英语语言学名词解释
---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------
英语语言学名词解释
Acronyms AffixationAcronyms is a word coined by putting together the initial letters of a A word formation approach that attaches morpheme –an affix to a base，group of words. which is a word with 1 or more affixes in it. Anaphoric reference 前照应 A demonstrative determiner with anaphoric reference is more likely to go with a non-restrictive relative clause Cataphoric reference 后照应 A demonstrative determiner with cataphoric reference， which goes with a restrictive relative clause Collective nouns These are generally countable nouns，but even in the singular they refer to groups of people， animals or things. Compound A compound， the product of composition，and it is a lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word. Conversion The derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix. Coordination 并列词 Realized by coordinators （ also termed coordinating conjunctions） which join units at the same level. Countable nouns Nouns that can take plural. Dangling participle:When the subject of participle is not expressed, it is normally to be the subject of the clause. It
1/ 20
is usually poor grammar, and sometimes absurd, if this rule is broken: Trying to be quiet, the floor board creaked. But the rule is often broken when the subject is vaguely understood to be “one”, “we”, “you”, people in general. Determiner Words used in the premodification of noun phrase and put before any adjectives that premodify the head word of noun. Dynamic adjectives Many adjectives can also be used in the dynamic sense （be being a.） in predicative position to show subjective measurement or suggest a temporary state，implying the qualities can be controlled or restricted. （e.g. he is being rude） end-focus 尾部焦点 under neutral conditions，the nucleus falls on the last element of the sequence as it is common that we process the information in a message to achieve a linear presentation form low to high information value. We refer to this as the principle of end-focus. ellipsis：省略 leaves out the redundant/wordy part and do not provide a substitute. Exclamation Express our impression ，especially our surprise ， excitement ，
---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ amazement，etc. It doesn?t take S-V inversion. exophoric reference 语言外照应 Nonlinguistic or situational context. Finite verb phrase Its head word is a finite verb， which is restricted by tense and keeps concord with the subject. Foreign pluralsWords that are borrowed from other languages often have foreign plurals. Fronting: Fronting is a term which refers to the removal of an item from its unmarked position to the marked presubject position. Infinitive The infinitive occurs as a verb in the base form which may go with or without to. Inherent adjectives Mass nouns Inherent adjectives denote inherent qualities characterize the referent of the noun. （e.g a big house） Nouns that can?t take plural.a Its first element is a non-finite verb free from the restrict of Non-inherent adjectives identify qualities in an indirect Non-finite Verb Phrase Non-inherent adjectives way. （e.g. a big eater）Non-predictive （non-epistemic）Non-predictive meanings of modal auxiliaries are very heterogeneous in nature，this category covers a variety of meanings，except “prediction”。 Non-restrictive adjectives 非限定性形容词Non-restrictive adjectives provide additional information not essential for the identification of the noun. Adjective
3/ 20
modifying proper noun are normally non-restrictive. （e.g. my fat wife） Predictive meaning （epistemic）The predictive meaning， rather homogeneous in nature， is concerned with the speaker?s assumption or assessment of probability and indicates the speaker?s confidence in the truth of his statement. Proper Nouns Proper nouns denote individual persons， places， etc， normally begins with a capital letter，has no plural form and can?t occur after an article. Pseudo-passive A pseudo-passive sentence is passive in form but active in meaning. Its ed-participle is adjectivalized； it can occur in a comparative construction，with a variety of prepositional phrases other than by-phrase， and with other link verbs besides be and get. Putative Should Putative should is not very meaningful in its own right； in many cases， its function is to fill in a structural slot. This use of should is commonly foundtense and concord of subject.
---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------
in the that-clause after an adjective or a noun denoting a feeling or an opinion.e.g. It?s strange that she should wear her evening dress for such an informal party. Unit nouns Unit nouns are used to specify the quantities of the modified noun. Restrictive adjectives help identify the noun by describing its reference 照应using grammatical pro-form which explicitly/clearly refer elsewhere Restrictive adjectives Stative adjectives distinctive qualities（e.g. a fat woman）The majority of adjectives are stative in nature， describing Semantically， subject complements denote what the subject permanent inherent qualities.e.g. a big house Subject complement be and become. Subordination 主从连接词 Realized by subordinators （also termed subordinating conjunctions），involves the linking of units at different levels so that they form a hierarchy. A subordinator introduces a subordinate clause which is attached to the main clause （also termed the superordinate clause）。
substitute 替代 cuts off part of the sentence （ a word，phrase， or a clause） and fills in the gap with a smaller item，which corresponds to the replace item. Tag questions text A tag question normally consists of a statement and a question tag.
5/ 20
Refers to a unified passage and it is a semantic unit. It is structurally is or what the subject becomes –the two notions that are most typically expressed bywell-integrated，and semantically coherent. Verb Phrase The head word of a verb phrase is the main verb. Two elements in the structure are important：the main verb and auxiliaries. WH-questions WH-questions begin with WH-series of words.（What if = what YES-NO questions can be answered by “Yes” or “No” should I do， How come = why） YES-NO questions
---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 1. What are the two major types of alternative questions? They are the type of YES-NO questions, e.g. A: Would you like tea or coffee? B: Tea, please. And the type of WH-questions, e.g. A: What would you like, tea of coffee? B: Tea, please. 2. Why do we need to go beyond the sentence and study the text? Because to express a clear and complete idea or thought, we need more than one sentence. It is quite rare that we only use one sentence to express our ideas. When an idea or thought is expressed in more than one sentence, we have a text, which relates sentences together. In other words, sentences in a text are coherent so that they help each other in expressing a complete idea. The study of the text is to know how sentences can be joined together coherently so that they can best express ideas. 3.Explain the syntactic distinction between the predictive and non-predictive use of modal auxiliary with examples. The syntactic distinction between the predictive and non-predictive use of modal auxiliary is clear in the following two sentences: 1) He can?t have been there yesterday. 2) He couldn?t be there yesterday. The two sentences reveal two quite different uses of the modal auxiliary. The first sentence, where the predictive can?t relates to impossibility and the
7/ 20
英语语言学名词解释(2)
现代语言学 一绪论 1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language 2 Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics. For example, vowels and consonants. 3 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone. 4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher. 5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.” 6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things. 7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context. 8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language. 9Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 二音系学 1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t. 4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 5 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. 6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution. 7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable is prounced with great force than the other or others. 9 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme; therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental feature. 10 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English{$isbest} 三形态学 1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation.
英语语言学总结
第一章 All languages have three major components: a sound system, a system of lexicogrammar and a systm of semantics. 语音系统，词汇语法系统和语义系统。 Language is a means of verbal communication. Design Features of language: the features that define our human languages. 决定了语言性质特征叫定义特征 Design Features: Arbitratiness(任意性)：the froms of liguistic signs bear no natural relationsip to their meaning.语言符号的形式与所表示的意义没有天然的联 系。 1\ Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and ists meaning语素音义关系的任意性 2\ Arbitrariness at the syntactic level 句法层面上的任意性。 Syntactic: the sentences are constructed according to the grammar of arrangement. 句法学，是依据语法规定构建句子结 构的方法。 3\ Arbitrariness and convention 任意性和规约性 Duality（二层性）: is meant the propertry of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 二层性是指拥有两层结构的这种特 性，上层结构的单位底层结构的元素构成，每层都有自身的组合 规则。 Sound-the only function is to combine with one another to form units that have meaning相互组合构成有意义的单位。 Creativity（创造性）：is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. 源于二层性和递归性 Displacement(移位性)：human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication.人类语言可以让使用者在交往 时用语言符号代表时间上和空间上并不可及的物体时间或 观点。比如现在说孔子。 语言功能： 1. informative, also called ideational function. 信息功能也叫概念功能 2) Performative施为功能，is to change the social status of persons. 改变人 的社会地位，比如仪式。 3) Emotive Function感情功能 4) Phatic communion寒暄功能 5) Recreational Function娱乐功能
英语语言学名词解释
Chapter 12 : Lan guage And Brain 1. n euroli nguistics: It is the study of relati on ship betwee n brain and Ian guage. It in eludes research into how the structure of the brain in flue nces Ian guage lear ning, how and in which parts of the brain Ian guage is stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to use Ian guage. 2. psycholinguistics: ____ t he study of Ian guage process in g. It is concerned with the processes of Ian guage acqisiti on, comprehe nsion and product ion. 3. brain lateralizati on: The localizatio n of cog nitive and perceptive fun cti ons in a particular hemisphere of the brain. 4. dichotic listening: A technique in which stimuli either linguistic or non-linguistic are presented through headphones to the left and right ear to determine the lateralization of cog nitive fun cti on. 5. right ear advantage: ___ The phe nomenon that the right ear shows an adva ntage for the perception of linguistic signals id known as the right ear advantage. 6. split brain studies: The experiments that investigate the effects of surgically severing the corpus callosum on cog niti on are called as split brain studies. 7. aphasia: It refers to a number of acquired Ianguage disorders due to the cerebral lesions caused by a tumor, an accide nt and so on. 8. non- flue nt aphasia: Damageto parts of the brain in front of the cen tral sulcus is called non-flue nt aphasia. 9. flue nt aphasia: Damage to parts of the left cortex beh ind the cen tral sulcus results in a type of aphasia called flue nt aphasia. 10. Acquired dyslexia: Damage in and around the an gular gyrus of the parietal lobe ofte n causes the impairment of reading and writing ability, which is referred to as acquired dyslexia. 11. phono logical dyslexia: ___ it is a type of acquired dyslexia in which the patie nt seems to have lost the ability to use spelli ng-to-so und rules. 12. surface dyslexia: it is a type of acquired dyslexia in which the patie nt seems un able to recog nize words as whole but must process all words through a set of spell in g-to-so und rules. 13. spo on erism: a slip of ton gue in which the positi on of soun ds, syllables, or words is reversed, for example, Let' s have chish and fips instend of Let' s have fish and chips. 14. prim ing: the process that before the participa nts make a decisi on whether the stri ng of letters is a word or not, they are prese nted with an activated word. 15. freque ncy effect: Subjects take less time to make judgeme nt on freque ntly used words tha n to judge less com monly used words . This phe nomenon is called freque ncy effect.
地质学简答非必考
1.地球的外部圈层和内部圈层有哪些？ 答：内部圈层：地球内部结构是指地球内部的分层结构。根据地震波在地下不同深度传播速度的变化，一般将地球内部分为三个同心球层：地核、地幔和地壳。中心层是地核；中间是地幔；外层是地壳。外部圈层：根据各层大气的不同特点（如温度、成分及电离程度等），从地面开始依次分为对流层、臭氧层、平流层、中间层、热层（电离层）和外大气层。 2.什么叫做地质作用？内外力的地质作用各有哪些类型？ 答:由自然动力引起使地壳组成物质，地壳构造，地表形态等不断的变化和形成的作用，通称地质作用。其中内力作用使地球内部和地壳的组成和结构复杂化，造成地表高低起伏；外力作用使地壳原有的组成和结构改变，夷平地表的起伏，向单一化发展。地质学界把自然界引起的这些变化的各种作用称为地质作用。 3石英石与斜长石、方解石和石膏如何区别？ 答：石英：属氧化物、架状构造、柱面横纹，在分化过程中化学性质稳定，斜长石：斜晶系，属架状硅酸盐，解理面上有平行的双晶皮，基性斜长石较酸性，斜长石硬，易分化；方解石：三云晶系，集含体为粒状，鲕状，玻璃光泽，热液、变质和分化作用形成石灰岩主要造岩产物。石膏：单斜晶系，常呈板状或纤维状，玻璃光泽或丝绢光泽，主要干旱，炎热气候条件下的盐湖沉积。 4、什么是化石？研究化石有何意义？ 答：化石是存留在岩石中的古生物遗体或遗迹，最常见的是骸骨和贝壳等。研究化石可以了解生物的演化并能帮助确定地层的年代。保存在地壳的岩石中的古动物或古植物的遗体或表明有遗体存在的证据都谓之化石。 5、古生代、中生代、新生代地史各有什么特点？ 答：古生代是显生宙的第一个代，生命活动在地球上已经十分广泛，处于生命演化的初级阶段。又可以分为早古生代和晚古生代。早古生代包括寒武纪（∈）、奥陶纪（O）、志留纪（S），晚古生代包括泥盆纪（D）、石炭纪（C）、二叠纪（P）。中生代包括三叠纪（T）、侏罗纪（J）、白垩纪（K）。中生代时曾发生过两次大的地壳运动：三叠纪中期的印支运动；侏罗纪和白垩纪的燕山运动。新生代分为第三纪（E）和第四纪（Q）两个纪，新生代最重要的构造运动称为喜马拉雅运动，在欧洲又称为阿尔卑斯运动。6、岩层产状三要素是什么？如何确定岩层产状？ 答：三要素：走向、倾向和倾角。 7、褶皱是如何形成的？其类型和形态有哪些？野外如何识别褶皱？ 答：岩层形成时，一般是水平的，岩层在构造运动作用力，因受力而发生弯曲，一个弯曲环称褶曲。如果发生一系列波状的弯曲变形就叫褶皱。根据褶皱轴面的产状变化分为：对称褶皱、不对称褶皱、倾斜褶皱、平卧褶皱、倒转褶皱；根据褶皱的不同形态可分为：尖棱褶皱、梳状褶皱、拱状褶皱、箱状褶皱、扇状褶皱、等斜褶皱。 8、断层要素有哪些？断层是如何分类的？野外如何识别断层？ 答：断层各组成部分的名称叫断层要素，主要有断层面、断盘。断层的类型：一般按断层两盘相对滑动方向，把断层的基本类型分为：①正断层②逆断层③平移断层。断层的识别1）擦痕和镜面2）断层角砾岩与糜棱岩3）断层泥4）拖曳褶曲5）地层的缺失与重复6）地质体错断7）密集的节理8）地貌标志9）泉水的带状分布10）土壤和植被标志。顺或逆着倾向方向，地层重复出现，倾角变化有规律。背斜：新—老—新；向斜：老—新—老 9、风化作用是怎样发生的？有哪些类型？ 答：风化作用，即地壳表层的岩石，在大气和水的联合作用以及温度变化和生物活动的影响下，所发生的一系列崩解和分解作用。岩石的风化作用是一种长期的、持续的普遍而极其缓慢的作用过程。类型：按照风化作用的影响因素、性质和方式，把风化作用分为物理风化、化学风化和生物风化三大类。一、物理风化作用1.矿物岩石的差异性胀缩2.冰劈作用3.盐分结晶的撑裂作用4.
英语语言学讲解
《英语语言学概论》课程教学大纲 一、课程说明: 《语言学概论》课程是英语专业本科阶段的一门必修课。 《语言学概论》研究始于20 世纪初，其目的是揭示人类深层结构，对语言和语言交际作出客观、科学描述。现已形成了语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学等一系分支学科。语言学研究社会学等人文学科的结合逐步形成了社会语言学这样的交叉学科。 对于主修语言学的学生来说，了解语言学的知识和语言理论是完全必要和有益的。 本课程的对象是英语专业高年级学生，在本科阶段第6学期和第7 学期开设。其中第一、二、三、四、五、七、八、十一章为必修，其余章节为选修。 二、教学目的及要求: 本课程的具体要求是：比较全面，系统地了解《语言学概论》这一领域的研究成果，以及一些最主要、最有影响的语言理论和原则，从而加深对人类语言这一人类社会普遍现象的理性认识，并具备一定的运用语言学理论解释语言现象、解决具体语言问题的能力。 本课程是一门知识性比较强的课程。在教学过程中，应重点讲授主要理论、原则、和研究方法，使学生着重掌握基本概念和基本理论，在理解消化的基础上记忆。 本课程的对象是英语专业学生，在讲解过程中原则上采用英语范例，但不排除一些有助于学习者理解的、针对性强的汉语例子。应鼓 励学生结合自己的语言实践提供更多的例子来解释相关理论，以达到理论和实践相结合的目的。
三、教学重点与难点: 本课程的教学重点是语言学的基本知识和基本理论，语音学、词汇学、句法学、语义学和语用学这些语言学的核心内容。 本课程的教学难点是音韵学理论、句法结构和各个语言学流派的理论观点及其局限性。 四、与其它课程的关系: 本课程是一门主干性课程。与其相关的课程，如语法学、词汇学和语体学等都是语言学的分支，属于选修课程。 五、学时与学分: 学时：72学时 学分：4学分 六、教学内容： 第一章绪论 本章主要教学内容: 1．语言学习的意义 2．语言的定义。 3．语言的定义特征 4．语言的起源。 5．语言的功能。 6．语言学的定义。 7．语言学的核心内容。 8．宏观语言学的定义及分支。
英语语言学名词解释 最终版
现代语言学 1 language: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 1 interlanguage:The type of language produced by nonnative speakers in the process of learning a second language or foreign language. 1 Linguistics : Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language 2 Phonetics : The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants 3 Phonology” : The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone. 4 Morphology 形态学:The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher. 5 Syntax 句型: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.” 6 Semantics语义学: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worr ied.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things. 7 Pragmatics语用学: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context. 二音系学 1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t. 4 Phoneme音素: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 5 allophone同位音: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. 6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution. 7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 10 intonation朗诵: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English{$isbest} 三形态学 1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation. 3 derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word-formation. 4 morpheme词素: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language. 5 free morpheme: Free morpheme are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselces or in combination with other morphemes. 6 bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. 7 root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear,definite meaning; it must be
英语语言学部分名词解释(英文版)
1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. general linguistics: The study of language as a whole. 3. applied linguistics: the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. 4. prescriptive: If linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, ,it is said to be prescriptive.( i.e. to tell people what they should and should not say). 5. descriptive: If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive.(09C) 6. synchronic study: The description of language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study. (06C/ 04) 7. diachronic study: It’s a historical study of language,it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. (06C) 8. langue: Lange refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 9. parole :Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. 10. competence : The ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.（08F/09C）linguistic competence: universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker. 11. performance : The actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 12. language : Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 13. design features : Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 14. arbitrariness: Arbitrariness refers to there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.(08C) 15. productivity: Language is creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by it’s users. 16. duality（double articulation）: Language consists of two sets of structure, with lower lever of sound, which is meaningless, and higher lever of meaning.
普通地质学及构造地质学名词解释汇集
1.矿物：是由地质作用形成的、在正常情况下呈结晶质的元素或无机化合物， 是组成岩石和矿石的基本单元。 2.矿物的集合体即组成岩石或矿石。 3.克拉克值：各种化学元素在地壳中的平均含量之百分数。 4.岩石的三大分类：沉积岩、岩浆岩（火成岩）、变质岩。 5.地下水分类：按含水介质分为：孔隙水、裂隙水、岩溶水。按埋藏条件分为：包气带水、潜水、承压水。 6. 什么是崩塌 答：崩塌是指陡坡上的岩体或者土体在重力作用下突然脱离山体发生崩落、滚动，堆积在坡脚或沟谷的地质现象。 7. 什么是滑坡 答：滑坡是指斜坡上的土体或岩体，受河流冲刷、地下水活动、地震及人工切坡等因素的影响，在重力的作用下，沿着一定的软弱面或软弱带，整体地或分散地顺坡向下滑动的地质现象。 8. 什么是泥石流？ 答：由暴雨、冰雪融水或库塘溃坝等水源激发，使山坡或沟谷中的固体堆积物混杂在水中沿山坡或沟谷向下游快速流动，并在山坡坡脚或出山口的地方堆积下来，就形成了泥石流。 9.建筑分类 2）除住宅建筑之外的民用建筑高度不大于24m者为单层和多层建筑，大于24m 者为高层建筑(不包括建筑高度大于24m的单层公共建筑)； 3）建筑高度大于1OOm的民用建筑为超高层建筑。
14．地球化学以矿产勘查为主要目的之外，还可用于：环境质量评价、土地资源评价、水资源调查与评价、海洋资源调查与评价、地震监测、城市工程、考古等。 15.矿床和矿体 矿床概念：地壳中由地质作用形成的所含有用组分的质和量在当前经济技术条件下能开采利用的地质体。 矿体概念：是矿床中可供开采利用的部分，是由矿石和夹石组成的地质体。 矿体与矿床的关系：矿体是矿床的主体，一个矿床可有一个或多个矿体。 16.矿石矿物和脉石矿物 矿石矿物（有用矿物）：矿石中可供利用的矿物。 脉石矿物（无用矿物）：矿石中不能利用的矿物。（例铅锌矿石、金矿石）注意：矿石矿物与脉石矿物是相对于一个具体的矿床而言的，在一个矿床中某种矿物可利用则是矿石矿物，而在另一矿床或矿体中这种矿物不能利用则是脉石矿物，脉石矿物的概念也如此。（例自然金和石英） 17.消色 消色是在正交偏光间，两矿片在45°位异名半径平行，总光程差为0时，视
英语语言学考研真题与典型题详解
I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be call ed ______ features. (北二外2006研) 2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研) 3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication. 4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually ter med______ 5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______. 6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe. 7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing. 8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研) 9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______ . (北二外2004研) 10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研) 11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研) 12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研) 13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society. 14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _______. (北二外2008研) 15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual ph enomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguistic linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研) 16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study. 17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s______. 18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”,which is the abstract knowledge necessary for s peaking，listening， writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by peop le in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextu al factors. 19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研) 20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研) II. Multiple Choice 1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院 2008研) A. Arbitrariness B. Convention C. Duality of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研) A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang