浅谈中考英语中阅读理解的解题技巧与策略
浅谈中考英语中阅读理解的解题技巧与策略
发表时间：2012-05-23T09:06:44.700Z 来源：《新校园》学习版2012年第3期供稿作者：陈金连
[导读] 如果文章缺失这样的主题句，则需要综合各个具体内容总结出中心思想。
陈金连
（盐城市亭湖区伍佑镇初级中学，江苏盐城224041）
英语阅读理解在中考英语中历来占有很大份量，它的重要性自然不言而语。大多数考生对英语阅读往往存有一些误解，简单地以为只要掌握了词汇和语法就可以解决问题。英语阅读理解能力其实就是真正读懂英语的能力，其中包括利用阅读技能读懂文章的能力，并不是运用某些所谓技巧应试的能力。英语阅读理解是复杂的综合性技能，并非学生们常认为的那种“上阅读课时认真去读”就能解决的问题。英语阅读理解涉及到语篇、段落、句子、词汇四个层次的理解问题，而其中最根本的是对词汇的理解，要想提高英语的阅读能力，就必须注重语言能力的培养和阅读技巧的掌握。
考试中的阅读涉及到研读与略读，也就是通常所说的精读与快速阅读，要想解题时既有速度又有理解的目标，首先应了解积极主动的阅读方法。阅读一篇文章时应该先浏览（skimming）,快速通读文章，抓住中心思想和主要事实内容（重点在每段的起始句和中间的转折过渡句），不要纠缠于琐碎细节。读完之后回答问题时，针对不同的提问运用查找（scanning）的方法，快速扫描原文找到相关信息。对于不能从原文中直接得到的答案，则采用推断（inferential reading）的方法，在准确理解的基础上，灵活运用各种逻辑推理，进行深层次的理解，挖掘隐含的意义来解答问题。
英语阅读理解的关键在于真正读懂文章，读懂每一句话表达的意思是神圣读懂一段话、一篇文章的基础。要快速、准确地理解一句话的含义，至少涉及到三个层次的问题。一是理解句中每个词汇的意思和相关的词法；二是理解句法的结构；三是理解句子和上下文的关系。英语中考中的阅读理解提高有效阅读的关键在于了解并熟练阅读方法。应试过程中如果具备了较高的、真正的阅读理解能力，能够真正读懂文章，同时能够运用某些应试技巧，则肯定可以考出好成绩。以下是笔者在历年的英语教学中总结的阅读理解的解题技巧：
一、猜词———猜测生词含义
通常情况下英语阅读理解中的词汇考题属于超纲词汇，所以在理解的过程中，我们常常会碰到许多没有学过的词，但相当部分的生词的词义是可以从文章中出现的同义词、近义词或上下文，甚至在通篇理解的基础上去猜测、发现的。因此猜词方法很多：①可通过同义词、反义词获知词义。②可采用词缀法，有些合成词的前缀或后缀分别表示一定的含义。前缀un-，dis-，im- 等表“不”或“非”之意，如fair-unfair，like-dislike，polite-impolite 等。③通过上下文中的词义重复变化猜测词义。为了说明某些观点，有些作者可能会反复用不同的语句说明同一个观点，这时我们就可以利用这些重复和表达形式的变化来猜测词义。④利用上下文中的定义说明猜测词义。有些文章，特别是科技文章，通常会给一些关键词给予定义，我们就可以利用这些定义来猜测这些词的词义。⑤利用举例猜测词义。为了说明或证实, 文章中经常会举例, 这些例子可以帮助我们理解生词。
二、查找———寻找具体事实与信息
在应试时，考生要带着问题快速阅读。每做一篇短文时，要针对文后所附试题，有目的地寻找信息而读。带着问题快速阅读有利于迅速而准确地获得所需的信息。①阅读题目，题目不仅给读者提供文章的主题，还能激活知识，引起作者对读物的预测。②阅读文章的第一段和最后一段，因为作者通常是在第一段谈到他们的写作意图，他们打算从哪几个方面展开写作的，最后一段通常是作者的结论部分。③找出每一段的主题句，以便了解这一段大致的中心思想。④阅读具体的数字、日期、人名或地名等，这有利于回答类似what，who，when，why 和where等文章的细节问题，从而提高阅读速度和准确性。
三、推断和结论———深层次的理解
推断可理解为作者希望读者明白但又没有直接表述的意思，即隐含的意思（implied or suggested meaning）。在考试中考生可从词语含义层次上的推断和句子逻辑关系层次上的推断。推断有时也叫结论，两者都属于深入全面理解作者的意旨。对文章有了详细而全面的理解之后，就要按照文章内容、上下文的逻辑关系，作出推理判断。文章中如if，because，though，as，which，but，therefore，so 等词语，它们在上下文中具有条件、原因、让步、指代、递进、对比、列举、结果、目的、承上启下等作用。考生在答题时，要充分领会这些词语在句子之间的逻辑关系，特别是相邻句子之间的关系，这样有利于理解全文。
四、看清篇章结构与中心思想
中心思想作为文章的灵魂，是一个能够贯穿全文始终的具有概括性特征的主要意思。一段文章的所有内容都是围绕中心思想展开的。文章中具有抽象概括性的句子一般称为主题句（topic sentence）。如果文章缺失这样的主题句，则需要综合各个具体内容总结出中心思想。
总之，阅读理解试题是中考英语试题中最重要的一项内容，占有举足轻重的地位，如果学生按上述答题方法去做，平时有计划地进行阅读训练，并定时检测是否达到预定目标，一定会在阅读理解试题上取得比较理想的成绩。
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中考英语阅读理解培优训练(附解析) 一、初三英语阅读理解（含答案详细解析） 1．阅读理解 Some people think only school children do not agree with their parents, however, it is not true. Communication is a problem for parents and children of all ages. If it's hard for you to communicate with your parents, don't worry about it. Here are some advice for you to bridge the generation gap （代沟）. Don't argue （争辩） with your parents. Don't get to your parents when you are angry. Your parents probably won't consider your ideas if you are shouting at them. And you can't express yourself well if you are angry. Go someplace to cool off. Make sure you understand why you are unhappy. Then think about what you want to say to your parents. If you don't think you can speak to them at the moment, try writing a letter. Try to reach a compromise （和解）. Perhaps you and your parents disagree on something. You can keep your disagreement and try your best to accept each other. Michael's mother didn't agree with him about buying a motorcycle. They argued over it. But they finally came to a compromise. Michael bought the motorcycle, but only drove it on certain days. Of course, your parents might refuse to compromise on something. In these situations, it is especially important to show love and respect （尊敬） to them. Showing respect will keep your relationship strong. Talk about your values. The values of your parents are probably different from those of your own. Tell your parents what you care about, and why. Understanding your values might help them see your purposes in life. A good relationship with your parents can make you a better and happier person. It is worth having a try! （1）According to the passage who have a communication problem? A. parents and other people B. only school kids and their parents C. teachers and their students D. parents and children of all ages （2）How many pieces of advice does the writer give us to bridge the generation gap? A. 5. B. 4. C. 3. D. 2. （3）The underlined word "bridge" in the passage means "___________". A. 建立 B. 消除 C. 通过 D. 到达 （4）If the values of your parents are different from those of yours, you'd better ___________. A. argue with them B. keep away from them C. agree with them all the time D. tell your parents what you care about （5）The best title for the passage is ___________.
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初中英语阅读理解常见题型及答题技巧 从近几年的中考阅读理解情况看，短文体裁多样，题材各异，文章涉及科学知识、社会文化、政治历史、人文环境和日常生活等方面，充分体现其时代性、实用性。短文难度逐年加大。常见题型有主旨题、细节题、推断题、猜测词义题和正误判断题。 做阅读理解练习应先看问题，弄清考点。在阅读短文之前，快速浏览问题，以便在阅读短文时做到心中有数，快速、准确地捕捉所要信息。先易后难。做题时不必拘泥于书中所呈现的语篇顺序，应遵循先易后难的原则。如可先做细节题再做推断题，因为细节题大多能直接从文中找到答案，而推断题则需对短文进行深层理解，再作判断。 （一）主旨题 主旨题主要考查学生对短文中心思想或作者意图的掌握。做此类题时，应通读全文，理解文章大意，充分理解主题句的意义。短文往往围绕主题句展开，主题句通常出现在短文第一句或最后一句。 （二）细节题 细节题是用来进一步表达主题，体现中心思想的，往往针对短文某个细节来设题。做此类题时，应快速捕捉信息，可能是一些事例、数字等，阅读时要有针对性。 （三）推断题 推断题就是根据某个事实推断结论，主要考查学生的理解力和推断力。这类推断通常包括：数据事实推断、常识推断以及作者的写作目的、态度和倾向等的推断。做此类题时，应根据短文中的相关语句，对与事实有关的细节加以分析，找出线索，悟出字里行间的意思，反复比较，从而作出合乎逻辑的判断。 （四）猜测词义题 猜测词义题主要考查学生根据上下文正确判断灵活变化的词义能力。一般情况下，推断词义的题目中所出现的单词，大多数是学生未曾见过的生词，学生需要在该词出现的上下文中去寻找线索。通过阅读上下文，断定该词的真正含义，然后将这个释义代入文中，检查是否贴切，仔细比较直到得出该词的确切的含义。 （五）正误判断题 正误判断题主要考查学生对文章的具体事实、信息的理解能力。一般是根据文章的事实或细节，给出一个句子，判断其正误。这类题比较直接，难度相对较小。做此类题时，应先看题，后带着“问题”快速阅读短文，寻找所需要的信息。初中英语阅读理解题已成为评估学生英语水平的重要测试题型，在中考英语试卷中所占比重较大。阅读理解题主要是考查学生综合运用所学语言知识的能力，包括细节理解能力、词义判断能力、归纳概括能力及逻辑推理能力等。大致来说，阅读理解题主要针对如下方面：（1）个别词语或句子；（2）某一细节或情节；（3）主题；（4）背景知识；（5）结论或结局；（6）内涵隐意或寓意等。下面本人就根据阅读理解题的题型特点，来谈一些答题技巧。 一、直接理解题 这种题目比较简单，只要通读全文，了解文中所叙述的重要事实或细节就可以解答出来，有的甚至可以从文章的原句中直接找到答案。此类题目的出题形式很多，例如：
中考英语阅读理解专项练习综合(word)
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中考英语阅读理解专项训练
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