Usually bridge construction contracts are based on unit prices for materials worked into the structu
英语建筑专业单词表
Abutment -the outermost end supports on a bridge, which carry the load from the deckAluminum -a lightweight chemical element (Al); the most abundant metallic element in the Earth's crustAnchorage -a secure fixing, usually made of reinforced concrete to which the cables are fastenedAqueduct -a bridge or channel for conveying water, usually over long distancesArch Bridge -a curved structure that converts the downward force of its own weight, and of any weight pressing down on top of it, into an outward force along its sides and baseArch Dam -a dam with an arched shape that resists the force of water pressure; requires less material than a gravity dam for the same distanceArchitect -a person who designs all kinds of structures; must also have the ability to conceptualize and communicate ideas effectively -- both in words and on paper -- to clients, engineers, government officials, and construction crewsBeam -a rigid, usually horizontal, structural elementBeam Bridge -a simple type of bridge, composed of horizontal beams supported by vertical postsBedrock -the solid rock layer beneath sand or siltBend -(v.) to curve; bending occurs when a straight material becomes curved; one side squeezes together in compression, and the other side stretches apart in tensionBends -(n.) see caisson diseaseBrace -(n.) a structural support; (v.) to strengthen and stiffen a structure to resist loadsBrittle -characteristic of a material that fails withoutwarning; brittle materials do not stretch or shorten before failingBuckle -to bend under compressionButtress -a support that transmits a force from a roof or wall to another supporting structure Buttress Dam -a gravity dam reinforced by structural supportsCable -a structural element formed from steel wire bound in strands; the suspending element in a bridge; the supporting element in some dome roofsCable-Stayed Bridge -a bridge in which the roadway deck is suspendedfrom cables anchored to one or more towersCaisson -a watertight, dry chamber in which people can work underwaterCaisson Disease -an affliction developed by people moving in and out of caissons quickly; also called the bends and decompression sicknessCantilever -a projecting structure supported only at one end, like a shelf bracket or a diving boardCast Iron -a brittle alloy with high carbon content; iron that has been melted, then poured into a form and cooled; can be made into any shape desiredCivil Engineer -an engineer who plans, designs, and supervises the construction of facilities essential to modern lifeCement -a binding material, or glue, that helps concrete hardenCoffer -a sunken panel in a ceilingCofferdam -a temporary dam built to divert a river around a construction site so the dam can be built on dry groundColumn -a vertical, structural element, strong in compressionCompressed-Air Chamber -the space at the bottom of a caisson into which air is introduced under pressure to exclude water so that excavation can take placeCompression -a pressing force that squeezes a material togetherConcrete -a mixture of water, sand, small stones, and a gray powdercalled cementConstruction Manager -a person who coordinates the entire construction process -- from initial planning and foundation work through the structure's completionContinuous Span Beam Bridge -simple bridge made by linking one beam bridge to another; some of the longest bridges in the world are continuous span beam bridgesCore -central region of a skyscraper; usually houses elevator and stairwellCut and Cover -a method of tunnel construction that involves digging a trench, building a tunnel, and then covering it with fillDeck -supported roadway on a bridgeDeform -to change shapeDiversion Channel -a bypass created to divert water around a dam so that construction can take placeDome -a curved roof enclosing a circular space; a three-dimensional archDownstream Face -the side of the dam that is not against the waterDynamite -a blasting explosive, based on nitroglycerin, but much safer to handle than nitroglycerin aloneElectrical Engineer -an engineer concerned with electrical devices and systems and with the use of electrical energyEmbankment Dam -a dam composed of a mound of earth and rock; the simplest typeof gravity damEngineering -a profession in which a knowledge of math and natural science is applied to develop ways to utilize the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of all human beingsEnvironmental Engineer -an engineer who designs and operates systems to provide safe drinking water and to prevent and control pollution in water, in the air, and on the landFire-Setting -an ancient tunneling technique in which rock is heated with fire and then doused with cold water, causing the rock to fractureForce -any action that tends to maintain or alter the position of a structureGeodesic Dome -a dome composed of short, straight pieces joined to form triangles; invented by Buckminster FullerGeotechnical Engineer -an engineer who evaluates and stabilizes foundations for buildings, roads, and other structuresGravity Dam -a dam constructed so that its great weight resists the force of water pressure Gunpowder -any of several low-explosive mixtures used as a blasting agent in mining and tunneling; the first such explosive was black powder, which consists of a mixture of potassium nitrate, sulfur, and charcoalJoint -a device connecting two or more adjacent parts of a structure;a roller joint allows adjacent parts to move controllably past one another; a rigid joint prevents adjacent parts from moving or rotating past one anotherLoad -weight distribution throughout a structure; loads caused by wind, earthquakes, and gravity, for example, affect how weight is distributed throughout a structureMasonry -a building material such as stone, clay, brick, or concreteMechanical Engineer -an engineer who applies the principles of mechanics and energy to the design of machines and devicesMonolithic Dome -a dome composed of a series of arches, joined together with a series of horizontal rings called parallelsMovable Bridge -a bridge in which the deck moves to clear a navigation channel;a swing bridge has a deck that rotates around a center point;a drawbridge has a deck that can be raised and lowered; a bascule bridge deck is raised with counterweights like a drawbridge; and the deck of a lift bridge is raised vertically like a massive elevatorNitroglycerin -an explosive compound made from a mixture of glycerol and concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids, and an important ingredient of most forms of dynamitePerimeter -the distance around the outside of a shapePier -a vertical supporting structure, such as a pillarPendentive -a triangular shape that adapts the circular ring of a dome to fit onto a flat supporting wallPile -a long, round pole of wood, concrete, or steel driven into the soilby pile driversPile Driver -a noisy machine that repeatedly drops a heavy weight on top ofa pile until the pile reaches solid soil or rock or cannot be pushed down any fartherPlastic -a synthetic material made from long chains of molecules; has the capability of being molded or shaped, usually by the application of heat and pressurePressure -a force applied or distributed over an areaReinforced Concrete -concrete with steel bars or mesh embedded in it forincreased strength in tension; in pre-tensioned concrete, the embedded steel bars or cables are stretched into tension before the concrete hardens; in post-tensioned concrete, the embedded steel bars or cables are stretched into tension after the concrete hardensRichter Scale -used to measure the magnitude of an earthquake; introduced in 1935 by the seismologists Beno Gutenberg and Charles Francis RichterRigid -(adj.) ability to resist deformation when subjected toa load;rigidity(n.) the measure of a structure's ability not to change shape when subjected to a loadRock Tunnel -a passage constructed through solid rockShear -a force that causes parts of a material to slide past one another in opposite directionsShear-Walls -solid concrete walls that resist shear forces; often used in buildings constructed in earthquake zonesSilt -sediment particles ranging from 0.004 to 0.06 mm (0.00016 to0.0024 inch) in diameterSoft-Ground Tunnels -a passage constructed through loose, unstable, or wet ground, requiring supports to keep the walls from collapsingSpan -(n.) the distance a bridge extends between two supports; (v.) to traverse a specific distanceSpillway -an overflow channel that allows dam operators to release lake water when it gets high enough to threaten the safety of a damSpire -an architectural or decorative feature of a skyscraper; the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat includes spires but not antennae when calculating the official height of a skyscraperStable -(adj.) ability to resist collapse and deformation; stability(n.)characteristic of a structure that is able to carry arealistic load without collapsing or deforming significantlySteel -an alloy of iron and carbon that is hard, strong, and malleableStiff -(adj.) ability to resist deformation; stiffness (n.) the measure of a structure's capacity to resist deformation Strong -(adj.) ability to carry a realistic load; strength (n.) the measure of a structure's ability to carry a realistic loadStructural Engineer -an engineer who investigates the behavior and design of all kinds of structures, including dams, domes, tunnels, bridges, and skyscrapers, to make sure they are safe and sound for human useSuspension Bridge -a bridge in which the roadway deck is suspended from cables that pass over two towers; the cables are anchored in housings at either end of the bridgeTailings Dam -a dam, usually made of earth and rock, used to contain mining wasteTensegrity -an array of tension cables and compression rods that supports a structure; invented by Buckminster Fuller student Kenneth SnellsonTension -a stretching force that pulls on a materialTension Ring -a support ring that resists the outward force pushing against the lower sides of a domeTorsion -an action that twists a materialTower -the vertical structure in a suspension bridge or cable-stayed bridge from which cables are hung; also used loosely as a synonym for the term skyscraperTruss -a rigid frame composed of short, straight pieces joined to form a series of triangles or other stable shapesTuned Mass Damper -a mechanical counterweight designed to reduce the effects of motion, such as the swaying of a skyscraper in the wind or in an earthquakeTunnel Boring Machine (TBM) -a mechanical device that tunnels through the groundTunnel Shield -a cylinder pushed ahead of tunneling equipment to provide advance support for the tunnel roof; used when tunneling in softor unstable groundUnstable -characteristic of a structure that collapses or deforms under a realistic loadUpstream Face -the side of a dam that is against the waterWrought Iron -an iron alloy that is less brittle than cast iron。
2013年12月英语四级真题及答案(PDF版)
2013年12月全国大学英语四级考试真题及答案作文一：For this part,you are allowed30minutes to write a short essay based on the picture below.You should start your essay with a brief account of the impact of the Internet on the way people communicate and then explain whether electronic communication can replace face-to-face contact.You should write at least120words but no more than180words.“Dear Andy-How are you?Your mother and I are fine.We both miss you and hope you are doing well.We look forward to seeing you again the nest time your computer crashes and you come down-stairs for something to eat,Love,Mom and Dad.”作文二：For this part,you are allowed30minutes to write a short essay based on the picture below.You should start your essay with a brief account of the impact of the Internet on learning and then explain whydoesn’t simply mean learning to obtain information.You should write at least120words but no more than180words.“Once I learn how to use Google,isn’t that all the education I really need?”For this part,you are allowed30minutes to write a short essay based on the picture below.You should start your essay with a brief account of the increasin,use of the mobile phone inpeople’s life and explain theConsequence of overusing it.You should write at least120words but no more than180words. People are crossing the street looking at their cell phones and using walking sticks in order tosee.Part II Listening Comprehension(30minutes)Section ADirections:In this section,you will hear8short conversations and2long conversations.At the end of each conversation,one or more questions will be asked about what was said.Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once.After each question there will be a pause.During the pause,you must read the four choices marked A),B),C)and D),and decide which is the best answer,Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet1with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
钢结构毕业设计论文(中英)
浅谈钢结构现在，钢以一种或者形式逐渐成为全球应用最广泛的建筑材料。
对于建筑构架，除了很特殊的工程之外，钢材几乎已经完全取代了木材，总的来说，对于桥梁和结构骨架，钢也逐渐代替了铸铁和炼铁。
最为现代最重要的建筑材料，钢是在19世纪被引入到建筑中的，钢实质上是铁和少量碳的合金，一直要通过费力的过程被制造，所以那时的钢仅仅被用在一些特殊用途，例如制造剑刃。
1856年贝塞麦炼钢发发明以来，刚才能以低价大量获得。
刚最显著的特点就是它的抗拉强度，也就是说，当作用在刚上的荷载小于其抗拉强度荷载时，刚不会失去它的强度，正如我们所看到的，而该荷载足以将其他材料都拉断。
新的合金又进一步加强了钢的强度，与此同时，也消除了一些它的缺陷，比如疲劳破坏。
钢作为建筑材料有很多优点。
在结构中使用的钢材成为低碳钢。
与铸铁相比，它更有弹性。
除非达到弹性极限，一旦巴赫在曲调，它就会恢复原状。
即使荷载超出弹性和在很多，低碳钢也只是屈服，而不会直接断裂。
然而铸铁虽然强度较高，却非常脆，如果超负荷，就会没有征兆的突然断裂。
钢在拉力（拉伸）和压力作用下同样具有高强度这是钢优于以前其他结构金属以及砌砖工程、砖石结构、混凝土或木材等建筑材料的优点，这些材料虽然抗压，但却不抗拉。
因此，钢筋被用于制造钢筋混凝土——混凝土抵抗压力，钢筋抵抗拉力。
在钢筋框架建筑中，用来支撑楼板和墙的水平梁也是靠竖向钢柱支撑，通常叫做支柱，除了最底层的楼板是靠地基支撑以外，整个结构的负荷都是通过支柱传送到地基上。
平屋面的构造方式和楼板相同，而坡屋顶是靠中空的钢制个构架，又成为三角形桁架，或者钢制斜掾支撑。
一座建筑物的钢构架设计是从屋顶向下进行的。
所有的荷载，不管是恒荷载还是活荷载（包括风荷载），都要按照连续水平面进行计算，直到每一根柱的荷载确定下来，并相应的对基础进行设计。
利用这些信息，结构设计师算出整个结构需要的钢构件的规格、形状，以及连接细节。
对于屋顶桁架和格构梁，设计师利用“三角剖分”的方法，因为三角形是唯一的固有刚度的结构。
2013年12月英语四级听力真题及答案
2013年12⽉英语四级听⼒真题及答案 Section A Directions:In this section,you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations.At the end of each conversation,one or more questions will be asked about what was said.Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once.After each question there will be a pause.During the pause,you must read the four choices markedA),B),C)and D),and decide which is the best answer,Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
1.A)Go to a place he has visited B)Make her own arrangements C)Consult a travel agent D)Join in a package tour 2. A)They are on a long trip by car B)They are syuck in a traffic jam C)They are used to getting up early D)They are tired of eating out at night 3. A)He is a person difficult to deal with B)He dislikes any formal gathering C)He is unwilling to speak in public D)He often keeps a distance from others 4. A)Work in another deparment B)Pursue further education C)Recruit graduate students D)Take an administrative job 5. A)He would not be available to start the job in time B)He is not quite qualified for the art director position C)He would like to leave some more time for himself D)He will get his application letter ready before May1 6. A)Cleaner B)porter C)Mechanic D)Salesman 7. A)Reqest one or two roommates to do the cleaning B)Help Laura with her term paper due this weekend C)Get Laura to clean the apartment herself this time D)Ask Laura to put off the cleaning until another week 8. A) A problem caused by the construction B)An accident that occurred on the bridge C)The building project they are working on D)The public transportaion conditions Questions 9 to 11 are based on the conversation you have heard. 9 A) To look for a job as a salesperson B) To have a talk with Miss Thompson. C) To place an order for some products. D) To complain about a faulty appliance. 10 A) The person in charge is not in the office. B) The supplies are out of stock for the moment. C) They failed to reach an agreement on the price. D) The company is re-cataloguing the items. 11 A) 0743,12536 extension 15. B) 0734,38750 extension 15. C) 0734,21653 extension 51. D) 0734,62135 extension 51. Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard. 12 A)Since he found a girlfriend B)Since he took to heavy smoking. C)Since he began to exercise regularly D)Since he started to live on his own. 13 A)He is getting too fat. B)He smokes too much C)He doesn’t eat vegetables. D)He doesn’t look well at all. 14 A)They are overweight for their age B)They are respectful to their parents C)They are still in their early twenties D)They dislike doing physical exercise. 15 A)To quit smoking. B)To find a girlfriend C)To reduce his weight D)To follow her advice. 参考答案 1. C. Consult a travel agent. 2. A. They are on a long trip by car. 3. C. He is unwilling to speak in public. 4. B. Purse further education. 5. A. He would not be available to start the job in time. 6. B. Mechanic. 7. D. Ask Laura to put off the cleaning until another week. 8. A. A problem caused by the construction. 9. C. To place an order for some products. 10. A. The person in charge is not in the office. 11. B. 0734, 21653 extension 51. 12. B. Since he took to heavy smoking. 13. A. He is getting too fat. 14. D. They dislike doing physical exercise. 15. C. To find a girlfriend. Section B Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
成本控制外文文献
成本控制外文文献DR Campbell, M Campbell- CPA JOURNAL, Adding significant value with internal controlsUnder the condition of socialist market economy, enterprise production and business operation in order to obtain good economic benefit is the purpose of and constantly improve the enterprise overall quality, in the process of seeking good economic benefits, strengthening cost management and control, continuously reduce the product cost is an important method and means. So, small and medium enterprises how to reduce the product cost? From the following several aspects:1, in recent years, rising raw material prices, energy prices had a great influence on the rising cost of. How in the presence of these unfavorable factors reduce costs, improve efficiency? Enterprises must establish the concept of the technical transformation is an important approach to reduce cost through technological transformation, to adopt new technologies, new processes, new materials, improve product technology content and paves the way to reduce production costs. One is to put special emphasis on technology reform, actively adopt new technology, new technology, saving energy and reducing consumption, fundamentally reduce the consumption of raw materials, in product quality goals are met at the same time, ensure to achieve the goal of cost control; The second is the implementation of the technical improvement project construction should be pay attention to reduce the project construction cost, pay attention to get more rewards with less investment.2, deepen enterprise reform, and constantly stimulate the worker's labor enthusiasm, improve staff quality, set up to adapt to highly efficient operating mechanism of market economy, is also an important link to reduce costs. Each enterprise should deepen reform as an important work of authors efficiency. First, to reform the personnel system, breaking the boundaries of cadres and workers, reflect ", competent, work well "principle of choose and employ persons, integrate recruitment and appointment system of the personnel system, optimize the combination of labor and competition, superior bad discard, do" almighty, came to claim down ", so as to arouse the enthusiasm of staff, improve labor productivity, the enhancement enterprise staff's work sense of responsibility and sense of crisis, mobilizes all cadres and workers into the authors efficiency work.3, however, the quality of the product and the product cost has a very close relationship. Under the condition of the competition is fierce, whose products are of good quality, who are competitive, product has the market, won't take up too much money; Products with high quality and not defective items or less, can directly reduce the production cost; Product quality is high, can according to the principle of quality, sold at higher prices, relative cost reduction in the proportion of sales revenue; Products with high quality and can win more customers, increase sales directly, reduce the cost of sales; Product quality is high, in fact also saves energy and raw materials; Product quality is high, can save labor and management fees, this will definitely reduce the cost. Be very pay attention to improve the quality of products, therefore, the enterprise one thousand party hundreds of strict productquality.4, asked whether research forced this adopt quality management, the leadership of the enterprise the factory director (manager) to personally stresses quality, forming quality management network, feedback the quality information every day, quality analysis and control the quality cost; To have strict standard of technology, affecting the quality of the product supply, production, sales and so on each link of the system of quality management, do not meet the requirements of the quality of raw materials into the factory not purchase and do not conform to the requirements of the quality of semi-finished products do not flow into the next procedure, unqualified products are not the factory; To enrich your power quality management, perfect quality management system, set up professional inspection team, establish self-inspection, mutual inspection and quality detection system that combines ZhuanJian and standards, strictly control product quality, quality management should be brought into the assessment of economic responsibility system at the same time, promote quality of wages, punishing inferior scrap rate allocation principles.5, to reduce the cost, must seize to manage this class. Companies to implement target cost management combined with economic responsibility system, strengthen the cost accounting, in production, supply and sales, finance and so on each link to strengthen the management, the production cost of raw materials, auxiliary materials, fuel, power, salary, manufacturing expense, administrative fee, etc of each elaboration to the unit product cost, cause the cost accounting in workshop, into the team, to the head. Formed into the staticcontrol for dynamic control, full, whole process and comprehensive cost control pattern, the specific actions to reduce the cost to every worker. On this basis, one is to strengthen supply management, control the cost of materials. Enterprises should formulate purchasing raw materials to control the price catalogue, a price comparison shopping, shop around, choose and buy, do homogeneous buy low price, same price to buy, homogenous same price, can use domestic instead of imported, in order to reduce costs; Second, must strengthen the material management, reduce the consumption of materialized labor. Material reserves and consumption of high and low, directly affect the product cost rise.6, therefore, the enterprise must from the material consumption quota formulation to the issuance of materials have strict control, for raw materials such as the consumption of various goods and materials supplies, in the order quantity and inventory controls key aspects such as reserves, should according to the principle of application, timely, complete, economic use plan issued, and combined with financial revenue and expenditure plans, contracts, into the assessment of economic responsibility system, prevent all kinds of unnecessary waste, to achieve reasonable storage, use of materials, reduce cost, improve efficiency, to ensure the production of both reasonable needs, and reduce capital takes up; Third, strengthening marketing management, reduce the cost of sales. To strengthen law consciousness of the sales staff to strengthen sales management, the combination of business in each sale happen before, to the customer's operating conditions and honour ability serious investigation and approval, not to "trade" and "gentleman's agreement", avoid unnecessaryeconomic loss, the business personnel's salary, bonus, poor travelling expenses, benefits, fees and handling charge, short-distance transport, transit link costs in line with both to save, and to mobilize enthusiasm of the principle of corresponding management measures.7, therefore, enterprises should establish and improve the financial supervision system, establish plant for silver, and can reduce costs by implementing simulation market accounting, cost control to improve the economic benefit, avoid unplanned, spending money top, long PiTiao PaoMaoDiLou phenomenon serious and funds resulting in approach in the funds use at no cost, strictly to strengthen the control of funds, make the staff felt the pressure of market competition, by several accounts for everyone to take charge of financial management, in particular to strengthen the administrative fee and some service cost accounting, including management of administrative costs, travel, office, etc. In this respect will have to be borne according to the different nature of work, the accounting base of cost of each head to control the inspection, each pencil, each piece must be listed in the contract sum. Optimization of product structure. The product is popular with the market of an enterprise, is basic premise to reduce costs. If can not sell the products of an enterprise, cause backlog, far from reducing the cost. Only product variety, product structure is reasonable, can meet the needs of different levels of consumer, just have a stable market, to reduce inventory capital takes up and products, to speed up the turnover of funds, only a reasonable product structure, to accelerate the spread of products, diversification management, accelerate the market penetration, and improve the relative share of the market, so as to achievethe goal of cost reduction. So that each enterprise must recognize their own deficiencies in the production and business operation, serious analysis, assess the situation, timely to change the production and business operation strategy, the market situation is bad, backlog occupy products more products to limit production and conversion of funds, the selection of leading products through advanced technology, improve the mechanization and automation level of production, a series of measures such as strengthening production scheduling command to increase production, to reduce the product cost in the fixed expenses such as depreciation and interest. Also must constantly innovation, optimize product structure, to take "no I have you, you have me, you I'm fine, are you fine I go" the strategy, increase the designs and varieties, to develop new products, tracking the world development trend, combined with the needs of different regions, different levels of consumer, forming different product structure, make the product market is gradually expanding.。
外文翻译---桥梁施工方法
外文翻译Bridge Construction TechniquesThe final cost of a bridge is the sum of the cost of permanent materials,the proportionate cost to the project of plant and temporary works and the cost of labor .The cost of permanent materials can be estimated reasonably correctly.With experience,a bridge contractor can deal completely with cost of plant and temporary works .But the labor cost does not lend itself to exact analysis .Recent competitive designs have attempted to introduce innovations in construction methods with a view to effect economy in the cost on labor by reducing temporary works and by minimizing the duration of site work.The suitable techniques of construction of bridge superstructure will vary from site to site,and will depend on the spans and length of the bridge, type of the bridge,materials used and site conditions. For instance, cast-in-site concrete construction could be adopted for short spans up to 40 m, if the river bed is dry for a considerate portion of the year, whereas free cantilever construction with prestressed concrete decking would be appropriate for long spans in rivers with navigational requirements. The current trend is towards the avoidance of staging as much as possible and to use precast or prefabricated components to maximum extent.Also , construction machinery such as cranes and launching girders are coming into wider use . These are greater savings to be effected by paying attention to the method of construction even from the design stage than by attacking permanent materials .Short Span BridgesFor bridges involving spans up to 40 m , the superstructure may be built on staging supported on the ground . Alternatively , the girders may be precast for the full span length and erected using launching girders or cranes,if the bridge has many equal spans.In the latter procedure , the additional cost on erection equipment should be less than the saving in the cost of formwork and in the labour cost resulting from faster construction .Long Span Concrete BridgesLong span concrete bridges are usually of post-tensioned concrete and constructed either as conditions beams types or as free ver cantile structures . Many methods have been developed for continuous deck construction . If the clearance between the ground and bottom of the deck is small and the soil is firm , the superstructure can be built on staging . This method is becoming obsolete . Currently , free-cantilever and movable scaffold systems are increasingly used to save time and improve safety .The movable scaffold system employs movable forms stiffened by steel frames . These forms extend one span length and are supported by steel girders which rest on a pier at one end and can be moved from span to span on a second set of auxiliary steel girders .An economical construction technique known as incremental push-launching method developed by Baur-Leonhard team is shown schematically in Figure 22.1.The total continuous deck is subdivided longitudinally into segments of 10 to 30 m length depending on the length of spans and the time available for construction . Each of these segments is constructed immediately behind the abutment of the bridge in steel framed forms , which remain in the same place for concreting all segments .The forms are so designed as to be capable of being moved transversely or rotated on hinges to facilitate easy stripping after sufficient hardening of concrete. At the head of the first segment ,a steel nose consisting of a light truss is attached to facilitate reaching of the first and subsequent piers without including a too large can yilever moment during construction . The second and the following segments are concreted directly on the face of the hardened portion and the longitudinal reinforcement can continue across the construction joint . The pushing is achieved by hydraulic jacks which act against the abutment .Since the coefficient of friction of Teflon sliding bearings is only about 2 percent, low capacity hydraulic jacks would suffice to move the bridge even over long lengths of several hundred metres . This method can be used for straight and continuously curved bridges up to a span of about 120 m .The free-cantilever system was pioneered by Dyckerhoff and Willmann in germany .In this system , the superstructure is erected by means of cantilever truck insections generally of 3.5 m .The cantilever truck ,whose cost is relatively small and which is attached firmly to permanent construction , ermits by repeated use the construction of large bridges . The avoidance of scaffold from below ,the speed of work and the saving in labour cost result in the construction being very economicdal . The free-cantilever system is ideally suited for launched girders with a large depth above the pier cantilever system is ideally suited for launched girders with a large depth above the pier cantilevering to the middle of the span .Another technique is the use of the pneumatic caisson .The caisson is a huge cylinder with a bottom edge that can cut into the water bed . When compressed ar is pumped into it ,the water is forced out .Caissons must be used with extreme care .for one thing, workers can only stay in the compression chamber for short periods of time .For another , if they come up to normal atmospheric pressure too rapidly ,they are subject to the bends ,or caisson disease as it is also called , which is a crippling or even fatal condition caused by excess nitrogen in the blood .When the Eads Bridge across the Mississippi River at St.Louis was under construction between 1867and 1874 , at a time when the danger of working in compresed air was not fully understood ,fourteen deaths was caused by the bends .When extra strength is necessary in the piers ,they sometimes keyed into the bedrock-that is ,they are extended down into the bedrock .This method was used to build the piers for the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco ,which is subject to strong tidies and high winds ,and is located in an earthquake zone .The drilling was carried out under water by deep-sea divers .Where bedrock cannot be reached ,piles are driven into the water bed .Today ,the piles in construction are usually made of prestressed concrete beams .One ingenious technique ,used for the Tappan Zee Bridge across the Hudson River in New York ,is to rest a hollow concrete box on top of a layer of piles .When the box is pumped dry ,it becomes buoyantenough to support a large proportion of the weight of the bridge (see Fig.22.3).Each type of bridge ,indeed each individual bridge ,presents special construction problems.With some truss bridges ,the span is floated into position after the piers have been erected and then raised into place by means of jacks or cranes .Arch bridges canbe constructed over a falsework ,or temporaryscaffolding.This method is usually employed with reinforced concrete arch bridges .With steel arches ,however ,a technique has been developed whereby the finished sections are held in place by wires that supply a cantilever support .Cranes move along the top of the arch to place new sections of steel while the tension in the cables increases .With suspension bridges ,the foundions and the towers are built first .Then a cable is run from the anchorage-aconcrete block in which the cable is fastened-up to the tower and across to the opposite tower and anchorage .Awheel that unwinds wire from a reel quns along this cable .When the reel reaches the other side ,another wire is placed on it ,and the wheel returns to its original position .When all the wires have been put in place ,another machine moves along the cable to campact and to bind them .Construction begins on the deck when the cables are in place ,with work progressing toward the middle from each end of the structure .The loads to be considered in the design of substructures and bridge foundations include loads and forces transmitted from the superstructure, and those acting directly on the substructure and foundation .AASHTO loads . Section 3 of AASHTO specifications summarizes the loads and forces to be considered in the design of bridges (superstructure and substructure ) . Briefly , these are dead load ,live load , iMPact or dynamic effect of live load , wind load , and other forces such as longitudinal forces , centrifugal force ,thermal forces , earth pressure , buoyancy , shrinkage and long term creep , rib shortening , erection stresses , ice and current pressure , collision force , and earthquake stresses .Besides these conventional loads that are generally quantified , AASHTO also recognizes indirect load effects such as friction at expansion bearings and stresses associated with differential settlement of bridge components .The LRFD specifications divide loads into two distinct categories : permanent and transient .Permanent loadsDead Load : this includes the weight DC of all bridge components , appurtenances and utilities, wearing surface DW and future overlays , and earth fill EV. Both AASHTO and LRFD specifications give tables summarizing the unit weights of materials commonly used in bridge work .Transient LoadsVehicular Live Load (LL)Vehicle loading for short-span bridges :considerable effort has been made in the United States and Canada to develop a live load model that can represent the highway loading more realistically than the H or the HS AASHTO models . The current AASHTO model is still the applicable loading.桥梁施工方法一座桥梁的最终造价是建造桥梁结构物的材料费用与这项工程相关的机械费用和临时工程及劳动力的费用的总和。
工程造价专业英语课后习题答案
工程造价专业英语课后习题答案工程造价专业英语课后习题答案一、句子翻译1.in its specifics ,each structure is tailed to suit its environment ,arranged to perform its own particular function ,and designed to reflect personal tastes and preferences . 具体来说，每一个建筑物都要适应它周围的环境，发挥它特有的功能，反映设计者的品味和喜好。
2.To some degree ,each construction project is unique ,and no two jobs are ever quite alike .从某种程度上来说，每一个建筑项目都是独一无二的，并且没有两个相同的项目。
3.It is unlikely ,that field construction will ever be able to adapt itself completely to the standardized methods and product uniformity of assembly-line production .建筑不可能完全适应标准化的方法和装配线生产的产品。
4.The objective of this approach is to treat project planning ,design ,and construction as integrated tasks within a construction system.该团队的目标是使工程规划、设计、建设成为工程项目系统之内的整合性的工作。
5.Adherence to construction schedules and budget constraints is the CM’s prime responsibility .确保在进度和成本约束下完成工程是项目经理的主要责任。
12月英语四级真题及答案(第二套) 2
2013.12 英语四级考试真题试卷（第二套）之马矢奏春创作Part I Writing(30 minutes)听力音频地址：Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay. You should start your essay with a brief accountof the increasing use of the mobile phone in people'slife and then explain the consequences of overusing it. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上1. A) Go to a place he has visited.B) Make her own arrangements.C) Consult a travel agent.D) Join in a package tour.2. A) They are on a long trip by car.B) They are stuck ina traffic jam.C) They are used to getting up early.D) They are tired of eating out at night.3. A) He is a person difficult to deal with.B) He dislikes any formal gathering.C) He is unwilling to speak in public.D) He often keeps a distance from others.4. A) Work in another department.B) Pursue further education.C) Recruit graduate students.D) Take an administrative job.5. A) He would not be available to start the job in time.B) He is not quite qualified for the art director position.C) He would like to leave some more time for himself.D) He will get his application letter ready before May 1.6. A) Cleaner. B) Mechanic. C) Porter. D) Salesman.7. A) Request one or two roommates to do the cleaning.B) Help Laura with her term paper due this weekend.C) Get Laura to clean the apartment herself this time.D) Ask Laura to put off the cleaning until another week.8. A) A problem caused by the construction.B) An accident that occurred on the bridge.C) The building project they are workingD) The public transportation conditions. Questions 9 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard. 9. A) To look for a job as a salesperson.B) To have a talk with Miss Thompson.C) To place an orderfor some products.D) To complain about a faulty appliance.10. A) The person in charge is not in the office.B) The supplies are out of stock for the moment.C) They failed to reach an agreement on the price.D) The company is re-cataloguing the items.11. A) 0743, 12536 extension 15.B) 0734, 21653 extension 51.C) 0734, 38750 extension 15.D) 0743, 62135 extension 51.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard. 12. A) Since he found a girlfriend.B) Since he took to heavy smoking.C) Since he began to exercise regularly.D) Since he started to live on his own.13. A) He is getting too fat.B) He smokes too much.C) He doesn't eat vegetables.D) He doesn't look well at all. 14. A) They are overweight for their age.B) They are respectful to their parents.C) They are still in their early twenties.D) They dislike doing physical exercise.15. A) To quit smoking.B) To reduce his weight.C) To finda girlfriend.D) To follow her advice.Passage One Questions 16 to 19 are based on the conversation you have just heard. 16. A) They have destroyed several small towns.B) They will soon spread to San Francisco.C) They have injured many residents.D) They are burning out of control.17. A) They have been hospitalized.B) They have got skin problems.C) They were choked by the thick smoke.D) They were poisoned by the burning chemicals.18. A) It failed because of a sudden rocket explosion.B) It has been re-scheduled for a midday takeoff.C) It has been canceled due to technical problems.D) It was delayed for eleven hours and thirty minutes.19. A) They made frequent long-distance calls to each other.B) They illegally used government computers in New Jersey.C) They were found to be smarter than computer specialists.D) They were arrested for stealing government information.Passage TwoQuestions 20 to 22 are based on the passageyou have just heard.20. A) Peaceful.B) Considerate.C) Generous.D) Cooperative.21. A) Someone dumped the clothes left in the washer and dryer.B) Someone broke the washer and dryer by overloading them.C) Mindy Lance's laundry blocked the way to the laundry room.D) Mindy Lance threatened to take revenge on her neighbors.22. A) Asking the neighborhood committee for help.B.) Limiting the amount of laundry for each wash.C) Informing the building manager of the matter.D) Installing a few more washers and dryers.Passage ThreeQuestions 23 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.23. A) She is both a popular and highly respected author.B) She is the most loved African novelist of all times.C) She is the most influential author since the 1930's.D) She is the first writer to focus on the fate of slaves.24. A) The Book Critics Circle Award.B) The Nobel Prize for literature.C) The Pulitzer Prize for fiction.D) The National Book Award.25. A) She is a relative of Morrison's.B) She is a slave from Africa.C) She is a skilled storyteller.D) She is ablack woman.Many college students today own personal computers that cost anywhere from $1000 to perhaps $5000 or more. (26),it is not uncommon for them to purchase (27)costing another several hundred dollars. Twenty years ago, computers were (28), but they were very large and extremely expensive. Few, if any. (29)purchased computers for home use. Over the years, the price of the "guts" of a computer-its memory-has declined to less than a thousandth of the price per unit of memory thatprevailed twenty years ago. This is the main reason why computers cost so much less today than they used to. Moreover. (30)improvements have made it possible to (31) memory circuitry that is small enough to fit into the portable personal computers that many of us own anduse.(32), as the price of computation has declined the average consumer and business have spent more on purchasing computers.(33)improved agricultural technology,hybrid(杂交) seeds. (34)animal breeding, and so on have vastly increased the amount of output a typical farmer can produce. The prices of goods such as meats and grains have fallen sharply relative to the prices of most other goods and services. As agricultural prices have fallen, many households have decreased their total expenses on food. Even though the (35)of a product purchased generally increases when its price falls, total expenses on it may decline.Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.To get a sense of how women have progressed in science, take a quick tour of the physics department at the University of California, Berkeley. This is a storied place, the(36)of some of the most important discoveries in modern science-starting with Ernest Lawrence's invention of the cyclotron (回旋加速器) in 1931. A generation ago, femalefaces were (37 )and, even today, visitors walking through the first floor of LeConte Hall will see a full corridor of exhibits (38)the many distinguished physicists who made history here. (39) all of them white males.But climb up to the third floor and you'll see a (40)display. There, among the photos of current faculty members and students, are portraits of the (41)head of the department, Marjorie Shapiro, and four other women whose research (42)everything from the mechanics of the universe to the smallest particles of matter. A sixth woman was hired just two weeks ago. Although they'restill only about 10 percent of the physics faculty, women are clearly a presence here. And the real (43)may be in the smaller photos to the right: graduate and undergraduate students, about 20 percent of them female. Every year Berkeley sends its fresh female physics PhDs to the country's top universities. That makes Shapiro optimistic, but also (44). "I believe things are getting better," she says, "but they're not getting better as (45)as I wouldlike."Is College a Worthy Investment?A) Why are we spending so much money on college? And why are we so unhappy about it? We all seem to agree that a college education is wonderful, and yet strangely we worry when we seefamilies investing so much in this supposedly essential good. Maybe it's time to ask a question that seems almost sacrilegious (大不敬的): is all this investment incollege education really worth it?B) The answer, I fear,is no. For an increasing number of kids, the extra time and money spent pursuing a college diploma will leavethem worse off than they were before they set foot on campus.C) For my entire adult life, a good education has been the most important thing for middle-class households. My parents spent more educating my sister and me thanthey spent on their house, and they're not the only ones... and, of course, for an increasing number of families, most of the cost of their house is actually the cost of living in a good school district. Questioning the value of a college education seems a bit like questioning the value of happiness, or fun.D) The average price ofall goods and services has risen about 50 percent. Butthe price of a college education has nearly doubled inthat time. Is the education that today's students are getting twice as good? Are new workers twice as smart? Have they become somehow massively more expensive to educate?E) Perhaps a bit. Richard Vedder, an Ohio University economics professor, says, "I look at the data, and I see college costs rising faster than inflation upto the mid-1980s by 1 percent a year. Now I see themrising 3 to 4 percent a year over inflation. What has happened? The federal government has started dropping money out of airplanes. " Aid has increased,subsidized(补贴的) loans have become available, and "the universities have gotten the money." Economist Bryan Caplan, who is writing a book about education, agrees:"It's a giant waste of resources that will continue aslong as the subsidies continue."F) Promotional literature for colleges and student loans often speaks of debt as an "investment in yourself." But an investment is supposed to generate income to pay off the loans. More than half of all recent graduates are unemployed or in jobs that do not require a degree, and the amount of student-loan debt carried by households has increased more than five times since 1999. These graduates were told that a diploma was all they needed to succeed, but it won't even get them out of the spare bedroom at Mom and Dad's. For many, the most visible result of their four years is the loan payments, which now average hundreds of dollars a month on loan balances in the tens of thousands.G) It's true about the money-sort of. College graduates now make 80 percent more than people who have only a high-school diploma, and though there are no precise estimates, the wage premium (高出的部分) for an outstanding school seems to be even higher. But that's not true of every student. It's very easy to spend four years majoring in English literature and come out no more employable than you were before you went in. Conversely, chemical engineers straight out of school can easily make almost four timesthe wages of an entry-level high-school graduate.H) James Heckman, the Nobel Prize-winning economist, has examined how the returns on education break down for individuals with different backgrounds and levels of ability. "Even with these high prices, you're still finding a highreturn for individuals who are bright and motivated," he says. On the other hand, "if you're not college ready, then the answer is no, it's not worth it." Experts tend to agree that for the average student, college is still worth it today, but they also agree that the rapid increase in price is eating up more and more of the potential return. For borderline students, tuition(学费) rise can push those returns into negative territory.I) Everyone seems to agree that the government, and parents, should be rethinking how we invest in higher education and that employers need to rethink the increasing use of college degrees as crude screening tools for jobs that don't really require college skills. "Employers seeing a surplus of college graduates and looking to fill jobs are just adding that requirement." says Vedder. "In fact, a college degree becomes a job requirement for becoming a bar-tender."J) We have started to see some change on thefinance side. A law passed in 2007 allows many students to cap their loan payment at 10 percent of their income and forgives any balance after 25 years. But of course, that doesn't control the cost of education! it justshifts it to taxpayers. It also encourages graduates to choose lower-paying careers, which reduces the financial return to education still further. "You're subsidizing people to become priests and poets and so forth," says Heckman. "You may think that's a good thing, or you may not." Either way it will be expensive for the government.K) What might be a lot cheaper is putting more kids to work. Caplan notes that work also builds valuable skills- probably more valuable for kids who don't naturally love sitting in a classroom. Heckman agrees wholeheartedly: "People are different, and thoseabilities can be shaped. That's what we've learned, and public policy should recognize that."L) Heckman wouldlike to see more apprenticeship-style(学徒式) programs, where kids can learn in the workplace-learn not just specific job skills, but the kind of "soft skills," like getting to work on time and getting along with a team- that are crucial for career success. "It's about havingmentors(指导者) and having workplace-based education," he says. "Time and again I've seen examples of this kind of program working."M) Ah, but how do we get there from here? With better public policy, hopefully, but also by making better individual decisions. "Historically markets have been able to handle these things," says Vedder. "and I think eventually markets will handle this one. If itdoesn't improve soon, people are going to wake up and ask, 'Why am I going to college?'"注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
Bridge (1-1)
5.
*Selection of Bridge Site
The characteristics of an ideal bridge site are: 5.1 A straight reach of the river; 5.2 Steady river flow without serious whirls and cross currents;
Bridge Engineering (1) Introduction(1-1)
Table of Contents Definition 2. Components of a bridge 3. Classification 4. Investigation for Bridges 5. Selection of Bridge Site 6. Preliminary data to be collected 7. Preliminary drawings 8. Location of piers and abutments 9. Vertical clearance above H.F.L 10. Subsoil exploration 11. Choice of bridge type 12. Standard Specifications for Road Bridges
4 Thursday, October 27, 2011
Bridge Engineering (1) Introduction(1-1)
6) According to span length as culvert (less than 8 m), minor bridge (8 to 30 m), major bridge (above 30 m) or long span bridge (above 120). 7) According to the method of clearance for navigation as high-level, movable-bascule, movableswing or transporter bridge. 8) According to the method of connections of the different parts of the superstructure, particularly for steel construction, as pin-connected, riveted or welded bridge. 9) According to the degree of redundancy as determinate or indeterminate bridge. 10) According to the anticipated type of service and duration of use as permanent, temporary, military (pontoon, Bailey) bridge.
湖北省高速公路建设标准化指南电子版
湖北省高速公路建设标准化指南电子版The electronic version of the Standardization Guidelines for Highway Construction in Hubei ProvinceIn response to your question about the electronic version of the Standardization Guidelines for Highway Construction in Hubei Province, we are pleased to provide you with some information.The Standardization Guidelines for Highway Construction in Hubei Province is an important document that sets out the standards and specifications for highway construction projects within the province. It provides guidance on materials, design, construction methods, and maintenance procedures, with the aim of ensuring safe and efficient road infrastructure.Unfortunately, we were unable to locate an official electronic version of the guidelines. The most up-to-date information can usually be obtained from the relevant government departments or agencies responsible for highwayconstruction in Hubei Province. They may have separate publications or databases that contain detailed regulations and technical documents pertaining to road construction standards.It is worth noting that following technological advancements, there has been a shift towards digital accessibility and online platforms for accessing construction guidelines. Therefore, it is advisable to check with local engineering associations or professional bodies involved in highway construction industry as they may have developed their own digital resources or application-based tools which provide access to standardized practices specific to Hubei Province.These resources are typically updated regularly by experts in the field who collaborate with government authorities to ensure compatibility with current legislation and best practices. They also offer convenient access through mobile applications or web interfaces, facilitating easy navigation through different sections such as road design, pavement construction, drainage systems, bridge structures,signage requirements etc.Overall, while an official electronic version of the Standardization Guidelines for Highway Construction in Hubei Province may not be readily available at this time, exploring alternative sources such as professional associations and specialized industry platforms is recommended for accessing comprehensive and up-to-date information related to quality standards and specifications governing highway infrastructure development within the province.中文翻译：关于湖北省高速公路建设标准化指南电子版的问题，我们很高兴为您提供一些信息。
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Usually bridge construction contracts are based on unit prices for materials worked into the
structure, such as concrete by th cubic yard and reinforcing steel by the pound for cast-in-place
concrete,and precast concrete girders and piles by the lineal foot,etc.
Precast and prestressed concrete items are detailed by the fabricator,and the bridge designer must
include on his drawings sufficient information to convey to the contractor all engineering and
design reqirements.
For prestressed concrete items,the bridge designer should show:
a) Delineation of all concrete outlines.
b) Tolerances,if necessary,on location of membrs in completed structure:
c) Complete details for connecting members.
d) Prestress forces and their location.
e) Strength of concrete at time of prestress.
The bridge designers should also state the contractor”responsibility in preparing shop
drawings and plans for erection and bracing of the precast-prestressed concrete members.These
darwings and plans should be submitted to the bridge engineer for rebiew and approval prior to
fabrication.
The purpose of the detailing service is to facilitat the efficient fabrication and installation of the
reinforcing steel.Effective detailing service can be performed only if all dimensions and related
information are available.Lacking this,the detailer must make time0consuming and job-delaying
inquiries.
The detailing serbice of the fabricator will consist of preparing detailed placing drawings and
bar lists from the drawings supplied.
The placing drawings indicate the quantity,length,mark,frade,location and spacing (where
applicable) of the rebar in each component of the strcture.They should be simple,clear and
complete with no unnecessary lines, marks,symbols or dimensions to clutter up the information
being conveyed to the en on the site.They must,however,contain all essential notes and data
necessary for quick and accurate interpretation.They are to be used for placing the rebar only.
Rebar should be shown in heavy lines.All drawings should be made large enough and lettered
clearly for repeated use in the field or office.
Layout
Drawings shoulde be laidout in a neat and legible format,with plan views in the upper left
corner of the sheet.If feasible,the northerly direction should be at the top of the sheet;if nt,then it
should b to the left side.Sections,details,and elevations should be grouped either below or to the
right of the plans.Key plans should be placed just to the left of the title block at the bottom of the
sheet.Any arrow indicting North should be placed beside the key plan.
Scales
Drawing scales must be of reasonable size to claerly indicate details.The scales used must be
shown on all drawing title blocks. If two or more scales are used on a drawing,they should be
shown under the title of each view.
Bar lists
The bar list fills a dual purpose.From the information supplied on it ,the fabricator is able to
produce the reinforcing steel in the length and shape required.Secondly,it acts as a means of
identifying the finished material for field use.Note that for clarity,bar marks should not be
duplicated.
Sizes
The following are some sizes (in millimeters) being used at th time of the printing:
Technology is canging constantly,however,and fabricators are developing methods to use
similar sheet size which:
1. Are able to be copied on a variety of standard copying machines
2. Are easier to use by the field personnel
3. Require much less storage space during and after constuction.
Type of Drawing Metric
Imperial
For Bar List 210*297(A4) 216*297
For Drawings 420*594(A2) 594*841(A1) 475*609
609*920
For Computer Sheets 210*297(A4) 216*356
Concrete cover
In order to protect the reinforcing bars from corrosion and fire,the minimum concrete cover for all
reinforcement is specified in the amount of cover depending on the type of member and the
exposure conditions. It should be marked on the drawngs.