高中英语非谓语动词讲解(整理)

高中英语非谓语动词讲解(整理)
高中英语非谓语动词讲解(整理)

非谓语动词

非谓语动词包括不定式(to do)、动名词(―ing)、现在分词(—ing)与过去分词(—ed)。它们不受主语人称和数的限制, 在句子中不能

动词不定式定义:动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种,它没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能独立作谓语,但它仍保持动词的特点,可以有自己的宾语和状语。

一、不定式的意义

1. 不定式的一般式:一般式表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后。当不定式的逻辑主语

是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动式(to be don e).

eg: He seemed to be tired. The buildi ng to be finished next month is for our teachers.

2. 不定式的进行式:进行式表示动作正在进行,与谓语的动作同时发生。

e.g. When I went to his home, he happened to be traveling around the world.

3. 不定式的完成式:如果不定式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示动作或状态之前,就用完成式;若是在此

基础上的被动含义,就用完成被动式(to have been don e).

e.g. He is said to have written a novel about the Long March.

He is said to have been taught French when he was a child.

4. 不定式的完成进行式:如果不定式的动作是在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行或有可能继续进行的动作,就要用

完成进行式.

eg: We re happyto have bee n work ing with the experts all the mon th.

二、不定式的用法:

1. 不定式做主语:不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。而动名词doing表示习惯的,经常的动作。

1) 不定式作主语时,谓语用单数To do such things is foolish.

2) 主系表结构To see is to believe.

3) it形式主语。当主语较长,谓语较短时,常用it做形式主语,将不定式放到谓语的后面。

常用于下列结构中:

(1) lt is/was +adj.+(of sb.) to do (女口good/kind/ nice/ clever/ foolish/ selfish ) …

(2) It is +adj.+(for sb.)+to do (女口easy-/ difficult / hard / / unwise / possible/ necessary ) …

(3) It is +a/an + 名词+ to do...(女口a pity/ a shame / a pleasure /one ' s duty / an honor …

(4) It takes (sb.) some time / courage / patienee …to do …

(5) It requires courage / patienee / hard work …to do …

2. 不定式做表语:不定式作表语常表示将来的动作或状态。

3. 动词不定式作宾语:ask, agree, care, choose, dema nd, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, lear n, man age, offer, pla n, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish 等只能用动词不定式作宾语

*注意:1某些及物动词可用-ing也可用动词不定式作宾语但意义不同stop/ go on/ remember/ forget/ regret/ try/ mean

2某些及物动词think, believe, consider, feel, find, make 等后常用it作形式宾语

4?动词不定式做定语:当不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时,要用主动表被动。

I. 不定式作定语需要后置。

II. 作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词存在着三种主要的逻辑关系,即被修饰的名词和代词是不定式的逻辑主语

(逻辑上的主谓关系)或逻辑宾语(逻辑上的动宾关系)或修饰性关系(同位关系)。

5. 宾语补足语:eg: He wants you to be his assistant. I saw her cross the street.

[注1]如果谓语动词为感官动词或使役动词,则作宾补的不定式不可带to,这些动词有see, hear, feel, watch, notice; have, make, let等。但如果句子是被动语态,则to不可省略。

eg. He was made to clea n the win dows as a puni shme nt.

Some one was heard to come up the stairs.

[注2] help后可以直接用带to或不带to的不定式作宾语。

6. 不定式做状语:不定式做状语修饰动词、形容词、副词等,表示目的、原因、结果、条件等,其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。

e.g. To learn a foreign Ianguage well, you must try your best.( 主语一致)

I rushed to the airport, only to find that Joh n had gone.

7. 同位语:e.g. Is this your purpose, to avoid being punished?

8. 独立成分:e.g. To tell you the truth, I don ' t like you.

类似的有:to be frank坦率地说,to cut a long story short长话短说,等等

三、不定式的否定式:通常是在不定式前加n ot,表示较强的否定意义时可用n ever。

e.g. I told him not to touch the equipme nt. You must promise n ever to do that aga in.

四、动词不定式的“省略”

1、不定式省to

1) 在had better, would rather, would rather...than, would sooner...than (宁愿..... 而不),

cannot but (不得不、只好),why (not)等结构后面的不定式符号to通常被省略。

2) 动词不定式短语作介词but, except, besides的宾语,且介词之前有行为动词do或它的其它形式时,不定式符号to通

常被省略。

3) 两个或多个不定式短语表示并列关系时,后面不定式短语的不定式符号to通常被省略;如果表示对比关系,则不定式

中的不定式符号to通常要保留。

eg: They didn ' t tell me whether to go on or to sto对比匕关系)

他们没有告诉我是继续下去还是停止。

She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back.( 并歹U关系)

她让孩子待在那里等她回来。

4) 在某些感官动词或使役动词(如hear, listen to, notice, observe, see, watch, make等)之后充当宾语补足语的不定式中, 不定式符号to总是被省略,但在被动语态的句子中,不定式符号to通常要保留。

2、不定式省do留to

1) 为了避免重复,在hope, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, mean, prefer, want, have to, be able to, be going to, used to, ought to等动词及习语后面出现与上文相同的不定式时,常保留不定式符号to,而把其它部分省略。

e.g. Ms King lied to us because she had to.

注意:在特定的上下文中,为了避免重复,如果不定式为一般式to be...或完成式to have done时,则不定式符号to和be

或have常一并保留,be或have之后的部分通常要省略。如:

—Aren' t you the headmaster?你难道不是校长吗?

—No, and I don ' t want to b我不是,而且我也不想当。

—Hasn' t he finished writing the report? 难道他还没写完报告吗?

—No, but he ought to have. 是的,但他本来应该写完。

2) 当不定式在ask, advise, persuade, wish, allow, permit, tell, expect, force, invite, beg 等动词后面充当宾语补足语时,为了避免重复,常保留不定式符号,而把后面的动词省略。

She wants to come but her parents won ' t allow her to.

If he doesn ' t want to go there, don ' t force him to.

He didn ' t come, though we had invited him to.

动词-ing形式的要点

1. -ing的形式

2. -ing形式的基本用法

⑴作主语:Seeing is believing.眼见为实。

(2) 作表语:Her job is wash ing and cook ing.

⑶作宾语:①作及物动词的宾语。She likes drawi ng very much.

②作某些短语动词的宾语。Mary is thi nki ng of goi ng back to New York.

③do+限定词(my, some, any, the等)+ v.-ing,表示做........ 事"之意,如:

do some cleaning 打扫卫生do some shopping 购物

④作介词的宾语:Her sister is good at lear ning physics.

⑤作形容词worth, busy 等的宾语:This book is well worth reading.

(4) 作定语:The sleep ing child is only five years old.

(5) 作宾语补足语:We can see steam rising from the wet clothes.

可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。

⑹作状语:①时间状语:Seei ng Tom, I could n't help thi nking of his brother.

分词在句中作时间状语时,其前一般可加when或while ,

女口:When crossing street, you must be careful.

②原因状语:Bei ng ill, he did n't go to school yesterday.

③方式或伴随状语:Mary stood at the school gate waiti ng for Betty.

3. 主动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。主动语态-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前,一般

在句中作时间或原因状语用。句中的主语是它的逻辑主语,并且是它所表示的动作的执行者,女口:Having answered the

letter, she went on to read an English novel.

4. 被动语态-ing —般式的基本用法。被动语态-ing —般式所表示的动作是一个正在进行中的被动动作,而且这个被动

动作也是和句中谓语所表示的动作同时发生的。它一般在句中作定

语或状语用。如:The truck being repaired there is ours.

5. 被动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。被动语态-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,在句中一般作状语用。

如: Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the library.

6. -ing形式的复合结构。在-ing前加物主代词或名词所有格即构成-ing的复合结构。其中的物主代词或名词所有格为

-ing的逻辑主语。这种结构在句中可作主语、宾语或表语,

如: Your smoking and drinking too much will do harm to your health.

7. -ing形式与动词不定式在句中作主语、表语、宾语时的区别。一般说来,表示一个比较抽象或泛指的动作时多用-ing 形式。表示一个具体某一次的动作时,多用动词不定式,

女口:Our job is making steel. She likes playing the piano, but she doesn ' t want to play it today.

8. -ing形式与动词不定式在句中作定语的区别。-ing形式作定语用时,其动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动词同时

发生,而动词不定式作定语时,其动作一般发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之后。

如: The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well./I have three letters to write.

9. -ing形式与动词不定式在作宾语补足语时的区别。(1)不定式作宾补时,其动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的动

作之后,如:I have told them to come again tomorrow. (2)在see, watch, hear, feel 等之后,如果用-ing 形式作宾补,表示其动作正在进行中,而用不带to的不定式作宾补时,不定式所表示的动作是一个动作的过程,如:I hear her singing

in the room.我听见她正在屋里唱歌。I hear her sing in the room.我听见她在屋里唱过歌。

10. -ing形式与动词不定式在句中作状语的区别。-ing形式在句作状语表示时间、原因、方式或伴随情况,而动词不定

式一般式在句中作状语时,一般是作目的或结果状语,

如: Not receivi ng his letter, I wrote to him aga in ./I looked into the window to see what was going on in side.

过去分词的要点

过去分词的基本用法:过去分词只有一种形式,也没有主动语态,它所表示的动作是一个被动的或是已完成的动作。过去分词在句中也可用作定语、表语、宾语或状语等成分。过去分词在句中作某种成分时,其逻辑主语一般为该分词所表示的动作的承受者,如:

(1)作定语:过去分词作定语时,如果这个分词是一个单词,就位于其修饰的名词之前,如果是分词短语,就位于

其修饰的名词之后。被过去分词所修饰的名词,就是该分词的逻辑主语,如:The stolen car was found by the police last

week.

(2)作表语:过去分词作表语时,表示其逻辑主语所处的状态,其逻辑主语就是句中的主语,如:The glass is broken. 这个玻璃杯是破的。注:过去分词作表语时,和动词的被动语态结构相似,但两者表达的意义不同,女口:The glass was broken by my little brother.这个玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。

(3)作宾语补足语:过去分词作宾语补足语时,句中的宾语就是其逻辑主语,如:When I ope ned the door, I fou nd the

ground covered by fallen leaves.注:动词have后的复合宾语中,宾语补足语如为过去分词,常表示该分词所表示的动

作是由别人来执行的而不是句中主语自己来执行的,如:I had my bike repaired yesterday.昨天我(找别人)把我的自

行车给修了。

(4)作状语:过去分词作状语时,相当于一个状语从句,该结构的逻辑主语一般都是主句的主语,是过去分词所表

示意义的逻辑宾语。为了使作状语的过去分词意义更加明确,常在分词前加when, if, while, though, as等连词,女如:Seen

from the hill/ When seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful.; Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.(we是该结构的逻辑主语,是give的逻辑宾语。)

易错易混点

1 ?疑问词 +动词不定式:疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语,在句中可作主语、表语或宾语,如: How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem.

2. 动词不定式的否定式:由not +动词不定式构成,如:

3. v.-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作主语、表语、宾语时的区别。

v. -ing形式:表示抽象或泛指的动作。

不定式:表示具体某一次的动作。

She likes play ing the pia no, but she does n't want to_play it today.

4. v.-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作定语的区别。

v. -ing形式:动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。

不定式:动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后。

eg. The girl writ in g_a_letter_there can speak En glish very well.

I have three letters to_write.

5. v.-ing形式与动词不定式在作宾语补足语时的区别。

(1)不定式作宾补时,其动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后,

女口:I have told them to_come again tomorrow.

⑵在see, watch, hear, feel等之后,如果用v.-ing形式作宾补,表示其动作正在进行中,而用不带to的不定式作宾补

时,不定式所表示的动作是一个动作的过程,

女口:I hear her singing in the room.我听见她正在屋里唱歌。

I hear her sing in the room.我听见她在屋里唱过歌。

6. v.-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作状语的区别。

v. -ing形式:表示时间、原因、方式或伴随情况。

不定式:作目的或结果状语。

7. v.-ing形式与过去分词的区别:

(1) 语态不同:v.-ing形式表示主动概念,及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。

an inspiring speech 鼓舞人心的演说;

the in spired audie nee 受鼓舞的听众

(2) 时间关系不同:现在分词所表示的动作一般是正在进行中的动作,而过去分词所表示的动作,往往是已经完成的

动作,如:

the changing world正在变化的世界

the changed world已经变化了的世界

8. 独立主格结构:有时v.-ing和过去分词在句中也有自己的独立的主语,这种独立的主语一般为名词或代词,和v.-ing

还有过去分词构成独立主格结构。该结构在句中一般只作状语。独立主格中是使用v.-ing还是过去分词,则要根据它

们的主语和其所表示的动作的主动或被动关系来定,如:The bell rin gi ng, we all stopped talki ng.

注意:①独立结构中的being或having been常可省去,如:

The_meeti ng_(be in g)_over,_all left the room.

②作伴随状语的独立结构常可用with短语来代替,女口:

She read the letter, tears rolling down her cheeks.

= She read the letter with_tears_rolli ng_dow n her cheeks.

非谓语的解题步骤或思路

(1)先判断空格部分所需的是主句,从句还是非谓语动词。

独立的句子,从句或非谓语

独立的句子加句号,分号或破折号的话,后再加一个独立的句子。

独立的句子,(逗号) 有and,but, so等词加独立的句子。

(2)再根据主句的主语,来判断主动或被动;

(3)接下来再判断时态,

(4)如果是否定的话,not—定要放在非谓语的前面

(5)—定不要忘记主语一致的原则,如果不一致的话,要把非谓语的独立主语加上。

非谓语常见的位置,或在句子中所担当的成分

(1)非谓语动词短语,+主句或者是主句,非谓语动词短语

这时的非谓语动词短语起到状语的作用

例如:in flue need by the grow ing in terest in n ature, more people enjoy outdaoor activities.

在这种情况下,首先,找出主句的主语,然后以主句的主语为出发点,来判断非谓

语动词是主动还是被动,如果已有的非谓语动词的主语和主句主语不一致,还要

考虑独立主格结构,也就是把非谓语动词的自己的主语加上去:

例如:All flights hav ing bee n can celled , they decided to take the trai n.

其次,把非谓语动词和主句的动词比较,看是否同时发生还是有明显的先后。

(2)跟在介词,动词或某些形容词的后面固定搭配

只接动词-ing形式而不接不定式作宾语的动词有:

admit 承认 appreciate 感激 avoid 避免 put off 推迟 keep 保持 consider 考虑

delay/ postp one 耽搁 dislike 嫌恶 resist 抵制 men ti on 提及 enjoy 喜欢 escape 避免 excuse

原谅 practice 练习 mi nd 介意 fancy 想不到 feel like 意欲 finish 完成

risk 冒险 in clude 包括 forgive 原谅 give up 放弃 suggest 建议 miss 逃过 imagi ne 想象 can ' t help 情不自禁 in volve 需^< can '

t sta nd 无法忍受 un dersta nd 理解

常见的带介词to 的短语:

be used to 习惯 be related to

与…… 有关 get dow n to 着手做

con tribute to 贝献

put one 's mi nd

to 全神贯注于 give rise to 引起

be equal to 胜任 devote on eself to 献身于 lead to 导致 be opposed to 反对 look forward to 盼望 object to 反对 stick to 坚

pay attention to 注意

(3) 介词后一定要加动词的-ing 形式; (4) 跟在名词后面做定语时,

一般不用having done/having been done 结构

(5) 放在句首做主语 ,一般用动词的ing 和to do …

特殊的非谓语短语

Gen erally speak ing —般来说 Co nsideri ng …考虑到,鉴于 Time/weather permitt ing 时间、天气允许的话

Taking …in to con siderati on 考虑至 U 假如 Suppose ??假如 Supposing ?假如 Given sth 假如,如果;鉴于,考虑到

Given that 假如,如果;鉴于,考虑到

Taking …into account 考虑至U Provided ?假如 Providi ng

Juding from/ by 根据 …判断

人教版英语非谓语动词形式讲解及答案推荐精选

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