖啡馆，网吧), cybercrime, cyberculture(电脑化社会，电脑化文明)，cybernaut(网络用户)，cyberphobia(计算机恐惧症)，cyberpunk(计算机高手，黑客)，cybersex(网络色情)，cyberspace(计算机空间，网络空间，虚拟现实), cyberspeak (网络用语)，cyberstalking(网上的骚扰行为)，cybersurfing(网络漫游)，cyberworld(网络世界)Bio-, eco-, nano- originally: combining form now: prefixBio-Bioactivity, biochip, bioclimatology, biodiesel, biodiversity, bioeffect, bioethic, biogenetics, biography, biomagnetics, biometrics, bioreactor, bioremediation, biospherics, biotech, bioterrorismEco-Eco-car, eco-catastrophe/eco-disaster, ecoclimate, eco-efficiency, ecofallow, eco-friendly, ecogeographic, ecospecies, ecosphere, ecosystem, eco-terrorism, eco-tourismNano-Nanosecond，略作：nsNanocomputer, nanotube, nanotechnology, nanobiology, nanochemistry, nanoelectronicsSuffix originally: combining form; now: suffix-gate derived from Watergate “类似水门事件的丑闻”Irangate, hurricanegate……-ed: for 描写服装，面容和和性格等当代新的前缀和后缀all-, audio-, crypto-, mock-, near-, part-, radio-, techno-, tele-, uber-, -aholic, -buster, -busting, -friendly, -impaired, -intensive, -ista, -mad, -mania, -meister, -phile, -seeking, -ville时代性较强的后缀-mindeda conservation-minded society, an innovation-minded nation-friendlyenvironment-friendly automobile, environment-friendly societycomputer-friendly, consumer-friendly, family-friendly, reader-friendly, user-friendlyTwo types of affixation: prefixation and suffixationPrefixationTwo types of Prefixes: lexical prefix & grammatical prefix●Lexical prefix 实义前缀1. Prefix denoting time and sequence 表示时间和顺序的前缀ante-(before) “在……之前”ex-(time-out, former) “过期”，“从前的”post-(after) “……之后”(before, in advance) “预先，前”inter-(between, among, mutual) “在……中”，“在……之间”，“相互”per-(through, completely, [chemistry] maximum proportion) “穿过”，“穿透”“[化] 高……，过……”trans-(across, through, change) “横跨”，“跨越”，“穿过”，“转化”2. Prefix denoting degrees and levels 表示程度和级别的前缀ex-(out of, excessive) “超过”，“向外”extra-(outside, beyond) “在……之外”，“超出”hyper-(over, beyond, above) “超出”，“过于”，“极度”(to the point of surpassing or exceeding) “超过”，“超出”over-(excessively, outer) “过度的”，“过多的”，“外部的”para-(beyond, near, abnormal, assistant) “超过”，“近乎”，“异常”，“辅助的”semi-(half, partly) “半”，“一定程度上”sub-(secondary, under) “次等”，“下级”，“下面”under-(less, below, beneath) “在……之下”，“低于”ultra-(to an extreme degree) “超”，“超越”3. Prefix denoting conditions and positions 表示状态和方位的前缀ab-, abs-, a-(away from) “离开”，“走开”，“离去”，“分离”circum-(around)“环绕”contra-(against, opposite) “反对”，“相反”，“相对”counter-(in the opposite direction) “反”，“反向”(away, from, down) “离去”，“除去”，“分离”，“降低”，“解除”e-,ex-(outward, out) “向外的”，“外出的”in-, im-, il-, ir-(inside, into) “入内”，“进入”intra-(within) “在内的”，“内部的”，“里面的”intro-(inward, into) “向内”，“入内”out-(from outside, outward) “向外”，“远离中心”，“出”pro-(forward, substitute, favoring) “向前”，“代替”，“亲善”re-(in return, backward) “退还”，“复原”，“返回”，“向后”，“反向”sur-(above, additional) “在……表面”，“附加的”，“额外的”up-(up, upward, upper) “向上”，“朝上”，“上部的”4. prefix denoting negative or opposite meanings 表示否定和相反意义的前缀dis-(negative, apart from) “不”，“非”，“相反”，“除去”，“分离”in-, il-, im-, ir-(not) “不”，“没”non-(not) “无”，“非”，“不”，常用在形容词和名词前表示否定un-(not)“无”，“难以”，“不”，常用在名词前表示否定5. prefix denoting modes and manner 表示形式和方式的前缀ad-(toward, near, add) “方向”，“接近”，“添加”variants: ac-, af-, ag-, al, ap-, as-, at-anti-(opposed to, against) “反”，“抗”，“阻碍”co-, col-, com-, con-, cor-(jointly, together) “一起”，“共同”，“联合”e-(electron, electronics) “电子”，“网上”mis-(wrong, bad) “错”，“坏”，“误”ob-(toward, against) “倾向”，“阻止”re-(again, once more, anew) “再次”，“重新”●grammatical prefixes 语法前缀a-(indicating a state) “使……处于……状态”。
Chapter2 翻译的标准,原则
(4) Necessity is the mother of invention. A：需要是发明之母。 B：因为需要才会有发明。 (5) Grand Opening 开业大吉 (6) Come to see me whenever you need my help. 有事只管来找我。
中国翻译史上的论争： 鲁迅：宁信而不顺---rather to be faithful than smooth。 目的：引入英文句式的表达法
梁实秋、赵景深：宁顺而不信---rather to be smooth than faithful 目的：可读性强，便于 交流。
翻译的原则(三要素)
The secretary and accountant of the company was present. 公司的秘书兼会计刚才还在。
Byron's father, by his first marriage, had a daughter, Augusta, Byron's half-sister. Byron的爸爸第一次结婚的时候生了个女儿， 叫Augusta，也就是byron的同父异母的姐 姐。
（9）太贵了。 A: That’s very expensive B: That’s too much （10）（快来买呀，）过了这个村就没这个 店了。 So it is now or never
3. 相似性 3.1 相同还是相似？ (1) compare : Mr· Wang 王先生 (2) Sorry, your book is out. 很抱歉，你要借的书(你的书）借出去了
1. 传意性 1.1 语义三角
thought（思想） symbol（符号） referent（所指）
跨文化交际Chapter 2
Culture is adaptive
Culture is adaptive
Culture is adaptive
Metaphors of culture --- culture is like an iceberg
Metaphors of culture --- culture is like an iceberg
Definitions of Culture
Historically, “culture” derives from Latin word “colere”. Culture usually refers to sth that derives from or created by the intervention of humans ----- culture is cultivated. No less than 164 definitions of culture (Kroeber and Kluckhohn, 1952);
• Culture is ongoing and subject to change; • Culture seldom remain constant; • They can produce change through the mechanisms of invention and diffusion. • Culture changed also because of (1) laws, (2) shifts in values, (3) natural disasters, (4) wars, or other calamities. The most significant is (5) economic change. • “Change” involves adaptation.