薄冰高中英语语法之14虚拟语气.doc
薄冰高中英语语法之
虚拟语气
主编薄冰
执行主编庄志琳葛炳芳田绍慧山西教育出版社2014年最新版
出版人雷俊林
出版策划苗补坤
责任编辑张荣荣
ISBN 978-7-5440-5630-4
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全国优秀畅销书，薄冰、张道真系列语法图书销售突破220万册！ 丨学英语，凭什么让我学语法吗？？？
不时听到一些青年问道：学英语一定要学语法吗？语法应该怎么学呢？我们
就这两个问题简单地谈一点个人意见。
对中国学生来说，尤其是成年人，我看是学点语法好。语法，顾名思义，乃是语
言的法则和规律。学习语法，尤其是一些基本法则，至少有下列几个好处：
第一 可以使你学得快些，因为已有现成的前人总结的法则，用不着你从
头摸索。
第二 可以使你学得透些，因为通过语法对语言现象不仅可以知其然，而
且可以知其所以然。
第三 可以使你学得准些，因为语法法则就是一条条准绳，可以用以衡量
一句话是否正确。
第四 语法不但可以引你入门，更可以引你入胜，使你逐渐眼界开阔，语感加深，从而使你的英语水平不断提高。
丨那么应该如何学习语法呢？
我认为在学习语法过程中，应该注意下面几点：
第一 基本概念最重要。在学习每个语法项目时，一定要把它的基本概念
搞清，牢记在心。
第二 要大量地实践，大量地练习。实践要包括听、说、读、写四个方面，
练习要着重说和写。
第三 学习语法时，应多用比较法。如对动词时态、冠词、介词、名词的
单、复数等较难的语法项目进行相互比较，效果就比较好。
第四 要将语法法则与习惯用法分开。碰到习惯用法，就不必钻牛角尖，
进行徒劳的分析。而习惯用法在英语中则是大量地存在着的。
第五 将一本语法书通读一遍，当然也不无好处。但最好将它作为工具书，
像词典一样地经常查阅，始能学得比较细致牢靠。
第六 实用英语语法只应是入门的向导，像一根拐棍一样。英语达到一定
水平之后，就应将它扔掉。起码不要让许多语法条条充斥头脑，影响你说和写的
流利性。
最后 可能还会有人说，语法应该学，就是太枯燥。我的感觉是：开头有
点枯燥，过些时候，就会像嚼橄榄似的，越学越有味了。如若不信，请试试看。
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薄冰高中英语语法之·虚拟语气
目 录
14—1 语气的种类
陈述语气
祈使语气
虚拟语气
14—2 虚拟语气的用法
虚拟语气用在简单句中
虚拟语气用在复合句中
与虚拟语气有关的结构
14—3 单元练习
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Unit 14 虚拟语气
语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人对动词所表示的动作或状态的态度。
14-1 语气的种类
[1] 陈述语气
表示动作或状态是客观存在的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句中。如：
Iraq is an Asian country. 伊拉克是亚洲国家。（肯定句）
The US and British armies did not start the Second Gulf War until March 20，2003. 美英联军于2003年3月20日发动了第二次海湾战争。（否定句）
Who was it that they want to help?
他们想要帮忙的人到底是谁呀?（疑问句）
How interesting my stay in China has been ！
我在中国的日子过得真是有趣！（感叹句）
[2] 祈使语气
表示说话人对对方的请求、警告或命令。如：
Please come over here. 请到这边来。
Would you be so kind as to lend me a hand? 请帮个忙好吗?
Watch your steps ！ 当心！（走路）
Never be late again ！ 再也不要迟到了。
[3] 虚拟语气
虚拟语气表示说话人的主观愿望、猜测、建议或与事实不符的假设等，而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气是由句中谓语动词的特殊形式表示出来的。如：
If I were a bird ，I would be able to fly in the air.
如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。
I wish I could pass the examination. 我希望我能通过考试。
May you succeed ！ 祝您成功！
If only we had been college students last year! 去年我们要是大学生该多好！
14-2 虚拟语气的用法
[1 ] 虚拟语气用在简单句中
表示祝愿，命令。如：
May you be happy. 祝你幸福。
May you have a pleasant journey. 祝你旅途愉快。
May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友谊天长地久。
[2] 虚拟语气用在复合句中
虚拟语气用于宾语从句
常跟在动词 wish ，suggest ，order ，insist ，propose 等词后面的宾语从句中，表示的是一
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种虚拟语气，宾语从句中的动作表示的只是一种愿望、要求。
(1) 在wish 后的宾语从句中，be 动词常用“were-型”表虚拟语气，行为动词用一般过去时替代一般现在时。
表示现在的愿望和将来的愿望，宾语从句中谓语动词要用过去式（be 通常用were ）或would ，could ，might ＋ 动词原形。如：
I wish she would be on my side. 我希望她能站在我这一边。
I wish I could help him. 我希望我能帮助他。
表示过去的愿望，宾语从句谓语动词要用过去完成时或would ，could ，might ＋ have ＋ 过去分词。如：
I wish I had been with her last weekend. 我希望上周末和她在一起。
How I wished it hadn't been snowing while I was there!
多么希望我在那边时不是一直都下雪啊！
注意：
were-型虚拟式只有一种形式，即不管主语是什么人称，动词一律用were ，如果动词为进行体或被动语态，其助动词也一律用were 。
试题解析：
—Would you like to go to the cinema tonight?
—I wish I ______ ，but I have to study for a test.
A. had
B. should
C. could
D. did
【答案选C 】wish 后用虚拟语气，本意为“我希望我能”，故应用can 的过去时could 。
(2) 在动词 suggest （建议），demand （要求），order （命令），propose （建议），insist （坚持做），command （命令），request （要求），desire （希望）后面的从句中，动词用“should-型”虚拟式，即：should ＋ 动词原形，表示建议、要求、命令等。should 可以省略。如： The teacher suggested that we (should) clean the blackboard after class.
老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。
He ordered that the students wash the clothes every week by themselves.
他要求学生每周都要自己洗衣服。
He insisted that all of us should be there on time by any means.
他坚持要我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。
I suggest that we (should) start the meeting at once. 我建议马上开会。
The undergraduate insisted that he (should) go to work in the south.
这位即将毕业的学生坚持要到南方去工作。
注意：
① 当suggest 表示“暗示”时，后接的宾语从句不用虚拟语气。比较：
His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision. 他的沉默暗示着他赞成我的决定。 He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision. 他建议我坚持自己的决定。
② 当insist 表示“坚持（说/认为）”时，后接的宾语从句不用虚拟语气。比较： He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people's health.
他坚持认为做早操对健康有益。
He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day. 他坚持每天都要做早操。 ③ 当ask 表示“问”时，后接的宾语从句应当用真实语气，而在表示“要求”时，则
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用法类似require / request ，用虚拟语气。比较：
He asked us if we had wanted to visit the Summer Palace.
他问我们是否本来想去参观颐和园。
He asks that he (should) be given the chance. 他要求得到这个机会。
试题解析：
1. —What did the doctor say about your mother's illness?
—He suggested that she ______ an operation at once.
A. must have
B. had
C. have
D. had had
【答案选C 】suggest 表示“建议”讲时，引导的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，其形式为suggest that sb.（should ）do sth.，句中的should 可以省略。
2. The teacher demanded that the exam ______ before election.
A. would be finished
B. must be finished
C. be finished
D. must be finishing
【答案选C 】demand ，order ，command ，require ，request 等表示“要求，命令”的动词，引导的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，形式为：（should+）动词原形。
虚拟语气用于表语从句
(1) 当主语为advice ，suggestion ，order ，proposal ，demand 等词时，后接that 引导的表语从句，表语从句中的谓语动词常用“(should)＋ 动词原形”结构，表示建议、劝告、命令的内容。如：
My advice is that you should practise speaking English as often as possible.
我的建议是你尽可能经常练习说英语。
The order from the commander was that the troops should set off for the front immediately. 司令官的命令是部队立即出发去前线。
(2) 当宾语为advice ，suggestion ，order ，proposal ，demand 等词时，后面接that 引导的同位语从句，从句谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，说明所提出的建议、劝告、命令等的内容。如：
He gave us some advice that we should pay attention to our pronunciation.
他给我们的忠告是要重视发音。
Mr Li put forward a suggestion that the meeting should be put off until next Monday. 李先生建议会议推迟到下周一。
(3) as if ，as though 引导的表语从句，如果表示与事实或可能出现的事实相反的假设，be 动词用“were-型”虚拟式，行为动词用过去完成时。如：
He looks as if he were his father. 他看起来像他爸爸。
He seemed as though he had known everything.
他好像什么都知道了似的。（事实上他并不知道。）
当as if ，as though 引导的表语从句不表示与事实或可能出现的事实相反的假设时，则不用虚拟语气。如：
Tom looks as if he's been told about the car accident already. 看起来好像汤姆已经获悉这起汽车事故。
试题解析：
When a pencil is partly in a glass of water ，it looks as if it ______ .
A. breaks
B. has broken
C. were broken
D. had broken
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【答案选C 】译文：当一支铅笔的一部分在一杯水里时，看起来就像断掉了一样。 虚拟语气用于主语从句
在句型 “It is important (necessary ，strange ，natural) that... ” 中，that 从句中的谓语动词用“should ＋ 动词原形”。如：
It's necessary that we should have a walk now. 现在我们有必要出去散散步。
It's natural that she (should) be taken good care of. 她得到很好的照顾是很自然的。 It's important that we should take good care of the patient.
重要的是我们要照顾好病人。
虚拟语气用于if 引导的条件状语从句
虚拟语气最多地用在表示条件的状语从句和表示结果的主句中。在表示与事实相反的虚拟语气时，动词有三种时态形式，即现在、过去和将来。
(1) 与过去的事实相反
条件状语从句的谓语动词 主句的谓语动词
had ＋ 过去分词（过去完成时） should/would/could/might ＋ have ＋ 动词原形
If you had got up earlier ，you could have caught the train.
如果你早一点起床，就会赶上火车的。
If I had set off a little earlier ，I would have caught the train.
要是我早点出发，就可以赶上火车了。
She would / might have come if she hadn't been so busy. 她要不是那么忙就来了。 If I hadn't taken your advice ，I would have made a bad mistake.
要是没有听你的劝告，我就犯了一个大错误。
试题解析：
1. —If he ______ ，he ______ that food.
—Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.
A. was warned ；would not take
B. had been warned ；would not have taken
C. would be warned ；had not taken
D. would have been warned ；had not taken
【答案选B 】译文：“如果有人警告了他，他就不会吃那食物了。”“幸亏他被立刻送到了医院。”
2. I didn't see your sister at the meeting. If she ______ ，she would have met my brother.
A. has come
B. did come
C. came
D. had come
【答案选D 】译文：那次会上我没有看到你妹妹。她要是来了，就可以见到我弟弟了。
3. You didn't let me drive. If we ______ in turn ，you ______ so tired.
A. drove ；didn't get
B. drove ；wouldn't get
C. were driving ；wouldn't get
D. had driven ；wouldn't have got
【答案选D 】译文：你不让我开车。如果我们轮流开，你就不会那么累了。
(2) 与现在的事实相反
条件状语从句的谓语动词 主句的谓语动词
过去式（be 的过去式通常用were ） should/would/could/might+动词原形
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If I had time ，I would study French. 如果我有时间，我会学习法语的。
If she knew English ，she would not ask me for help.
如果她懂英语的话，她不会找我帮忙的。
(3) 与将来可能出现的事实进行相反的假设
条件状语从句的谓语动词 ● 过去式 （be 的过去式通常用were ）
● should （用于所有人称）＋动词原形
● were ＋to ＋动词原形
主句的谓语动词
should / would / could / might ＋ 动词原形
If it were fine tomorrow ，I would go shopping. 如果明天天气好，我就去买东西。 I would certainly go with you if I should have time next Monday.
下周一我要是有时间，就与你一起去。
(4) 有时，用without / but for 表示“要不是”，“如果没有”这样的虚拟条件（相当于if it weren't / hadn't been for...），或者otherwise 和or 这样的并列连词，表示虚拟条件，句中的谓语动词一般用虚拟语气。如：
But for your help ，I couldn't finish my work on time.
要是没有你的帮助，我就不能按时完成我的工作。
Without water or air ，nothing could live. 没有空气和水，万物不能生存。
He turned up at last ；or we would have had to find another time for a meeting. 他终于出现了。否则，我们得另外找时间开会了。
试题解析：
Without electricity human life ______ quite different today.
A. is
B. will be
C. would have been
D. would be
【答案选D 】译文：如果没有电，今天人们的生活会大不相同的。
(5) 有时条件状语从句中的动作与主句中的动作发生的时间不一致，这时谓语动词的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。如：
If you had followed my advice ，you would be able to finish the work now.
如果你当时听了我的话，现在就能完成这份工作了。（从句说明过去，主句说明现在。） If I were you ，I would have gone to her birthday party.
如果我是你，我就去参加她的生日聚会了。（从句说明现在，主句说明过去。）
If you hadn't lent me some money ，I couldn't have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now. 假若你不借钱给我，我不可能买下这幢新房，很可能现在还住在危房里。（从句说明过去，主句说明过去和现在。）
试题解析：
1. If there were no examinations ，we should have ______ at school.
A. the happiest time
B. a more happier time
C. much happiest time
D. a much happier time
【答案选D 】译文：要是没有考试，我们在学校会更加快乐。
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2. If he ______ quietly as the doctor instructed ，he would not suffer so much now.
A. lies
B. lay
C. had lain
D. should lie
【答案选C 】译文：如果他听医生的话静静地躺着，他现在就不用吃那么多苦了。
(6) 含蓄条件句
非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表现出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有3种情况：
条件暗含在单词或短语中。如：
What would I have done without you?
如果没有你，我会怎么办呢?(条件暗含在介词短语without you 中。)
It would be easier to do it this way.
这样做会比较容易。(条件暗含在不定式短语to do it this way 中。)
This same thing ，happening in wartime ，would lead to a disaster. 同样的事，如发生在战争时期，就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happening in wartime 中)
Alone ，he would have been terrified.
如果是单独一人，他会感到害怕的。(暗含条件是alone 。)
条件暗含在上下文中。如：
You might stay here forever. 你可以永远待在这儿。(可能暗含if you wanted to 。) We would have succeeded.
我们本来是会成功的。(可能暗含if we had kept trying 。)
Your reputation would be ruined.
你的名誉会被毁的。(可能暗含if you should accept it 。)
I would appreciate a little of your time. 谢谢你给我一点儿时间。
(可能暗含if you were so kind as to give me a little of your time 。)
试题解析：
He is working hard for fear that he ______ .
A. fails
B. failed
C. would fail
D. fail
【答案选D 】译文：由于担心自己会失败，所以他努力工作。
在某些情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。如： You wouldn't know. 你不会知道。
I would like to come. 我愿意来。
I wouldn't have dreamed of it. 这是我做梦也不会想到的。
He told the story in such minute details that he might himself have been an eye-witness. 他把那个故事讲得非常仔细，简直就像他亲眼看见一样。
注意：
① 当虚拟语气if 从句中含有should ，were 或had 时，在书面语中可省去if ，将should ，were 或had 提到主语前，形成倒装。如：
② Had he known her address ，he would have gone to visit her.
如果他知道她的地址，他会去看她的。
Were she younger ，she would do it. 如果她年轻点，她就会干的。
Should there be a good film tomorrow ，I would go to the cinema with you.
明天万一有好的影片，我就跟你一起去看电影。
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② 有时表示虚拟语气的条件从句或者主句都可以省略，而只剩下一个主句或者一个条件从句。如：
I could help you. 我本来可以帮助你。
If I had time. 我要有时间该多好啊。
She should have come to the party. 她应该来参加聚会。
③ 虚拟语气中，条件从句的动词时态可以和主句的动作时态不一致。如： If they had studied hard ，they could do it easily now.
如果他们以前努力学习的话，现在就会干得容易些。
If he had not taken my advice ，he wouldn't do it much better like this.
如果他不听取我的建议，他就不会干得这样好。
具体地说，有以下几种情况需要注意：
● 从句表示过去，主句表示现在。
If they had started in the early morning yesterday ，they would be there now. 他们要是昨天清晨出发，现在就可能到那里了。
● 从句表示将来，主句表示过去。
If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment tomorrow afternoon ，I would have gone to see the film with you last night. 要不是我得准备明天下午的实验，我昨晚就跟你看电影去了。
● 从句表示过去，主句表示将来。
If we hadn't made adequate preparations ，we shouldn't dare to do the experiment next week. 如果我们没有作好充分的准备，下个礼拜就不敢做实验。
● 从句表示将来，主句表示现在。
If we shouldn't have an exam this afternoon ，I would go shopping now. 要是今天下午不考试，我现在就去买东西了。
虚拟语气用于方式状语从句
由as if ，as though 引起的与事实相反的方式状语从句，不论主句的谓语是现在时或过去时，其谓语表示的时间概念和句子结构，基本上都表示虚拟语气。如：
John pretends as if he didn't know the thing at all ，but in fact he knows it very well. 约翰假装对这事一无所知，但实际上他一清二楚。(用过去时表示与现在事实相反的假设。) The old man looked at the picture ；he felt as though he had gone back to 20 years ago. 老人看着这张照片，觉得好像回到了20年前的时候。（用过去完成时表示与过去相反的事实。） They talked and talked as if they would never meet again. 他们聊啊聊，似乎再也不能见面似的。(would ＋动词原形，表示与将来事实相反的假设。)
The teacher treats the student as if he were her own child.
这位老师对待这位学生就像对她的亲生孩子一样。
He speaks as if he had been to the United States. 他说得好像他到过美国似的。
[3] 与虚拟语气有关的结构
(1) 在“It is(was) ＋ adj. ＋ that...”结构中，当形容词是necessary ，important ，probable ，possible ，strange 等时，主语从句的谓语也用“should ＋ 动词原形（should 常省略）”表示虚拟语气。如：
It was necessary that we (should) get everything ready ahead of time.
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我们有必要提前做好各种准备。
It is strange that he (should) not be prepared for this.
他居然对此没有准备，真是太奇怪了。
It is important that we (should) know something about literature.
了解一些文学对于我们来说是很重要的。
试题解析：
It is really strange that the girl ______ so early.
A. has been married
B. has married
C. be married
D. would marry
【答案选C 】省略了should 。译文：那个女孩居然那么早就结婚了，真是奇怪。
(2) would rather / had rather 表示“宁愿、但愿”，后面的宾语从句中谓语动词用过去时表示现在的愿望，用过去完成时表示对过去所做的事情的懊悔。如：
I would rather you went with me. 我宁愿你和我一起去。
I'd rather you told me the truth. 我真希望你告诉我真相。
I'd rather I didn't see you again. 我宁愿不再见你。
I would rather everything hadn't happened. 但愿一切都没有发生过。
(3) hope ，expect ，think ，mean 等表示“希望”、“打算”等心理活动的动词，在表达“本来希望（想要……）”这样的含义时，动词用过去时表示现在，用过去完成时表示过去，如用had hoped 表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情。如：
I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there ，but she said she liked to stay in China.
我本来希望她去美国上学，可她说她喜欢待在中国。
I wanted to have a talk with you ，but since you have another guest at the moment ，I can call you later. 我本想和你谈谈，不过既然你现在有别的客人，我以后给你打电话吧。
(4) 在“It is （high / about ）time ＋ that ”句型中，定语从句的谓语用一般过去时。如： It is high (about) time that we left. 我们该走了。
It is time that we did something to stop pollution.
是该我们做些什么制止污染的时候了。
It is time that Father picked up Lily from the kindergarten.
是该父亲去幼儿园接莉莉的时候了。
在这个句型中，that 引导的定语从句中偶尔也可以用would(should) ＋ 动词原形，或had rather (would rather) ＋ 词原形。
但应注意：在“This is the first / second...time that...”句型中，that 从句中谓语动词用现在完成时，如果是“That was the last... time that...”则应用过去完成时。如：
This is already my hundredth time that I've seen Tom ；he is really a frequent visitor to the tea house ！
这已经是我第一百次见到汤姆了。他实在是这家茶馆的常客啊！
It was my first time I had been with Mr Li. 那是我第一次和李先生在一起。
(5) if only 则表示“如果……就好了”，从句中用“were-型”虚拟语气。如： If only the alarm clock had rung ！ 当时闹钟响了就好了。
If only he had come ！ 要是他来了多好啊！
only if 表示 “只有”，是对if 的强调，用陈述语气。如：
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I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
14-3 单元练习
Ⅰ. 选择最佳答案填空。
(1) ______ it rain tomorrow ，we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.
A. Were
B. Should
C. Would
D. Will
(2) If my lawyer ______ here last Saturday ， he ______ me from going.
A. had been ；would have prevented
B. had been ；would prevent
C. were ；would prevent
D. were ；would have prevented
(3) He ______ you more help ， even though he was very busy.
A. might have given
B. might give
C. may have given
D. may give
(4) The two strangers talked as if they ______ friends for years.
A. should be
B. would be
C. have been
D. had been
(5) If I had worn my overcoat ， I ______ cold.
A. won't have caught
B. couldn't have caught
C. won't catch
D. wouldn't catch
(6) Without the sun that holds some of the sun's heat ， the earth at night ______ too cold for us to live.
A. would be freezing
B. will be freezing
C. would be frozen
D. can freeze
(7) ______ for the free tickets ， I would have gone to the film so often.
A. If it is not
B. Were it not
C. Had it not been
D. If they were not
(8) —Shall I go and buy two more bottles of beer?
—No ， I've already bought some. That ______ be enough for us two.
A. can
B. may
C. ought to
D. might
(9) —Where ______ ?
—I got stuck in the heavy traffic ，or I ______ here earlier.
A. did you go ；had arrived
B. are you ；was
C. were you ；would come
D. have you been ；would have been
(10) ______ be sent to work there?
A. Who do you suggest
B. Who do you suggest that should
C. Do you suggest who should
D. Do you suggest whom should Ⅱ. 用适当的动词填空。
(1) If I ______ (be) you ，I would not do such a thing.
(2) Suppose our teacher couldn't come ，who ______ (will) take his place?
(3) If he ______ (follow) the doctor's advice ，he would not have died.
(4) If you ______ (shall) ever see him ，please hand him this note.
(5) If I ______ (know) her well ，I would tell you about her.
Ⅲ. 用所给动词的正确形式完成下列短文。
A country girl was walking to the market one day ，carrying a pail of milk on her head. As she
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“If I (1) ______ (sell) the milk I (2) ______ (get) enough money to buy some eggs ，”she thought.“I (3) ______ (put) them to hatch under the broody hen and I (4) ______ (have) at least a dozen chicks to sell at the market. They (5) ______ (be) ready just at the right time ，when poultry
(6) ______ (be) really expensive to buy ，so I (7) ______ (have) enough money to buy a new dress.”
“I wonder that colour of a dress I (8) ______ (buy)，” she thought. “Green ，I think. That suits me best. Oh ，I (9) ______ (look) so beautiful that all the boys at the fair (10) ______ (want) to dance with me.”
Ⅳ. 改错。
(1) I hope Professor Smith has taught me French.
(2) My idea is that we shall have a football match with Class 5 next Tuesday.
(3) The job would require that I am at the company at 6：30 every morning.
(4) If he had hurried ，he had caught the flight for Guangzhou.
(5) I could have done better if I took my time.
【参考答案】
Ⅰ.(1) B (2) A (3) A (4) D (5) B (6) A (7) C (8) D (9) D (10) A Ⅱ.(1) were (2) would (3) had followed (4) should (5) knew
Ⅲ.(1) were to sell (2) could get (3) would put (4) could have (5) would be
(6) would be (7) should have (8) should buy (9) would look (10) would want Ⅳ.(1) I wish Professor Smith had taught me French.
(2) My idea is that we (should) have a football match with Class 5 next Tuesday.
(3) The job would require that I (should) be at the company at 6：30 every morning.
(4) If he had hurried ， he would have caught the flight for Guangzhou.
(5) I could have done better if I had taken my time.
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张道真高中英语语法之20定语
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全国优秀畅销书，薄冰、张道真系列语法图书销售突破220万册！ 丨学英语，凭什么让我学语法吗？？？ 不时听到一些青年问道：学英语一定要学语法吗？语法应该怎么学呢？我们 就这两个问题简单地谈一点个人意见。 对中国学生来说，尤其是成年人，我看是学点语法好。语法，顾名思义，乃是语 言的法则和规律。学习语法，尤其是一些基本法则，至少有下列几个好处： 第一 可以使你学得快些，因为已有现成的前人总结的法则，用不着你从 头摸索。 第二 可以使你学得透些，因为通过语法对语言现象不仅可以知其然，而 且可以知其所以然。 第三 可以使你学得准些，因为语法法则就是一条条准绳，可以用以衡量 一句话是否正确。 第四 语法不但可以引你入门，更可以引你入胜，使你逐渐眼界开阔，语感加深，从而使你的英语水平不断提高。 丨那么应该如何学习语法呢？ 我认为在学习语法过程中，应该注意下面几点： 第一 基本概念最重要。在学习每个语法项目时，一定要把它的基本概念 搞清，牢记在心。 第二 要大量地实践，大量地练习。实践要包括听、说、读、写四个方面， 练习要着重说和写。 第三 学习语法时，应多用比较法。如对动词时态、冠词、介词、名词的 单、复数等较难的语法项目进行相互比较，效果就比较好。 第四 要将语法法则与习惯用法分开。碰到习惯用法，就不必钻牛角尖， 进行徒劳的分析。而习惯用法在英语中则是大量地存在着的。 第五 将一本语法书通读一遍，当然也不无好处。但最好将它作为工具书， 像词典一样地经常查阅，始能学得比较细致牢靠。 第六 实用英语语法只应是入门的向导，像一根拐棍一样。英语达到一定 水平之后，就应将它扔掉。起码不要让许多语法条条充斥头脑，影响你说和写的 流利性。 最后 可能还会有人说，语法应该学，就是太枯燥。我的感觉是：开头有 点枯燥，过些时候，就会像嚼橄榄似的，越学越有味了。如若不信，请试试看。
虚拟语气用法总结及详细解析
虚拟语气用法 英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气、疑问语气和感叹语气五类。 1、表示动作或状态是客观存在的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句中。 China is an Asian country. (肯定句) How interesting my stay in China has been! (感叹句) 2、祈使句表示说话人对对方的请求、警告，建议或命令。如: Please come over here. 请到这边来。 Watch your steps! 当心!(走路) 3、虚拟语气表示说话者做出的假设而非事实，或难以实现的情况，甚至表达彻底相反的概念。此外，如需表达主观愿望或某种强烈的感情时，也可用虚拟语气。虚拟语气是由句中的谓语动词的特殊形式表示出来的。如: If I were a bird，I would be able to fly in the air. 如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。 I wish I could pass the examination. 我希望我能通过考试。
If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating. 如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了。 If she were to be here next Monday, I would tell her about the matter. 如果她下周一来这儿的话，我就会告诉她这件事的始末。 4、有时，虚拟条件句中，结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。这种条件句叫错综条件句。 ①从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。 If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too.如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了 If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。 ②从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。 If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了。 If he knew her, he would have greeted her. 要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。 5、当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可以省略，这时条件从句要用倒装语序，即把were, should, had等词置于句首，这种多用于书面语。 Should he agree to go there, we would send him there.要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。 Were she here, she would agree with us.如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。 Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. 如果他懂一些电脑知识的话，我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。 【注意】 若条件从句为否定句，否定词not应置于主语之后，而不能与were，should，had 等缩略成Weren't，Shouldn't，Hadn't而置于句首。 Had it not been for the bad weather we would have arrived on time. 若不是天气坏，我们就准时到达了。 ②有时省略if后提前的had不是助动词: Had I time，I would come. 假若我有时间，我会来的。(=If I had time…) 6、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。 ①将条件会暗含在介词短语中，如without…, but for…,otherwise（要不是因为）等 But for his help, we would be working now. (要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。
高一英语语法专项训练练习及答案
专题一名词、介词和数词 1．The_________is just around the corner and you won’t miss it． A．bicycle’s shop B．bicycle shop C．bicycles shop D．bicycles’shop 2．Rose was wild with joy________the result of the examination． A．to B．at C．by D．as 3．________people in the world are sending information by E-mail every-day． A．Several million B．Many millions C．Several millions D．Many million 4．This is not a match．We’re playing chess just for________． A．habit B．hobby C．fun D．game 5．No matter what you do，you should put your________into it． A．mind B．heart C．brain D．thought 6．There are usually at least two________of looking at every question． A．means B．directions C．views D．ways 7．My chest________when I make a deep breath，doctor． A．harms B．wounds C．hurts D．injures 8．The home improvements have taken what little there is________my spare time． A．from B．in C．of D．at 9．Luckily，the bullet narrowly missed the captain________an inch． A．by B．at C．to D．from 10．To regain their________after an exhausting game，the players lay in the grass． A．force B．energy C．power D．health 11．According to the recent research，heavy coffee drinking and heart attack is not necessarily________and effect． A．reason B．impact C．fact D．cause 12．Every new________has the possibility of making or losing money． A．event B．venture C．adventure D．expedition 13．The conference has been held to discuss the effects of tourism________the wildlife in the area． A．in B．off C．at D．with 14．The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took________pictures of them． A．many of B．masses of C．the number of D．a large amount of 15．“I don’t think it's my________that the TV blew up．I just turned it on，that’s a11．”said the boy． A．error B．mistake C．fault D．duty 16．One of the consequences of our planet’s being warming up is a(n) ________in the number of natural disasters． A．result B．account C．reason D．increase 17. Life is tough in the city．In order to lose their________，some people drink alcohol． A．temper B．mood C．consciousness D．pressures 18．I don’t mind picking up your things from the store．________，the walk will do! me good． A．Sooner or later B．Still C．In time D．Besides 19．The accident is reported to have occurred _______the first Sunday in February． A．at B．on C．in D．to 20．________two exams to worry about，I have to work really hard this weekend． A．With B．Besides C．As for D．Because of 21．He got to the station early，________missing his train．． A．in case of B．instead of C．for fear of D．in search of 22． I feel that one of my main duties________a teacher is to help the students to be．
高中英语语法虚拟语气教学设计
高中英语语法虚拟语气 教学设计 集团档案编码：[YTTR-YTPT28-YTNTL98-UYTYNN08]
高中英语语法虚拟语气教学：The subjunctive mood 厦门第十中学吕瑞珠 一、概述 本节课是高中英语语法教学课，授课内容为虚拟语气，授课对象是高三年学生。从呈现、加深记忆、巩固到实践并将语言项目运用于写作中并做适当的点评，大概需要两课时。但我这里着重阐述的是第一课时的教学内容、教学策略等。 通过本节语法教学课的学习，学生重新整合自己的有关虚拟语气的知识，复习已知的虚拟语气的表达形式如：I wish I could fly freely in the sky like a bird; It is high that you got up.等等，并学习新的表达形式如：The English teacher suggested that we should read the English newspaper every day; I would have passed the English exam if I had worker harder in the past 20 days.最为重要的是，学生在学习完虚拟语气的表达形式后，要在写作中运用。 虚拟语气在高中英语语法的难点之一，多数学生感到费解，因此也更需要老师的指导与相应的实践与运用，并且较好地掌握虚拟语气的表达形式，有助于扫除学生阅读过程中对个别句子的理解。 二、教学目标分析 1．知识与技能 1）复习学生已掌握的虚拟语气表达的句型： I wish I were… / I could … It is high time that you did your homework.. If I were you, I would… 2) 学习虚拟语气新的表达方式，尤其是if引导的虚拟条件状语从句，掌握与现在事实、与过去事实、与将来事实相反的三种虚拟语气的表达，特别是主句与从句时态的呈现；还有引导出的宾语从句需要运用虚拟语气的动词，如suggest, insist, propose, demand and so on. 3）培养学生运用所学知识表达自己的思想的能力。 2．过程与方法 1）引导学生在欣赏英文歌曲An Angel的情景教学过程中，开启对虚拟语气表达已有的知识记忆。
薄冰英语语法
薄冰英语语法 薄冰英语语法书里面讲的语法知识比较全面也比较系统，非常适合大家打基础。下面是小编给大家整理的薄冰英语语法的相关知识，供大家参阅! 薄冰英语语法：句子成分句子成分共有六种： 1)主语(subject)是一句的主体，是全句述说的对象，常用名词或相当于名词的词担任，一般置于句首。如： (2)The sun is shining in our faces. 阳光正照射在我们脸上。 shine [ain] vi. 发出光;反射光，闪耀;出类拔萃，表现突出;露出;照耀;显露;出众vt. 照射，擦亮;把的光投向;(口)通过擦拭使变得有光泽或光n. 光亮，光泽;好天气;擦亮;晴天;擦皮鞋;鬼把戏或诡计shining [aini] v. 闪烁(shine的ing形式);发亮adj. 光亮的; (3)I respect his privacy. 我尊重他的隐私权。 respect [rispekt] n. 尊敬，尊重;方面;敬意vt. 尊敬，尊重;遵守privacy [privsi; prai-] n. 隐私;秘密;隐居;隐居处 2)谓语或谓语动词(predicate or predicate verb)是说明主语的动作或状态的，常用动词担任，置于主语之后。如：当马丁离开水果店时，黄昏开始降临。 twilight [twailait] n. 黎明，黄昏;薄暮;衰退期;朦胧状态adj. 昏暗的，微明的;暮年的 (5)The play began [biɡn] at eight, so they must dine at
seven. 戏8点钟开演，所以他们必须7点钟吃饭。 begin at 几点开始;从开始 dine [dain] vi. 进餐，用餐vt. 宴请 谓语或谓语动词专指动词部分(包括动词短语)。它与谓语部分不同，二者不可混淆。 3)宾语(object)是表示及物动词的动作对象和介词所联系的对象的，常由名词或相当于名词的词担任。置于及物动词或介词之后。如： (6)One must endorse a cheque before one cashes it. 支票兑现前必须先签字。 endorse [inds; en-] vt. 背书;认可;签署;赞同;在背面签名cheque [tek] n. 支票 cash [k] n. 现款，现金vt. 将兑现;支付现款托马斯收到了一张超速行车警告单。 receive [risiv] vt. 收到;接待;接纳vi. 接收 received [risivd] v. 收到;接受;迎接(receive的过去分词) adj. 被一般承认的;被认为标准的 warning [wni] n. 警告;预兆;预告v. 警告(warn的ing形式) adj. 警告的;引以为戒的 speeding [spidi] n. 超速行驶v. 促进(speed的ing形式) adj. 高速行驶的 (8)She gave [ɡeiv] a roar of pain. 她发出一声痛苦的吼叫。roar [r]n. 咆哮;吼;轰鸣vi. 咆哮;吼叫;喧闹
英语虚拟语气讲解
虚拟语气 虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)这一语法项目是各类英语考试中心测 试的重点之一。虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，用来表示说话人所说 的话并不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。 Ⅰ用以表示虚拟条件的虚拟语气 虚拟条件句的三种基本类型: 1.与现在事实相反。若与现在事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”： If you took a taxi，you’d get there quicker.如果你坐出租车去，你可以快一点到那里。(但你不坐) If I knew her number I could ring her up. 要是我知道她的电话号码，我就可以给她打电话了。(可惜我不知道) 2.与过去事实相反。若与过去事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去完成时(had+过去分词)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+have+过去分词”：If I’d left sooner，I’d have been on time.要是我早点动身，我就准时到了。(但我动身太迟了) If we had found him earlier we could have saved his life. 要是我们当时早点找到他的话，我们就可以救活他。(可惜我们找到他太晚了) 3.与将来事实相反。若与将来事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”： If he went，would you go too? 如果他去，你也去吗?(大概他不会去) If I asked him，I’m sure he’d help us. 如果我向他提出要求，肯定他会帮助我们。(不过我不打算这样做) 大多数的虚拟条件句属于上面三种情况的一种，但并不排除存在条件和 后果中，一个和现在情况相反，另一个和过去情况相反，例如：If you had followed what the doctor said, you would not have been so painful now. 这个句子在高中出现频率颇高。 但是，如果后果用了虚拟语气，而条件却用陈述语气，这种用法是错的。 2. 除了表示虚假条件外，if从句还可以表示对将来的推测，由于是 将来还没有发生的，所以谈不上是真实的还是虚假的，只能说这个事情 发生的可能性有多大。一般情况下，可以用陈述语气的if从句来表示对
高中英语语法专项.练习题含答案
高三毕业总复习语法专项练习题1 1. —Have you enjoyed your visit here? —Yes, I’ll be very sorry _____. A. for leaving B. of leaving C. to leave D. with leaving 2. —I’ll help you whenever you need me. —Good. I’d like _____ me tomorrow. A. you helping B. that you will help C. you to help D. that you help 3. —Where did he go? —He went to another store _____. A. to buy pencils B. for buying pencils C. buy pencils D. buying pencils 4. —My baby has a heart trouble. —Did the doctor find it difficult _____? A. in treating B. treating C. for treating D. to treat 5. —Did the judge ask you many questions? —Yes, and _____. A.they were difficult to be answered B.to answer them was to be difficult C.they were difficult to answer D.they had difficulty in answering 6. The lost child desired nothing but _____ home. A. go B. to go C. going D. went 7. Last summer I took a course on _____. A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made 8. I know him _____ a good basketball player while in college. A. to have been B. to be C. was D. had been 9. I was surprised _____. A. watching him to eat so quickly B. watch him eat so quickly C. watching him eat so quickly D. to watch him eat so quickly 10. Now we could not do anything but _____ for him here. A. waited B. waiting C. to wait D. wait 11. I don’t know her and I don’t _____. A. want B. want to C. want it D. want so 12. To play fair is as important as _____. A. to play well B. play well C. we play well D. playing well 13. It’s most foolish _____ so. A. for you to say B. of you to say C. with you saying D. in your saying 14. I have no pen _____. A. writing B. to write C. to write with D. to be writing 15. Those letters are _____ to the countryside right away. A. to be sent B. sending C. to have been sent D. sent 16. _____ our wishes, we must try our best to work well. A. Realizing B. To realize C. Realized D. Having realized 17. Would you please _____ on the table? A. don’t write B. not to write C. not write D. not writing 18. Tom pretended _____ something when his mother came in. A. writing B. to write C. to be writing D. being written 19. We are all afraid _____ by robbers. A. to rob B. to be robbed C. of robbing D. of being robbed 20. I’m sorry _____ off the light when I left the room. A. to forget to turn B. to have forgotten to turn C. to have forgotten turning D. to be forgetting turning 21. The child had no choice but _____. A. to cry B. cry C. crying D. cried
高中英语语法(虚拟语气)
Unit13虚拟语气专题讲解 【知识要点】 语气（mood）是一种动词形式，用以表示说话者的意图或态度。 英语有三种语气： ＊直陈语气（indicative mood）---- 事实 France lies to the east of England. ＊祈使语气（imperative mood）---- 请求、命令 Make yourself at home. ＊虚拟语气（subjunctive mood） If there were no air and water , we should not be able to live on the earth. 虚拟语气表示说话人的一种主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件而不一定是事实，或与事实相反。 一. 虚拟语气在if条件状语从句中的用法 假设类型条件从句谓语 动词形式 主语谓语 动词形式 与现在事实相反动词的过去式(be用were而不用was) should/ would /could/ might+动词原形 与过去事实相反had + 过去分词 should/ would/could /might + have+过去分词 与将来事实相反1.should+动词原形 2.动词过去式 3.were to+动词原形 should/ would/ could/ might +动词原形 1. 在错综条件句子中，虚拟条件从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致，因此，主句和从句的谓语动词应根据所指的时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式。 1）If I were you，I wouldn't have missed the film last night． 2）If he had followed the doctor's advice，he would recover already．（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。） 2、在if虚拟条件句中，有时可把连词省去，采用倒装语序把谓语动词were或助动词did，had，should 移到句 首构成非真实条件从句的另一种句型，其意思不变。 1）Had we time to spare，we would be glad to go to the park． 2）Were it not for the discovery of electricity，the modern world would experience great inconvenience． 3、有时假设的情况不用if引导虚拟条件从句来表述，而用介词（如without， but for等）引出的短语、分词 （如supposing等）引出的短语、并列连词（如or，otherwise，but，though等）、由动词suppose引出的祈使句或通过上下文的意思来表达。此时句中谓语动词仍采用虚拟语气的相应形式。 1）But for your advice，I would not be able to do this work． 2）Victor obviously doesn't know what's happened，otherwise he wouldn't have made such a stupid remark．。
张道真高中英语语法之21同位语
张道真高中英语语法之 同位语 担纲指导张道真 执行主编席玉虎 山西出版传媒集团山西教育出版社 2013年6月第2版2014年2第6次印刷 出版人雷俊林 出版策划苗补坤 责任编辑孙晓芳 LSBN 978-7-5440-6435-4 学习探讨请加微平台bbzdzyyyf 语法学习交流微平台纸介图书京东旗舰店纸介图书天猫旗舰店百度阅读手持媒体免费读
全国优秀畅销书，薄冰、张道真系列语法图书销售突破220万册！ 丨学英语，凭什么让我学语法吗？？？ 不时听到一些青年问道：学英语一定要学语法吗？语法应该怎么学呢？我们 就这两个问题简单地谈一点个人意见。 对中国学生来说，尤其是成年人，我看是学点语法好。语法，顾名思义，乃是语 言的法则和规律。学习语法，尤其是一些基本法则，至少有下列几个好处： 第一 可以使你学得快些，因为已有现成的前人总结的法则，用不着你从 头摸索。 第二 可以使你学得透些，因为通过语法对语言现象不仅可以知其然，而 且可以知其所以然。 第三 可以使你学得准些，因为语法法则就是一条条准绳，可以用以衡量 一句话是否正确。 第四 语法不但可以引你入门，更可以引你入胜，使你逐渐眼界开阔，语感加深，从而使你的英语水平不断提高。 丨那么应该如何学习语法呢？ 我认为在学习语法过程中，应该注意下面几点： 第一 基本概念最重要。在学习每个语法项目时，一定要把它的基本概念 搞清，牢记在心。 第二 要大量地实践，大量地练习。实践要包括听、说、读、写四个方面， 练习要着重说和写。 第三 学习语法时，应多用比较法。如对动词时态、冠词、介词、名词的 单、复数等较难的语法项目进行相互比较，效果就比较好。 第四 要将语法法则与习惯用法分开。碰到习惯用法，就不必钻牛角尖， 进行徒劳的分析。而习惯用法在英语中则是大量地存在着的。 第五 将一本语法书通读一遍，当然也不无好处。但最好将它作为工具书， 像词典一样地经常查阅，始能学得比较细致牢靠。 第六 实用英语语法只应是入门的向导，像一根拐棍一样。英语达到一定 水平之后，就应将它扔掉。起码不要让许多语法条条充斥头脑，影响你说和写的 流利性。 最后 可能还会有人说，语法应该学，就是太枯燥。我的感觉是：开头有 点枯燥，过些时候，就会像嚼橄榄似的，越学越有味了。如若不信，请试试看。
英语语法专项：虚拟语气用法详解及练习(附答案)
虚拟语气用法详解 一、条件句中的虚拟语气 1. 条件句中虚拟语气的形式 从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件，主句会产生的一种不可能获得的结果。条件句中 的虚拟语气根据不同的时间有三种不同的形式。 2. 条件句中的虚拟语气的举例 (1) 将来时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如： If he should go to Qing Hua University, he would make full use of his time. 如果他要上清华大学的话，他就会充分 利用他的时间了。 If he were to come here, he would tell us about it. 如果他要来的话，他会通知我们一声。 (2) 现在时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如： If he were free, he would help us. 要是他有空的话，它会帮助我们的。 If he studied at this school, he would know you well. 如果他在这所学校学习的话，它会对你很熟悉。 (3) 过去时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如： If I had seen the film, I would have told you about it. 我如果看过这场电影，我会把电影内容告诉你了。 If I had got there earlier, I would have met Mr. Li. 如果我早点到那儿，我就会会到了李先生。 3. 运用条件句中的虚拟语气时，须注意的几个问题 (1) 当从句的主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词若是系动词be 时，可用was 代替were。但在倒装虚拟结构及if I were you, as it were 中，只能用were。如： Were I ten years younger, I would study abroad. 要是我还年轻十岁的话，我会去国外学习。 If I were you, I would try my best to grasp the chance. 要是我是你的话，我要尽力抓住这次机会。 (2) 有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句的动作若不是同时发生时，须区别对待。①从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动 作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。如： If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会使工程师了 If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。
人教版高中英语【必修二】[语法讲解
人教版高中英语必修二 知识点梳理 重点题型（常考知识点）巩固练习 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 概念引入： He is a person who never gives up. 他是个永远不服输的人。 I found him in the woods, where has a well-known tree. (我是在树林里找到他的，那里有一棵很有名的树。) Our guide,(who was a Frenchman, ) was an excellent cook. 我们的导游是个很优秀的厨师，他是个法国人 She was not on the train which arrived just now。 她没在刚刚到达的那辆车上 语法点拨 什么是定语从句？ 修饰主语、宾语、表语的句子就叫做定语从句。引导定语从句的关系词有： 关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that 关系副词：when, where, why 我们把下面两个句子组合成一个复合句： 1. This is our school. It is beautiful. →This is our school which is beautiful. 2. This is our school. We study in our school. →This is our school which we study in. →This is our school in which we study. →This is our school where we study. 3. Do you know the room? It is made of amber. →Do you know the room which is made of amber? 4. I have read the newspaper. It carries the important news. →I have read the newspaper which carries the important news. 从上述定语从句的组合我们可以看出： 先行词和关系词的关系：关系代词实际上是先行词的复指；关系词whose 实际上是先行词的所有格。 1. A plane is a machine that can fly. the machine = that 2. The boy who broke the window is called Wangkai. the boy =who 3. The boy whose parents are working outside was brought up by his grandfather. the boy’s =whose 【高一英语语法（二）定语从句（二）356521限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句】
高中英语所有语法专题大汇总
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