2009年南京大学963英语语言学考研真题及参考答案【圣才出品】
陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》配套题库【章节题库(含名校考研真题)】(英语语言变体(I))【圣才出品】
第10章英语语言变体（I）I.Fill in the blanks.1. Any discourse can be seen as a configuration of field，mode and _____.（中山大学2003年研）【答案】tenor【解析】话语包括语场、语式、语旨三个方面。
2. More qualifiers and intensifiers are used by _____.【答案】women【解析】语言使用的性别差异。
3. Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, _____ language.【答案】vernacular【解析】凡属标准语之外的那些语言变体都被叫做非标准语或本地语。
4. A linguistic _____ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite”society from general use.【答案】taboo【解析】禁忌语是由于宗教、政治或性别原因而避免使用的词汇，通常被委婉语所代替。
5. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the _____ attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.【答案】social【解析】语言本身是不存在性别歧视的，但当语言被不同的人使用时，则会反映出社会中存在的性别歧视现象。
6. In terms of sociolinguistics, _____ is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person’s language.【答案】idiolect【解析】从社会语言学的角度讲，个人习语指个人语言风格。
2009年度江苏南京大学考博英语试卷及解答
2009年江苏南京大学考博英语试卷及解答题型有：1. Structure and Vocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English TranslationStructure and Vocabulary1． The government has to decide whether cost or concern for the environment should take______ when choosing the route for the new road crossing the well-known scenic spot.A．solutionB．sightC．intellectD．precedence正确解答：D解析：句子大意为：当准备穿过这个著名的风景区修建一条道路的时候，是成本第一还是环境第一，政府必须做个决定。
在给出的选项中：solution“解决方案”；sight“视力、景象”；intellect“智力”：precedence“优先”。
所以，正确解答是D。
2． Trimmer is known as a tough manager who demands ______results.A．credibleB．undeniableC．dynamicD．tangible正确解答：B解析：句子大意为：特里默是一位严厉的经理，他只要无可争辩的好结果。
在给出的选项中：credible“可信的”；undeniable“大家公认的、无可争辩的”；dynamic“动态的”；tangible“有形的、可感的”。
所以，正确解答是B。
3． He has been plowing through a biography of Lyndon Johnson and a ______ of Henry Kissinger.A．casualtyB．criteriaC．dissectionD．necessity正确解答：C解析：句子大意为：他正在阅读林登·约翰逊的传记和亨利·基辛格的解析。
陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》(考研真题精选 判断正误)【圣才出品】
圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
双唇、清音等特征。voicing 是能够区别意义的语音特征之一，但 aspiration 不是。
5. The “Theory of Conversational Implicature” was first proposed by John L. Austin.（北二外 2015 研） 【答案】F 【解析】本题考查会话含义理论。会话含义理论是美国哲学家格莱斯首先提出的，它是语用
2. Onomatopoeic words can show the arbitrary nature of language.（清华 2000 研） 【答案】F 【解析】It is the exception of the arbitrariness of language.
3. The English sentence “If only I could fly!” is in imperative mood.（北二外 2012 研） 【答案】F 【解析】It is in subjunctive mood.
学的核心内容。而奥斯汀提出的是言语行为理论，因此该表述有误。
6. Auditory phonetics studies how sounds are perceived by the speaker.（清华 2001 研） 【答案】F 【解析】It studies how sounds are perceived by the hearer.
7. The Cooperative Principle, an important pragmatic principle proposed by P. Grice, aims to explain how we mean more than we say.（上海外国语大学 2000 研）
2008年南京大学964英美文学考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2008年南京大学964英美文学考研真题及详解Ⅰ.Read the following excerpts and identify their authors and the titles from which they are excerpted. Give full name of the author and full title of the work. (40%) 1. Author ________ Title ________The brightness of her cheek would shame those starsAs daylight doth a lamp; her eyes in heavenWould through the airy region stream so brightThat birds would sing and think it were not night.【答案】Author: William Shakespeare Title: Romeo and Juliet【解析】题目节选自莎士比亚的Romeo and Juliet 中Act II scene 2。
题中诗句译文为：她脸庞的光辉，可使群星羞愧。
/ 就像阳光可使灯光失色一般。
/ 她的眼眸从天空穿过大气/ 流泻出光亮，鸟儿们会以为夜已尽而开始歌唱。
2. Author ________ Title ________Not one of all the purple hostWho took the flag todayCan tell the definition,So clearly, of victory.【答案】Author: Emily Dickinson Title: Success is Counted Sweetest【解析】题目节选自迪金森的Success is Counted the Sweetest。
2009年南京大学部分专业考研真题
2009年南京大学中国近现代政治发展史考研真题一、名词解释1.督抚制度2.夷夏观念3.《盛世危言》4.邹容5.“训政”二、简答1.中国近代政治发展史的特点？2.总理衙门的历史地位？3.太平天国运动对中央与地方关系的影响？4.清末革命党与立宪派的同一性？5.“三三制”及政治影响？三、论述1.维新变法是怎样兴起的？2.民初中央与地方关系的走势？3.国民参政会与抗战时期的宪政运动？2009年南京大学新闻采写与文史知识考研试题一、二填空选择一共十五个大概。
都很简单，基本常识。
三、名词解释1.风骚2.（新闻文体中的）侧记3.访谈实录型通讯4.新闻写作的共同规律5.追踪式深度报道四、字词注释有三个句子，对其中字词进行解释，还有六七个成语，对成语中某个词进行解释，都比较简单。
这个题跟一二题只要保持住高中的水平一般没问题。
五、操作题材料是华东政法大学杨顺群教授在博客上的文章《同学告我是反革命》引起网络热议，写一篇800字消息，1000字新闻评论。
2009年南京大学政治学原理考研真题一、概念比较1.罗尔斯与诺齐克2.政治投票与政治选举3.政治情感与政治态度4.总统制与议会制5.公共事务与私人事务二、简答1.为何要进行政治监督？2.如何理解政治统治的法治方式？3.政治权利的特性？4.作为消极参与的政治冷漠可能出于哪些原因？5.多项分进改革特征是什么？三、论述1.论现代政府体系中的执行权。
2.论民主政治良性运作的约束条件。
2009年南京大学中国近现代政治发展史考研真题一、名词解释1.督抚制度2.夷夏观念3.《盛世危言》4.邹容5.“训政”二、简答1.中国近代政治发展史的特点？2.总理衙门的历史地位？3.太平天国运动对中央与地方关系的影响？4.清末革命党与立宪派的同一性？5.“三三制”及政治影响？三、论述1.维新变法是怎样兴起的？2.民初中央与地方关系的走势？3.国民参政会与抗战时期的宪政运动？。
1986-2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案
1986-2009 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案
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For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices labeled [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and put your choice in the brackets below the passage. Read the whole passage before making your choices. (10 points) On Wednesday afternoons Annie took the bus into town to shop in the market. For an hour or __16__ she would walk up and down between the stalls looking at everything, buying here and there, and __17__ a sharp lookout for the bargains that were sometimes to be had. And then, with all the things she needed __18__ she would leave the market for the streets of the town to spend another hour __19__ she liked best: looking in furniture shop windows. One Wednesday she found a new shop full of the most delightful things, with a notice inviting anyone to walk in and look __20__ without feeling they had to buy something. Annie hesitated for a moment before stepping through the doorway where, almost at once, she stopped __21__ before a green armchair. There was a card on the chair which said: ―This fine chair is yours __22__ less than a pound a week,‖ and very small at the bottom, ―Cash price eighty-nine pounds fifty.‖ A pound a week... __23__, she could almost pay that out of her housekeeping money and never miss it! A voice at her shoulder made her __24__. ―Can I help you, Madam?‖ She looked round at the assistant who had come softly to her __25__. “Oh, well, no,‖ she said. ―I was just looking.‖ ―We‘ve chairs of all kinds in the showroom. If you‘ll just come up, you will find something to suit you.‖ Annie, worried at the thought of being persuaded to buy something she didn‘t need, left the shop hurriedly. 16. [A] so [B] more [C] else [D] another 17. [A] taking [B] making [C] fixing [D] keeping 18. [A] buy [B] bought [C] buying [D] to have bought 19. [A] in a way [B] by the way [C] in the way [D] on the way 20. [A] behind [B] round [C] back [D] on 21. [A] doubted [B] wondered [C] puzzled [D] delighted
南京师范大学新编简明英语语言学2009-2010学年期末试题及答案
专业课复习资料（最新版）封面语言学试题（A）卷（闭卷）2009--2010学年第一学期学号：姓名：第一部分选择题I.Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully.Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use,and not to lay down rules for"correct"linguistic behavior,it is said to be___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs,the___is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords3、The morpheme"vision"in the common word"television"is a(n)___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A___in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator5、"Can I borrow your bike?"___"You have a bike."A、is synonymous withB、is inconsistent withC、entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained,in part,as analogic changes, which are___or generalization.A、elaborationB、simplificationC、external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules,used as a medium of communication.A、Lingua francaB、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language9、Psychologists,neurologists and linguists have concluded that,in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances,three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely,___.A、Broca's area,Wernicke's area and the angular gyrusB、Broca's area,Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、Broca's area,Wernicke's area and neuronsD、Broca's area,Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen,___refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally indaily communicative situations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisition第二部分非选择题II.Directions:Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word,the first letter of which is already given as a clue.Note that you are to fill in One word only,and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines"competence"as the ideal user's k of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/have one feature in common,i.e, they are all b.13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement,question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker tosomething's being the case,to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose.Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c.18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction(he+is→he's), Black English can d the form of"be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the shortperiod from about age two to puberty,which is called the c period forfirst language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in12learning,i is a product of L2 training,mother tongue intereference,overgeneralization of the target language rules,and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.III.Directions:Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement.If you think a statement is false,you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.(2%×10=20%)(21)、In modern linguistic studies,the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.(22)、V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.(23)、The compound word"bookstore"is the place where books are sold.This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meaningsof its components.(24)、Syntactic categories refer to sentences(S)and clauses(C)only.(25)、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found withinthe variety itself,for example,within British English or AmericanEnglish.(26)、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.(27)、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.(28)、In most bilingual communities,two languages have the same in speech。
1986—2009考研英语真题及参考答案
1986-2009考研英语真题汇总1986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I: Structure and VocabularyIn each question, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put your choice in the brackets on the left. (15 points) EXAMPLE:I was caught ________ the rain yesterday.[A] in[B] by[C] with[D] atANSWER: [A]1. No doctors could cure the patient ________ his strange disease.[A] with[B] of[C] from[D] off2. He was ________ his wits‘ end what to do.[A] in[B] on[C] at[D] of3. Prior ________ his departure, he addressed a letter to his daughter.[A] to[B] of[C] in[D] from4. The driving instructor told me to pull ________ at the post office.[A] up[B] back[C] round[D] along5. When there‘s a doubt, the chairman‘s decision is ________.[A] right[B] definite[C] fixed[D] final6. We can rely on William to carry out this mission, for his judgment is always ________.[A] unquestionable[B] sound[C] subtle[D] healthy7. The noise of the plane died ________ in the distance.[A] away[B] out[C] down[D] off8. Hospital doctors don‘t go out very often as their work ________ all their time.[A] takes away[B] takes in[C] takes over[D] takes up9. Attendances at football matches have ________ since the coming of television.[A] dropped in[B] dropped down[C] dropped off[D] dropped out10. After the death of their parents, the sisters got well ________ and never quarreled.[A] away[B] in[C] along[D] out11. They always give the vacant seats to ________ comes first.[A] who[B] whom[C] whoever[D] whomever12. Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication ________ the advertiser paysfor the message to be delivered.[A] in that[B] in which[C] in order that[D] in the way13. He is ________ of an actor.[A] anybody[B] anyone[C] somebody[D] something14. The captain apologized ________ to tell us more about the accident.[A] for to be unable[B] that he was unable[C] to be unable[D] for being unable15. ________ is no reason for discharging her.[A] Because she was a few minutes late[B] Owing to a few minutes being late[C] The fact that she was a few minutes late[D] Being a few minutes lateSection II: Close T estFor each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices labeled [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and put your choice in the brackets below the passage. Read the whole passage before making your choices. (10 points)On Wednesday afternoons Annie took the bus into town to shop in the market. For an hour or __16__ she would walk up and down between the stalls looking at everything, buying here and there, and __17__ a sharp lookout for the bargains that were sometimes to be had. And then, with all thethings she needed __18__ she would leave the market for the streets of the town to spend another hour __19__ she liked best: looking in furniture shop windows.One Wednesday she found a new shop full of the most delightful things, with a notice inviting anyone to walk in and look __20__ without feeling they had to buy something. Annie hesitated for a moment before stepping through the doorway where, almost at once, she stopped __21__ before a green armchair. There was a card on the chair which said: ―This fine cha ir is yours __22__ less than a pound a week,‖ and very small at the bottom, ―Cash price eighty-nine pounds fifty.‖ A pound a week... __23__, she could almost pay that out of her housekeeping money and never miss it! A voice at her shoulder made her __24__. ―Can I help you, Madam?‖ She looked round at the assistant who had come softly to her __25__.―Oh, well, no,‖ she said. ―I was just looking.‖ ―We‘ve chairs of all kinds in the showroom. If you‘ll just come up, you will find something to suit you.‖Annie, worried at the thought of being persuaded to buy something she didn‘t need, left the shop hurriedly.16. [A] so[B] more[C] else[D] another17. [A] taking[B] making[C] fixing[D] keeping18. [A] buy[B] bought[C] buying[D] to have bought19. [A] in a way[B] by the way[C] in the way[D] on the way20. [A] behind[B] round[C] back[D] on21. [A] doubted[B] wondered[C] puzzled[D] delighted22. [A] at[B] for[C] with[D] in23. [A] Why[B] When[C] How[D] What24. [A] jump[B] leap[C] laugh[D] wonder25. [A] place[B] back[C] side[D] frontSection III: Reading ComprehensionEach of the two passages below is followed by five questions. For each question there are four answers. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put your choice in the brackets on the left. (10 points)T ext 1There are a great many careers in which the increasing emphasis is on specialization. Y ou find these careers in engineering, in production, in statistical work, and in teaching. But there is an increasing demand for people who are able to take in great area at a glance, people who perhaps do not know too much about any one field. There is, in other words, a demand for people who are capable of seeing the forest rather than the trees, of making general judgments. We can call these people ―generalists.‖ And these ―generalists‖ are particularly needed for positions in administration, where it is their job to see that other people do the work, where they have to plan for other people, to organize other people‘s work, to begin it and judge it.The specialist understands one field; his concern is with technique and tools. He is a ―trained‖ man; and his educational background is properly technical or professional. The generalist -- and especially the administrator -- deals with people; his concern is with leadership, with planning, and with direction giving. He is an ―educated‖ man; and the humanities are his strongest foundation. V ery rarely is a specialist capable of being an administrator. And very rarely is a good generalist also a good specialist in particular field. Any organization needs both kinds of people, though different organizations need them in different proportions. It is your task to find out, during your training period, into which of the two kinds of jobs you fit, and to plan your career accordingly.Y our first job may turn out to be the right job for you -- but this is pure accident. Certainly you should not change jobs constantly or people will become suspicious of your ability to hold any job. At the same time you must not look upon the first job as the final job; it is primarily a training job, an opportunity to understand yourself and your fitness for being an employee.26. There is an increasing demand for ________.[A] all round people in their own fields[B] people whose job is to organize other people‘s work[C] generalists whose educational background is either technical or professional[D] specialists whose chief concern is to provide administrative guidance to others27. The specialist is ________.[A] a man whose job is to train other people[B] a man who has been trained in more than one fields[C] a man who can see the forest rather than the trees[D] a man whose concern is mainly with technical or professional matters28. The administrator is ________.[A] a ―trained‖ man who is more a specialist than a generalist[B] a man who sees the trees as well as the forest[C] a man who is very strong in the humanities[D] a man who is an ―educated‖ specialist29. During your training period, it is important ________.[A] to try to be a generalist[B] to choose a profitable job[C] to find an organization which fits you[D] to decide whether you are fit to be a specialist or a generalist30. A man‘s first job ________.[A] is never the right job for him[B] should not be regarded as his final job[C] should not be changed or people will become suspicious of his ability to hold any job[D] is primarily an opportunity to fit himself for his final jobT est 2At the bottom of the world lies a mighty continent still wrapped in the Ice Age and, until recent times, unknown to man. It is a great land mass with mountain ranges whose extent and elevation are still uncertain. Much of the continent is a complete blank on our maps. Man has explored, on foot, less than one per cent of its area. Antarctica differs fundamentally from the Arctic regions. The Arctic is an ocean, covered with drifting packed ice and hemmed in by the land masses of Europe, Asia, and North America. The Antarctic is a continent almost as large as Europe and Australia combined, centered roughly on the South Pole and surrounded by the most unobstructed water areas of the world -- the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.The continental ice sheet is more than two miles high in its centre, thus, the air over the Antarctic is far more refrigerated than it is over the Arctic regions. This cold air current from the land is so forceful that it makes the nearby seas the stormiest in the world and renders unlivable those regions whose counterparts at the opposite end of the globe are inhabited. Thus, more than a million persons live within 2,000 miles of the North Pole in an area that includes most of Alaska, Siberia, and Scandinavia -- a region rich in forest and mining industries. Apart from a handful of weather stations, within the same distance of the South Pole there is not a single tree, industry, or settlement.31. The best title for this selection would be ________.[A] Iceland[B] Land of Opportunity[C] The Unknown Continent[D] Utopia at Last32. At the time this article was written, our knowledge of Antarctica was ________.[A] very limited[B] vast[C] fairly rich[D] nonexistent33. Antarctica is bordered by the ________.[A] Pacific Ocean[B] Indian Ocean[C] Atlantic Ocean[D] All three34. The Antarctic is made uninhabitable primarily by ________.[B] calm seas[C] ice[D] lack of knowledge about the continent35. According to this article ________.[A] 2,000 people live on the Antarctic Continent[B] a million people live within 2,000 miles of the South Pole[C] weather conditions within a 2,000 mile radius of the South Pole make settlementsimpractical[D] only a handful of natives inhabit AntarcticaSection IV: Structure and VocabularyFill in the blanks with the words which best complete the sentences. Put your choices in the brackets on the left. (10 points)EXAMPLE:It was the largest experiment we have ever had; it ________ six houses.[A] ended[B] finished[C] was[D] lastedANSWER: [D]36. Music often ________ us of events in the past.[A] remembers[B] memorizes[C] reminds[D] reflects37. If I take this medicine twice a day it should ________ my cold.[A] heat[B] cure[C] treat[D] recover38. I could just see a car in the distance, but I couldn‘t ________ what colour it was.[A] make out[B] look to[D] take in39. I could tell he was surprised from the ________ on his face.[A] appearance[B] shock[C] look[D] sight40. The toy boat turned over and sank to the ________ of the pool.[A] base[B] depth[C] ground[D] bottom41. Mary never tells anyone what she does for a ________.[A] job[B] work[C] profession[D] living42. That boy is such a good violinist he will probably make quite a ________ for himself.[A] star[B] credit[C] name[D] character43. Old photographs give one a brief ________ of the past.[A] glance[B] glimpse[C] sight[D] look44. The novelist is a highly ________ person.[A] imaginable[B] imaginative[C] imaginary[D] imagined45. Although the pay is not good, people usually find social work ________ in other ways.[A] payable[B] respectful[C] grateful[D] rewardingSection V: Error-detection and CorrectionEach question consists of a sentence with four underlined parts (words or phrases). These parts are labeled [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the part of the sentence that is incorrect and put your choice in the brackets on the left. Then, without altering the meaning of the sentence, write down the correct word or phrase on the line following the brackets. (10 points)EXAMPLE:Y ou‘ve to hurry up if you want to buy something because [A] there‘s [B] hardly something [C] left. [D]ANSWER: [C] anything46. The professor told the economics [A] student that he didn‘t approve [B] in [C] his taking theadvanced course before [D] he made a passing mark in Economics 1.47. Although a great number of houses in that area are still [A] in need of repair, [B] there havebeen [C] improvement in the facilities. [D]48. Mr. Gilmore is one of those men who appears [A] to be friendly [B] however, it is very hard todeal [C] with him. [D]49. To understand the situation completely [A] requires [B] more thought than has given [C] thusfar. [D]50. [A] great many [A] educators firmly [B] believe that English is one of the poorest [C] taughtsubjects in high schools today. [D]51. Of all his outdoor [A] activities. Paul likes fishing best of all, [B] but he doesn‘t enjoy cleaning[C] fishing rods afterwards. [D]52. I should [A] not have recognized the [B] man even [C] you had told [D] me his name.53. In an hour‘s [A] time I had done the work with [B] my satisfaction; I got my hat in [C] halland slipped out unnoticed. [D]54. The new hotel has erected [A] a beautiful building with [B] recreation areas and conferencefacilities on the top floor in which [C] the finest view of the city can be obtained. [D]55. While in [A] Europe, the tourists enjoyed to [B] their heart‘s [C] content the weather, the foodand going to the theatre. [D]Section VI: Verb FormsFill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of verbs given in brackets. (10 points) EXAMPLE:It is highly desirable that a new president ________ (appointed) for this college.ANSWER: (should) be appointed56. The enemy retreated to the woods after they (defeat).57. I (speak) to him for some time before I realized who he was.58. One shou ld never lose one‘s heart when (confront) with temporary difficulties.59. The house suddenly collapsed while it (pull) down.60. On (give) an assignment to make a business tour abroad, he gladly accepted it.61. (Get) everything ready, they got down to map out a plan for the construction of a new expressway.62. After Peter grew a beard, even his close friends (not recognize) him at first sight.63. Darkness (set) in, the young people lingered on merrymaking.64. The students were to (assemble) at the auditorium before 1:30 p.m., but the lecture wascanceled at the last minute.65. Emphasis is laid on the necessity that all the objectives to be attained (take) into account beforestarting a new project.Section VII: Chinese-English TranslationTranslate the following sentences into English. (15 points)66. 去年的好收成是由于农场管理的改进和有利的气体条件。
南京大学语言及论文写作2009真题
2009年南京大学中文系硕士研究生入学考试之语言及论文写作(935)。
(一)古代汉语部分(40分)一、填空（多是所记要点，题目顺序错乱，可能有一两道题忘却）1、“读”字的繁体形式（）；2、“笃”字在六书中属于（）；3、“汇集旧注，下以己意”的注解类型称作（）；4、《论语.公冶长》“子曰：盍各言尔志？”中“盍”是（）的合音字；5、《礼记.中庸》“人一能之，己百之；人十能之，己千之”中“一”的意思是（）；6、《孟子.梁惠王上》“老吾老，以及人之老”中第一个“老”字的意思是（）；7、《汉书》“道家者流，盖出于史官”中“者”字的词性是（）；8、《劝学》“故木受绳则直，金就砺则利，君子博学而日参省乎己，则知明而行无过矣”中“金”字的意思是（）；9、书籍因缮写，刻板，排版错误而多出来的字句叫做（）；10、由杨树达撰写的专门解释文言虚词的工具书叫做（）。
二、名词解释1、反切2、通假字3、疏（正义）4、《说文解字》三、简答1、古代音韵术语中的“七音”。
2、分析李白《劳劳亭》诗“天下伤心处，劳劳送客亭。
春风知别苦，不遣杨柳青。
”的用韵、平仄、对仗、句式。
（二）现代汉语部分（40分）1、“花儿”、“这儿”、“今儿”中的“儿”字是否是同一个语素？加以分析。
2、将“南京钢铁厂”缩略为“南钢”是否违反规范？谈谈你对缩略语规范的认识。
3、“出租汽车”有两个结构关系和两个语义关系，请加以分析。
4、一般看法，动宾短语的结构关系是支配与被支配的关系。
在“吃苹果”、“吃食堂”、“吃大碗”中“苹果”、“食堂”、“大碗”分别表示“对象”、“处所”、“工具”。
请问“吃苹果”、“吃食堂”、“吃大碗”都是动宾短语吗？根据是什么？（三）语言学概论部分（20分）1、为什么说语言是一种特殊的社会现象？2、为什么说索绪尔是“现代语言学之父”？。
09英语考研真命题
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That’s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re the re to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuableduring the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ? A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they a re doing ancestry testing,” says Trey Duster, a NewYork University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK’s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one’s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It’s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectualdevelopment of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal edu cation. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system__________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged__________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ” According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less welleducated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . “Our main end was to catch fish. ”36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any ofthe gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. “White pollution ”is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1)give your opinions briefly and2)make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)。
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2009年南京大学963英语语言学考研真题及参考答案考试科目：英语语言学I. Write the International Phonetic Alphabet for the following words. (12/150)(1) attentive【答案】attentive[ə'tentiv](2) deference【答案】deference['defərəns](3) hypothesis【答案】hypothesis[haɪ'pɔθisis](4) pathetic【答案】pathetic: [pə'θetik](5) catastrophe【答案】catastrophe: [kə'tæstrəfi](6) ascent【答案】ascent: [ə'sent](7) subtlety【答案】subtlety: ['sʌtlti](8) caveat【答案】caveat: ['keviæt](9) frugal【答案】frugal: ['fru:gl](10) influenza【答案】influenza: [ɪnflu'enzə](11) languid【答案】languid: ['læŋgwɪd](12) vehement【答案】vehement: ['vi:imənt]II. The following sentence is taken from Barack Obama’s Victory Speech. The underlined words are stressed by Obama. State the general rules of sentence stress and discuss whether the underlined words conform to these rules (e.g., which ones are generally stressed; which ones are normally not stressed but get stressed here; and which ones that are normally stressed but are not stressed here). (15/150) If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible, who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time, who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer. 【答案】In general situations, lexical words are normally stressed while grammatical words are unstressed. Those which mainly work for constructing groups, phrase, clause, clause complex, or even text are grammatical words, such as, conjunctions, prepositions, articles, and pronouns. And those which mainly work for referring to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs arelexical words. Lexical words carry the main content of a language while grammatical ones serve to link together different content parts. Therefore, lexical words are also known as content words and grammatical ones as functional words.In this passage, the verb doubts, wonders, questions, the noun America, things, dream, founders, power, democracy, the adjective: possible, alive, the adverb: still, all, fall into the category of lexical words and are generally stressed. The pronoun: anyone, our and your, are grammatical words which are not normally stressed but get stressed here, and the noun: place, time, tonight, answer, are lexical words that are normally stressed but are not stressed in this text.（本题考查词的分类和重音，根据词性来判断是否应该重读。
）III. Read the following groups of words. For each group, point out the one that does not fit in the group and explain why. (Note: Focus on the meaning of the underlined part of each word). (20/150)(1) animal, animate, animism, animosity【答案】All the words in this group share the same prefix anim-, which often carries the meaning of life vigor, or being alive. The first three words obviously belong to this category. The word animosity means hatred and strong dislike, which does not fit in the group.(2) missionary, ordinary, contemporary, elementary【答案】The suffix –ary is usually used after nouns to form adjectives. It can be also used after nouns to refer to concrete people. In this group, only the first oneis a noun referring to person, while the rest are all adjectives, carrying certain attributes.(3) passionate, proportionate, differentiate, affectionate【答案】The suffix–ate carries two senses, one referring to “make, lead to”by converting into verbs, the other referring to possess certain characteristics, usually in the form of adjectives. Hence, “differentiate”should be deleted from this group because it is different from other words in their word class.(4) befriend, belittle, becalm, becloud【答案】“Becloud”should not be covered in this group although there are all made verbs by adding the prefix be-. The prefix of “befriend, belittle, becalm”means “make or cause to be”, however, it means “decoration or cover”in “becloud”.(5) dismiss, discomfort, disperse, dispel【答案】“Discomfort”does not fit in this group. The prefix dis- indicates negation or oppositeness, such as dislike, disabled. But another sense has something to do with “get rid of, or remove from”, which can be identified in “dismiss, disperse, and dispel”.(6) existent, dependent, detergent, confident【答案】“Detergent”does not in accordance with the other three words. The suffix –ent makes “detergent”a noun. It originally means “the sate, the circumstance”. As we can see, “existent, dependent, confident”are all adjectives indicating “the state”, transformed through adding the suffix –ent.(7) chatter, banker, lawyer, sawyer【答案】Obviously, “chatter”does not fall into this category. The suffix –er is usually employed to make something become some professionals. “Banker, lawyer, sawyer”all refer to professionals in all walks of life. They are made human beings simply by adding the suffix –er.(8) fishery, bribery, surgery, robbery【答案】“Surgery”should not be placed in this group. The other three words “fishery, bribery, robbery”are all transformed from verbs into nouns by adding the suffix –ery.(9) basic, critic, specific, idyllic【答案】“Cirtic”does not go with the other three words. The suffix –ic has two functions: one is forming adjectives which indicate the state or attribute, the other is constituting nouns, usually in the form of human beings or subjects. “Critic”becomes a human being by adding the suffix, while “basic, specific, idyllic”form adjectives in the same way.(10) outbound, outsell, outshine, outgrow【答案】“Outbound”is not supposed to be in this group. The prefix out- originally has two meanings: one is “more than, surpass, excel”, the other is “outside, outdated”. Outbound which means going outside or abroad falls into the second category. The prefixes of other three words all indicate “surpass or more than”.IV. Discuss why the following sentences are semantically ill-formed. In whatcontexts might they be used properly? (15/150)(1) Interest is the best teacher.【答案】This sentence could not make sense literally, since it makes a comparison between two totally different things by nature. Yet, in metaphorical sense, it is quite meaningful: “since you have a strong interest in something, it will motivate you to seek more knowledge about it.”(2) Boys will be boys.【答案】This sentence is tautological, and in normal situations it is totally informative, violating quantity maxim. However, at a deeper level, the level of what is implicated, they are informative. For example, the boys broke the window when they were playing football. It may convey implicatures like “Boys are naughty and mischievous by nature” .(3) We did not get any advanced warning.【答案】This is a double negative sentence, which conveys the assertive meaning, and it can indicate the speaker’s strong emotion or main point. However, it can be used by a boss, it could imply something: “We have gotten advanced warning, but you seem ignore them and messed the chance” .(本题主要考查语义学相关知识。