初中英语语法专项:名词及用法

初中英语语法专项:名词及用法
初中英语语法专项:名词及用法

一、名词的格

名词的格是指名词具有的形式及其变化,体现名词在句子中与其他词的关系。名词有三个格,即主格、宾格和所有格。

1、主格和宾格(nominative and objective case) 名词的主格和宾格都没有形式变化,要通过名词在句子中的位置和作用来确定。

作主语时用主格,作宾语时用宾格。Many foreigners(主格)like to read China Daily(宾格)。很多外国人爱读《中国日报》。The manager(主格)is showing the foreigners(宾格)around the new factory(宾格)。经理正带领外国人参观新厂。

2、名词所有格(possessive case)名词所有格一般表示所有关系。有's 所有格和of 所有格两种。

(1)'s 所有格

表示有生命的东西的名词所有格在名词末尾加上-'s:the teacher's house 教师的家the People's Republic 人民共和国the Women's Society 妇女社团children's toys 儿童玩具Charlie Chaplin's films 查理卓别林的电影。

词尾是-s 或-es 的复数名词末尾只加“'”:the boys' house 男孩们的房子the soldiers' horses 士兵们的马the students' textbooks 学生们的课本All Fools' Day 愚人节

注意:在某些以-s 结尾的专有名词后,也只加“'”。James' eyes 詹姆斯的眼晴Engels' praise 恩格斯的赞扬

如果某物为两人共有,则只在后一个名词的词尾加's;如果表示各自的所有关系时,则各个名词词尾都加's:my father and mother's friends 我爸妈的朋友his father-in-law's new car 他岳父的新车

不以-s 结尾的复数名词加's:women's dress 妇女的衣服men's work 男人的工作the children's room 孩子的房间

表示时间、距离、重量、地方等无生命的东西的名词,也可以用's 构成所有关系:a few days' time 几天的时间a week's holidays 一周的假期today's newspaper 今天的报纸ten minutes' ride 乘车十分钟的路程one pound's weight l 磅的重量

(2)of 所有格

of 所有格是以”of+名词”构成的一种词组形式,主要用于表示无生命东西的名词,表示所有关系:the windows of the classroom 教室的窗子the colours of the flowers 鲜花的颜色the foot of the mountain 山脚the noise of the tractors 拖拉机的噪音

表示有生命东西的名词,也可用of 所有格表示所有关系,或者表示主谓关系、动宾关系或事物的来源等:the death of Stalin 斯大林的逝世the arrival of the chairman 主席的到来the laws of Newton 牛顿定律

3、双重所有格(the double possessive) 's 可以和of 所有格结合在一起表示所有关系,这叫做”双重所有格”。

(1)双重所有格的形式

of 十名词所有格

He is a friend of my brother's.他是我弟弟的一位朋友。

That is a new design of Mr.Brown's.那是布朗先生的一项新设计。

Miss Smith is a friend of Mary's mother's. 施密丝小姐是玛丽妈妈的朋友。of+名词性物主代词

I'm staying with a friend of mine.我打算和我的一位朋友住在一起。

I borrowed a necklace of yours.我借了你的一条项链。

(2)双重所有格的几个特征

双重所有格所修饰的名词(即of 之前的名词)通常和不定冠词a 及any, some,no,few,several 等表示数量的词连用,表示”其中之一”或”其中一部分”的意思,但不可以和定冠词the 连用。

This is a book of my father's. 这是我爸爸的一本书。

Have you read any books of Einstein's?你读过爱因斯坦的什么书吗? Some friends of my brother's have arrived. 我兄弟的几位朋友已经到了。不能说:the play of Shakespeare's 或the novels of Lu Xun's

of 十名词所有格”中的名词一般表示人,不能表示物;该名词必须是特指的,不能是泛指的,不能与不定冠词连用。

a friend of the doctor's 这个大夫的一个朋友

some books of my brother's 我哥哥的一些书

a friend of my parents'我父母的一个朋友

a play of Shaw's 肖伯纳的一个剧本不能说: a cover of a book's

双重所有格修饰的名词和指示代词this, that, these, those 连用时,往往表示爱憎、褒贬等感情色彩,这时并不表示“部分”的意思。

That little daughter of your sister's is really a dear. 你姐姐的那个小女儿真惹人爱。

These remarks of yours are of great value to us. 你的这些话对我们来说很有帮助。

How old is this lovely child of your aunt's? 这个你姑母的可爱的小孩几岁了?

5、名词所有格所修饰词的省略

(1)名词所有格所修饰的词如果前面已提到,则往往省略,以免重复

The kite is not mine ,but John's(kite) . 风筝不是我的而是约翰的。

She put her arm through her husband's (arm).她挽着她丈夫的手臂。(2)习惯上,名词所有格后面指地点等的名词也可省去不用

Yesterday I met him again at the barber's (shop). 昨天我又在理发店遇上他了。

You are expected in the manager's (office).盼着你到经理办公室去。

We had supper at my uncle's (house).我们在叔叔家吃的晚饭。

6、of 所有格与双重所有格的区别

(1)有时of 所有格与双重所有格在单句中意义较接近,知识侧重点有所不同。He is a friend of my father's. =He is one of my father's friends. (着重说明父亲不止他一个朋友)

He is a friend of my father. =It is he who is my father's friend. (着重说明他是我父亲唯一的一个朋友)

(2)中心词是portrait, picture, printing, photograph 等词时,后面用of 所有格指某人自己的肖像、照片等;用双重所有格则表示某人所收藏的肖像、照片。This is a picture of my father. 照片上的人是我父亲。

This is a picture of my father's. 这照片属于我父亲收藏。

二、deer的复数是什么?

deer是可数名词,deer是单、复数同形的词,所以,deer的复数仍然是deer。如:one deer,two deer,这样的名词还有fish,sheep等。

例句:

In the zoo, there are many deer.?

动物园里有很多鹿。

The hunter wounded the deer.

猎人打伤了鹿。

三、名词的复数规则

(1).一般情况下,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds

(2).以s. x. sh. ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches

(3).以"辅音字母+y"结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries

(4).以"f或fe"结尾,变f或fe为v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives

(5)不规则名词复数:man ---men, woman---women,

policeman---policemen, policewoman---policewomen, mouse---mice child---children foot---feet,.tooth---teeth fish---fish, people---people, Chinese---Chinese, Japanese---Japanese

1. 主格一般用在句中作为主语,一般用在动词前(除疑问句)

2. 宾格多用于动词介词后面。

3. 形容词性物主代词后面必须要跟名词。

4. 名次性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词

四、people的单数与复数用法

1. 表示“人”,是一个只表示复数意义的可数名词(注意不用词尾-s),可以说some people(一些人),many people(许多人)等,但不能说a people 或one people。

2表示“民族”,此时为可数名词,其前可用不定冠词,也可有复数形式。如:The Chinese are a hard-working people. 中国人是一个勤劳的民族。

The English-speaking peoples share a common language. 讲英语的各民族拥有共同的语言。

比较下面两句:

How many peoples live in Asia? 亚洲有多少个民族?

How many people live in the room? 这房间住了多少人?

3. 泛指“人们”时,其前不用定冠词;泛指“人民”时,其前通常要用定冠词。如:

People say oil prices will be going up soon. 人们说油价快要上涨了。

The people turned against their president. 人民变得不满意他们的总统。五、country的复数

country做名词时,既可表示“国家”,也可表示“农村”的意思。

country做农村用时,只能是单数,且其前面要加定冠词the。如:

They live ahappy life in the country.

他们在乡村里过着幸福的生活。

country 做国家用时,是可数名词。country的复数形式是countries。如:Japan is an Asian country.

日本是亚洲国家。

Japan, China, and India are Asian countries.

日本、中国、印度是亚洲国家。

六、英语中的集体名词

集体名词的定义:

集体名词是同一类许多个体的集合的总称。

集体名词中有的是可数名词,如:

family 家庭group 小组team 队police 警察

有的是不可数名词,如:

clothing 衣服furniture 家具

集体名词的注意事项:

1. 有的集体名词通常用作复数形式。如:

The police are questioning everyone in the house.

警察正在盘问房间里的每一个人。

Domestic cattle provide us with milk, beef, and hides.

家牛为我们提供牛奶、牛肉和皮革。

常见的同类词汇有:

vermin 害虫poultry 家禽

2. 有的集体名词可以用作单数形式,也可以用作复数形式。

比如说family这个词,如果把family看成家庭成员,谓语用复数。如果把family 看成一个整体,谓语用单数:

His family are waiting for him.

他的家人正在等他。(把family看成家庭成员)

I've got to make it clear that my family was very poor.

我得说清楚,我的家是很穷的。(把family看成一个整体)

常见的同类词汇有:

army 军队data 数据jury 陪审团audience 观众enemy 敌人

media 媒体bacteria 细菌navy 海军committee 委员会flock 羊群nobility 贵族community 共同体firm 商号party 政党company 公司gang 一群press 新闻界council 理事会government 政府public 公众couple 对、双group 组staff 全体职员crew 全体人员herd 牧群team 队

3. 有的集体名词只能用作单数形式。这类词汇属不可数名词。如:

Our clothing protects us from cold.

衣服保护我们免受寒冻。

Then the furniture was moved in.

然后家具被搬进来。

常见的同类词汇有:

mankind 人类foliage 叶子;植物machinery 机械merchandise 货物七、英语中的专有名词

专有名词的定义:

专有名词表示特定的人名、地名或组织机构的名称,专有名词一般具有独一性。除个别外,专有名词通常没有复数形式。例如:

1. 人名、地名:Jenny 珍妮Smith 史密斯China 中国Asia 亚洲the Great Wall 长城London 伦敦

2. 组织机构、时间、书籍报刊等的名称:the United Nations 联合国Bank of China 中国银行May 五月份Sunday 星期天Time《时代》周刊the Guardian《卫报》

3. 家庭关系名称、个人头衔:Mum 妈妈Grandpa 爷爷Doctor Black 布莱克大夫Captain Grey 格雷船长Mr. Hopkins 霍普金斯先生Miss White 怀特小姐

专有名词的注意事项:

1. 因为专有名词具有专有独一性,所以一般情况下,专有名词的第一个字母要大写,不能在专有名词的前面加上不定冠词"a",也不能在专有名词词尾加上表示复数形式的"-s"。如:

Beijing is the capital of China.

北京是中国的首都。

但是有时专有名词可以转化成为普通名词,转化后它就具有普通名词的特性了,即可以在其前面加上不定冠词"a",在其词尾加上表示复数形式的"-s"。以下是专有名词转化成可数普通名词的例子:

A Mr Green called just now.

刚才有位格林先生打来电话。(此时a Mr Green = a man called Mr Green) I knew a John Lennon, but not the famous one.

我认识一个叫约翰·莱农的人,但不是著名的那一位。英语中的专有名词There are three Johns in this class.

这个班里有三个叫约翰的人。(此时three Johns = three persons called John) There are many Edisons in our country.

此句有两种不同的意思:

其一、我们国家有许多叫爱迪生的人。

其二、我们国家有许多像爱迪生一样的发明家。

2. 姓氏是专有名词,一般没有复数形式,而且也不能加定冠词"the"。但是,当姓氏的前面加定冠词"the",在后面加上"-s",表示"一家人"。如:

the Smiths 史密斯一家人

The Blacks have moved house. 布莱克一家已经搬走了。

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