翻译理论基础chapter4
《翻译研究入门理论与应用》总结笔记
Chapter1Translation can refer to the general subject field,the product or the process.The process of translation between two different written languages involves the translator changing an original written text in the original verbal language into a written text in a different verbal language.Three categories of translation by the Russian-American structuralist Roman Jakobson1intralingual translation语内翻译：Rewording,an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language;2interlingual translation语际翻译:Translation proper*,an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language;3intersemiotic translation语符翻译transmutation,an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign systems.History of the discipline1,From late eighteenth century to the1960s:part of language learning methodology Translation workshop,comparative literature,contrastive analysis2,James S Holmes“the name and nature of translation studies”(founding statement for the field)3,1970:Reiss:text typeReiss and Vermeer:text purpose(the skopos theory)Halliday:discourse analysis and systemic functional grammar4,1980The manipulation school:descriptive approach,polysystem5,1990Sherry Simon:Gender researchElse Vieira:Brazilian cannibalist schoolTejaswini Niranjana:Postcolonial translation theoryLawrence Venuti:cultural-studies-oriented analysisHolmes’s map of translation studiesThe objectives of the pure areas of research:1,descriptive translation theory:the description of the phenomena of translation2,translation theory:the establishment of general principles to explain and predict such phenomenaPure:theoretical and descriptiveDTS:descriptive translation studies1,product-oriented DTS:existing translations,text(diachronic or synchronic)2,function-oriented DTS:the function of translations in the recipient sociocultural situation (socio-translation studies or cultural-studies-oriented translation)3,process-oriented DTS:the psychology of translation(later think-aloud protocols)Relation between Theoretical and descriptiveThe results of DTS research can be fed into the theoretical branch to evolve either a general theory of translation or,more likely,partial theories of translation.Partial theories1,Medium-restricted theories:translation by machine and humans2,Area-restricted theories:3,Rank-restricted theories:the level of word,sentence or text4,Text-type restricted theories:discourse types or genres5,Time-restricted theories:6,Problem-restricted theories:Applied branch of Holmes’s framework:translator training,translation aids and translation criticism.Translation policy:the translation scholar advising on the place of translation in societyChapter2translation theory before the twentieth centuryLiteral vs.free debateCicero(first century BCE):I did not hold it necessary to render word for word,but I preserved the general style and force of the language.Horace:producing an aesthetically pleasing and creative text in the TL.St Jerome:I render not word for word,but sense for sense.Martin Luther:1,non-literal or non-accepted translation came to be seen and used as a weapon against the Church.2,his infusion of the Bible with the language of ordinary people and his consideration of translation in terms focusing on the TL and the TT reader were crucial.“Louis Kelly:Fidelity: to both the words and the perceived senseSpirit:1, creative energy or inspiration of a text or language, proper to literature; 2, the Holy Spirit.Truth: content17 century:Early attempts at systematic translation theoryCowley: imitationCounter the inevitable loss of beauty in translation by using our wit or invention to create new beauty;he has ‘taken, left out and added what I please’John Dryden reduces all translation to three categories: the triadic model(约翰 德莱顿的三分法:“直译”、意译”与“仿译”) 1, metaphrase: word for word translation2, paraphrase : sense for sense translation3, imitation : forsake both words and senseEtienne Dolet: a French humanist, burned at the stake for his addition to his translation of one of Plato’s dialogues.Five principles:① The translator must perfectly understand the sense and material of the original author,although he should feel free to clarify obscurities.②The translator should have a perfect knowledge of both SL and TL , so as not to lessen the majesty of the language.③The translator should avoid word-for-word renderings.④The translator should avoid Latinate and unusual forma .⑤The translator should assemble and liaise words eloquently to avoid clumsiness.Alexander Fraser TytlerTL-reader-oriented definition of a good translation: That, in which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language, as to be as distinctly apprehended, and as strongly felt, by a native of the country to which that language belongs, as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.Three general rules:I. That the Translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.II. That the style and manner of writing should be of t he same character with that of the original.III. That the Translation should have all the ease of original composition.—— A. F. Tytler: Essay on the Principles of TranslationTytler ranks his three laws in order of comparative importance:Ease of composition would be sacrificed if necessary for manner,and a departure would be made from manner in the interests of sense.Friedrich Schleiermacher:the founder of modern Protestant theology and of modern hermeneuticsHermeneutics:a Romantic approach to interpretation based not on absolute truth but on the individual’s inner feeling and understanding.2types of translators:1,Dolmetscher:who translates commercial texts;2,Ubersetzer:who works on scholarly and artistic texts.2translation methods:1,translator leaves the reader in peace,as much as possible,and moves the author towards him. Alienating method2,translator leaves the writer alone,as much as possible,and moves the reader towards the writer. Naturalizing methodThe status of the ST and the form of the TLFrancis Newman:emphasize the foreignness of the workMatthew Arnold:a transparent translation method(led to the devaluation of translation and marginalization of translation)Chapter3Equivalence and equivalent effectRoman Jakobson:the nature of linguistic meaningSaussure:the signifier(能指)the spoken and written signalThe signified(所指)the concept signifiedThe signifier and signified form the linguistic sign,but that sign is arbitrary or unmotivated.1,There is ordinarily no full equivalence between code-units.Interlingual translation involves substituting messages in one language not for separate code-units but for entire messages in some other language.2,for the message to be equivalent in ST and TT,the code-unit will be different since they belong to two different sign systems which partition reality differently.3,the problem of meaning and equivalence thus focuses on differences in the structure and terminology of languages rather than on any inability of one language to render a message that has been written in another verbal language.4,cross-linguistic differences center around obligatory grammatical and lexical forms.They occur at the level of gender,aspect and semantic fields.Eugene Nida1,an orthographic word has a fixed meaning and towards a functional definition of meaning in which a word acquires meaning through its context and can produce varying responses accordingto culture.2,meaning is broke down into a,linguistic meaning,b,referential meaning(the denotative ‘dictionary’meaning指称，字面)and c,emotive meaning(connotative隐含).3,techniques to determine the meaning of different linguistic itemsA,analyze the structure of wordsB,differentiate similar words in relaxed lexical fields3techniques to determine the meaning of different linguistic items1，Hierarchical structuring,differentiates series of words according to their level,2，Techniques of componential analysis（成分分析法）identify and discriminate specific features of a range of related words.3，Semantic structure analysis：Discriminate the sense of a complex semantic termChomsky:Generative-transformational model:analyze sentences into a series of related levels governed by rules.3features1,phrase-structure rules短语结构规则generate an underlying or deep structure which is2,transformed by transformational rules转换规则relating one underlying structure to another, to produce3,a final surface structure,which itself is subject to形态音位规则phonological and morphemic rules.The most basic of such structures are kernel sentences,which are simple,active,declarative sentences that require the minimum of transformation.Three-stage system of translationAnalysis:the surface structure of the ST is analyzed into the basic elements of the deep structure Transfer:these are transferred in the translation processRestructuring:these are transferred in the translation process and then restructured semantically and stylistically into the surface structure of the TT.Back-transformation回归转换(Kernels are to be obtained from the ST structure by a reductive process)Four types of functional class:events,objects,abstracts and relationals.Kernels are the level at which the message is transferred into the receptor language before being transformed into the surface structure in three stages:literal transfer,minimal transfer最小单位转换and literary transfer.Formal equivalence:focuses attention on the message itself,in both form and content,the message in the receptor language should match as closely as possible the different elements in the source language.Gloss translations释译Dynamic equivalence is based on what Nida calls the principle of equivalent effect,where the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message.Four basic requirements of a translation1,making sense2,conveying the spirit and manner of the original3,having a natural and easy form of expression4,producing a similar response.NewmarkCommunicative translation attempts to produce on its reader an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original.Semantic translation attempts to render,as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow,the exact contextual meaning of the original.Literal translation is held to be the best approach in both communicative translation and semantic translation.One of the difficulties encountered by translation studies in systematically following up advances in theory may indeed be partly attributable to the overabundance of terminology.Werner KollerCorrespondence:contrastive linguistics,compares two language systems and describes contrastively differences and similarities.Saussure’s langue(competence in foreign language) Equivalence:equivalent items in specific ST-TT pairs and contexts.Saussure’s parole (competence in translation)Five types of equivalenceDenotative equivalenceConnotative equivalenceText-normative equivalencePragmatic equivalence(communicative equivalence)Formal equivalence(expressive equivalence,the form and aesthetics of the text)A checklist for translationally relevant text analysis:Language functionContent characteristicsLanguage-stylistic characteristicsFormal-aesthetic characteristicsPragmatic characteristicsTertium comparationi in the comparison of an ST and a TTChapter5functional theories of translationKatharina Reiss:Text TypeBuilds on the concept of equivalence but views the text,rather than the word or sentence as the level at which communication is achieved and at which equivalence must be sought.Four-way categorization of the functions of language(Karl Buhler,three)1,plain communication of facts,transmit information and content,informative text2,creative composition,expressive text3,inducing behavioral responses,operative text4,audiomedial text,supplement the other three functions with visual images,music,etc.Different translation methods for different texts1,transmit the full referentical or conceptual content of the ST in plain prose without redundancy and with the use of explicitation when required.2,transmit the aesthetic and artistic form of the ST,using the identifying method,with the translator adopting the standpoint of the ST author.3,produce the desired response in the TT receiver,employing the adaptive method,creating an equivalent effect among TT readers.4,supplementing written words with visual images and music.Intralinguistic and extralinguistic instruction criteria1,intralinguistic criteria:semantic,lexical,grammatical and stylistic features2,extralinguistic criteria:situation,subject field,time,place,receiver,sender and affective implications(humor,irony,emotion,etc.)Holz-Manttari:Translational actionTakes up concepts from communication theory and action theoryTranslation action views translation as purpose-driven,outcome oriented human interaction and focuses on the process of translation as message-transmitter compounds involving intercultural transfer.Interlingual translation is described as translational action from a source text and as a communicative process involving a series of roles and players.The initiatorThe commissionerThe ST producerThe TT producerThe TT userThe TT receiverContent,structured by what are called tectonics,is divided into a)factual information and b) overall communicative strategy.Form,structured by texture,is divided into a)terminology and b)cohesive elements.Value:place of translation,at least the professional non-literary translation within its sociocultural context,including the interplay between the translator and the initiating institution.Vermeer:Skopos theorySkopos theory focuses above all on the purpose of the translation,which determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result(TT,translatum).Basic rules of the theory:1,a translatum is determined by its skopos;2,a TT is an offer of information in a target culture and TL concerning an offer of information in a source culture and SL.3,a TT does not initiate an offer of information in a clearly reversible way4a TT must be internally coherent5a TT must be coherent with the ST6the five rules above stand in hierarchical order,with the skopos rule predominating.The coherence rule,internally coherent,the TT must be interpretable as coherent with the TT receiver’s situation.The fidelity rule,coherent with the ST,there must be coherence between the translatum and the ST.1,the ST information received by the translator;2,the interpretation the translator makes of this information;3,the information that is encoded for the TT receivers.Intratextual coherence intertextual coherenceAdequacy comes to override equivalence as the measure of the translational action. Adequacy:the relations between ST and TT as a consequence of observing a skopos during the translation process.In other words,if the TT fulfills the skopos outlined by the commission,it is functionally and communicatively adequate.Criticisms:1,valid for non-literary texts2,Reiss’s text type approach and Vermeer’s skopos theory are considering different functional phenomena3,insufficient attention to the linguistic nature of the ST nor to the reproduction of microlevel features in the TT.Christiane Nord:translation-oriented text analysisExamine text organization at or above sentence level.2basic types of translation product:1,documentary translation:serves as a document of a source culture communication between the author and the ST recipient.2,instrumental translation:the TT receiver read the TT as though it were an ST written in their own language.Aim:provide a model of ST analysis which is applicable to all text types and translation situations.Three aspects of functionalist approaches that are particularly useful in translator training1,the importance of the translation commission(translation brief)2,the role of ST analysis3,the functional hierarchy of translation problems.1,compare ST and TT profiles defined in the commission to see where the two texts may diverge Translation brief should include:The intended text functions;The addressees(sender and recipient)The time and place of text receptionThe medium(speech and writing)The motive(why the ST was written and why it is being translated)2,intratextual factors for the ST analysisSubject matterContent:including connotation and cohesionPresuppositions：real-world factors of the communicative situation presumed to be known to the participants;Composition:microstructure and macrostructure;Non-verbal elements:illustrations,italics,etc.;Lexic:including dialect,register and specific terminology;Sentence structure;Suprasegemtal features:stress,rhythm and stylistic punctuationIt does not matter which text-linguistic model is used3,the intended function of the translation should be decided(documentary or instrumental) Those functional elements that will need to be adapted to the TT addressee’s situation have to be determinedThe translation type decides the translation style(source-culture or target culture oriented)The problems of the text can then be tackled at a lower linguistic levelChapter6discourse and register analysis approachesText analysis:concentrate on describing the way in which texts are organized(sentence structure,cohesion,etc.)Discourse analysis looks at the way language communicates meaning and social and power relations.Halliday’s model of discourse analysis,based on systemic functional grammarStudy of language as communication,seeing meaning in the writer’s linguistic choices and systematically relating these choices to a wider sociocultural framework.Relation of genre and register to languageGenre:the conventional text type that is associated with a specific communicative function Variables of Register:1,field:what is being written about,e.g.a delivery2,tenor:who is communicating and to whom,e.g.a sales representative to a customer3,mode:the form of communication,e.g.written.Each is associated with a strand of meaning:Metafunctions:概念功能(ideational function)、人际功能(interpersonal function)和语篇功能(textual function)Realized by the lexicogrammar:the choices of wording and syntactic structureField--ideational meaning—transitivity patternsTenor—interpersonal meaning—patterns of modalityMode—textual meaning—thematic and information structures and cohesion及物性系统(transitivity)情态系统(modality)、主位结构(theme structure)和信息结构(information structure)。
科技英语翻译-第4章详解
Chapter Four Translation of Prepositions
代词的翻译 第1节 代词的一般译法
五、转译 转译就是将英文原文句子的代词在汉译时翻译成其他词性的词，如转 译为名词或副词，以使译文流畅，更符合汉语的表达习惯。如： What a motor does is to change electrical energy into mechanical driving power. 电动机所起的作用就是把电能转化成机械能。（连接代词what转译为 名词） All of the heat lost by the warmer object in cooling is gained by colder object. 温度较高的物体冷却时所失去的热量都被温度较低的物体吸收。（不 定代词all转译成副词）
Chapter Four Translation of Prepositions
代词的翻译 代词是用来代替名词、名词词组甚至整个句子的词。为了清楚地表达 代词本身的意义以及所代替的词、词组或句子的意义，翻译时，首先 要辨明代词所代替的先行词，以便正确地理解原文；其次要在译文中 采用适当的翻译方法给予正确的表达，避免引起歧义。英语的代词久 类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代 词、关系代词、不定代词、连接代词。其中，相互代词，反身代词和 疑问代词的翻译比较容易、直观，以直译为主，本书不做专门讨论； 连接代词和关系代词将在本书的第七章重点讨论。本书将重点讨论人 称代词、物主代词、指示代词和不定代词。
Chapter Four Translation of Prepositions
代词的翻译 第1节 代词的一般译法
二、还原 所谓还原，就是把代词所代替的名词、名词词组的意思 翻译出来，如： If the bearing were not lubricated ,they would rapidly overheat. 假如轴承未加润滑油的话，轴承很快就过热了。 The construction of the diesel engine is quite similar to that of the gasoline engine . 柴油机的构造与汽油机的构造十分相似。（代词that还 原为名词“构造”）
Unit 4 词法翻译 - 增词法和省词法
Unit 4. Translation Techniques of Words and Expressions 词法翻译（2）Outline of this unit1. Addition 增词法2. Omission 省词法1. Addition 增词法增补翻译是在原文的基础上，增加一些词语，使译文的语法结构、修辞方式及语言表达符合汉语的行文要求。
要点：增词不增义，增加原文中已省略但汉语表达所需要的词语，不能随心所欲地增加。
增词法的主要类型：语法方面：动词、量词、时态词、名词修辞方面：名词复数、语气词逻辑方面：表示概括性、承上启下、逻辑关联的词语语法方面：动词、量词、时态词、名词上述这些词汇在英语语法中省略了，但在汉语中不可或缺，译文中要增加。
动词：英语动词呈显性；汉语动词在句中是表意的重心，不可少，并且汉语动词不受形态的约束，运用极为灵活，在汉语中备受青睐。
I fell madly in love with her, and she with me.Histories make men wise, poets witty, the mathematics subtle, natural philosophy deep, moral grave, logic and rhetoric able to contend.After the football match, he’s got an important meeting.He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.练习：I am looking forward to the holidays.We won’t retreat, we never have and never will.Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.The world needn’t be afraid of a possible shortage of coal, oil, natural gas or other sources of fuel for the future.接下来看增加量词的情况。
翻译常用技巧练习,2010.12.,Chapter 4,
2021/7/22
23
• 5. Passing through the gorge, across the stream and then up the mountain, they looked down from the top into the distance, an expense of flat land lying before them.
• 但是应该记住，这个过程本身也许会 带来一系列的困难，在此情况下，这 些困难是政治性的。（短语句子）
2021/7/22
4
• 2. Venice invites idleness and strolling. Its silence is restful and its sundials are inscribed with the words: Horas non mumero nisi serenas (I count only the happy hours).
• 正如我们所强调的那样,人类倾向于通过合 作来解决问题;而且一般说来,人类群策群力 之时,就是鼎盛繁荣之日.，抓了一本书，因 此得名 “钟书” 。
• When Mr. Qian was only one-year old, he was told by his parents to choose one thing among many others, he picked up a book of all things. Thereupon he was given by his parents the name: zhong shu (book-lover).
翻译理论
Theories Based on Philological Insights
metaphrase
Sweet sorrow
喜忧参半
Mark my words, the first woman who fishes for him ,hooks him. 看着吧，任何女人勾他，他都会上钩的。
Theories Based on Philological Insights
imitation
I love my love with an E, because she’s enticing; I hate her with an E, because she’s engaged; I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement; her name’s Emily, and she lives in the east.
Historical development
Changing fashions about literatures
Difficulties appearing in the process of discussing translation theories
Personal prejudices
Literary rivalries
Dryden’s theory of translation
metaphrase imitation Radical departures, including additions and reinterpretation.
A literal word-forword rendering of a text.
Chapter 4 翻译单位与语篇翻译-文档资料
5) 我们必须全力以赴，拿下这场球。
We must do our level best to win this game. 6) 照当时情况，他除了忍气吞声又能怎么办呢？
【译文】法国人请客，通常只须做两个菜：一个头盘，一个主 菜，就够了。我们中国人请客，六个人吃六个菜再加一个汤， 是很平常的。那么多菜我们都能吃下去，而法国人请客，菜 虽少，我们也一样能吃饱。
【解析】该语篇用“usually”，“and”，“quite common”和 “whereas”体现了作者的意图，说话的逻辑关系，译文采用 “通常”、“平常”，“虽……也一样”等过渡、承接和转 折手法，准确地转达了作者的意图，体现了整体连贯性。”
throws her cares to the winds. 她是个大大咧咧的女人，总是把忧愁抛至九霄云外。
8) That fellow is always fair without but foul within. 那个家伙总是口蜜腹剑。
9) That little girl has a ready tongue. 那个小姑娘真是伶牙俐齿的。
Examples of Translation from Chinese to English: 1) 这些国家的经济形势每况愈下。
The economic situation in these countries is on the downgrade.
2) 为了迷人眼目，他们把自己打扮成革命者。
Why did you set the wolf to keep the sheep? 10) 他是信口开河，他对经济一窍不通。
Chapter 4 翻译单位与语篇翻译
throws her cares to the winds. 她是个大大咧咧的女人，总是把忧愁抛至九霄云外。
8) That fellow is always fair without but foul within.
那个家伙总是口蜜腹剑。 9) That little girl has a ready tongue. 那个小姑娘真是伶牙俐齿的。
Examples of Translation from Chinese to English: 1) 这些国家的经济形势每况愈下。 The economic situation in these countries is
on the downgrade. 2) 为了迷人眼目，他们把自己打扮成革命者。 In order to throw dust into the eye of the public, they decked themselves out as revolutionaries. 3) 扪心自问，他不得不承认自己是错了。 By searching his heart he could not but admit that he was in the wrong. 4) 他们个个摩拳擦掌，士气很高，准备再打一个漂亮 仗。 Every one of them rolled up his sleeves for battle, high in morale and ready to win another brilliant victory.
第一节 以词为单位
单词：汉英语言中单词对等程度要高一些
1) television 2) electricity 3) wheat 4) 坐 5) 小 6) 和
翻译理论
2.The Principles/criteria of Translation
The principles and criteria of translation are the two sides of the same coin. The former lays
stress on the translator, who should follow them while translating, whereas the latter on the reader or critic, who may use the criteria to evaluate a translation. Talking about the principles of translation, we all know the “Three-word Principle” raised by Yan Fu, the famous translator in the Qing Dynasty. That is 信、达、雅( faithfulness, expressiveness and gracefulness/elegance).
Nida’s Dynamic Equivalence
What is really necessary is to provide a translation which can be so well understood by receptors of the TL text that they can fully appreciate how the original receptors respond to the original text. This means that TL receptors must not only know how the original receptors must have understood the content of the text, but they should also be able to appreciate some of the impact and appeal which such a text must have had for the original receptors…
英语专业翻译Chapter 4-3
• My mother, Jane Lampton Clemens, died in her 88th year, a might age for one who at 40 was so delicate of body as to be accounted a confirmed invalid destined to pass soon away. • 我的母亲简·兰普顿·克莱门斯是在她八十八岁 那年去世的。这对于一位四十岁时就身体纤弱， 被公认有痼疾缠身，注定不久于人世的人，是难 得的高龄。
Chapter IV. 3 转句译法
E to C
(一） 副词的分译
The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements. 中国人似乎为他们经济建设上取得的巨大成就感到自豪，这是合 乎情理的。 Jerry quickly ordered everyone to put on life jackets, and tried unsuccessfully to put out the fire. 杰里立即叫大家穿上救生衣，并且奋力灭火，但却无济于事。 But, occasionally, through haste carelessness, mistakes were made, so that at the end of the business day one teller would be short on cash, the other long. 但是，偶尔 也有这种情况：仓促匆忙或者粗心大意造成了一些错误，结果 当天停业结算时，一个出纳会短了现金，而另一个却会多了现 金。 An outsider’s success could even curiously help two parties to get the agreement they want. 说来奇怪，一个局外人取得的成功竟然能促使双方达成一项他们 希望取得的协议。
翻译第4讲
• Have you ever been at the sea in a dense fog, when it seemed as if a tangible white darkness shut you in, and the great ship, tense and anxious, groped her way toward the shore with plummet and sounding line, and you waited with beating heart for something to happen? • 你可曾在航海时遇上过有浓雾的时候? 你仿 佛被困在了触手可及的一片白茫茫中,不见 天日。你乘坐的巨轮,靠测深锤或测深线的 指引,举步维艰地靠向海岸, 既紧张又焦虑不 安; 而你则心怦怦直跳,等着有事发生。
• The objection is bound to be raised that such a conception is a complete travesty of the whole idea of philosophy. • （注：travesty，歪曲， 定语从句单独翻译， 其中名词travesty译成动词）
• He played a key role in advising the president how to foil the conspiracy mounted against him in May of 1971 by seven of his own ministers. • 他 在告知总统如何粉碎（他手下七名部长 于1971年5月策划的）阴谋方面 起了关键 性的作用。
• Why does he say nothing about the total absence from his list of poem about the Malayan liberation struggle going on since 1948? （比较下面译文） • ＊他的诗单中根本没有 关于1984年以来一 直在进行的马来西亚解放斗争的诗歌 的事 情，他对此为何只字不提？ • 他为何只字不提他的单子中根本没有 关于 1984年以来一直在进行的马来西亚解放斗 争的诗歌 的事情？