No.4 GPS signal acquisition and tracking
星载单通道单脉冲自跟踪系统设计
星载单通道单脉冲自跟踪系统设计万晓光【摘要】Capturing and tracking for TDRS( Tracking and Data Relay Satellite) is the primary precondition of establishing the data links between satellites. There are more requirements for the automatic tracking system. In view of the narrow beam in Ka-band and the strict requirement of the pint-sized equipment by satellites,an autotracking system design for satellites is proposed with single-channel monopulse method. In the design,autotracking signals can be obtained by the TE21-mode feed of antenna. The signals are modulated and combined by the microwave front module. Then,error angle can be extracted in the receiver to achieve accurate tracking of the antenna. Link analysis proves that the system design is feasible. The sys-tem prototype is developed and tested. The tracking accuracy in X and Y direction is better than ±0. 05°, which meets the requirement of inter-satellite link.%对中继卫星的捕获跟踪是建立星间数据链路首要前提,星载自跟踪系统有着广泛的应用前景. 针对Ka频段波束窄、星载设备小型化要求高等特点,提出了星载自跟踪系统设计方案. 方案采用单通道单脉冲方式,利用TE21模馈源技术从天线获取自跟踪信号,通过微波前端模块将信号调制、合并为单通道,然后在捕获跟踪接收机中提取误差角度,实现天线角度的精确跟踪. 经过链路分析,证明系统设计有效可行. 根据方案研制出原理样机并进行了试验验证,跟踪精度在X、Y方向优于±0. 05°,满足星间链路跟踪精度要求.【期刊名称】《电讯技术》【年(卷),期】2015(055)010【总页数】4页(P1130-1133)【关键词】中继卫星系统;星间链路;单脉冲自跟踪【作者】万晓光【作者单位】上海航天技术研究院,上海201109【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TN9271 引言中继卫星能有效提高对中低轨卫星的测控、数传覆盖率［1］。
动态空间激光通信系统视轴初始指向建模及验证_赵馨
２ 空间激光通信系统
空间激光通信系统按其通信模式可以分为强度 调制／直接检测（ＩＭ／ＤＤ）和 相 干 通 信 方 式 两 种。 其 基本通信流程如图 １ 所 示。 由 图 １ 可 以 看 出，由 于 两种方式所采用的 通 信 体 制 不 一 样，其 基 本 流 程 也 不一致。ＩＭ／ＤＤ 体制采用信标光和通信光体制，即 存在粗信标光、精 信 标 光、通 信 光，只 有 在 实 现 稳 定 粗精跟踪后，才 会 发 射 通 信 光。 而 相 干 体 制 采 用 无 信标光，用通 信 光 完 成 捕 获、通 信 。 ［１，１０－１１］ 因 此，二 者在结 构、组 成、捕 获、跟 踪、通 信 等 方 面 都 有 差 异。 但 是 ，其 初 始 指 向 部 分 没 有 任 何 差 异 ，都 是 通 信 视 轴 从零位开始转动，到 指 向 通 信 对 方 所 在 不 确 定 区 域 （ＦＯＵ）的 过 程。 基 本 示 意 图 如 图 ２ 所 示。 原 理 是 在己方位置、己方 姿 态，对 方 位 置 已 知 情 况 下，通 信 双方在完全时统的 条 件 下，使 用 坐 标 转 换 计 算 视 轴 互指的方位角和俯 仰 角，将 此 角 度 信 息 驱 动 转 台 带
北东天（ＮＥＵ）坐标系 ｎ：坐标原点自设，一般设 置与 测 试 坐 标 系 同 原 点，ｙｎ 轴 为 地 理 真 北 方 向 （北）；ｘｎ 为地 球 自 转 切 向 东，ｚｎ 轴 垂 直 水 平 面 向 上 （天 ），右 手 系 。
测量坐标系 ｂ：由使用的测试仪器 决 定，原 点 设 置在测试仪 器 中 心，ｘｂ 轴 沿 测 试 仪 器 横 轴 向 右，ｙｂ 轴沿测试仪器纵轴向前，ｚｂ 轴垂直ｘｂ 轴和ｙｂ 轴，构 成 右 手 坐 标 系 （不 同 厂 家 生 产 的 测 试 仪 器 ，坐 标 轴 方 向 规 定 会 存 在 差 异 ）。
StealthRay Spec Sheet
StealthRay™In-Motion Satellite CommunicationsPRODUCT DESCRIPTION:The StealthRay™ is a breakthrough in two-way satellite communication. The StealthRay’s™ low profile (5.9”), array antenna system is designed to provide communications for vehicles on-the-move. The innovative antenna system automatically searches for and acquires the designated satellite signal and maintains pointing via automatic tracking and control of the azimuth, elevation and polarization angles while the vehicle is in motion.The StealthRay™ offers valuable utility across a wide range of applications, including emergency communications, since it can provide public safety authorities and first responders with a high-speed satellite communications link to moving vehicles independent of terrestrial infrastructures that are susceptible to local service interruptions, natural disasters and sabotage. Since it does not rely on terrestrial networks, it also offers applications for industries typically operating across remote geographic areas unserved by wireless carriers as well as military operations. Those industries most notably include energy, natural resources, transportation and conservation.SYSTEM COMPONENTS:The StealthRay™ consists of a low-profile, vehicle roof-mounted array antenna connected to a controller and a satellite modem inside the vehicle.The roof mounted antenna includes the BUC (Block Up Converter) and the LNB. The controller supplies the power to the antenna and controls the antenna movements.Additional networking equipment such as a router, Wi-Fi access point, as well as encryption systems are optional for creating a mobile, secure, in-motion hotspot.45.3” L35.4” W5.9” HSYSTEM OPERATION:No manual pointing is requiredUsing GPS signals to determine its location, the StealthRay™ automatically acquires and tracks the satellite.On-the-move automatic re-peakingBuilt-in gyros allow fast recovery from line-of-sight blockages. The antenna uses a hybrid mechanical and electronic scanning process to maintain pointing accuracy.Adjacent satellite interference protectionIn the event the antenna pointing is off by more than 0.5 degrees, the return link transmission is automatically muted until the pointing error is corrected by the antenna’s sophisticated tracking system. Modem compatibilityThe StealthRay™ system is modem agnostic and will support all RaySat authorized SCPC satellite modems and VSATs.CABLING:The roof mounted antenna is connected with three cables to the controller and modem within the vehicle:Two RJ-58 cables using F-type connectors connect the antenna to the satellite modem (transmit signal and receive signal).One RJ-58 control cable using TNC connectors connects the antenna to the controller (for DC power and control data).APPLICATIONS:High-speed Com-on-the-Move (COTM) for military vehicles and operationsEmergency communications for federal, state and local first respondersHigh-speed communications for trains and other commercial enterprise customersHigh-speed Internet access for moving vehicles such as motor-homes, buses, vans and SUV’s8460-D Tyco Road, Vienna, VA 22182 800.561.9280 703-584-3770StealthRay™ SpecificationsKEY FEATURESAntenna• Low profile 5.9" height - blends into the vehicle and can include matching color options • Simple installation on any luggage rack, flat roof or under the roof with a false ceiling; only the radome is visible• Stand alone unit, complete with all required RF hardware including Block Up Converter (BUC)• Operates off a vehicle's standard 12V DC power supply with minimal power consumption • Auto satellite tracking / in-motion operation / hands free operation • Compatible with any Ku-band satellite and is modem agnosticANTENNA PERFORMANCE AND DATA RATES *Receive (forward link) Up to 15MbpsTransmit (return link) 64 Kbps - 384 Kbps (internal 3 watt BUC)512 Kbps - 2Mbps (external BUC)* System performance varies as a function of the satellite link (beam EIRP and G/T) and the satellite modem parameters.ANTENNA PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICSDimensions 45.3” x 35.4” x 5.9” Rack with complete systemWeight 66 lbs total (antenna - 62lbs, controller - 4lbs) Electrical interfacesPower supply 30V DC provided by the antenna controller Output\Input impendence 50 ohmsEnvironmentalAmbient temperature range Operational: -13o F to 122oF ambient Relative Humidity 0-100% condensingMobile Platform Ground Speed Operational up to 220 mphANTENNA CHARACTERISTICSFrequency range Receive 11.7 - 12.75 GHzTransmit14.0 - 14.5 GHzPolarization Orthogonal linear (auto polarization control) Uplink EIRP 32 dBW Gain TX: 27 dBi RX: 29.3 dBi G/T 7.6 dB/°K @ 30° Sidelobe level -12 dB TX Cross polarization > 30 dB Azimuth / elevation beam coverage 360° continuous Az 25° - 70° El IF input / outputL-Band 950 - 2150 MHzSIGNAL ACQUISITION AND TRACKINGSignal acquisition & lock Automatic <60˚ sec Polarization angle adjustment Automatic Tracking speed 60°/sec Re-acquisition < 1 sec for blockage length up to 3 min Azimuth tracking accuracy < 0.3° nominal Elevation tracking accuracy < 0.35° Polarization adjustment accuracy < 1°ANTENNA CONTROL UNIT (ACU)Power supply 12V DC Power consumption 5A (ACU & antenna w/ internal BUC) System interface CLI over RS-232 Modem interface Proprietary over RS-232RaySat Antenna Systems, LLC • 8460-D Tyco Rd. • Vienna, VA 22182 • 703.584.3770 • ©2006, RaySat Antenna Systems, LLC. All rights reserved.。
全球星技术公司EM-406 GPS引擎板说明说明书
D o cV e r s i o n2.1GPS RECEIVER ENGINE BOARDGL O B AL S A T TE C H N O L O GY C OR P OR ATI O N GPS Engine Board Specifications2006GlobalSat Technology Corporation(Taiwan)16F,No.186Jian Yi Road,Chung Ho City,Taipei,235,Taiwan.USGlobalSat,Inc.(USA)1308John Reed Court,City of Industry,CA91745globalsat.coT able of ContentsEM-406GPS BOARD OVERVIEW (1)FEATURES (1)SPECIFICATIONS (2)PIN ASSIGNMENT (3)PIN DESCRIPTIONS (3)DIMENSIONS (4)PULSE PER SECOND TEST POINT (5)MOUNTING (6)NMEA&SiRF COMMAND LINKS (6)EM-406GPS BOARDOVERVIEWThe EM-406GPS engine board is low cost but maintains high reliability and accuracy making it an ideal choice for integration with OEM/ODM systems.The EM-406features an integrated patch antenna for complete implementation.FEATURES:1.SiRF Star III high performance GPS chipset2.Very high sensitivity(Tracking Sensitivity:-159dBm)3.Extremely fast TTFF(Time To First Fix)at low signal levels4.Supports the NMEA0183data protocol5.Built-in SuperCap to maintain system data for rapid satellite acquisition6.Built-in patch antenna7.Foliage Lock for weak signal trackingpact in size9.All-in-view20-channel parallel processing10.Snap Lock100ms re-acquisition time11.Superior urban canyon performance12.WAAS/EGNOS supportSPECIFICA TIONS General-ReceiverChipset:SiRF Star IIIFrequency:L1,1575.42MHzC/A Code:1.023MHz chip rate Channels:20channel all-in-view tracking Sensitivity:-159dBmAccuracyPosition:10meters,2D RMS5meters,2D RMS,WAAS enabled Velocity:0.1msTime:1 s synchronized to GPS time DatumDefault:WGS-84Acquisition TimeReacquisition:0.1sec.,averageHot Start:8sec.,averageWarm Start:38sec.,averageCold Start:42sec.,average Dynamic ConditionsAltitude:18,000meters(60,000feet)max Velocity:515meters/second(1000knots)max Acceleration:Less than4gJerk:20m/sec**3PowerMain Power Input:4.5V~6.5V DC InputPower Consumption:70mA(35mA trickle mode) Backup power:+2.5V to+3.6VBackup current:10uA typicalProtocolElectrical Level:TTL level,Output Voltage Level:0V~2.85VBaud Rate:4800bpsOutput Message:NMEA0183GGA,GSA,GSV, RMC(VTG,GLL optional)Physical CharacteristicsDimensions:1.181”x1.181”x0.413”(30mm x30mm x10.5mm) Operating Temperature:-40F to+176F(-40C to+85C) Humidity:Up to95%non-condensingPINASSIGNMENTPIN DESCRIPTIONSVCC:(DC power input):This is the main DC supply for a4.5V~6.5V power module board.TX:This is the main transmit channel for outputting navigation and measurement data to user’s navigation software or user-written software.RX:This is the main receive channel for receiving software commands to the engine board from SiRfdemo software or from user-written software.Normally this pin must be kept High and if you don’t use this pin please connect a resistor to3.5V to pull it high.GND:GND provides the ground for the engine boards.Be sure to connect all groundsDIMENSIONSPULSEPER SECONDTESTPOINTTP10=1PPS TIME MARK OUTPUTMOUNTINGRecommended mounting methods:e industrial grade double-sided foam tape.Place it on the bottom side of the engine board.b.A recessed cavity in your housing design with a foam pad to eliminate shifting or movement.e provided mounting holes on the GPS engine board PCB.NMEA&SiRFCOMMAND LINKSPlease download the latest output and control commands from our web-site:NMEA Command Reference Manual(/downloads/NMEA_commands.pdf)SIRF Binary Protocol Reference Manual(/downloads/SiRF_Binary_Protocol.pdf)All product specifications contained in this document are subject to change without notice.NOTES:。
基于图像识别技术的高速公路实时监测与预警系统研究
基于图像识别技术的高速公路实时监测与预警系统研究作者：付毅恒来源：《现代信息科技》2024年第10期摘要：為了解决高速公路监控人员手工巡检工作量大、效率低、准确性低的实际痛点，采用图像自动识别技术，以视频信号采集为起点，通过图像预处理、特征提取、目标识别与跟踪、异常事件检测、自动预警与处置的工作流程，建立YOLOv5目标检测及DeepSORT目标根据算法，实时自动发现高速中出现的异常事件并及时预警处置，研究成果经过实际工程应用，验证了技术的创新性及可行性，可大大提高高速公路运营管理效率。
关键词：YOLOv5目标检测；DeepSORT目标跟踪；特征提取；事件检测；机器深度学习中图分类号：TP18；U491.2 文献识别码：A 文章编码：2096-4706（2024）10-0143-07Research on Highway Real-time Monitoring and Early Warning System Based on Image Recognition TechnologyFU Yiheng（Guangdong Road and Bridge Construction Development Co.， Ltd.， Guangzhou 510663，China）Abstract： In order to solve the actual pain points of large workload， low efficiency and low accuracy of manual inspection of monitoring personnel， the automatic image recognition technology is adopted， starting from video signal acquisition， and through image preprocessing， feature extraction， target recognition and tracking， abnormal event detection， automatic early warning and disposal and so on， the abnormal events in the highway are automatically discovered in real time and timely early warning and disposal. Through the practical engineering application， the innovation and feasibility of the research results are verified， and the technology greatly improves the efficiency of the highway operation and management.Keywords： YOLOv5 object detection; DeepSORT target tracking; feature extraction; event detection; machine Deep Learning0 引言根据国家统计局公布数据显示，截至2022年12月31日，全国的高速公路总里程达到17.7 km，目前，高速公路上的超速、违法停车、行人非法闯入、抛洒物、交通事故等事件的监、管、控，主要是通过监控管理人员手动轮询手段来实现，存在工作量大、效率低、漏报、误报、应急联动性差等痛点。
SiRFstarIV GSD4t
q High-performance solution q Low power q Low-risk, high-flexibility software q Tiny solution size q Simple to use q Fast, responsive location experience q High speed location engine q 48 channels available for acquisition q More than double the memory and more than double the clock speed of SiRFstarIII™ q Active transmit blanking
Reliable Choice For Difficult Environments
q Active jammer remover q Tracks up to 8 CW jammers q Removes in-band jammers up to 80dB-Hz
q 6 to 8dB of 3GPP design margin
Enhanced Navigation
q Smart sensor interface q Multi-master I²C bus for smart sensors interrupt
GSD4t Hardware Description
The GSD4t product is designed for wireless handset applications. By minimising the external BOM to a single SAW and 4 to 9 passives, and the chip package to a 42-ball WLCSP, impact to end product size is minimal. Further enhancements to the silicon support simple design-in and low engineering risks:
海洋雷达、ARPA和AIS显示器：FURUNO FAR-2117 2127 2137S20说明书
MARINE RADAR WITH ARPA AND AIS DISPLAYModels FAR-2117/2127/2137S20” High resolution Multi-color LCDCatalogue No. R-184cTRADE MARK REGISTEREDMARCA REGISTRADAThe future today with FURUNO's electronics technology.FURUNO ELECTRIC CO., LTD.9-52 Ashihara-cho, Nishinomiya City, Japan Phone: +81 (0)798 65-2111Fax: +81 (0)798 65-4200, 66-4622 URL: www.furuno.co.jpFURUNO DEEPSEA WORLD■Advanced signal processing forimproved detection in rough sea ■LCD display providing crisp radar images■Designed to comply with SOLAS carriage requirements for ships below 10,000 GT■Up to four radars can beinterswitched in the network without an extra device■Automatic plotting/tracking of 100targets manually or automatically acquired■Easy operation by customizable function keys, trackball/wheel palm module and rotary controls■Low spurious magnetrons meeting ITU-R unwanted emission standards ■Displays 1000 AIS-equipped targetsImproved target detection capabilit give the best and reliable performanty and user interfaceAn AIS-equipped ship may be displayed by both AIS and ARPA symbols. This is because the AIS position is measured by a GPS in L/L while the ARPA target blip and data are measured by range and bearing from own ship and located on the radar PPI.When the symbols are within an operator-set criteria, the ARPA symbol is merged in the AIS symbol. The criteria are determined by the differences in range, bearing, course, speed, etc. ■Static DataMMSI (Maritime Mobile Service Identity)IMO number (Where available)Call sign & nameLength and beamType of shipLocation of position-fixing antenna onthe ship■Voyage related dataShip’s draughtHazardous cargo (type)Destination and ETA (at masters discretion)■Dynamic dataShip’s position with accuracyindication and integrity statusUTCCourse over ground (COG)Speed over ground (SOG)HeadingNavigation status (manual input)Rate of turn (where available)Update rates Dependent on speed andcourse alternation (2 s – 3 min)■Short safety-related messagesFree messagesA variety of navigational information, own ship status, radar plotting data, wind, water temperature and information from other shipborne sensors are displayed on the cells. These selected targets are marked with a square symbol on the radar display. Magnify isa special feature of the FURUNO radars FAR-21x7 series. This looks like a delayed-sweep zoom that the IMO strictly prohibits, but where the Administration accepts, the Magnify feature enlarges part of radar display for some special maritime activity.AIS informationDATA DISPLAYTARGET ASSOCIATION (Fusion)MARKS AND SYMBOLSFOR ARPA AND AISAutomatic Acquisition ZoneTwo automatic acquisition zones may be set in a sector or any form. They also act as suppression zones, avoiding unnecessary overloading to the processor and clutter by disabling automatic acquisition and tracking outside them. Targets in a automatic acquisition zone appear as inverse triangle. The operator can manually acquire important targets without restriction.CPA Alarm ZoneTarget tracking symbol changes to a triangle when its predicted course (vector)violates the operator set CPA/TCPA. The operator can readily change the vector lengths to evaluate target movement trend.Guard Zones and Anchor Watch ZoneGuard Zones generate visual and audible alarms when targets enter the operator set zones. One of Guard Zones may be used as an anchor watch to alert the operator when own ship or targets drift away from the set zone.FAR-2117X-band, 12 kW, TR up FAR-2127X-band, 25 kW, TR up FAR-2137S S-band, 30 kW, TR up8 ft antenna(4 or 6.5 ft also available)X-band antenna for FAR-2117, 2127Performance Monitor built inS-band antenna for FAR-2137SPerformance Monitor built inGUARD ZONESTARGET TRAILSAntenna Radiators1. Type Slotted waveguide array2. Beamwidth and sidelobe attenuation3. RotationRF Transceiver1. FrequencyX-band:9410 MHz ±30 MHzS-band:3050 MHz ±30 MHz2. Output power3. Pulselength/PRRRange scale (nm)Pulselength (µs)PRR (Hz)0.125, 0.250.0730000.50.07, 0.1530000.75, 1.50.07, 0.15, 0.33000, 150030.15, 0.3, 0.5, 0.73000, 1500, 100060.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.21500, 1000, 60012, 240.5, 0.7, 1.21000, 60048, 96 1.26004. I.F.60 MHz, Logarithmic5. Bandwidth Short pulse:40 MHzMiddle pulse:10 MHzLong pulse: 3 MHzRadar Display1. Display20.1" color LCD (SXGA 1280 x 1024 pixels),400 (H) x 320 (V) mm,Effective display diameter: 308 mmEcho Color: Yellow, green or white in 32 levels2. Range scales and ring intervals (nm)Range: .125, .25, .5, .75, 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96Ring: .025, .05, .1, .25, .25, .5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 163. Minimum range30* m on 0.75 nm range scale*Using a 10 m2test target at 3.5 m high above sea andantenna at 15 m high (IEC 60936-1). Different conditions givea different result, maybe close to 20 m in actual installations.4. Range discrimination30 m on 0.75* nm range scale5. Range ring accuracy+0.2 %6. Presentation modesHead-Up, Course-Up, North-Up, North-Up TM7. Heading informationFuruno GPS compass is a recommendable heading sensor asa backup of a gyrocompass.Confirm with your Administrations.8. Parallel index lines1, 2, 3 or 6 lines (menu selectable)9. Radar map20,000 points to create coastlines, own ship safety contour, isolated underwater dangers, buoys, traffic routing systems, prohibited areas, fairways as required by IMO.Automatic Plotting1. Acquisition100 targets (e.g. manually 50, automatically 50)2. TrackingAutomatic tracking of all acquired targets in 0.1 to 32 nm3.Guard zoneTwo zones, one of them 0.5 nm depth4.VectorTrue or relative 30 s, 1, 3, 6, 12, 15, 30 min for prediction of target motion5.Past positions5 or 10 past positions at intervals of 30 s,1, 2, 3,6 min.6.Collision warningCPA limit: 0.2 - 10 nm, TCPA limit: 0 - 99 min.7.Trial maneuverDynamic or static, with selected delay time.AIS Display (Data input from AIS is required)1.SymbolsSleeping, Activated, Dangerous, Selected, Lost targets2.Number of targets1,000 targets max.3.Data indicationBasic and expanded dataPower Supply(specify when ordering)1. Processor Unit24 VDC or 115/230 VAC, 1ø, 50/60 Hz,7.6 A (FAR-2117: 24 rpm at 24 VDC),8.8 A (FAR-2127: 24 rpm at 24 VDC)440 VAC, 1ø, 50/60 Hz with optional transformer RU-18032. Display Unit24 VDC or 115/230 VAC, 1ø, 50/60 Hz, 2.3 A (24 VDC)440 VAC, 1ø, 50/60 Hz with optional transformer RU-18033. Antenna UnitFAR-2137S:230 VAC, 3ø, 60 Hz; 380 VAC, 3ø, 50 Hz; 440 VAC, 3ø, 60 Hz 115 VAC, 3ø, 60 Hz with optional transformer RU-5693230 VAC, 3ø, 50 Hz with optional transformer RU-6522440 VAC, 3ø, 50 Hz with optional transformer RU-5466-1X-Band S-BandRadiator Type LengthBeamwidth(H) Beamwidth(W) Sidelobe (within ± 10°) Sidelobe (outside ± 10°)XN-12AF4 ft1.9°20°-24 dB-30 dBXN-20AF6.5 ft1.23°20°-28 dB-32 dBXN-24AF8 ft0.95°20°-28 dB-32 dBSN-30AF10 ft2.3°25°-24 dB-30 dBS-band 10 ft radiator usable for an HSCSN-36AF12 ft1.8°25°-24 dB-30 dBX-Band S-BandRotation Gear Box 24 rpmRSB-09642 rpmRSB-09721/26 rpmRSB-098RSB-09945 rpmRSB-100RSB-101RSB-102Output Power T ransceiver FAR-211712 kWRTR-078FAR-212725 kWRTR-079FAR-2137S30 kWRTR-080EQUIPMENT LISTStandard1.Display Unit MU-201CR2.Processor Unit RPU-0133.Full-keyboard Control Unit RCU-014Trackball Control Unit (Palm Control Unit) RCU-015 (Specify when ordering)4.Antenna Unit with cable, 15/20/30/50/100 m (Specify when ordering)5.Power Supply unit PSU-007 for FAR-2137S6.Standard Spare Parts and Installation MaterialsOption1.Performance Monitor PM-31 for FAR-2117/27PM-51 for FAR-2137S (Specify when ordering)2.Remote Control Unit RCU-0163.Gyro Interface GC-10 (built in Processor Unit)4.DVI-Analog RGB Conversion Kit (Buffer board built in) OP-03-1805.RGB Connector DSUB-BNC-1 (for VDR)6.Card Interface Unit CU-1007.Transformer RU-1803/5466-1/5693/65228.Rectifier RU-3424/1746B9.Junction Box RJB-00110.Antenna Cable RW-960011.External Alert Buzzer OP03-2112.Hand Grip FP03-0984013.Bracket FP03-0982014.Hub HUB-100FURUNO U.S.A., INC.Camas, Washington, U.S.A.Phone: +1 360-834-9300 Telefax: +1 360-834-9400 FURUNO (UK) LIMITEDDenmead, Hampshire, U.K.Phone: +44 2392-230303 Telefax: +44 2392-230101 FURUNO FRANCE S.A.Bordeaux-Mérignac, FrancePhone: +33 5 56 13 48 00 Telefax: +33 5 56 13 48 01 FURUNO ESPANA S.A.Madrid, SpainPhone: +34 91-725-90-88 Telefax: +34 91-725-98-97FURUNO DANMARK ASHvidovre, DenmarkPhone: +45 36 77 45 00 Telefax: +45 36 77 45 01 FURUNO NORGE A/SÅlesund, NorwayPhone: +47 70 102950 Telefax: +47 70 127021 FURUNO SVERIGE ABVästra Frölunda, SwedenPhone: +46 31-7098940 Telefax: +46 31-497093 FURUNO FINLAND OYEspoo, FinlandPhone: +358 9 4355 670 Telefax: +358 9 4355 6710。
载体旋转条件下GPS中频信号生成方法
第28卷第6期2009年12月飞行器测控学报Jo urnal of Spacecraft TT&C TechnologyVol.28No.6Dec.2009载体旋转条件下GPS 中频信号生成方法刘旭东,赵军祥(北京跟踪与通信技术研究所#北京#100094)摘要:GPS 中频信号是分析研究GPS 信号特点和捕获跟踪方法的关键环节,高动态旋转条件下得到GP S 中频信号十分困难,需要利用仿真手段模拟生成。
在综合分析卫星仰角、GP S 天线增益以及空间载体旋转对GPS 卫星可见性和GP S 中频信号影响的基础上,导出了高动态旋转条件下GPS 中频数字信号模型,提出了载体旋转条件下GPS 中频信号的生成方法,并利用M atlab 平台模拟生成了高动态旋转条件下GPS 中频信号。
该方法可用于高动态旋转载体的GP S 轨迹测量方案设计验证,具有一定的理论价值和工程意义。
关键词:GPS;旋转载体;中频信号中图分类号:P22814文献标识码:A文章编号:1674-5620(2009)06-0090-05A Generation Method of GPS IF Signal underCarrier Rotating ConditionsLIU Xu -dong,ZH AO Jun -xiang(Beijing In st it ut e of T racking and T elecommu nicati o n T echnology,B eijing 100094)Abstr act:The GP S IF signal is the key aspect for researches on the character istics of GPS signal and the design of acquisition and tr acking loops.It is difficult to obtain GP S IF signa l in highly dynamic r otating sit uation,the simula -tion technique would be adopted to gain the signal.Based on compr ehensively analyzing the impact of sat ellite eleva -tion,the gain of GP S antenna and rotation of carr ier to GPS satellites visibilit y and the GP S IF signal,a model of GPS IF signal in highly dynamic r otating situation was developed,a generation method of GPS IF signal was pr o -posed and the I F signal was simulat ed in Matlab platfor m.The method may be valuable in the theory r esear ch and the project application in verif ying t rajectory deter minat ion method for highly dynamic rot ating car rier.Keywords:GPS;Rotating Carr ier;IF Signal0引言目前,GPS 测量技术已在导弹航天测控领域广泛应用,成为靶场主要的外测手段之一[1]。
车载卫星定位系统技术规范
《车载卫星定位系统技术规范》（征求意见稿）1 范围本文件规定了车载卫星定位系统的技术要求和试验方法。
本文件适用于车载卫星定位系统。
2 规范性引用文件下列文件中的内容通过文中的规范性引用而构成本文件必不可少的条款。
其中，注日期的引用文件，仅该日期对应的版本适用于本文件；不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本（包括所有的修改单）适用于本文件。
GB/T 18655-2018 车辆、船和内燃机无线电骚扰特性用于保护车载接收机的限值和测量方法GB/T 19951-2019 道路车辆电气/电子部件对静电放电抗扰性的试验方法GB/T 21437.2-2008道路车辆由传导和耦合引起的电骚扰第2部分：沿电源线的电瞬态传导GB/T 21437.3-2012道路车辆由传导和耦合引起的电骚扰第3部分：除电源线外的导线通过容性和感性耦合的电瞬态发射GB/T 28046.1-2011 道路车辆电气及电子设备的环境条件和试验第1部分：一般规定GB/T 28046.2-2019 道路车辆电气及电子设备的环境条件和试验第2部分：电气负荷GB/T 28046.3-2011 道路车辆电气及电子设备的环境条件和试验第3部分：机械负荷GB/T 28046.4-2011 道路车辆电气及电子设备的环境条件和试验第4部分：气候负荷GB/T 28046.5-2013 道路车辆电气及电子设备的环境条件和试验第5部分：化学负荷GB 34660-2017 道路车辆电磁兼容性要求和试验方法3 术语和定义下列术语和定义适用于本文件。
3.1 车载卫星定位系统 on-board satellite positioning system安装在车辆上，利用人造地球卫星发射的无线电信号进行定位和授时的系统。
3.2 定位精度 positioningaccuracy车载卫星定位系统输出的位置与真实位置之差的统计值。
3.3 测速精度 velocity accuracy车载卫星定位系统输出的速度与真实速度之差的统计值。
Tektronix 2245A 和 2247A 双时间基波形显示器产品介绍说明书
2252/2247A 2245A 100 MHz, DUAL TIME BASE OSCILLOSCOPESS mart Scopes with100 MHz, Four Channels, and Advanced Features like Auto Setup, Tracking Cursors, Voltmeter, integrated Counter/Timer, and Store/Recall of Front Panel Setups.•Four Independent Channels • Auto Setup of Instrument Front Panel• Dual Time Base with Delayed Sweep• Cursor TimeA/oltage Measurements• On-Screen Scale Factor Readouts2247A•Hands-Off Voltmeter Measurements• SmartCursor™ Track Voltmeter Measurements • Integrated Counter/Timer • Phase Measurements• Automatic Rise/Fall Time and Propagation Delay Time Measurements• Store/Recall of 20 Front Panel Setups DUAL TIME BASE OSCILLOSCOPES HIGHER PERFORMANCE, LOWER PRICE When productivity, performance, and low cost reallycount, nothing beats the 2245A, 2247A, and new 2252 line of portable oscilloscopes. These four-channel, dual time base oscilloscopes are top-of-their-class in automation and versatility, becoming the industry standard in 100 MHz real-time performance. Such capabilities as 2 ns/division time base, 2 mV/ division vertical sensitivity, and advanced trigger modes assure you solutions for your design, testing, and service tasks.AUTOMATIC FRONT PANEL SETUPAll these oscilloscopes offer single button setup. Just press the AutoSet key and vertical, horizontal, triggering and display controls are automatically adjusted to display a waveform. In seconds, a stable, triggered display of your waveform appears onscreen, ready to measure.STORE/RECALL MEMORYFor even greater versatility in setup, the 2247Aand 2252 offer store/recall of 20 front panel setups. Current front panel settings can be stored in nonvolatile memory, then recalled when and where they are needed. Switching between setups is easy - just two buttons recall a complete setup, including selected measurements and operator prompts. For repetitive testing or service diagnostics, store/recall settings can even be used in sequence to step through a predetermined series of tasks.2247A: Packed with time saving automation like front panel auto setup and store/ recall. Automatic measurements are push-button simple using the integrated digital voltmeter and precision counter/timer.ADVANCED REAL-TIME MEASUREMENTSEach have cursors for making time, frequency andvoltage measurements pushbutton simple. Crt readoutgives you a numerical display of the waveform parameteryou are measuring. There is no need for arithmetic orcounting of graticule divisions.CH? *?$£......-S*—I'fr-2.5‘1» * aRJ1EP A L IItUIJJbJfiT i l l20-80►I I I HIP201Make difficult measurements f aster and more accurately. Rise time measurements are made automatically with the integrated 200 MHz counter/ timer on the 2247A and 2252.The 2247A and 2252 further integrate advancedmeasurement capability with a built-in digital voltmeterand a precision counter/timer. These integrated toolsprovide a complement of automatic measurements at yourfingertips.| DIGITAL VOLTMETER BUILT-INThe voltmeter measurement system simplifies measurements of + peak, - peak, peak-to-peak, dc and gatedvolts, all with convenient on-screen readout of values.Tek's unique SmartCursors™ make interpretation eveneasier. They automatically track changes in voltmetermeasurements and visually indicate where ground andtrigger levels are located. The built-in voltmeter alongwith Smart Cursors™ delivers instant answers.INTEGRATED PRECISION TIMER/COUNTERThe 200 MHz counter/timer delivers crystal-controlledaccuracy for your timing measurements. You canmeasure frequency, width, period, and totalized eventsdirectly from your input channels. Rise and fal I time canbe made automatically at predefined thresholds (10-90%, "20-80%) or user-set reference levels. Propagation delay measurements between channels are push-button simple.And all measurements can be made using gated timeintervals simply by adjusting an intensified zone to anysize and position on your waveform.102To o rde r, c a ll your lo c a l T ektro n ix S ales O ffice, or c a ll T ek's N atio n a l M a rketin g C enter.T o ll fre e: 1-800-426-2200, Ext. 99.100 MHz, DUAL TIME BASEOSCILLOSCOPES2252/2247A2245AAutomation made easy with full programmability, digitized waveform hardcopy, and push-button measurements.NEW 2252A ll the features o f2247A, plus: • Push-Button Hardcopy Output ♦ Centronics Interface• Fully GPIB ProgrammableGPIBIEEE-488.2*'The 2252 oscilloscope complies with IEEE Standard 488.2-1988, and Tektronix Standard Codes and Formats.N EW 2252: The only oscilloscope that combines the versatility of a nalog display with the power of precision measurement tools, full programmability and push-button waveform hardcopy. Ideal f or manufacturing test, depot repair, service documentation, and bench-top ATE.HARDCOPY DOCUMENTATIONWith the introduction of the 2252, Tektronix combines the precision and versatility of analog real-time with the power of waveform digitizing. At the push of a button, repetitive waveforms are guickly digitized using a proprietary sequential sampling technique. With this innovation, an Epson-compatible printer (such as our HC200 printer) replaces the traditional crt camera for waveform documentation. Each channel is acquired using 500-point record length and up to 12-bit vertical resolution, then transferred via the Centronics interface to your printer. Active measurements and scale factors are also documented. An exclusive peak detection process further ensures anti-aliasing, and is capable of detecting repetitive events as narrow as 10 ns at any sweep speed.FULL GPIB PROGRAMMABILITYThe 2252 extends its power of automation to include full programmability of all front panel and menu controls. The standard GPIB (IEEE 488.2) interface allows access to all scope functions, including instrument setup, signal acquisition, and measurement control. Digitizedwaveforms can be acquired and transferred to a personal computer for analysis, documentation, and archiving. Measurements can be queried, and test routines easily created for go/no-go testing.The 2252 is as easy to program as it is to use. In addition to specific command variables, the operator can learn an entire front-panel setting simply be querying the current instrument setup. The response can be stored in a file, then downloaded to the scope when needed at a later time. To support automated test development, a 2252 instrument driver is also available for Tek's popular EZ-Test PC software program. See the Test andMeasurement Software section of this catalog lor more information on this complete development and test routine software system.UNMATCHED PERFORMANCE AND INNOVATIONThe 2245A, 2247A, and 2252 are packed with performance capabilities and innovation to meet your automation needs. Whether you're looking for automation in the field, on the design bench, or an entire production line, these scopes can meet the challenge.SELECTION GUIDEF M a m£j j s S …I Bandwidth100 MHz 100 MHz 100 MHzChannoieM l i f S n r -4Time BaseDual DualDual Auto SetupYesm ,LCursorsYes YesYes StOre/KecallNo YesYes Digital Voltmeter No YesYesYes. .'feeProgrammabilityNoNoYes m®M oi f #*:'1£ ©@- Hr w2245A: Ideal f or troubleshooting, general repair, and design where basicmeasurements are often needed. Time and voltage cursors make short work of s ignal time and amplitude analysis.To order, call your local Tektronix Sales Oflice, or call Tek's National Marketing Center.Toll free: 1-800-426-2200, Ext. 99.103N E W2252/2247A 2245A100 MHz, DUAL TIME BASE OSCILLOSCOPESORDERING INFORMATION2252 100 MHz ProgrammableOscilloscope with HardcopyOutput » $3,495Includes:Two 10X Voltage Probes (P6109)Opt. 01, Operators Manual(070-7837-00), Users Reference Guide (070-7839-00),3 Year Warranty, Power Cord.2247A 100 MHz Oscilloscopewith Voltmeter/Counter/TimertT $2,995Includes:Two 10X Voltage Probes (P6109), Operators Manual (070-6373-00),Users Reference Guide (070-6688-00),3 Year Warranty, Power Cord.2245A 100 MHz Oscilloscope with Cursors 9$2,995Includes:Two 10X Voltage Probes (P6109), Operators Manual (070-6558-00),Users Reference Guide (070-6718-00),3 Year Warranty, Power Cord.INSTRUMENT OPTIONSOpt. 1R - Rackmounted Instr. +$350Opt. 15 - CH2 & A Gate Output +$100 Opt. 2F-Q uickStartTraining'' +$190ACCESSORY OPTIONSOpt. 02-Acc. Pouch and Cover (2252)2247A/2245AOpt. 1C -C -9 Camera (2252) (2247A/2245A)Opt 1H-H C 200 Printer (2252) Opt. IK - K212 Instrument Cart Opt. IT - Transit Carrying Case (2252)(2247A/2245A)Opt. 17-P 6408 Logic Probe Opt. 22 - Add two P6109 probes Opt. 23 - Add 2 P60626 1X/10X Probes+$55+$00+$500+$205+$305+$280+$345+$375+$140+$440IN T E R N A T IO N A L P O W E R P L U G O P T IO N S O p t. A 1 - A 5 - Available (see pg. 108) N CWARRANTY-PLUS S E R V IC E O P T IO N S 2252:0pt.M2 - +2 yrs service +$2350pt.M8 - +4 annual calibrations +$455 2247A :O pt.M 2 - +2 yrs service +$2050pt.M8 - +4 annual calibrations +$305 2245A :0pt.M2 - +2 yrs service +$176 Opt.M8-+4 annual calibrations +$320R E C O M M E N D E D A C C E S S ./F IE L D K IT S Servic e Manuals -2252 (070-7838-00) $952247A (070-6367-00) $952245A (070-6557-00) $95R ac km o e n t K it-Order 2240F1R $350 Q u lckS tart Training P a ck ag e - (020-1864-04) ’ $199See page 108 for more accessories.P H Y S IC A L C H A R A C T E R IS T IC S D im en sio n sm mInHeight164 6.4Width (with handle)36214.2Depth (with front cover)44517.5W eightk g lb Net8.717.9■'See page 274for additional educational information.® Product available within 24 hours through Tek Direct. Call 1-800-426-2200.CHARACTERISTICSCharacteristics are common to the 2252,2247A, and 2245A except where noted.’1VERTICAL SYSTEM (4 Channels)B andw idth (-3 d B ) and Rise T im a -100 MHz and 3.5 ns (-10°C to + 35°C); 90 MHz and 3.9 ns (2 mV/div or + 35°C to + 55°C). Bandwidth limit: 20 MHz.Deflection Factor and Accuracy- CH1 & 2:2 mV/div to 5 V/div; CH 3 & 4:0.1 V/div and 0.5 V/div; all at ±2% (+3% outside +15°C to + 35°C). CH 1 & 2 variable at least 2.5:1.Vertical O perating Modes- CH 1,2,3,4, CH 2 INVERT, ADD, ALT, CHOP (625 kHz).CMRR- At least 10:1 at 50 MHz. lnputRandC-'\ M C I, 20pF.Max Input Voltage- 400 V (dc + peak ac) or 800 V p-p.C hannel Isolation-50:1 at 100 MHz.HORIZONTAL SYSTEMSw eep Speeds- A Time Base: 0.5 s/div to 20 ns/div;B Time Base: 5 ms/div to 20 ns/div (X10 MAG to 2 ns/div).Accuracy-±2%, Magnified +3% (degrade by 1% outside +15°Cto + 35°C).Horizontal O perating Modes- A, ALT, B, X-Y.Belay Jitter- 20,000:1.Delay Accuracy- ±0.5% + 5% of one div + 25 ns. TRIGGER SYSTEMTrigger Sensitivity (A andB)- Dc: 0.35 div to 25 MHz, 1.0 div at 150 MHz. Noise Reject: 1.4 div to 25 MHz, 2.2 div at 100 MHz. HF Reject: attenuates above 70 kHz. LF Reject: attenuates below 50 kHz. Ac: Same as dc, attenuates below 25 Hz. TV Line, TV Field: 0.5 div of composite sync for stable display.Trigger O perating Modes- A mode: AUTO LEVEL, AUTO, NORM, TV LINE, TV FIELD, SINGLE SEQ.B mode: RUNS AFTER DELAY, AUTO LEVEL, NORM, TV LINE (from A source).Trigger Source (A and B)- VERT, CH 1,2,3,4, LINE. Variable Moldoff- At least 10:1.X-Y OPERATIONDeflection Factors- Same as vertical system.X-Y O perating Modes-X: CH 1; Y: CH 1,2.3,4, and ADD.Bandwidth-X-Axis: 3 MHz; Y-Axis: 100 MHz.Phase Difference-±3° from dc to 50 kHz.CRT SYSTEMDisplay- 8 cm x 10 cm, 16.5 kV nominal voltage. Z-Axis- 3.8 V causes noticeable modulation. Usable to 10 MHz.POWER REQUIREMENTSLine Voltage Range- 90 VAC to 250 VAC.Line Frequency- 48 Hz to 445 H z.M axim um Power C o n su m p tio n -100 W (155 VA).ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS See page 108.ADVANCED FUNCTIONSCursors- Time, 1/Time: +0.5% + 2% of one div;Delta Time, 1/Delta Time, Delta Phase (2247A/2252):±0.5% +1% of one div; Volts: ±0.5% + 2% of one vertical div.Voltmeter (2252 and2247A )-Dc Volts: ±(0.5% of reading + 2% of one vertical div + 250 jj.V); Plus or Minus Peak Volts: ±(2% of reading +10% of one div +1.0 mV) and Pk-Pk Volts (25 Hz to 25 MHz): ±(2% of reading +15% of one div +1.5 mV). Channels 1 and 2.Counter/Tim er (2252and2247A)- Time Base and Accuracy: 200 MHz and 10 ppm (0.001 %). Frequency:0.01 Hz to 100 MHz. Max resolution: 0.00000001 Hz. Max accuracy same as time base. Period: 100 s to 5 ns. Max resolution: 0.1 fs. Max accuracy same as time base.Width: 100 s to 5 ns. Max resolution: 1 ps. Max accuracy same as time base ±2 ns. Totalize: 100,000,000 counts.Delta Time: 0 to 5 s. Max resolution: 1 ps. Max accuracy same as time base ±100 ps. 1/Delta Time: 0.2 Hz to 10 GHz. Rise/Fall: 0 to 5 s. Max resolution: 1 ps. Max accuracy same as time base ±2 ns. Propagation Delay: 0 to 5 s. Maxresolution: 1 ps. Max accuracy same as time base ±100 ps. External C/T Timebase Input: 10.1 k£2 ac coupled.Sensitivity: 1 V p-p. Max input V: 35 VDC + peak ac. Frequencies: 1,5, and 10 MHz.C entronics Interface (2252)- Printers: Epson FX- Series (9 or 24 pin).AM SI/IEEE-488.2GPIB Interface (2252) -Function Subsets: SHI, AH1, T6, L4, SRI, RL1, DC1, DT, PPO, El, and CO.DIGITIZER SYSTEM (2252)Type-Sequential (10 ns peak detection).Resolution - Vertical: 12 Bits (250 levels/div) (25 pts/div for hardcopies). Horizontal: 9 Bits (50 pts/div).Record length - 500 points per channel (four channels). U seable Sw eep Speeds - (A Horizontal Mode only) 0.5 s to 20 ns/div.INSTRUMENT OPTIONSC hannel 2 And A -Gate O utput (O pt. IS)-Channel2 O u tp u t - Bandwidth: Dc to 25 MHz; Deflection factor:10 mV/div into 50 £2,20 mV/div into 1 M£2; Dynamic Range: ±7 divisions; DC Offset: < 0.5 divisions. A -G a te O u tp u t Level-TIL compatible; Drive: 4 mA (high state),20 mA (low state).OTHER CHARACTERISTICSSafety- UL1244 listed, CSA certification.Warranty- 3 years.''Military Versions 22461Y/2R/Mod A also available. See page 109.104To order, call your local Tektronix Sales Office, or call Tek's National Marketing Center.Toll free: 1-800-426-2200,Ext. 99.。