神话的思想内容课程讲义
《中国古代神话体系》讲义
首先，中国上古时的确没有专门的，权威的，成体系的上古神话的整理著述，所有神话传说都来自于各种笔记，诗文，散文，个人著述等等的片段，包括《诗经》《楚辞》《山海经》《左传》《国语》《庄子》《墨子》《韩非子》《吕氏春秋》《淮南子》《史记》《三五历记》《帝王世纪》等等，因此众说纷纭，版本复杂，我能轻易列举十几种三皇五帝的说法，且相互矛盾，涉及他们的世系就更是一团乱麻了，我要是在这里分门别类讲一遍，别说我自己就觉得烦，诸位读起来也肯定要大呼用户体验太差。
因此在这里所记述的，是我从中整理出的，以主流性，多数性和不自相矛盾性为原则的上古神话体系，我会尽量都说明出处，做到有理有据，挑战到大多数人的固有印象的，也会论述清楚。
下面开始正文：古希腊神话有神话时代和英雄时代，其实中国上古神话也可以这么分，以帝尧为分界线，之前可以称之为神话时代，主线故事是创世，造人，三皇五帝的三次神战、妖神鬼怪及其纷争，帝尧之后可以称之为英雄时代，主线故事是羿和禹等人的英雄事迹及部落纷争。
腹黑男帝尧是连接两个时代的关键。
下面开始神话时代的主线剧情叙述：天地始于混沌（奇点？），其中孕育了一个神祗，后人称之为盘古氏，盘古氏是什么样的呢？“盘古之君，龙首蛇身，嘘为风雨，吹为雷电，开目为昼，闭目为夜”注1龙首蛇身，也就是没有爪的龙的样子，然后他撑开了混沌的天地，每天撑开一丈，撑了n年后，直到天地增长为九万里，盘古死掉了，身躯化为大地，双目化为日月，血液化为江河，肌肉化为田地，皮肤化为草木。
注2盘古死后，孕育盘古的先天混沌之气产生了中国古代神话的最高神明——昊天上帝，更常见的叫法是：天帝，也叫太一，皇天等，利玛窦翻译耶和华时就借鉴了这一称呼，翻译为上帝。
在楚国，昊天上帝被称为东皇太一。
在古籍中，昊天上帝就是人们经常所说的天帝。
昊天上帝人格不显，应当是全知全能的神，而非人格神。
当然你要说昊天上帝就是鸿钧老祖我也没办法，太一和鸿钧含义的确相似。
盘古“开目为昼，闭目为夜”的功能被烛龙所继承，烛龙也就是烛九阴，住在钟山，人称钟山之神，长的是人面蛇身，显然和龙首蛇身的盘古有亲缘关系，另外一个和盘古有亲缘关系的，是住在雷泽的雷神，长的是龙首人身。
2024年度中国古代神话课件
区别
神话主要描述神祇、英雄等神圣存在的超自然故事，具有神圣性和普遍性；而 传说则更多地关注历史事件、地方风俗等人间事务，具有世俗性和地域性。此 外，神话通常比较古老，而传说则相对较晚出现。
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中国古代神话的主要类型
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创世神话
盘古开天辟地
描述盘古用斧头开天辟地 ，创造世界的神话。
神话故事的奇幻性和象征性为艺术家提供了广阔的创作空间，促进 了艺术表现手法的创新和发展。
强化了艺术审美价值
神话故事所蕴含的美好情感和深邃思想，提升了艺术品的审美价值 和文化内涵。
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对古代科技的影响
启发了科学探索精
神
中国古代神话中蕴含的对自然世 界的探索和想象，激发了古人的 科学探索精神，如嫦娥奔月的故 事启发了古人对月球的探索。
展。
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感谢您的观看
THANKS
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异物神话
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龙凤呈祥
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龙和凤作为吉祥的象征，在神话中经常出现，代表着吉祥、和
谐与美好。
麒麟送子
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麒麟被视为瑞兽，象征着吉祥和繁荣。在神话中，麒麟常常与
送子相关联，寓意着子孙昌盛、家族兴旺。
貔貅招财
03
貔貅是神话中的瑞兽之一，具有招财进宝的寓意。在民间信仰
中，人们常佩戴或摆放貔貅以祈求财运亨通。
道家思想主张无为而治，这在神话中也有所反映。例如，尧舜禅让、许
由洗耳等故事，都表达了不慕名利、清静自守的生活态度。
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追求长生
道家思想追求长生不老，这在神话故事中也有所体现。例如，嫦娥奔月
中国古代神话故事知识解读
中国古代神话故事知识解读第一章神话起源与传说 (1)1.1 神话的起源与意义 (1)1.1.1 对自然现象的敬畏。
在远古时代，人类的生产力水平较低，对自然界的许多现象无法解释，如雷电、洪水、地震等。
为了寻求心理安慰，人们将这些自然现象神话化，认为它们是神灵的力量所体现。
(1)1.1.2 对祖先的崇敬。
古代人们在生产力低下的情况下，对祖先的智慧和力量充满敬畏。
神话故事中，往往将祖先描绘成具有超凡能力的神灵，以此来表达对祖先的尊敬和怀念。
(2)1.1.3 对社会秩序的维护。
神话故事往往具有强烈的道德教化作用，通过讲述神灵的故事，传达出古代社会的道德观念和价值取向，从而维护社会秩序。
(2)1.1.4 传承文化。
神话故事是古代文化的重要载体，它承载了古代人们的智慧、信仰和价值观。
通过对神话故事的传播，可以传承和发扬我国优秀的传统文化。
(2)1.1.5 教化人心。
神话故事中的神灵形象和故事情节，往往具有强烈的道德教化作用。
它可以引导人们树立正确的价值观，弘扬正义、善良、勇敢等美德。
(2)1.1.6 启迪思维。
神话故事充满了丰富的想象和创意，它可以激发人们的思维能力，培养人们的创造力和想象力。
(2)1.1.7 联系 (2)1.1.8 区别 (2)第二章天地开辟与创世神话 (3)第三章伏羲与黄帝 (3)第四章神话中的英雄人物 (4)第五章神话中的神祇与神仙 (5)第六章神话中的鬼神与妖怪 (6)第七章民间神话与祭祀 (7)第八章神话故事与文学艺术 (8)第一章神话起源与传说1.1 神话的起源与意义神话作为一种古老的文化现象，其起源可以追溯到人类文明的初期。
在我国，神话起源于远古时期，当时的人们对自然界的诸多现象无法理解，便借助想象和幻想，创造了诸多神话故事，以此来解释自然界的奥秘和人类社会的起源。
神话的起源有以下几点原因：1.1.1 对自然现象的敬畏。
在远古时代，人类的生产力水平较低，对自然界的许多现象无法解释，如雷电、洪水、地震等。
《神话》课件1
神 话人
类 文 化 的 源 头
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讨论题推荐课本P202
1、搜集资料，看看 古代诗人是怎样以神话材 料入诗的。
2、试找一找《庄子》 《列子》《淮南子》等书 中的神话，探讨神话对寓 言的影响。
神 话人
类 文 化 的 源 头
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人类祖先共同的思考
神 话人
类 祖 先 的 思 考
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探究目的一：了解先民
2、关于人和自然的思考 人类在自然面前的恐惧
神
例：洪水灭世 中：女娲补天 西：希腊皮拉和丢卡利翁（希腊） 挪亚方舟（圣经）
话
人
人类和自然的斗争
例：鲧禹治水 ——战胜洪水 精卫填海 ——反抗自然 普罗米修斯从盗了天火 （希腊）
主 题 探 究
神 学
习 泉
话州 实 验 中 学
曾
志
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彬 课件来源于
1
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风
雨神 话
雷的 魅 力 是
电永 恒 的
2
狭义神话：指上古时代 的神话,这些神话产生于原 始社会野蛮时期的低级阶段,
课件来源于
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小结：探究方向
求同 求异 影响
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志彬课件 20
结束语
用心去做，你也能创造“神 话”。
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志彬课件
课件来源于
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谢 谢 各 位
神 话文
明 差 异 的 镜 子
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第一节 神话
2、神话所蕴含的民族精神
• 深重的忧患意识（洪水神话）； • 明确的厚生爱民意识（女娲补天、后羿射 日）； • 反抗精神（刑天舞干戚）； • 刑天与帝至此争神，帝断其首，葬之常羊 之山，乃以乳为目，以脐为口，操干戚以 舞。 • ——《山海经· 海外西经》
三、上古神话的思维特征
• 1、以己观物，以己感物： • 盘古化生万物：开天辟地时诞生的盘古，临死的 时候，将自己的整个身躯化成了世间的万事万物。 他呼出的气变成了清风和云朵，发出的声音变成 了轰鸣的雷霆，左眼变成了太阳，右眼变成了月 亮，血液化成了滔滔的江河，筋脉变成了山川道 路，皮肤肌肉化作了肥田沃土，头发和髻须变成 了天上的星星，皮肤上的汗毛变成了草木… • ——《神话传说三百篇》第2-3页
他呼出的气变成了清风和云朵发出的声音变成了轰鸣的雷霆左眼变成了太阳右眼变成了月亮血液化成了滔滔的江河筋脉变成了山川道路皮肤肌肉化作了肥田沃土头发和髻须变成了天上的星星皮肤上的汗毛变成了草木
第一节 上古神话
一、神话的概念、产生和功能； 二、神话的内容及其蕴含的民族精 神； 三、上古神话的思维特征；
一、神话的概念、产生和功能
三、上古神话的思维特征
• 2、具体、形象的思维：
• 《淮南子· 天文训》：日出于旸谷，浴于咸 池，拂于扶桑，是谓晨明…至于虞渊，是 谓黄昏。至于蒙谷，是谓定昏。
三、上古神话的思维特征
• 3、深化思维伴随着浓烈的情感体验：
• 万物有灵； • 《山海经》中的龙凤神话形象。
三、上古神话的思维特征
• 总结：神话思维实际上是一种象征性或隐 喻性思维，是一种艺术性的思维方式。 • 象征、隐喻，就是某种具体的物象和某种 特定的意义之间的联系。 • 文学创作的象征和情感表达更加主观化、 个性化，是作者的主观情怀，而神话的象 征和情感根植于集体意识之中，带有更多 的神秘意味。
希腊罗马神话课程讲义
Roman and Greek Mythology希腊罗马神话课程教案Foreign Language Teaching and Research DepartmentHeilongjiang UniversityForeign Language Teaching and Research Department★ Introduction of GreeceI.ObjectivesStudents will be able to :1. get to know something about GreeceII.Lesson PlanGreece is the southeasternmost region on the European continent. It is defined by a series of mountains, surrounded on all sides except the north by water, and endowed with countless large and small islands. The Ionian (爱奥尼亚) and Aegean seas and the many deep bays and natural harbors along the coastlines allowed the Greeks to prosper in maritime commerce（海上贸易）and to develop a culture which drew inspiration from many sources, both foreign and indigenous. Greece has a history stretching back almost 4000 years. The people of the mainland, called Hellenes(古希腊人), organised great naval and military expeditions, and explored the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, going as far as the Atlantic Ocean and the Caucasus Mountains（高加索山脉）. One of those expeditions, the siege of Troy, is narrated in the first great European literary work, Homer's Iliad. During the Classical period (5th century B.C.), Greece was composed of city-states(古希腊的城邦), the largest being Athens, followed by Sparta（斯巴达）and Thebes（底比斯）. In the second half of the 4th century B.C., the Greeks, led by Alexander the Great①, conquered most of the then known world and sought to Hellenize it. In 146 BC Greece fell to the Romans.During the Hellenistic period, the Greek world was reaching as far east as India. At length its culture became one of the oldest and the most resplendent ancient civilizations in history---Hellenic culture. From this moment on, I will do my best to present you the culture from mythology stories.Foreign Language Teaching and Research DepartmentChapter1 IntroductionI. ObjectivesStudents will be able to :1. get to know the Beginning of the World2. get to know the Olympian GodsII. Learning Difficultiesdifferent names of the gods and goddessesIII.Lesson Plan★ 1.1 The Beginning of the WorldBefore earth and sea and heavens became known, the face of nature was one crude, formless mass. Land and sea and air were mingled together. The universe was a uniform darkness, without sun, moon, let alone the earth. In the middle of the darkness sat Chaos and his wife---Nyx [niks], the goddess of Night, who reigned but did not rule. So the whole space was lifeless. Centuries later, with the birth of Light and Day, earth and sea and air came into being. And also Chaos and Nyx gave birth to Gaea 盖亚(Earth), and Gaea gave birth to Uranus (Heaven) and married him. Still later, the union of Gaea and Uranus gave birth to the Titans (The Titans of Greek mythology were the twelve children of Gaea and Uranus), the Cyclopes and the Centimani. Afraid that his own gigantic children might usurp his throne, Uranus drove them all back to the earth, and this roused the resentment of the mother Gaea. At her instigation one of her sons, Cronus (one Titan) attacked and wounded Uranus with a sickle given by Gaea. Thus Cronus got the crown and became the supreme ruler of the universe.He married his own sister Rhea and entrusted the management of the sun to his brother Hyperion and the moon to his sister Phoebe. Cronus ruled his realm peacefully until an oracle prophesied that he would one day be dethroned/overthrown by one of his own children. To avoid the disaster he took the excessive precaution of swallowing up all his five children one by one after their birth. These were Hesia The goddess of the hearth (赫斯提：女灶神) Demeter (The goddess of the harvest得墨忒耳：主管收获的女神), Hera, Poseidon (The god of the waters, earthquakes, and horses), Hades (The god of the netherworld). When Rhea bore the last child, Zeus (Jupiter), Cronus wanted to get rid of him in the same fashion. But the mother wrapped up a piece of stone in the infant’s swathes and handed it over to the unsuspecting father. Thus Zeus was saved and sent to Mt Ida (艾达峰：克里特岛中部一山峰), where the mountain nymphs (宁芙女神：以美丽女子形象出现，有时化身为树、水和山等自然之物的小女神) did all in their power to protect him from any harm. By the time Cronus became aware of the deception, it was too late, for young Zeus suddenly appeared before him and easily deposed/dethroned him.Foreign Language Teaching and Research DepartmentWith the help of a nauseous potion, Zeus forced his father to disgorge his five brothers and sisters. But Cronus and his Titans were not reconciled to their defeat. They made war on Zeus and his brothers and sisters. Acting on the advice of his mother Rhea, Zeus released the Cyclopes from under the earth and armed himself with their thunderbolts, for the Cyclopes were thunderbolt-makers. Soon Cronus and Titans were forced to submission and cast down into Tartarus (The regions below Hades where the Titans were confined塔尔塔罗斯：冥府下面的深渊). Thus Zeus became the ruler of the Olympus. He made his sister Hera his queen, and distributed power among his brothers and sisters and his sons and daughters. Among them, Poseidon ruled over the vast expanse of seas and oceans, and Pluto was assigned as the lord to the lower world.★ 1.2 The Olympian GodsOn Mt Olympus, the overlord of gods---Zeus---was not an autocrat; he led a council of twelve members (i.e. there were twelve major gods on Mt Olympus).There were twelve Olympians, although you may run across fourteen different names. Hestia, Demeter, Dionysus, and Hades are variable. The remaining ten are: Apollo, Ares, Hermes, Hephaestus, Poseidon, and Zeus, among the gods; Aphrodite, Athena, Artemis, and Hera, among the goddesses.Zeus（宙斯天王）: Zeus is the ruler of the Olympian gods. He is also known as Jupiter in Roman. His attributes in iconography include the lightning bolt, the eagle, and the scepter. Hera（赫拉天后婚姻神）: As the wife (and sister) of Zeus, Hera is the patron of marriage. She is also known as Juno (Roman). She has no unique attributes in iconography and so can only be identified by context or inscription.Poseidon（波塞冬海神）: Poseidon is the god of the sea. He is also known as Neptune (Roman) and the Earth-shaker. His attributes in iconography include the trident and the fish.Hades（哈得斯冥神阎王）:Hades is the god of the underworld. He is also known as Pluto(Roman). His attributes in iconography are the cornucopia and the sceptre.Ares（阿瑞斯战神）: Ares is the god of war and conflict and is the husband of Aphrodite. He is also known as Mars (Roman). Ares is depicted as a warrior but, as he has no unique attributes in iconography, he can only be identified by context or inscription. Hephaestus (赫菲斯托斯火和锻冶之神) : The god of fire and metalworking.Hermes（赫耳墨斯商神幸运神）: Hermes' main role is as a messenger but he has many other functions as well. He is also known as Mercury (Roman). His attributes in iconography include the kerykeion (messenger's staff), winged boots, and petassos (cap). Apollo（阿波罗太阳神）: Apollo is associated principally with music, prophecy, sickness, and medicine. He is also known as Phoebus Apollo and is called the Far Shooter and the Pythian. (He has no separate Roman name.) His attributes in iconography are the cithara, or sometime the lyre, the bow, the fawn, and the tripod. He is often depicted with his sister, Artemis.Artemis（阿耳忒弥斯月神狩猎神）: Artemis is the goddess of the hunt and animals, as well as of childbirth. She is also known as Diana (Roman). Her attributes in iconography include the bow and the fawn. She often appears with her brother, Apollo.Athene（雅典娜智慧神）: Athene (also spelled Athena) is the patron of wisdom, military Foreign Language Teaching and Research Departmentvictory, and women's crafts. She is the one who leaped up from the top of Zeus’s head. She is also known as Tritogeneia and Minerva (Roman) and is also called Pallas Athene. Her attributes in iconography include the aegis (a fringed cloak, sometimes decorated with a Gorgon's head), the helmet, and the spear.Demeter（得墨忒耳农神）: Demeter is the giver of grain. She is also known as Ceres (Roman) and sometimes Deo. Her attributes in iconography can include a torch, a crown, a sceptre, and stalks of grain. She is often portrayed with her daughter, Persephone/Kore. Aphrodite（阿芙罗蒂德爱欲之神）: Aphrodite governs desire and sexuality. She is also known as Cytherea, Cypris, and Venus (Roman). She is often pictured with a sceptre or a mirror.Hestia The goddess of the hearth, daughter of Cronus and Rhea.(赫斯提：女灶神，克罗诺斯与瑞亚之女)Dionysus The god of wine and of an orgiastic religion celebrating the power and fertility of nature.Also called Bacchus狄俄尼索斯(酒神, 即罗马神话中的Bacchus)酒神和宗教狂欢庆祝大自然权力与丰产之神Gods assembled: In the line behind and from left to right is first Hades, holding his two-forked scepter, the mother of the gods Rhea 1, and between her and Hera is Hera's peacock. Zeus sits in the middle with the eagle at his feet holding the thunderbolt in his hand.To his right sits Cronos and standing are Athena and Apollo. Under the latter Artemis, with a half-moon adorning his head, is seen holding her bow. In the first line and from left to right Dionysus 2 is seen reclining. Ares in armour sits close to Aphrodite who looks at Eros as he comes towards her. In the far right sits Poseidon holding his trident.Foreign Language Teaching and Research DepartmentChapter2 Prometheus and Pandora's BoxI. ObjectivesStudents will be able to :1. get to know something about Prometheus2. get to know something about PandoraII. Learning DifficultiesThe relation between Prometheus and PandoraIII. Lesson Plan★ 2.1 PrometheusPrometheus was one of the Titans, a gigantic race, who inhabited the earth before the creation of man. Prometheus was called the benefactor of mankind.To him and his brother Epimetheus was committed the office of making man, and providing him and all other animals with the faculties necessary for their preservation. Epimetheus undertook to do this, and Prometheus was to overlook his work, when it was done. Epimetheus accordingly proceeded to bestow upon the different animals the various gifts of courage, strength, swiftness, sagacity; wings to one, claws to another, a shelly covering to a third, etc. But when man came to be provided for, who was to be superior to all other animals, Epimetheus had been so prodigal of his resources that he had nothing left to bestow upon him. In his perplexity he resorted to his brother Prometheus, who, with the aid of Minerva (The goddess of wisdom, invention, the arts, and martial prowess. 密涅瓦：掌管智慧、发明、艺术和武艺的女神), went up to heaven, and lighted his torch at the chariot of the sun. and brought down fire to man. With this gift man was more than a match for all other animals. It enabled him to make weapons wherewith to subdue them; tools with which to cultivate the earth; to warm his dwelling, so as to be comparatively independent of climate; and finally to introduce the arts and to coin money, the means of trade and commerce.Zeus sent most of the Titans to Tartarus to punish them for fighting against him in the Titanomachy, but since the second generation Titan Prometheus had not sided with his aunts, uncles, and brother Atlas, Zeus spared him. Zeus then assigned Prometheus the task of forming man from water and earth, which he did, but in the process, became fonder of men than Zeus had anticipated. Zeus didn't share Prometheus' feelings and wanted to keep men from having power, especially of fire. So Zeus deprived mankind of the gift of fire. Prometheus cared more for man than for the wrath of the increasingly powerful and autocratic king of the gods, so he stole fire from Zeus' lightning, concealed it in a hollow stalk of fennel, and brought it to man. He also stole skills from Hephaestus and Athena to give to man. Then, when Zeus and he were discussing the ceremonial forms for Foreign Language Teaching and Research Departmentanimal sacrifice, Prometheus devised a way to help man. He divided the slaughtered animal parts into two packets. In one was the ox meat and innards wrapped up in the stomach lining. In the other packet were the ox bones wrapped up in its own rich fat. Prometheus presented Zeus with a choice between the two, and Zeus took the richer appearing. As a result of this trick, man would thereafter be able to feast on the meat whenever it sacrificed (burned bones) to the gods.Prometheus was still not awed by the might of Zeus and continued to defy him, refusing to warn him of the dangers of the nymph Thetis (future mother of Achilles). Zeus had tried punishing Prometheus through his loved ones, but this time he decided to punish him more directly. He bade Hephaestus (or Hermes) chain Prometheus to Mount Caucasus, where an eagle ate his ever-regenerating liver each day.Eventually Hercules rescued Prometheus, and Zeus and the Titan were reconciled. ★ 2.2 Pandora’s BoxPandora, was crafted by Hephaestus in his forge. Athena provided Pandora with skills in the womanly arts and made her dangerous. Zeus, who ordered her creation, gave her as a gift and a curse to mankind. Thus Pandora can be said to have had three parents. Pandora is better known as the woman whose curiosity got the best of her when she opened the forbidden box out of which came all the evils of the world and one good, hope.Aphrodite (Venus) gave her beauty, Hermes (Mercury) persuasion, Apollo music, etc. Thus equipped, she was conveyed to earth, and presented to Epimetheus, who gladly accepted her, though cautioned by his brother to beware of Zeus and his gifts. When he was preoccupied with teaching men the art of living, Prometheus had left a big cask in the care of Ephimetheus. He had warned his brother not to open the lid. Pandora was seized with an eager curiosity to know what this jar contained; and one day she slipped off the cover and looked in. Forthwith there escaped a multitude of plagues and sickness, theft and violence, grief and sorrow and all the other evils that human world was henceforward to experience. Pandora hastened to replace the lid! But the whole contents of the jar had escaped, one thing only excepted, which lay at the bottom, and that was hope. So we see at this day, whatever evils are abroad, hope never entirely leaves us; and while we have that, no amount of other ills can make us completely wretched/miserable/despaired..Foreign Language Teaching and Research DepartmentChapter3 The Four Ages and The FloodI. ObjectivesStudents will be able to :1. get to know something about the four ages2. get to know something about the floodII. Learning DifficultiesThe two characters in the story of the floodIII. Lesson Plan★ 3.1 the Four AgesGolden AgeThe Golden Age was a mythical first period of man when everything was happy and easy, and mortals lived like gods, although they died, but only as if falling asleep. No one worked or grew unhappy. Spring never ended. It is even described as a period in which people aged backwards. When they died, they became ghosts and roamed the earth. The people of the Golden Age were formed by or for the titan Cronus.When Zeus overcame the titans the Golden Age ended.First of all the deathless gods who dwell on Olympus made a golden race of mortal men who lived in the time of Cronos when he was reigning in heaven. And they lived like gods without sorrow of heart, remote and free from toil and grief: miserable age rested not on them; but with legs and arms never failing they made merry with feasting beyond the reach of all evils. When they died, it was as though they were overcome with sleep, and they had all good things; for the fruitful earth unforced bare them fruit abundantly. They dwelt in ease and peace upon their lands with many good things, rich in flocks and loved by the blessed gods.Silver AgeDuring the Silver Age the Olympian god Zeus was in charge. Zeus caused this generation of man to be created inferior in appearance and wisdom to the last. He divided the year into four seasons. Man had to plant grain and seek shelter, but still, a child could play for a hundred years before growing up. The people wouldn't honor the gods, so Zeus caused them to be destroyed. When they died, they became "blessed spirits of the underworld."Bronze AgeThe third Age was of bronze. Zeus created men from ash trees. They were strong and warlike. They did not eat bread. Their armor and homes were of bronze. It was this generation of men that was destroyed by the flood in the time of Deucalion and Pyrrha. When they died they went to the Underworld.Foreign Language Teaching and Research DepartmentThese were destroyed by their own hands and passed to the dank house of chill Hades, and left no name: terrible though they were, black Death seized them, and they left the bright light of the sun.Our race is the Iron Race in the Iron Age.Iron AgeZeus placed a fourth race of men on earth during the present, Iron Age. All manner of evils came into being during this age. Piety and other virtues disappeared and most of the gods who were left on Earth, abandoned it. Zeus will destroy this race some day.The father will not agree with his children, nor the children with their father, nor guest with his host, nor comrade with comrade; nor will brother be dear to brother as aforetime. Men will dishonour their parents as they grow quickly old, and will carp at them, chiding them with bitter words, hard-hearted they, not knowing the fear of the gods. They will not repay their aged parents the cost their nurture, for might shall be their right: and one man will sack another's city. There will be no favour for the man who keeps his oath or for the just or for the good; but rather men will praise the evil-doer and his violent dealing. Strength will be right and reverence will cease to be; and the wicked will hurt the worthy man, speaking false words against him, and will swear an oath upon them. Envy, foul-mouthed, delighting in evil, with scowling face, will go along with wretched men one and all. And then Aidos and Nemesis (7), with their sweet forms wrapped in white robes, will go from the wide-pathed earth and forsake mankind to join the company of the deathless gods: and bitter sorrows will be left for mortal men, and there will be no help against evil.★ 3.2 The FloodTowards the end of the Age of Bronze the human world became very wicked. Men grew greed, and impious. Neither right nor law was respected any longer, and the rule of hospitality (殷勤待客的风俗) was forgotten. Disguised in human form, Zeus visited Arcadia (A region of ancient Greece in the Peloponnesus. Its inhabitants, relatively isolated from the rest of the known civilized world, proverbially lived a simple, pastoral life. 阿卡迪亚：古希腊的一区域，位于伯罗奔尼撒，其居民与其它著名文明世界相对隔绝，以过着简朴和田园式的生活著称。
第三章 神话
第三节 神话的思想内容、艺术特征与文化价值
一、神话的思想内容 神话的思想内容可以归结为三个方面 第一，对于自然现象的解释。这种内容的神话占了 神话作品数量的大部分 第二， 征服自然的愿望与追求。原始人虽然在强大 的自然力面前基本上无能为力、被动生存，但是他 们并不是在精神上屈服无争的，而是有强烈的征服 自然的愿望，也作出了许多努力 第三，对社会生活的反映。神话除了讲述关于自然 界的主题以外，也有一部反映了当时的社会生活状 况
(二) 历史学派 古希腊历史学派的代表人物是公元前４００年 的学者攸痕麦拉斯，他将神话历史化，认为神 话实际上是历史的“传奇描述”。就是说，他 认为神话情节是以历史上的真实事件为基础的， 只不过神话作了夸张的添油加醋和渲染。而神 话里的角色也是以真实的人物为蓝本的：从历 史上根究起来，所有的神都是历史人物
第一节 神话的含义与本质
三、历史上的主要神话学派及其对神话的解释
弗洛伊德
弗莱
荣格
第一节 神话的含义与本质
(六) 功能学派 代表人物是英国的马林诺夫斯基 他在《文化论》、《巫术、科学、宗教与 神话》等著作中提出，文化都是为适应社 会需要而存在的，一种文化规定都有其社 会功能。神话作为一种文化现象，是出于 初民生存的需要而发生和传承的
第一节 神话的含义与本质
一、神话的含义 作为一种文学体裁，神话就是人类在远古 时期所创造的反映自然现象和社会生活的 高度幻想性的故事。或者说，神话是以原 始思维为基础的关于神的行为的故事
第一节 神话的含义与本质
一、神话的含义 文学批评家口中的“神话”有两方面的意思： 一方面是指神话“体现了被普遍信念所肯定的 真理或价值的虚构形式” 另一方面是指文学批评家用神话的结构方式、 美学特点来指称文学的一些根本特征：情绪的、 诗性的、直觉的，甚至荒诞、梦境、无意识、 初始记忆、原始神秘等。从这个角度来说,“神 话性”是与理性、科学性相对的
神话故事ppt免费课件
精卫填海
总结词
描述精卫填平东海的故事，展现精卫坚韧不拔、不屈不挠的精神。
详细描述
精卫是炎帝的女儿，因不满洪水淹没了家园而投海身亡。她化作一只鸟，名叫精卫，每天衔来小石子和树枝填海 。精卫坚韧不拔、不屈不挠的精神激励着人们克服困难，实现目标。
嫦娥奔月
总结词
描述嫦娥因误食仙丹而飞升月亮，与 玉兔相伴的故事。
02
培养语言能力
神话故事的语言丰富、生动，可以帮助孩子提高语言表达能力。通过复
述、讲述神话故事，孩子们可以锻炼自己的口语和听力能力。
03
增进文化认同
神话故事是不同文化的重要组成部分，通过了解不同文化的神话故事，
孩子们可以更好地了解世界各地的文化传统和价值观，增进对多元文化
的理解和认同。
如何传承与创新神话故事文化
影响
巴德尔之死的故事突出了命运的无常和人类的悲惨命运，同时也反 映了北欧神话中对于正义和复仇的思考。
CHAPTER 05
神话故事的启示与教育意义
神话故事中的智慧与道德
智慧
神话故事中的人物通常具有超凡的智慧 和洞察力，他们的决策和行动常常反映 了人类社会的基本价值观和道德原则。 这些智慧的元素可以启示我们如何更好 地处理生活中的问题，做出明智的决策 。
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详细描述
天崩地裂，洪水肆虐，女娲炼五色石补天，断鳌足以立四极，平息洪水。她杀 死黑龙，使苍生得以安居。女娲不仅创造了人类，还保护了人类免受灾难之苦 。
夸父逐日
总结词
描述夸父族首领夸父为追赶太阳而渴死在途中的神话故事。
详细描述
夸父族首领夸父为了族人的幸福生活，决心追赶太阳。他日夜兼程，不畏艰辛， 最终因疲惫不堪而渴死在途中。夸父的勇敢和牺牲精神激励了后人不断探索和追 求光明。
《中国古代神话》教案精讲
《中国古代神话》教案精讲教案名称：《中国古代神话》精讲一、教学目标1. 知识与技能：（1）了解中国古代神话的基本概念及特点；（2）掌握中国古代神话的主要内容及其代表作品；（3）学会分析中国古代神话的文化内涵及其对后世的影响。
2. 过程与方法：（1）通过自主学习、合作探讨的方式，深入解读中国古代神话；（2）运用比较分析法，探讨中国古代神话与其他文化的异同；（3）运用联想思维法，启发学生从神话故事中发现生活中的道理。
3. 情感态度与价值观：（1）培养学生对中国传统文化的热爱和自豪感；（2）培养学生勇于探究、团结协作的精神；（3）引导学生从神话故事中汲取智慧，树立正确的价值观。
二、教学内容1. 中国古代神话的基本概念及特点（1）神话的定义：神话是一种古老的民间传说，以超自然的现象和事件为题材，反映人类对自然和社会的认识。
（2）中国古代神话的特点：具有浓厚的民间色彩、丰富的想象力、寓意深刻、传承历史悠久。
2. 中国古代神话的主要内容及其代表作品（1）创世神话：如《盘古开天辟地》、《女娲造人》等；（2）自然灾害神话：如《共工触山》、《大禹治水》等；（3）英雄神话：如《黄帝战蚩尤》、《夸父追日》等；（4）爱情神话：如《牛郎织女》、《嫦娥奔月》等。
3. 中国古代神话的文化内涵及其对后世的影响（1）文化内涵：神话反映了古代人民对自然、社会和人生的探索与思考，蕴含了丰富的哲学、道德、宗教观念；（2）对后世的影响：神话为后世文学、艺术、哲学等领域提供了丰富的素材，影响了中华民族的精神追求和价值观念。
三、教学过程1. 导入新课：简要介绍中国古代神话的基本概念及特点，激发学生兴趣。
2. 自主学习：让学生阅读教材，了解中国古代神话的主要内容及其代表作品。
3. 合作探讨：分组讨论，比较分析中国古代神话与其他文化的异同，引导学生深入思考。
4. 课堂讲解：针对中国古代神话的特点、主要内容及其文化内涵进行详细讲解，举例阐述。
5. 启发思考：运用联想思维法，引导学生从神话故事中发现生活中的道理。
神话课件
四、图腾神话（推源神话） 图腾神话（推源神话）
（一）感生型（贞洁受孕型）：九隆神话 （二）人兽婚配型
五、英雄神话（射日神话） 英雄神话（射日神话）
太阳：金乌、三足乌 月亮：玉兔、蟾蜍、金蟾、凉蟾
六、文化起源神话
我国各民族神话的主要特点： 我国各民族神话的主要特点：
1、多形态并存。 多形态并存。
神话发展阶段的多形态 原生形态的神话—以动物为中心 原生形态的神话 以动物为中心 次生形态的神话—以女性为中心 次生形态的神话 以女性为中心 再生形态的神话—以男性为中心 再生形态的神话 以男性为中心
（二）原生神话
1、定义：是指在内容和倾向上最能反映原始神话本质的神话。 定义：是指在内容和倾向上最能反映原始神话本质的神话。 2、表现特征：（黄惠焜教授） 表现特征： 黄惠焜教授）
⑴自然是人的绝对主宰； 自然是人的绝对主宰； 神是人的血亲和朋友； ⑵神是人的血亲和朋友； 人兽婚配，异体同源；（图腾时代的典型特征） ；（图腾时代的典型特征 ⑶人兽婚配，异体同源；（图腾时代的典型特征） 母权制观念盛行； ⑷母权制观念盛行； 承认血缘婚姻的合理性； ⑸承认血缘婚姻的合理性； 内容大多荒诞怪谬不合理。 ⑹内容大多荒诞怪谬不合理。
神话形பைடு நூலகம்的多形态
象形型神话形象 复合型神话形象（盘瓠、女娲、龙等） 复合型神话形象（盘瓠、女娲、龙等） 人型或符号型神话形象
2、是几个神话体系的融合，但这种融合很不彻底。 是几个神话体系的融合，但这种融合很不彻底。
西北神话体系—以女娲补天为核心的神话 西北神话体系 以女娲补天为核心的神话 长江神话体系—以盘古神话为核心的神话 长江神话体系 以盘古神话为核心的神话 东南神话体系—以伏羲和女娲为核心的神话 东南神话体系 以伏羲和女娲为核心的神话 西南神话体系—以洪水神话为核心的神话 西南神话体系 以洪水神话为核心的神话
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1
神话的思想内容
课
程
讲
义
神话是上古时代人类社会生活和思想观念的反映，内容丰富，
艺术风格独特，对后世的文化艺术发生了深刻的影响。
一、神话的思想内容
神话的思想内容可以从三方面来讲
述，即解释自然现象、表达征服自然的愿望和
对社会生活的反映。
1.解释自然现象
上古时期人们对世界的认
识还比较有限，生产力水平低
下，加上科学知识贫乏，原始
宗教和巫术十分流行，人们主
要通过发挥自己的想象力来解
释自然现象。把自然力想象为
神，通过神的故事解释各种自然现象的发生，很多神话都是如此。
2.表达征服自然的愿望
虽然当时人们的生产力水平很低，但是人们在大自然面前并没有
屈服，而是表现出强烈的征服自然的愿望。女娲补天、羿射九日、大
禹治水、嫦娥奔月、夸父逐日、精卫填海等神化都有这方面的内容。
2
神话的思想内容
3.反映社会生活
上古时代的社会生活状况如何，我们已经无法还原那时的历史
面貌了，然而，通过神话我们可以了解当时器物发明、文化制度建
立、部落冲突和融合的大概情况。虽然神话不可当作历史，但是神
话中包含了历史的内容，这一点
是任何人都无法否认的。
神话的特征：
一、神话都是想象或幻想的；
二、神话是远古人类对所观察或经历的自然界或社会现象的解释
和说明，只是它经过了“幻想”的加工，成为了想象中的
“神化”了现实生活；
三、神话反映着远古人类解释自然（或社会）并征服自然（或社
会）的愿望；
四、神话只能产生在史前的远古时代，它是人类还没有能力对自
然现象和社会现象作出符合实际的解释时代的产物。
我国古代神话神话与传说的区别：
一、神话的产生要比传说早；
二、神话是传说的故事原型，传说是神话的社会历史化；
三、神话具有明显的非理性的神异色彩，而传说则内含着人间的
行为原则。
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二、神话的艺术特征
第一，虔诚信仰与艺术表达的结合
上古社会并不把神话当作
虚构故事，而是当作真实的、
曾经发生过的事情，带有信仰
的成分。通过多种艺术
手法
（包括语言、绘画、音乐、舞
蹈等的结合）形象化地表达这
些信仰，是神话的一个重要特
点。古代艺术经常是文学、音
乐、舞蹈结合在一起的，《吕
氏春秋·古乐篇》说：“昔葛
天氏之乐，三人操牛尾，投足
以歌八
阕。”
（阕，歌
曲的单位
名
词。）
部落在重大集会（或节日）由
巫师讲述天地开辟、人类起
源、祖先迁徙等神话，也经常
是与歌舞结合在一起渲染一种
浓重的神秘气氛的。
第二，瑰丽幻想与原始社会生活的结合
不管是解释自然、表达对自然的征服愿望，还是表现上
古社会的文化发明和部落冲突，古人都是借助于幻想的。古
人在自然崇拜和万物有灵观念作用下，把自然和社会神秘
化，认为是众神的活动造成了各种自然现象和社会现象。当
然，他们进行幻想也不是凭空的，而是依据自己的生活实践
经验，在此基础上进行联想。神话的四种常见联想方式是：
（1）相似联想。因为不同事物的相似性而产生的联想，
如日月都光芒四射，则联想日月是巨人的左眼右眼。日出东
海雷与婴儿沐浴的情景相似，则有“羲和浴日”的联想。以
为日蚀、月蚀，日月缺少半边，联想到天上有天狗，天狗吃
了日月。雷声与敲鼓的声音接近，于是有打雷就是雷神“鼓
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（2）接近联想。空间接近联想：由于时空上的接近而引发
的联想。大树（扶桑）可以通到天上的联想，高山（昆仑）与
通天的联想。古希腊神话中诸神都是主宰奥林波斯山上，与中
国古代神话众神住在昆仑山上情形差不多。时间接近联想：雷
电经常一起出现，则联想到雷神、电神是一对配偶。黎明在
前，日出在后，古希腊有太阳神追求黎明女神的神话。
（3）对比联想。由对立的事物产生的联想。譬如把天地、
明黑、生死等对立事物联系
在一起，天神住在天上，天
上是光明的、主管生存，死
神住在地下，地下是黑暗
的，主管死亡。我国古代经
常把天神、太阳神联想为男
性，地神、月神联想为女
性。水火不能相容，我国古
代有水神共工与火神祝融争
夺统治权的神话。
（4）因果联想。把先后
出现的现象当作具有内在因
果关系的联想。简狄吞燕卵
则生商朝的始祖契，姜嫄踏
天帝的脚印则生周朝的始祖
弃。女魃出现则天下大旱。某物出现则发生相应的灾难，《山
海经》中有很多这样的说法，如《北山经》说：狱法之山，有
野兽像长着人脸的犬，行走如风，它一出现就要刮大风；又
说：浑夕之山，有一头两身的蛇，名叫肥遗，它一出现天下就
大旱。这些联想都没有认识到人的生育、天气的变化的真正原
因，而简单地把先前出现的某事物，当作随后发生的某现象的
原因。
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第三，形象化、人格化是神话主要的表现手法
自然和社会都是抽象的，
思维尚不发达的上古人类还不
能真正了解和认识这些抽象的
事物，他们
把自然力想象为
神，把社会器物、制度的发明
归功于神，把部落之间的战争
想象为神之间的
冲突，这种对世
界的形象化解释
简洁明了，很容
易为众人
所接
受。神最初是兽
形、半
人半兽
形，后来就是人
的形象，具
有人的思维、情
感、行为，但
比人的能力要
强。神具有时间永恒、多样变
形、往来自由、主宰人类等超
自然的能力。
神最早以兽形或者半人半
兽的面目出现，即“人
神异
形”，后来逐渐转变为“人神
同形”。如《山海经》中西王
母“豹尾虎齿而善啸”（长着
一条豹尾般弯曲上翘的尾巴，
锐利如虎的牙齿，擅长咆哮吼
叫），后来转变
为“年
可三十
许，修短得中，
天姿掩蔼，容颜
绝世”（三十多
岁、身形良好、
美貌绝世、光彩
照人）的美人，
再后来又转变为王母娘娘的形
象。
古希腊早期神话中的神也
是半人半兽，后来居住在奥林
波斯山上的宙斯、赫拉、阿波
罗等神就完全是人形了。
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北欧神话：北欧神
话起源于斯堪的纳维亚半岛，出于对恶劣的自然环境的反映，北
欧神话中的神与英雄，有着世界上最强的斗争精神。狂暴战士和
英雄死后，会进入瓦尔哈拉神殿，白天喝酒作乐，夜晚操练不
息，准备跟恶魔的最后决战。不过斗争的结果是让人绝望的——
他们知道自己将要在世界末日时死去，包括主神奥丁，也将被芬
瑞尔狼吞吃，但是却没有神或英雄愿意屈服于命运，明知必死无
疑，却依然奋战到底。让人稍感安慰的是，世界末日不是一切的
终结，北欧神话中有一棵生命树，它会带来新的生命和文明，守
护世界的大雕也将继续盘旋在最高处。
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三、神化对民族文化的影响
神话发生于人类的童年时期，也就是发生在一个民族的形成
时期，所以它经常对这个民族的文化产生重大影响。
第一，神话融入民族语言之中，对一个民族的思维方
式和表达方式造成很大影响。
一个民族最具有文
化特色的语言是成语。
我国上古神话转变为成
语的例子很多，如盘古
开天地、女娲造人、夸
父逐日、精卫填海、嫦
娥奔月等等，这些神话
构成了我们民族语言的组成部分，当我们借助语言进行思
维的时候，神话就对我们的思维方式具有了某种内在的规
定性，同时对我们表达自我思想也具有制约作用。
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第二，神话表现的价值观念和文化取
向，对民族文化心理具有一定
模塑作用。神话是一种表达信
仰的方式，也是一个民族早期
的百科全书，人们依靠神话来
解释自然，表达自己的理想愿
望的时候，神话也构成了民族
精神的有机组成部分。神话中
积极向上的精神，瑰丽丰富的
幻想，自由奔放的态度，对一个民族的价值
观念和文化取向具有一定的奠基作用。
第三，神话是一个民族的浪漫
主义文学的源头。神话瑰丽的想
象，丰富的联想，形象化、人格化
的表现手法，是浪漫主义文学的主
题、题材、人物形象、艺术手法的
源泉。我国文学史上著名的浪漫主
义作家，如屈原、陶渊明、李白、
李贺、李商隐、吴承恩、郭沫若
等，在文学创作中都大量借用神话
题材和形象，借鉴神话的浪漫主义
表现手法，从神话中汲取的营养是
很多的。
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