催干剂
催干剂技术文章

New tin-free catalysts as alternatives to DBTL and amine-based compounds in modern solventborne Polyurethane clearcoat systemsDietmar Oberste and Dr. Andreas SteinertBorchers GmbH, Langenfeld (Germany)Modern high-end automotive and industrial coatings systems are facing increasingly challenging requirements from the end users’ side. Not only should they create value for the goods produced, they also are expected to enhance the durability of the finished goods, allow for shorter production cycles, and cause no or minimal impact on the environment. The majority of these requirements have been met by existing high performance 1-component and 2-component polyurethane coatings systems, especially in the automotive segment. However, the increasing desire for lower energy consumption and less environmental impact poses a major challenge, even for highly sophisticated coatings systems.The objective of reducing VOC contentand the continuing development of high solids systems, call for low viscous resin binders. These types of binders are made by using low molecular weight polyol and isocyanate components. As a result, drying times for these systems often are longer. However, this problem can be avoided by choosing the proper catalysts. In the past, in addition to tertiary amines, tin-based components were used as cross-linking accelerators. Dibutyltin-dilaurate (DBTL) was the most commonly used accelerator for 1-component and 2-component polyurethane coatings systems. (Figure 1)Comsumption of organotin compounds (March 2000)IntermediatesAntifouling paintsWood preservativesFigure 1-source:…Production and use of organotin compounds in Germany”, report from Dep. of the Environment, Berlin, June 2000 This chart illustrates that the majority of organo-tin compounds are used as stabilizers and catalysts for the production of plastics and coatings. An effort is underway to replace catalysts such as DBTL in many industrial areas with less hazardous alternatives. This is due to the impurities of trioragonic compounds produced during the production process of DBTL. These compounds have shown a high toxic virility with consequences not yet fully determined.For manufacturers of additives and coatings, this created a need to develop alternative catalysts for 1-component and 2-component polyurethane systems that offer a comparable film property profile to DBTL. It has long been known that alternate metal compounds, mainly metal carboxylates, can be used as catalysts for polyurethane reactions. However, compared to DBTL these compounds provide different properties to the coatings regarding dry time, film hardness, coloring, and shelf life durability.New Catalysts for modern high-performance PUR automotive coatingsThis article offers opportunities to the reader on how to achieve a similar property profile in a large area of solvent-borne Polyurethane clearcoats. By using a newly developed product line of tin-free metal carboxylate catalysts, a comparable property profile to DBTL can be achieved. It introduces the entire product line, marketed under the trade name Borchi® Kat, and its individual products as alternatives to DBTL. The study also outlines their typical application properties compared to systems that are catalyzed with DBTL.Borchi® Kat 22 and Borchi® Kat 24 are single metal catalysts based on zinc and bismuth carboxylates. They define themselves through specific properties, different from those that DBTL offers, that allow formulators to achieve very specific characteristics in their coatings. Due to a special production process and a specific chemical modification, it was possible to optimize Borchi Kat® 24 with regard to its activity as a polyurethane catalyst. At the same time, the hazardous virility that the product poses to users was significantly lowered compared to other bismuth carboxylates.Borchi® Kat VP 0243, Borchi® Kat VP 0244 and Borchi® Kat VP 0245 are metal mixed catalysts. Various base metals were combined in a way that they offer new catalytic properties. In addition, in many systems they show a similar reactivity compared to DBTL and a similar property profile in a wide variety of applications. Borchi® Kat VP 0243 and Borchi® Kat VP 0244 were developed for usage in clearcoats, whereas Borchi® Kat VP 0245 was specially developed for use in pigmented coatings systems.Comparison of catalyst systemsTwo of the most important areas of applications for polyurethane catalysts in the coatings segments are automotive OEM and automotive refinish coatings. Products that are used in these areas have to work at the lowest possible energy consumption while offering the shortest possible throughput times. At the same time they are expected to offer optimal coating and film properties. This goal can be achieved by using modern low viscous resins and coatings systems and forced drying of the applied coating. This unfortunately requires relatively high temperatures that can easily reach 60° C to 130° C. Here the industry is looking for ways to reduce these temperatures to <100° C.The following work with a 2-component Polyurethane clearcoat, based on a modern commercially available hydroxyacrylate, shows test results that take these industry requirements into consideration. The forced drying was conducted at 80° C, a temperature that the industry is targeting. In several additional coatings systems that were tested during the developmental work and that for clarity reasons are not included in this paper, we saw comparable results.ExperimentalTo evaluate the application properties and the activity of the catalysts, a model was used to compare a control containing DBTL to the Borchi Kats and a non-catalyzed system. The formulations were tested for pot life (measured as a doubling of the initial flow time in a DIN-cup 4mm), the surface drying time and the through drying time (measured by means of sand drying per DIN 53150 and recorder drying according to ASTM 5895). The films were tested for hardness after forced drying (at 30 Min. / 80C) and room temperature according to pendulum hardness tester Koenig (DIN 53157). For both measurements the coatings were applied to glass with a defined film thickness of 100 µm. A comparison of the drying results at 80° C to room temperature allows for evaluation of the impact of temperature on the activity of the different catalysts. To determine the storage stability of the catalyzed coatings the catalysts were added to the master batch component and stored for 14 days at 50° C. The hardener was added and the coatings were tested according to original testing conditions to determine possible storage related changes in the catalysts’ activity.The clearcoat was tested with the catalysts Borchi® Kat 22, Borchi® Kat 24, Borchi® Kat VP 0243 and Borchi®Kat VP 0244 and compared to DBTL and the non-catalyzed coating. To assure accurate addition all catalysts were diluted to 10% in butylacetate. The formulation used (Table 1) was similar to a starting formulation of Bayer Polymers AG that is used in practice.Table 1: 2K-PUR clearcoat formulation (Bayer Polymers AG, slightly modified)Master batch:% by weight:Desmophen A 870, 70% BAC 51.15 Baysilone OL 17, 10% in Xylene 0.53 Baysilone 3468, 10% in MPA 0.53 Tinuvin 292, 10% in BAC 5.33 Tinuvin 1130, 10% in BAC 10.67 catalyst , 10% in BAC 0.15 MPA / Solvesso 100 (1:1) 10.02 Butylglycol acetate (BGA) 2.13 HardenerDesmodur N 3390, 90% in BAC 19.49 Total100.00Technical data: Solid content ca. 55% Viscosity ca. 25 s Drying conditions 10‘ / RT Forced drying30‘ / 80°CThe formulation for all testing systems was madefollowing the same procedure. One day before the testing was started, the catalyst solutions were added to the master batch component and thoroughly mixed. The master batch component was then split in half. One sample was put in the drying cabinet for storage stability testing and the other sample was immediately tested.Testing resultsThe pot life measurements (DIN-cup 4 mm) showed processability between 1 and 3 hours depending on the catalyst used. After storage for 14 days at 50° C, no significant change in the processability of any of the tested coatings was observed.In the systems including Borchi ® Kat 24 and Borchi ® Kat VP 0244, both showed stronger reactivity compared to DBTL. Both resulted in shorter processability, whereas Borchi ® Kat 22 allowed for a processability of the coating that was twice as long.Table 2: Pot life times of the clearcoats before and after storage (14 days at 50° C)catalyst noneBorchi ® Kat VP 0243 Borchi ® Kat VP 0244 Borchi ® Kat 22 Borchi ® Kat24 DBTL before storage > 4,0 h ca. 1,75 h ca. 1,25 h 3,0 h 1,0 h 1,5 h after storage > 4,0 hca. 1,75 hca. 1,25 h3,0 h1,0 hca. 1,25 hFigure 1: Development of the viscosity of the coatings before and after storageThe observation of the increase in viscosity of the controls provides further important information about the activity of the catalysts. The following graphs (Figure 2) compare the viscosity trends of the coatings catalyzed with DBTL, Borchi ® Kat 24, Borchi ® Kat VP 0243 and Borchi ® Kat VP 0244.Figure 2: Viscosity behavior of the clearcoats using different catalystsThe graph for the coating that is catalyzed with DBTL (Figure 2) initially shows a slow increase of viscosity up to 1.5 hours. After that, a clearly stronger build up of the curve can be observed. After storage the curve shows further significant increase in the viscosity build up, which in practice leads to a reduction in processability. The sample catalyzed with Borchi® Kat 24 shows a slow increase of viscosity up to approximately 1 hour. After reaching twice the Auslaufviskositaet a rapidly occurring crosslinking process can be observed. Yet at the same time, the behavior of Borchi® Kat VP 0243 is characterized by increased catalytic activity. A moderate increase of viscosity is observed over the pot life testing of Borchi® Kat VP 0244. It also shows an even reactivity profile, yet higher activity resulting in a steeper viscosity curve. Both catalysts show little influence on their activity during storage.Another criteria of evaluation is the development of the film hardness after forced drying (30 min. at 80° C). It is an especially important parameter to determine fast processing and the final hardness of the coating, determined after one week. In conjunction with the effort to reduce the baking temperature from 130° C currently to <100°C, the film hardness of the respective coatings system must be built up fast. In addition, the coating systems are expected to offer a film hardness similar to un-catalyzed systems. This currently is not possible under every circumstance.With respect to hardness, our investigation showed that coatings samples catalyzed with DBTL built up a significantly higher initial hardness after forced drying, but a lower final hardness than the un-catalyzed coating. Several, but not all, of the catalysts tested showed this phenomenon (Figure 3).The tests conducted with Borchi® Kat VP 0244 reached a very high initial hardness and, at the same time, reached the final hardness of the uncatalyzed coatings. In a slightly diminished form, the same observations were made for the system that was catalyzed with Borchi® Kat VP 0243.Figure 3: Development of film hardness of the clear coats after forced dryingThe most reactive catalyst, Borchi® Kat 24, shows nearly identical behavior as DBTL with respect to development of film hardness. A very high initial film hardness can be seen in the first 24 hours, but the final film hardness after one week is lower. Finally, the coating that was catalyzed with Borchi® Kat 22 shows film hardness numbers that are analog to the un-catalyzed system.The hardness testing results after storage are essentially the same as the samples tested immediately (Figure 4). Surprisingly, after storage, our tests show that the coating catalyzed with DBTL reaches a higher final filmhardness than the uncatalyzed system. The coatings formulated with Borchi ® Kat VP 0244 and Borchi ® Kat VP 0243 show consistently high film hardness and prove their excellent storage stability. This also applies to Borchi ® Kat 22 and Borchi ® Kat 24 which also has a very consistent property profile after storage.Figure 4: Development of film hardness of systems after storage for 14 days at 50° C (forced drying)The results for drying at room temperature showed a slightly different picture (Figure 5). Here, the films that were catalyzed with Borchi ® Kat 22, Borchi ® Kat 24 and DBTL achieved higher initial film hardness than the uncatalyzed coatings, whereas comparable final film hardness was observed. The other systems showed lower initial hardness values. Borchi ® Kat 22 proved to be the best catalyst to reach the highest possible film hardness at room temperature.Figure 5: Development of film hardness of the clearcoats at room temperatureAfter 14 days of storage at 50°C we did not observe any significant change in the profiles of film hardness of the coatings that were cured at room temperature. Borchi® Kat 22 in particular showed very consistent values. With the other catalysts slightly lower film hardness was found.Another important application property of the coatings systems is their behavior in surface and through drying. These were measured by means of dust-free drying/degree of drying 1 according to DIN 53150 and by using a drying recorder. While this property is less important to users who work with forced drying conditions, it is most important for users in the area of automotive refinish coatings. In this area it is not possible to achieve forced drying by using high temperatures, while still requiring fast blocking resistance, load capacity and processability of the coated parts.In our investigation, all catalyzed systems showed clearly shorter drying times compared to the uncatalyzed clearcoat, before and after storage of the coating. With DBTL and Borchi® Kat 24 the drying time of the surface could be cut in half with both systems showing very similar properties. Compared to the fast drying systems, the other test systems showed a slightly slower drying, yet no or minimal changes after storage (Figure 6).Figure 6: Surface drying deg. 1 (dust-free drying) of the clearcoats before and after storage, DIN 53150The through drying of the coatings systems was examined by using a drying-recorder (ASTM 5895). Here also a significant reduction of the needed drying time of the uncatalyzed systems could be observed. All systems showed comparable drying times of about 4 hours, which is approximately half the drying time of the control system (Figure 7). For the through drying of the samples that were stored at 50°C, values consistent to the unstored materials were measured. Only the system catalyzed with Borchi® Kat 22 showed slightly longer drying times in contrast to the other systems, again confirming its moderate catalytic activity compared to the other products.Figure 7: through drying of the clearcoat systems by means of recorder drying before and after storageSummaryWith the ongoing goal of saving time and expenses, modern 1-component and 2-component Polyurethane coatings for industrial and automotive applications are expected to meet increasingly high standards. The critical aspects among these standards include: 1) lowering the baking temperature at forced drying of coatings system to < 100° C which requires the usage of high performance catalysts and 2) replacing tin-based products as they raise toxicological concerns.Whereas this study examined alternative metal caroboxylates based on single metal carboxylates and newly developed metal combinations. They had to be suitable for usage as polyurethane catalysts for coatings applications and show comparable properties to DBTL. The most important application parameters in the study were processing time, development of viscosity, and film hardness. Surface and through drying were determined based on an automotive OEM and an automotive refinish sample coating. The coatings were cured at room temperature and at slightly increased temperature. Moderate baking conditions were chosen (30 min. at 80° C) to address the ongoing need for lowering the temperature in the curing process.Our tests proved that it is possible to reproduce the wet property profile of the formulation containing DBTL as well as reproduce the properties of the final coating by choosing the correct metal carboxylate catalyst. In addition, it is possible to achieve very specific qualities in the coating by choosing the proper product. With Borchi® Kat 24 the user has a product that, due to its strong catalytic activity, creates an advantage when fast processing of parts is required. At the same time, the result is a film hardness very similar to what DBTL creates and the drying characteristics will be almost identical. Conversely, Borchi® Kat 22 is a moderately reactive catalyst that allows for longer processing times. Its reactivity remains consistent after storage stability creating high final film hardness at room temperature and under baking conditions. It is especially suitable for automotive refinish coatings. The two combination products Borchi® Kat VP 0243 and VP 0244 show only slightly different pot-life times compared to DBTL and offer almost identical properties and processing conditions. Both products demonstrated consistent reaction behavior and excellent storage stability. In general, Borchi® Kat VP 0244 proved to be the product of higher reactivity, reflected in a shorter pot life time and a steeper buildup in viscosity. At the same time it showed similar film hardness development compared to DBTL in both curing methods. Borchi® Kat VP 0243 showed slightly lower film hardness at forced drying, however it reached the highest overall film hardness value under room temperature conditions. Therefore, the catalysts examined offer users a wide range of possibilities as they adjust their systems based on individual requirements.。
环烷酸盐简介

技术指标
指标名称指标
外观红棕色均匀透明液体
金属含量% 2.0/3.0±0.1,5.0/6.0/7.0/9.0±0.2
细度μm ≤ 15
溶液中的溶解性全溶
溶液稳定性透明、无析出物
闪点(闭口)°C ≥ 30,70
环烷酸铅
性能及用途
在涂料中使用作助催干剂。能促进漆膜底层干燥而得坚韧和硬的涂膜,可作聚氨酯(预聚体)催化剂,还可作涂料扩散剂。因其具有抗腐蚀作用,故在润滑油和润滑脂中使用,有防老化及抗腐性。可用于制作木材防腐剂、杀虫剂等。
•是涂料优良的润湿剂,可用做悬浮剂,以防颜料沉淀、结块,在亚光漆中可作消光剂,在船底漆中作防污剂,还用作涂料的研磨分散剂。
•可用作油墨中的胶凝剂,提高其稠度。
•可用作制作防霉、防腐剂,如木材防腐剂织物防水剂、油品添加剂、杀虫剂、杀菌剂等。
指标名称指标
外观棕黄色均匀透明液体
金属含量% 2.0/3.0±0.1,4.0/8.0//9.0±0.2
细度μm ≤ 15
溶液中的溶解性全溶
溶液稳定性无析出物
闪点(闭口)°C ≥ 30
环烷酸锰
性能及用途
•涂料中做主催干剂使用。对涂料的中底层具有良好的催干作用,一般与钴、铅皂等配合使用。在低温时影响干性较小,在表干要求不高时,可用它代替钴催干剂,在热固性涂料中,可提高漆膜韧性与硬度。
• 8%的环烷酸锰,溶于高闪点矿物油,可作氧化干燥型油墨催干剂。
•高温时具有强烈的聚合催干作用,使漆膜具有更大的硬度和韧性。
•可以用于制作柴油添加剂等油品添加剂。
•可以用于制作生物助长剂等。
指标名称指标
外观深褐色均匀油状液体
金属含量% 3.0±0.1,7.0±0.2
环烷酸锌、铅催干剂

环烷酸锌、铅催干剂一、性能概述低温直接法的特点是在不高于100的温度下使用环烷酸直接与相应的金属氧化物和氢化物反应生成相应的金属皂。
用此法制的产品颜色深,收率高、生产时间段、动力消耗低、产品成本明显下降,如锌催干剂每吨降低一千多元,铅催干剂每吨降低几百元,对环境无污染。
环烷酸锌的外观为浅褐色粘稠状液体,低毒易燃,微溶于乙醇,易溶于苯、甲苯、丙酮、松香水等有机溶剂。
环烷酸铅为软质黄色半透明树枝状物质,可燃。
在强酸性油中产生沉淀,不溶于水,溶于乙醇苯、甲苯、松香油等有机溶剂。
纯品熔点接近100.环烷酸铅具有前中途症状。
二、主要用途环烷酸锌主要用作油漆、油墨和树脂的催干剂、润湿剂、杀虫剂、杀菌剂、防霉剂、木材防腐剂、纺织品防水剂和金属品的缓蚀剂。
环烷酸铅主要用作清漆的催干剂、扩散剂、木材防腐剂。
三、生产原理低温直接法生产环烷酸锌、铅和钙催干剂,分别根据下列化学反应进行:1.环烷酸锌2RCOOH+ZnO→(RCOO)2Zn+H2O2.环烷酸铅2RCOOH+PbO→(RCOO)2Pb+H2O四、生产工艺1.原料消耗原料规格用量(kg/t)环烷酸锌环烷酸铅环烷酸工业品,180mgKOH/g 223.4 350.4黄丹工业品,99% -- 109.2氧化锌工业品,98% 25.4 --溶剂汽油工业品,200# 751.1 541.4 注:环烷酸锌含锌2%溶液产品,环烷酸铅为含铅10%产品2.工艺流程简图(环烷酸,水)→搅拌→(加入金属氧化物,黄丹)→反应→(加入溶剂汽油)→稀释→成品3.操作工艺将环烷酸计量后加入反应釜内,然后加入约占环烷酸10%量的水。
加完水后,开始加热升温到80-90开始搅拌并缓慢加入相应的金属氧化物和黄丹。
此后在90-100的温度下进行反应,知道反应物程透明状为止。
反应2小时候,加入规定量的溶剂汽油稀释成规定浓度溶液及为成品。
涂料用稀土催干剂

不大于 R , gl0 L 方法 1 EO /0. ( )
R -, ( E 方法 2 )
4( 0 2 . 士 . )
40 02 . . 士
与 20 0 号油漆溶剂油混溶性
催干性能
闪点 , ℃ 不低于
全溶
符合Z G 03 B 5 3 对干燥时间的要求 1
3 2
中华人民共和国化学工业部 1 9 - 1 1 批准 9 11 一2
引用标准
G 61 化学试剂 滴定分析( B 0 容量分析) 用标准溶液的制备 G 12 清漆、 B 2 7 清油及稀释剂颜色测定法 G 12 涂料细度测定法 B 4 7 G 38 涂料产品的取样 B 6 1 G 50 涂料闪点测定法 快速平衡法 B 8 2 G 68 实验室用水规格 B 2 6 Z G 03 O- 醇酸清漆 B 53 1 C I 1
44216 六次甲 .-, . 基四胺一 盐酸缓冲溶液: 2g 称取 0 六次甲 基四胺, 将其溶于8g 0 水中, 在搅拌下缓缓 加入浓盐酸(....)用 p 44214, H计测定该溶液的p H值, 使其调为p =54 . H . 6 -5 e
将 . g Om O 4 4 2 17 二甲酚橙指示剂: 。2 二甲酚橙溶于 1 L水中。 . - . .
技术要求。产品应有合格证 , 必要时另附使用说明及注意事项 53 接收部门有权按本标准的规定对产品进行检验, . 如发现质量不符合本标准技术要求时‘ 供需双方 共同按 G 38 重新取样进行复验, B 6 1 如仍不符合本标准技术要求, 产品即为不合格, 接收部门有权退
货。
54 产品按G 38 规定进行取样, . B 6 1 样品分成两份, 一份密封贮存备查, 另一份作检验用。 55 供需双方应对产品包装、 . 数量及标志进行检验核对, 如发现包装有损漏, 数量有出入、 标志不符 合 规定等现象时, 应及时通知有关部门进行处理。 56 供需双方在产品质量上发生争议时, . 应由产品质量监督检验机构进行仲裁。
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催干剂催干剂有金属氧化物,金属盐,金属皂三类使用形式。
金属氧化物和金属盐都是在熬漆过程中加入,形成油脂皂后才呈现催干作用。
目前使用最多的是金属皂这种形式,金属皂是有机酸和某些金属反应而成的,她的通式是RCOOM(M——金属部分,RCOO——有机酸部分),催干剂的特性决定于金属部分,而有机酸部分使其发乎催干效果。
事实上每种金属的催干性能是不一样的,同种金属皂对不同涂料品种的催干作用也不相同。
实际使用最多的为钴,锰,铅,锌,钙,铁,锆,铈,稀土是新型的催干剂。
具有催干性能的金属,必须在“活性状态”下才能发挥其催干作用。
若将钴,锰,铅等变价金属以胶体状态很细地分散在油中,并无催干作用。
例如四乙基铅【Pb(C2H5)4】在油中能很好地混溶,但仍无催干作用。
因此具有催干性能的金属必然形成金属皂而溶于油中,其有机酸作为阴离子,金属部分为阳离子,才能呈现催干作用。
一,催干剂的阴离子部分——有机酸催干剂的有机酸决定金属皂皂涂料中的溶解性和相容性。
催干剂中有机酸虽不相同,但其呈现的催赶特性都相同,如环烷酸铅和亚油酸铅都以催底干为主,但亚麻油酸皂因其溶解性差而降低其催干活性。
有机酸的种类很多,但用于催干剂的有机酸需符合以下条件。
①形成的金属皂在连接料及有机溶剂中溶解度好。
有机酸的不饱和性越大,其金属皂的溶解性越好。
如亚麻油酸皂的溶解性要比硬脂酸皂好。
饱和有机酸的适宜链长为6-10碳,碳链上具有侧链,特别是α碳上连有支链,具有较好的溶解性,如2-乙基乙酸的金属皂要比正辛酸金属皂的溶解性更佳。
②在水中的溶解度小。
苯甲酸的额金属皂在有机溶剂中的溶解度好,色泽淡,价格低,酸价高,但对水敏感而影响漆膜的抗水性。
③贮存性好,不易氧化及分解。
松香酸和亚麻油酸等不饱和脂肪酸本身在贮存过程中氧化,引起颜色变深,溶解性降低而析出,影响其催干性。
饱和有机酸如环烷酸,2——乙基乙酸,新葵酸,异壬酸的金属皂具有优良的贮存稳定性。
④色泽浅,气味小而杂质少。
浅色漆不能用深色金属皂,以免影响其色泽,故采用的有机酸需精制。
环烷酸皂有特殊气味,不宜用于食品工业用涂料。
有机酸不能含有对涂膜有影响的有害物质如硫化物等。
2-乙基乙酸,新葵酸等合成脂肪酸具有高的纯度和极浅的色泽,而且无特殊气味。
⑤来源广,价格低廉。
天然有机酸如亚油酸,焦油酸,环烷酸的来源较广而且价格低,但由于其天然脂肪酸质量不稳定,仅焦油酸及环烷酸被普遍使用。
表6-1是常用于催干剂的有机酸及特性近年来,由于环烷酸的资源日益减少,而合成脂肪酸的化学纯度要比天然脂肪酸好得多,因而以合成羧酸皂混合物为基础的催干剂在市场上普遍供应,生产厂常以其羧酸来命名其催干剂牌号,合成羧酸的高酸值使其金属皂具有较高的含量,黏度亦低。
由于其耗酸量低,成本与环烷酸皂相近石蜡氧化制取的哼唱脂肪酸都为直链酸,其色泽较浅,价格低,但其金属皂的溶解性差,可将其C6-9合成脂肪酸与环烷酸或支链脂肪酸拼合使用,以降低成本二,催干剂的阳离子部分——金属离子催干剂可分为活性和辅助两种,其中活性催干剂又可分为氧化型和聚合型,见表6-2表6-2催干剂的分类催干剂的作用决定于其中金属离子部分,因此,涂料催干剂的用量都是以其所含的金属量来计算的,各种催干剂都规定其金属离子浓度。
在实际应用时,油基清漆是以植物油中的金属含量来表示的,各种合成树脂涂料则以树脂固体分钟的金属含量来表示。
1钴催干剂钴催干剂是催干活性最强的氧化型催干剂,因氧化作用是从漆膜表面开始的,因而她使漆膜表面干燥加速,常作面催干剂。
钴催干剂一本与铅,锰,钙等催干剂配合使用,使涂层表里平衡干燥,如单独使用或使用量过多,会使涂膜表面很快干结而收缩,产生皱皮和因底干而发软的各种漆膜缺陷。
特别是其强烈的催化氧化性,促使漆膜过早老化并发脆,因此,漆膜的干性在达到施工要求的前提下,以少用为宜,其适合用量为0.02%—0.06%。
以钙,锌等助催干剂配合使用,可有效地调节其表面干燥速度,用量超过0.08%则需注意,必须仔细进行试验评价。
钴催化剂也可用于热固型涂料如氨基烘漆中以提高其硬度,用量为0.00%—0.02%,与铁,锰催干剂相比,不易变色,但硬度和坚韧性不及后者,在油墨中听涂膜极薄,故可用钴催干剂。
钴皂是呈蓝紫色的黏稠液体,高价钴态时则呈绿色。
在涂料,油料与钴皂拼混后的贮存过程中,过氧化物与钴皂作用而产生绿色。
一般认为钴皂在高价状态才呈现催干作用。
钴皂与污类抗结皮剂混用会形成金属—?配合物而呈现红至红紫色,各种?产生不同的颜色,但漆膜干燥后颜色即消失。
钴催干剂常使用的金属含量在4%-12%2铅催干剂铅催干剂为聚合型催干剂,在大多数醇酸漆中能促使漆膜底层干燥而得到坚韧而英的漆膜,。
并能提高漆膜的附着力及耐候性。
但其氧化催干性低,必须与钴,锰,催干剂配合使用,一般用量为钴用量的10倍,正常用量的金属含量在0.5%-1%铅皂与醇酸树脂中游离的苯二甲酸酐形成溶解度较小的铅盐而析出,使清漆发浑。
铅皂与空气中的里硫化物作用而变色,因而使漆膜玷污而变暗,铅皂有一定毒性,在玩具及儿童用品的涂料中严禁用铅皂做催干剂,铅粉漆中若使用铅皂,铅粉表面的硬脂酸膜为铅皂取代而失去漂浮性,因而使铅粉漆膜亮度差而发灰,在补能用铅催干剂的涂料中,常以铈或锆催干剂代之。
铅皂对颜料有润滑分散作用,颜料分较多的漆浆,在轧制前加入以降低其粘稠度,并能改善其失干倾向,铅皂具有抗腐蚀作用,在,润滑油或润滑脂中使用有防老化及腐蚀性。
铅皂的色泽较浅,一般为浅黄色液体,还可值得近乎于无色的精制品而用于白色漆中,铅催干剂的使用浓度为12%—36%3锰催干剂其催赶特性在铅与钴皂之间,催干性较钴催干剂弱,具有良好的催底干性能,一般与钴,铅皂配合,用量为0.02%-0.08%锰催干剂在热固型涂料中使用可提高漆膜的坚韧性与硬度,其效果要比钴皂好,但色深并易泛黄,不宜用于白色漆中,用量为0.005%-0.02%锰催干剂在使用时会使涂膜出现一些反常现象,如皱皮,发霜等,需特别注意;特别是在铅存在下,锰催干剂的缺陷更为显著,配合钙催干剂可改善清漆发浑,色漆皱皮。
在低温时影响干性较小,在表干要求不高时,可用锰催干剂取代钴催干剂,但锰催干剂易变色,特别是在烘烤时更为严重锰催干剂虽能有效地催底干,但仍须与助催干剂拼合使用。
钙催干剂钙催干剂没有显著的催干作用,但与钴催干剂配合使用,可以提高其催干效果,还可以使表干与底干平衡,消除起皱,属助催干剂。
钙催干剂常与钴/铅催干剂系统配合,在有殊的辅助作用,能和钴催干剂形成复合物而阻止他被颜料吸收而失去催干性,能改进在低温及高湿度下的干燥性能。
在醇酸漆中调整钴催干剂在醇酸树脂中析出而使清漆发浑,色泽发雾失光等毛病。
在补能使用铅催干剂的场合如玩具漆,可以钙催干剂代替铅催干剂,因其催干性能较差而用量过多,使漆膜的抗水性不良,与环烷酸铅一样,环烷酸钙可用作颜料分散使得润湿剂,能防止起霜,并改善失干性。
钙催干剂因环烷酸的用量不同而呈酸性或中性,酸性环烷酸钙具有良好的溶解性,但催干性差,而中性或碱性钙催干剂具有较好的催干性。
钙催干剂的使用浓度为4%,6%,10%1用量为0.05%-0.20%5锌催干剂锌催干剂为助催干剂,她能保持漆膜有较长的开放时间,使漆膜能较彻底的干燥,故在默写涂料中涂膜具有较好的硬度,锌催干剂在很多涂料中使用,能延迟其表干,她与环烷酸铅及钙一样,是又来那个的颜料润湿剂,因而在研磨阶段加入,能改进颜料的分散性,并能降低其失干性,有报道称,锌催干剂能消除活性金属复合物得形成而产生的变色现象,因为先形成的锌复合物是无色的。
锌催干剂的使用浓度为6%,8%,16%及18%,用量为0.03%-0.2%。
6铁催干剂铁催干剂在室温时无明显的催干作用,高温则具有强烈的聚合催干作用,使漆膜具有更大的硬度和韧性,主要用于热固型涂料。
铁催干剂的颜色深,使漆膜具有棕红色相,因而用于沥青烘漆,黑氨基烘漆以及其他神色的氧化型烘干漆中,她不但具有高温催干性,而且对炭黑有分散湿润作用,并能防止炭黑吸附钻、锰催化干剂而产生阻力作用。
有报道称,铁催干剂能改善黑烤漆的橘皮现象7钒催干剂钒催干剂的活性很高,但由于其高价的化合态,贮存极不稳定。
并且由于其颜色深以及有失干的倾向,故其应用受到了很大的限制8铈,混合稀土催干剂稀土元素由位于元素周期表ⅢB族中的15个镧系原色加上钪,臆所组成。
其4f电子层上空轨道较多,处于不稳定状态,易失去电子和接受电子,使稀土元素具有变价和配位性质稀土混合催干剂是铈,,铕,钇羧酸皂的混合物,其主要组分为铈羧酸皂,其催赶特性与铈催干剂一致,而镧,铕,钇的羧酸皂没有明显的催干作用,因而稀土混合催干剂中的组分及含量的控制极为重要。
稀土,铈催赶就兼具表干及底干的催干性能,而且具有配位性,能促进醇酸树脂等涂料的实干,稀土,铈,催干剂可取代锰,锌,钙等催干剂。
并且其活性比铅,钴要高,其用量之相当于铅,锰,锌,钙等催干剂总量得40%-80%可以降低涂料成本在低温和高湿度干燥的涂料中,稀土,铈催干剂尤为有效,稀土,铈催干剂用于烘漆中,具有铁催干剂的高温催干性,能使漆膜交联度增加而提高硬度和韧性,且能改进光泽和保光性但易使漆膜泛黄,不宜用于浅色漆中。
在微小变色能够接受的涂料中,铈和稀土是常被选用的对象。
与钴催干剂混合使用于油基漆、醇酸树脂漆及环氧酯涂料中,稀土、铈具有以下优点:①能全部取代铅、锰、锌、钙等催干剂,将传统的5种混合催干剂简化为2种混合催干剂系统,利于生产管理及控制;②用量可按传统的催干剂减少30%~50%(以金属含量计),并可降低制漆成本;③能改善其底干,因而可提高漆膜附着力、耐水性及耐汽油性;④无铅毒,可用于玩具漆及其他无铅涂料。
稀土、铈催干剂的使用浓度为6%、8%、12%,用量为0.2%~0.5%。
铅的相对分子质量为207.21,铈的相对分子质量为140.12,因而0.5%的铅皂相当于0.33%的铈皂。
以不同的醇酸树脂配清漆或色漆,以0.33%、0.17%、0.11%的铈金属代替0.5%铅皂,可改善底干及贮存稳定性(见表6-3),对亚油醇酸树脂有较大影响,但对脱水蓖麻油醇酸树脂的效果不明显。
一般与钴皂配合使用,用量为钴的6~10倍。
9.锆催干剂锆催干剂实际是聚合的锆氧基与合成有机酸的配位化合物,属于配位型聚合催干剂,能与连结料中的羟基或其他极性基团络合,生成更大分子量的配位化合物锆催干剂本身成为涂膜的组成,因而具有独特的催干性。
注:原始黏度都为150s(以涂-4杯在20℃时测定)。
锆催干剂对其他催干剂有较强的促催干作用,能有效地提高钴、锰皂的催干性,对铅、钙皂亦有辅助作用,本身又具有类似铅皂的催底干性。
由于锆催干剂的多功能性,在气干型涂料及烘干型涂料中采用锆催干剂能提高涂膜的全面性能,如硬度、光泽等。