材料力学专业高级常用词汇

材料力学专业高级常用词汇
材料力学专业高级常用词汇

以下是《材料力学》课中专业词汇,共141个,对机械、力学专业本科生绝对有用!mechanics of materials 材料力学

axial force 轴向力

bar 杆(只受轴向力)

torsion 扭转

shaft 轴(只受扭转)

bending 弯曲

beam 梁(只受弯曲)

compression; compressive 压缩

column 柱(只受压缩)

stress 应力

strain 应变

displacement 位移

deformation 变形

strength 强度

stiffness 刚度

stability 稳定性

tension; tensile 拉伸

shear 剪切

prismatic bar 等截面直杆

cross section 截面

uniformly distributed load; uniform load 均布载荷

normal stress 正应力

sign convention 符号规定

stress distribution 应力分布

stress concentration 应力集中

dimensionless quantity 无量纲量

homogeneous 匀质的

uniaxial stress and strain 单轴应力和应变

mechanical behavior (材料的)力学行为

specimen 试件

elongation 伸长量

extensometer 引伸计

gage length 标准长度

nominal stress 名义应力

true stress 真实应力

proportional limit 比例极限

elastic modulus; modulus of elasticity 弹性模量 (pl. moduli)yielding 屈服

plastic 塑性

strain hardening 强化

necking 颈缩

ultimate strength 强度极限

ductile 韧性

percent elongation 延伸率

percent reduction in area 断面收缩率

brittle 脆性

elastic limit 弹性极限

plasticity 塑性

plastic flow 塑性流动

creep 蠕变

relaxation 松弛

Hooke’s Law 胡克定律

Poisson’s ratio 泊松比

lateral strain 横向应变

pure shear 纯剪切

shear stress 切应力

bearing 挤压

shear modulus of elasticity 切变模量

factor of safety 安全系数

allowable stress 许用应力

axial rigidity 抗拉刚度(EA)

statically indeterminate 静不定

equation of equilibrium 平衡方程

equation of compatibility 变形协调方程

constitutive relations 本构关系(物理方程)

thermal stress 热应力

coefficient of thermal expansion 线胀系数

prestrain 预应变

inclined section 斜截面

strain energy 应变能

strain energy density 应变能密度

modulus of resilience 回弹模量

impact load 冲击载荷

dynamic load 动载荷

repeated load 交变载荷

fatigue 疲劳

fatigue limit; endurance limit 疲劳极限

Saint-Venant’s Principle 圣维南原理

statically equivalent 静力等效

stress-concentration factor 应力集中系数

elastoplastic material 弹塑性材料

couple 力偶

moment of a couple 力偶矩

vector 矢量

torque; twisting moment 扭矩

angle of twist / rotation 扭转角

rate of twist; angle of twist per unit length 单位长度扭转角polar moment of inertia 极惯性矩

Iptorsional rigidity 抗扭刚度

GIpthin-walled open cross section 开口薄壁截面bending moment 弯矩

shear force 剪力

simply supported beam; simple beam 简支梁

pin support 固定铰支座

roller support 可动铰支座

cantilever beam 悬臂梁

fixed support; clamped support 固定端

beam with an overhang 外伸梁

concentrated load 集中力

distributed load 分布力

intensity (of distributed load) (分布力的)集度reaction 反力

pure bending 纯弯曲

nonuniform bending 横力弯曲

neutral surface 中性层

neutral axis 中性轴

moment of inertia; second moment 惯性矩;二次轴矩flexural rigidity 抗弯刚度

EI section modulus 抗弯截面系数

fully stressed beam 等强度梁

first moment 静矩

products of inertia 惯性积

beam of wide-flange shape 工字梁

web 腹板

flange 翼缘

composite beam 复合梁

deflection curve 挠度曲线

curvature 曲率

radius of curvature 曲率半径

angle of rotation 转角

slope 斜率

differential equation 微分方程

method of successive integrations 积分法boundary condition 边界条件

continuity condition 连续性条件symmetry condition 对称性条件

method of superposition 叠加法

principal stress 主应力

principal plane 主平面

Mohr’s Circle 摩尔圆

triaxial stress 三向应力

electrical-resistance strain gage 电阻应变片strain rosette 应变花

pressure vessel 压力容器

combined loadings 组合应力

buckling 屈曲

critical load 临界压力

effective length factor 长度因数slenderness ratio (压杆的)柔度或长细比

工程力学材料力学_知识点_及典型例题

作出图中AB杆的受力图。 A处固定铰支座 B处可动铰支座 作出图中AB、AC杆及整体的受力图。 B、C光滑面约束 A处铰链约束 DE柔性约束 作图示物系中各物体及整体的受力图。 AB杆:二力杆 E处固定端 C处铰链约束

(1)运动效应:力使物体的机械运动状态发生变化的效应。 (2)变形效应:力使物体的形状发生和尺寸改变的效应。 3、力的三要素:力的大小、方向、作用点。 4、力的表示方法: (1)力是矢量,在图示力时,常用一带箭头的线段来表示力;(注意表明力的方向和力的作用点!) (2)在书写力时,力矢量用加黑的字母或大写字母上打一横线表示,如F、G、F1等等。 5、约束的概念:对物体的运动起限制作用的装置。 6、约束力(约束反力):约束作用于被约束物体上的力。 约束力的方向总是与约束所能限制的运动方向相反。 约束力的作用点,在约束与被约束物体的接处 7、主动力:使物体产生运动或运动趋势的力。作用于被约束物体上的除约束力以外的其它力。 8、柔性约束:如绳索、链条、胶带等。 (1)约束的特点:只能限制物体原柔索伸长方向的运动。 (2)约束反力的特点:约束反力沿柔索的中心线作用,离开被约束物体。() 9、光滑接触面:物体放置在光滑的地面或搁置在光滑的槽体内。 (1)约束的特点:两物体的接触表面上的摩擦力忽略不计,视为光滑接触面约束。被约束的物体可以沿接触面滑动,但不能沿接触面的公法线方向压入接触面。 (2)约束反力的特点:光滑接触面的约束反力沿接触面的公法线,通过接触点,指向被约束物体。() 10、铰链约束:两个带有圆孔的物体,用光滑的圆柱型销钉相连接。 约束反力的特点:是方向未定的一个力;一般用一对正交的力来表示,指向假定。()11、固定铰支座 (1)约束的构造特点:把中间铰约束中的某一个构件换成支座,并与基础固定在一起,则构成了固定铰支座约束。

学术写作中常用高级用词替换

常用词的学术替换 动词替换: 1.Improve 提高: Promote: 促进AC之间的贸易promote the trade between A and C; He was promoted to senior manager in this company. Advance: our understanding of human genetics has considerably(非常的,可换做vastly) advanced. Enhance: the publi city has enhanced his reputation.这次宣传提高了他的名望 2.change 改变: Transform:多指改头换面,完全改变,不能用于形容slight change。说到人口变化:the increasing population has transformed the landscape and structure of local industry structure.人口剧增改变了小镇的景色以及当地的工业结构 3.Emphasize 强调: Highlight:the report highlight the decline in the numbers of native(可以换作local) plants and insects. Stress: He stresses the need for parents to listen to their children. Accentuate: the crisis accentuates the gap between rich and poor. (highlight and emphasize 的区别:highlight是告诉人们重点,因而能够让别人注意,类似于老师勾重点;而emphasize则是使重点清晰,不管别人是否能注意得到。而stress则和emphasize差不多) 4.Develop培养: Cultivate: cultivate the ability of … ;培养情操;cultivate a more relaxed and positive way towards life. Nurture: 养育,同样可以指培养人才(talents)the sea nutures ample marine animals. 5.Break 破坏: Impair:impair ability; 主要是破坏能力,莫乱用。 Undermine这个词也是指的是抽象意义上的破坏,有逐渐削弱之意,重点是循序渐进的过程。Undermine one’s ability/confidence/authority/position/credibility Jeopardize: 不能乱用,破坏的东西要上一定的等级才能配上此词。比如Jeopardize the process of peace.破坏和平进程 Devastate特指毁灭、蹂躏the earthquake devastated the whole city. 6.Keep 保存 Preserve、Conserve 保护资源用的就是这个词,不要用protect,protect这个词用在保护具体的东西。 7.deal With解决 Tackle: tackle the problem. Resolve: resolve dispute争论/conflict冲突/problem/issue/crisis危机;来自拉丁语,比较正式。 8.need 需要 Require:xxx requires courage and confidence. Necessitate: 用法不简单,没有摸透。 call for(这也是个很高级的用法,奥巴马就用这个【我不晓得奥巴马咋个用的,原帖是这样

材料力学词汇

材料力学常用英文词汇 弹性力学elasticity 弹性理论theory of elasticity 均匀应力状态homogeneous state of stress 应力不变量stress invariant 应变不变量strain invariant 应变椭球strain ellipsoid 均匀应变状态homogeneous state of strain 应变协调方程equation of strain compatibility 拉梅常量Lame constants 各向同性弹性isotropic elasticity 旋转圆盘rotating circular disk 楔wedge 开尔文问题Kelvin problem 布西内斯克问题Boussinesq problem 艾里应力函数Airy stress function 克罗索夫--穆斯赫利什维利法Kolosoff-Muskhelishvili method 基尔霍夫假设Kirchhoff hypothesis 板Plate 矩形板Rectangular plate 圆板Circular plate 环板Annular plate 波纹板Corrugated plate 加劲板Stiffened plate,reinforced Plate 中厚板Plate of moderate thickness 弯[曲]应力函数Stress function of bending 壳Shell 扁壳Shallow shell 旋转壳Revolutionary shell 球壳Spherical shell [圆]柱壳Cylindrical shell 锥壳Conical shell 环壳Toroidal shell 封闭壳Closed shell 波纹壳Corrugated shell 扭[转]应力函数Stress function of torsion 翘曲函数Warping function 半逆解法semi-inverse method 瑞利--里茨法Rayleigh-Ritz method 松弛法Relaxation method 莱维法Levy method 松弛Relaxation 量纲分析Dimensional analysis

(完整)写作高级词汇替换

写作高级词汇替换 ★形容词: 1. 贫穷的:poor = needy = impoverished = poverty-stricken 2. 富裕的:rich = wealthy = affluent = well-to-do = well-off 3. 优秀的:excellent = eminent = top = outstanding 4. 积极的,好的:good = conducive = beneficial=advantageous 5. 消极的,不良的:bad = detrimental= baneful =undesirable 6. 明显的:obvious = apparent = evident =manifest 7. 健康的: healthy = robust = sound = wholesome 8. 惊人的:surprising = amazing = extraordinary = miraculous 9. 美丽的:beautiful = attractive = gorgeous = eye-catching 10. 有活力的:energetic = dynamic = vigorous =animated 11. 流行的:popular = prevailing = prevalent= pervasive 1.Everywhere 普遍的Widespread、Prevalent、Overflow、Rampant 2.Good 好的Beneficial、Advantageous 3.Harmful 有害的Inhumane、Detrimental、Baneful 4.Rich 富有的Wealthy、Affluent 5.Poor 贫穷的Impoverished 7.Serious 严重的Severe 8.Obvious 明显的Manifest、Apparent、Evident 9.cheap 便宜的Economical、Inexpensive ★动词: 1. 提高,加强:improve = enhance= promote = strengthen = optimize 2. 引起:cause = trigger = endanger 3. 解决:solve =resolve =address = tackle =cope with = deal with 4. 拆除:destroy = tear down = knock down = eradicate 5. 培养: develop = cultivate = foster = nurture 6. 激发,鼓励:encourage = motivate = stimulate = spur 7. 认为:think = assert= hold = claim = argue 8. 完成:complete = fulfill = accomplish= achieve 9. 保留:keep = preserve = retain = hold 10. 有害于:destroy = impair = undermine = jeopardize 11. 减轻: ease = alleviate = relieve = lighten 1.Improve 提高:Promote、Advance、Enhance 2.change 改变:Transform 3.Emphasize 强调:Highlight、Stress、Address(这是个9星级用法) 4.Develop培养:Agriculture、Cultivate、Nurture 5.Break 破坏:Impair、Undermine这两个词指的是抽象意义上的破坏Jeopardize、Devastate 6.Keep 保存Preserve、Conserve 保护资源 7.deal With解决Tackle、Address(这也是高难度用法,很牛)、Resolve 8.need 需要Require、necessitate、call for ★名词: 1. 影响:influence= impact 2. 危险:danger = perils =hazard

工程力学试题库材料力学

材料力学基本知识 复习要点 1. 材料力学的任务 材料力学的主要任务就是在满足刚度、强度和稳定性的基础上,以最经济的代价,为构件确定合理的截面形状和尺寸,选择合适的材料,为合理设计构件提供必要的理论基础和计算方法。 2. 变形固体及其基本假设 连续性假设:认为组成物体的物质密实地充满物体所在的空间,毫无空隙。 均匀性假设:认为物体内各处的力学性能完全相同。 各向同性假设:认为组成物体的材料沿各方向的力学性质完全相同。 小变形假设:认为构件在荷载作用下的变形与构件原始尺寸相比非常小。 3. 外力与内力的概念 外力:施加在结构上的外部荷载及支座反力。 内力:在外力作用下,构件内部各质点间相互作用力的改变量,即附加相互作用力。内力成对出现,等值、反向,分别作用在构件的两部分上。 4. 应力、正应力与切应力 应力:截面上任一点内力的集度。 正应力:垂直于截面的应力分量。 切应力:和截面相切的应力分量。 5. 截面法 分二留一,内力代替。可概括为四个字:截、弃、代、平。即:欲求某点处内力,假想用截面把构件截开为两部分,保留其中一部分,舍弃另一部分,用内力代替弃去部分对保留部分的作用力,并进行受力平衡分析,求出内力。 6. 变形与线应变切应变 变形:变形固体形状的改变。 线应变:单位长度的伸缩量。 练习题 一. 单选题 1、工程构件要正常安全的工作,必须满足一定的条件。下列除()项,

其他各项是必须满足的条件。 A、强度条件 B、刚度条件 C、稳定性条件 D、硬度条件 2、物体受力作用而发生变形,当外力去掉后又能恢复原来形状和尺寸的性质称 为() A.弹性B.塑性C.刚性D.稳定性 3、结构的超静定次数等于()。 A.未知力的数目B.未知力数目与独立平衡方程数目的差数 C.支座反力的数目D.支座反力数目与独立平衡方程数目的差数 4、各向同性假设认为,材料内部各点的()是相同的。 A.力学性质 B.外力 C.变形 D.位移 5、根据小变形条件,可以认为() A.构件不变形 B.结构不变形 C.构件仅发生弹性变形 D.构件变形远小于其原始尺寸 6、构件的强度、刚度和稳定性() A.只与材料的力学性质有关 B.只与构件的形状尺寸有关 C.与二者都有关 D. 与二者都无关7、 在下列各工程材料中,()不可应用各向同性假设。 A.铸铁 B.玻璃 C.松木 D.铸铜 二. 填空题 1. 变形固体的变形可分为和。 2. 构件安全工作的基本要求是:构件必须具有、和足够 的稳定性。(同:材料在使用过程中提出三方面的性能要求,即、、。) 3. 材料力学中杆件变形的基本形式有 。 4. 材料力学中,对变形固体做了 四个基本假设。 、、和、、、

土木工程专业英语词汇(整理版)

第一部分必须掌握,第二部分尽量掌握 第一部分: 1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法 2 专业英语Specialty English 3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering 4 土木工程Civil Engineering 5 地下工程Underground Engineering 6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering 7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering 8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering 9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering 10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics 11 交通工程Traffic Engineering 12 港口工程Port Engineering 13 安全性safety 17木结构timber structure 18 砌体结构masonry structure 19 混凝土结构concrete structure 20 钢结构steelstructure 21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure 22 素混凝土plain concrete 23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete 24 钢筋rebar 25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete 26 静定结构statically determinate structure 27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure 28 桁架结构truss structure 29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure 30 近海工程offshore engineering 31 静力学statics 32运动学kinematics 33 动力学dynamics 34 简支梁simply supported beam 35 固定支座fixed bearing 36弹性力学elasticity 37 塑性力学plasticity 38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity 39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics 40 土力学soil mechanics 41 水力学hydraulics 42 流体力学fluid mechanics 43 固体力学solid mechanics 44 集中力concentrated force 45 压力pressure 46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure 47 均布压力uniform pressure 48 体力body force 49 重力gravity 50 线荷载line load 51 弯矩bending moment 52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress 54 应变stain 55 正应力normal stress 56 剪应力shearing stress 57 主应力principal stress 58 变形deformation 59 内力internal force 60 偏移量挠度deflection 61 settlement 沉降 62 屈曲失稳buckle 63 轴力axial force 64 允许应力allowable stress 65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis 66 梁beam 67 壳shell 68 板plate 69 桥bridge 70 桩pile 71 主动土压力active earth pressure 72 被动土压力passive earth pressure 73 承载力load-bearing capacity 74 水位water Height 75 位移displacement 76 结构力学structural mechanics 77 材料力学material mechanics 78 经纬仪altometer 79 水准仪level 80 学科discipline 81 子学科sub-discipline 82 期刊journal ,periodical 83文献literature 84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号 85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号 86 卷volume 87 期number 88 专着monograph 89 会议论文集Proceeding 90 学位论文thesis, dissertation 91 专利patent 92 档案档案室archive 93 国际学术会议conference 94 导师advisor 95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis 96 博士研究生doctorate student 97 研究生postgraduate 98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引 99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引 100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引 101 题目title 102 摘要abstract 103 全文full-text 104 参考文献reference 105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation 106 主题词Subject 107 关键字keyword 108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会 109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署

工程力学材料力学部分习题答案

工程力学材料力学部分习题答案

b2.9 题图2.9所示中段开槽的杆件,两端受轴向载荷P 的作用,试计算截面1-1和2-2上的应力。已知:P = 140kN ,b = 200mm ,b 0 = 100mm ,t = 4mm 。 题图2.9 解:(1) 计算杆的轴力 kN 14021===P N N (2) 计算横截面的面积 21m m 8004200=?=?=t b A 202mm 4004)100200()(=?-=?-=t b b A (3) 计算正应力 MPa 1758001000140111=?== A N σ MPa 350400 1000 140222=?== A N σ (注:本题的目的是说明在一段轴力相同的杆件内,横截面面积小的截面为该段 的危险截面) 2.10 横截面面积A=2cm 2的杆受轴向拉伸,力P=10kN ,求其法线与轴向成30°的及45°斜截面上的应力ασ及ατ,并问m ax τ发生在哪一个截面? 解:(1) 计算杆的轴力 kN 10==P N (2) 计算横截面上的正应力 MPa 50100 2100010=??==A N σ (3) 计算斜截面上的应力 MPa 5.37235030cos 2 230 =??? ? ???==ο ο σσ

MPa 6.212 3250)302 sin(2 30=?= ?= οο σ τ MPa 25225045cos 2 245 =??? ? ???==οο σσ MPa 2512 50 )452 sin(2 45=?= ?= οο σ τ (4) m ax τ发生的截面 ∵ 0)2cos(==ασα τα d d 取得极值 ∴ 0)2cos(=α 因此:2 2π α= , ο454 == π α 故:m ax τ发生在其法线与轴向成45°的截面上。 (注:本题的结果告诉我们,如果拉压杆处横截面的正应力,就可以计算该处任意方向截面的正应力和剪应力。对于拉压杆而言,最大剪应力发生在其法线与轴向成45°的截面上,最大正应力发生在横截面上,横截面上剪应力为零) 2.17 题图2.17所示阶梯直杆AC ,P =10kN ,l 1=l 2=400mm ,A 1=2A 2=100mm 2,E =200GPa 。试计算杆AC 的轴向变形Δl 。 题图2.17 解:(1) 计算直杆各段的轴力及画轴力图 kN 101==P N (拉) kN 102-=-=P N (压)

英语作文 常用替换高级词汇

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有道学堂四六级干货之写作常用词语高级替换(副词) 非常(very['ver?]) exceedingly[?k'si?d??l?] 【例句】The child has skipped to the third grade as he did exceedingly well in his studies. 【翻译】这孩子因成绩优异而越级升入三年级。 extremely[?k'stri?ml?] 【例句】He had been extremely tactful in dealing with the financial question. 【翻译】他在处理这个财务问题时很有分寸。 considerably [k?n's?d(?)r?bl?] 【例句】The need for sleep varies considerably from person to person. 【翻译】不同的人对睡眠的需要差异相当大。 尤其 (especially [?'spe?(?)l?]) specially ['spe??l?] 【例句】It will be hard to work today---specially when it’s so warm and sunny outside. 【翻译】今天无心工作——尤其是外面这样风和日丽。 notably ['n??t?bl?] 【例句】Some subjects are very popular among students, notably computer science. 【翻译】一些课程在学生当中是非常受欢迎的,尤其是计算机课。 particularly [p?'t?kj?l?l?] 【例句】Traffic is bad, particularly in the city center. 【翻译】交通状况很差,尤其实在市中心。 立即(immediately [?'mi?d??tl?]) directly [d?'rektl?] 【例句】Tell them I’ll be there directly. 【翻译】告诉他们我一会就到。 instantly ['?nst(?)ntl?] 【例句】The diplomat threw in a joke, and the tension was instantly relieved. 【翻译】那位外交官插进一个笑话,紧张的气氛顿时缓和下来。 promptly ['pr?m(p)tl?] 【例句】She promptly seized the opportunity his absence gave her. 【翻译】她立即抓住了因他不在场给她创造的机会。 明显地(clearly ['kl??l?]) obviously ['?bv??sl?] 【例句】Obviously, they've had sponsorship from some big companies. 【翻译】很显然,他们已经得到某些大公司的赞助。 apparently [?'p?r?ntl?] 【例句】Apparently they are getting divorced soon. 【翻译】看样子,他们很快就要离婚。 evidently ['ev?d(?)ntl?] 【例句】Ellis evidently wished to negotiate downwards after Atkinson had set the guidelines.

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英语作文中常用替换高级词汇 (一) ★形容词: 1. 贫穷的:poor = needy = impoverished = poverty-stricken 2. 富裕的:rich = wealthy = affluent = well-to-do = well-off 3. 优秀的:excellent = eminent = top = outstanding 4. 积极的,好的:good = conducive = beneficial=advantageous 5. 消极的,不良的:bad = detrimental= baneful =undesirable 6. 明显的:obvious = apparent = evident =manifest 7. 健康的: healthy = robust = sound = wholesome 8. 惊人的:surprising = amazing = extraordinary = miraculous 9. 美丽的:beautiful = attractive = gorgeous = eye-catching 10. 有活力的:energetic = dynamic = vigorous =animated 11. 流行的:popular = prevailing = prevalent= pervasive ★动词: 1. 提高,加强:improve = enhance= promote = strengthen = optimize 2. 引起:cause = trigger = endanger 3. 解决:solve =resolve =address = tackle =cope with = deal with 4. 拆除:destroy = tear down = knock down = eradicate 5. 培养: develop = cultivate = foster = nurture 6. 激发,鼓励:encourage = motivate = stimulate = spur 7. 认为:think = assert= hold = claim = argue 8. 完成:complete = fulfill = accomplish= achieve 9. 保留:keep = preserve = retain = hold 10. 有害于:destroy = impair = undermine = jeopardize 11. 减轻: ease = alleviate = relieve = lighten ★名词: 1. 影响:influence= impact 2. 危险:danger = perils =hazard 3. 污染:pollution = contamination 4. 人类:human beings= mankind =

工程力学材料力学答案

4-1 试求题4-1图所示各梁支座的约束力。设力的单位为kN,力偶矩的单位为kN m,长度单位为m,分布载荷集度为kN/m。(提示:计算非均布载荷的投影和与力矩和时需应用积分)。 解: (b):(1) 整体受力分析,画出受力图(平面任意力系); (2) 选坐标系Axy,列出平衡方程; 约束力的方向如图所示。 (c):(1) 研究AB杆,受力分析,画出受力图(平面任意力系); (2) 选坐标系Axy,列出平衡方程; 约束力的方向如图所示。 (e):(1) 研究CABD杆,受力分析,画出受力图(平面任意力系); (2) 选坐标系Axy,列出平衡方程; 约束力的方向如图所示。 4-5 AB梁一端砌在墙内,在自由端装有滑轮用以匀速吊起重物D,设重物的重量为G,又AB长为b,斜绳与铅垂线成角,求固定端的约束力。 解:(1) 研究AB杆(带滑轮),受力分析,画出受力图(平面任意力系); (2) 选坐标系Bxy,列出平衡方程; 约束力的方向如图所示。 4-7 练钢炉的送料机由跑车A和可移动的桥B组成。跑车可沿桥上的轨道运动,两轮间距离为2 m,跑车与操作架、平臂OC以及料斗C相连,料斗每次装载物料重W=15 kN,平臂长OC=5 m。设跑车A,操作架D和所有附件总重为P。作用于操作架的轴线,问P至少应多大才能使料斗在满载时跑车不致翻倒? 解:(1) 研究跑车与操作架、平臂OC以及料斗C,受力分析,画出受力图(平面平行力系); (2) 选F点为矩心,列出平衡方程; (3) 不翻倒的条件; 4-13 活动梯子置于光滑水平面上,并在铅垂面内,梯子两部分AC和AB各重为Q,重心在A点,彼此用铰链A和绳子DE连接。一人重为P立于F处,试求绳子DE的拉力和B、C两点的约束力。 解:(1):研究整体,受力分析,画出受力图(平面平行力系); (2) 选坐标系Bxy,列出平衡方程; (3) 研究AB,受力分析,画出受力图(平面任意力系); (4) 选A点为矩心,列出平衡方程; 4-15 在齿条送料机构中杠杆AB=500 mm,AC=100 mm,齿条受到水平阻力FQ的作用。已知Q=5000 N,各零件自重不计,试求移动齿条时在点B的作用力F是多少? 解:(1) 研究齿条和插瓜(二力杆),受力分析,画出受力图(平面任意力系); (2) 选x轴为投影轴,列出平衡方程; (3) 研究杠杆AB,受力分析,画出受力图(平面任意力系); (4) 选C点为矩心,列出平衡方程; 4-16 由AC和CD构成的复合梁通过铰链C连接,它的支承和受力如题4-16图所示。已知均布载荷集度q=10 kN/m,力偶M=40 kN m,a=2 m,不计梁重,试求支座A、B、D的约束力和铰链C所受的力。 解:(1) 研究CD杆,受力分析,画出受力图(平面平行力系); (2) 选坐标系Cxy,列出平衡方程;

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精心整理作文替换词汇 1.individuals,characters,folks替换people,persons 2:positive,favorable,rosy(美好的),promising(有希望的),perfect,pleasurable,excellent,outstanding,superior替换good 3:dreadful,unfavorable,poor,adverse,ill(有害的)替换bad如果bad做表语,可以有belessimpressive替换 Eg.Anarmyof collegestudents indulge themselvesinplayinggames,enjoyingromancewith girls/boysorkillingtimepassivelyintheirdorms.Whenitapproachestograduation,asaresu lt,theyfindtheiracademicrecordsarelessimpressive. 4.(anarmyof,anoceanof,aseaof,amultitudeof,ahostof,many,ifnotmost)替换many. 注:用many,ifnotmost一定要小心,many后一定要有词。 Eg.Manyindividuals,ifnotmost,harbortheideathat….同理用most,ifnotall,替换most. 5:asliceof,quietafew,several替换some 6:harbortheideathat,taketheattitudethat,holdtheviewthat,itiswidelysharedthat,itisuni versallyacknowledgedthat)替think(因为是书面语,所以要加that) 7:affair,business,matter替换thing

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Chapter 1 物流管理logistics management 客户服务customer service 物资搬运material handling 订单处理order processing 需求处理demand forecasting 退货处理return goods handling 零配件和服务支持parts and service support 工厂及仓库选址factory and warehouse site selection 存货管理inventory management 逆向物流reverse logistics 产出点point of origin 消费点point of consumption 物流成本logistics cost 条码bar coding 销售损失lost sale 内部成本internal cost 退货处理成本return goods handling 外部成本external cost 潜在的销售potential future sale 订单传输order transmittal 运输成本transportation cost 订单输入order entry 进货渠道inbound channel 批量成本lot quantity cost 出货渠道outbound channel 缺货stockout 订单处理成本order processing cost 库存持有成本inventory carrying cost 需求预测demanding forecasting 资金成本capital cost 销售沟通distribution communication 仓储空间成本storage space cost 电子数据交换系统electronic data interchange 风险成本risk cost 卫星数据传输satellite data transmission Chapter 2 供应链supply chain 人力资源human resource 最终用户end-customer 上游供应商upper stream supplier 供应链管理supply chain management 供应链整合supply chain integration 货物流product flow 下游企业down stream firm 核心能力core competency 物资供应material procurement 信息流information flow 供应链战略管理Supply chain strategy 多数供应商战略Many suppliers strategy 少数供应商战略Few suppliers strategy 纵向整合战略Vertical integration 企业集团Keiretsu networks 虚拟企业Virtual company 前项整合Foreward integration 后项整合Backward integration 规模经济Economy of scale 成本降低Cost reduction Chapter 3 产品移动product movement 门到门door-to-door

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静力学部分 第一章基本概念受力图

2-1 解:由解析法, 23cos 80RX F X P P N θ==+=∑ 12sin 140RY F Y P P N θ==+=∑ 故: 22161.2R RX RY F F F N =+= 1(,)arccos 2944RY R R F F P F '∠==

2-2 解:即求此力系的合力,沿OB 建立x 坐标,由解析法,有 123cos45cos453RX F X P P P KN ==++=∑ 13sin 45sin 450 RY F Y P P ==-=∑ 故: 223R RX RY F F F KN =+= 方向沿OB 。 2-3 解:所有杆件均为二力杆件,受力沿直杆轴线。 (a ) 由平衡方程有: 0X =∑ sin 300 AC AB F F -= 0Y =∑ cos300 AC F W -= 0.577AB F W =(拉力) 1.155AC F W =(压力) (b ) 由平衡方程有:

0X =∑ cos 700 AC AB F F -= 0Y =∑ sin 700 AB F W -= 1.064AB F W =(拉力) 0.364AC F W =(压力) (c ) 由平衡方程有: 0X =∑ cos 60cos300 AC AB F F -= 0Y =∑ sin 30sin 600 AB AC F F W +-= 0.5AB F W = (拉力) 0.866AC F W =(压力) (d ) 由平衡方程有: 0X =∑ sin 30sin 300 AB AC F F -= 0Y =∑ cos30cos300 AB AC F F W +-= 0.577AB F W = (拉力) 0.577AC F W = (拉力)

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1. 贫穷的:poor = needy = impoverished = poverty-stricken 2. 富裕的:rich = wealthy = affluent = well-to-do = well-off 3. 优秀的:excellent = eminent = top = outstanding 4. 积极的,好的:good = conducive = beneficial=advantageous 5. 消极的,不良的:bad = detrimental= baneful =undesirable 6. 明显的:obvious = apparent = evident =manifest 7. 健康的: healthy = robust = sound = wholesome 8. 惊人的:surprising = amazing = extraordinary = miraculous 9. 美丽的:beautiful = attractive = gorgeous = eye-catching 10. 有活力的:energetic = dynamic = vigorous =animated 11. 流行的:popular = prevailing = prevalent= pervasive 1.Everywhere 普遍的Widespread、Prevalent、Overflow、Rampant 2.Good 好的Beneficial、Advantageous 3.Harmful 有害的Inhumane、Detrimental、Baneful 4.Rich 富有的Wealthy、Affluent 5.Poor 贫穷的Impoverished 7.Serious 严重的Severe 8.Obvious 明显的Manifest、Apparent、Evident 9.cheap 便宜的Economical、Inexpensive ★动词: 1. 提高,加强:improve = enhance= promote = strengthen = optimize 2. 引起:cause = trigger = endanger 3. 解决:solve =resolve =address = tackle =cope with = deal with 4. 拆除:destroy = tear down = knock down = eradicate 5. 培养: develop = cultivate = foster = nurture 6. 激发,鼓励:encourage = motivate = stimulate = spur 7. 认为:think = assert= hold = claim = argue 8. 完成:complete = fulfill = accomplish= achieve 9. 保留:keep = preserve = retain = hold 10. 有害于:destroy = impair = undermine = jeopardize 11. 减轻: ease = alleviate = relieve = lighten 1.Improve 提高:Promote、Advance、Enhance 2.change 改变:Transform 3.Emphasize 强调:Highlight、Stress、Address(这是个9星级用法) 4.Develop培养:Agriculture、Cultivate、Nurture 5.Break 破坏:Impair、Undermine这两个词指的是抽象意义上的破坏Jeopardize、Devastate 6.Keep 保存Preserve、Conserve 保护资源 7.deal With解决Tackle、Address(这也是高难度用法,很牛)、Resolve 8.need 需要Require、necessitate、call for ★名词: 1. 影响:influence= impact 2. 危险:danger = perils =hazard

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