医学英语词汇学习

HEMAT/O /L0GY 血液学

The root is the foundation of the word. All medical terms have one or more roots. For example, the root hemat means blood.

词根是单词的基础组成部分，所有的医学词汇都有一个或好几个词根组成，例如词根hemat 就是血液的意思。

The suffix is the word ending. All medical terms have a suffix. The suffix-logy means

process of study

后缀是单词的结束部分，所有的医学词汇都有一个后缀，后缀-logy的意思就是“…学”“…论”，“…问题研究”等

The combining vowel-usually o, as in this term-links the root to the suffix or the root to another root .

连接元音o起到连接词根和后缀或者连接词根和词根的作用。

A combining vowel has no meaning of its own ; it joins one word part to another.

连接元音本身没有任何意思，只是起到一个连接作用

It is useful to read the meaning of medical terms starting from the suffix and then going

back to the beginning of the term. Thus, the term hematology means process of study of blood.

在理解医学词汇的意思时从后向前理解是非常有用的方法，例如hematology 就可以理解为“研究血液以及研究血液相关疾病的学科”也就是血液学。

Hematology/heamatology :study of blood,the blood forming organs, and blood diseases . ELECTROCARDIOGRAM ELECTR/0/CARDI/O/GRAM

心电图（同义词cardiogram/EKG/ECG）

The root electr means electricity.

词根electr表示电，电气，电流，电荷

The root cardi means heart.

词根cardi表示心脏

The suffix -gram means record.

后缀-gram表示“书写的东西，图画，图像，记录的东西”

The entire word, reading from the suffix back to the beginning of the term, means record

of the electricity In the heart.

整个单词从后向前理解为;记录心脏电生理的图像.即心电图

Notice that there are two combining vowels——both o——in this term. The first o links the

two roots electr and cardi ; the second o links the root cardi and the suffix-gram.

在这个单词里面用了2个连接，第一个是连接electr和cardi这两个词根的，第二个是连接cardi

和后缀-gram.

补充词汇：

Gram negative adj.革兰氏阴性的

Gram positive adj.革兰氏阳性的

Gram negative bacteria adj.革兰氏阴性菌

Cardi开襟羊毛衫，心脏

2017.02.09

GASTRITIS

GASTR/ITIS

the root gastr means stomach.

词根gastr表示“胃的”…

The suffix-itis means inflammation.

后缀-it is表示炎症

The entire word, reading from the end of the term (suffix) to the beginning, means inflammation of the stomach.

单词从后向前理解为：”胃发生的炎症”.即胃炎

Notice that the combining vowel, o, is missing in this term. This is because the suffix,

-itis, begins with a vowel. The combining vowel is dropped before a suffix that begins with a vowel.

请注意在这个单词里面连接元音O消失了，这是因为后缀-itis是以元音开头的，也就是说连接元音O会掉落（会被省略）当后缀是以元音开头的时候。

预告：下次会有和gastritis 规则不一样的单词，及时后缀也元音开头也同样会出现连接元音o。to be continued

2017.02.10

It is retained, however, between two roots, even if the second root begins with avowel. Consider the following term

Gastr/0/enter/o/logy

The root gastr means stomach.

the root enter means intestines.

The suffix-logy means process of study.

The entire term means process of study of the stomach and intestines.

Notice that the combining vowel is retainedbetween gastr and enter, even though the second root, enter, begins with a vowel. when a term contains two or more roots related to parts

of the body, anatomic position often determines which root goesbefore the other . Forexample, the stomach receives food first, before the small intestine-so the word is formed

as gastroenterology , not“enterogrtrology”

In summary, remember three general rules:

1. Read the meaning of medical terms from the suffix back to the beginning of

the term and across.

2. Drop the combining vowel (usually o) before a suffix beginning with a vowel

gastritis, not"gastroitis."

3. Keep the combining vowel between two roots: gastroenterology, not

-gastrenterology."

Inaddition the root, suffix. And, combining vowel, twoother word parts are commonly

found in medical terms. These are the combining form and the prefix. The combining form

is simply the root plus the combining vowel. For example. You already are familiar with the following combining forms and their meanings:

HEMAT/O means blood

root + combining vowel = COMBINING FORM

GASTR/O means stomach

root + combining vowel =COMBINING FORM

CARDI/O means heart

root + combining vowel = COMBINING FORM

Combining forms are used with many different suffixes .Remembering the meaning of a Combining form will help you understand different medical terms.

The prefix is a small part that is attached to the beginning of a term. Not all medical terms contain prefixes, but the prefix can have an important influence on the meaning- Consider the following examples:

Hypo/gastr/ic: pertaining to below the stomach 下腹部的，下腹的hypo: below

Epi/gastr/ic :pertaining to above the stomach上腹部的，上腹的epi: above

In summary, the Important elements of medical terms are thefollowing

1, Root: foundation of the term

2. Suffix : word ending

3. Prefix : word beginning

4. combining vowel: vowel (usually o) that links the root to the suffix or the root to another root

5. Combining form :combination of the root and the combining vowel

2017年三月份学习内容：

P34：Chapter2

STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY

This chapter provides you with an orientation to the body as a whole-cells, tissues, organs, systems, and terminology describing positions and directions within the body. We begin

with the smallest living unit, the cell, and build to an understanding of complex body systems. In order to know how organs function in both health and disease, it is important

to appreciate the workings of their individual cellular units.

CELLS

The cell is the fundamental unit of all living things (animal or plant). Cells are everywhere

in the human body-every tissue, every organ is made up of these individual units.

Similarity in Cells.

All cells are similar in that they contain a gelatinous substance composed

of water, protein, sugar, acids, fats, and various minerals. Several parts of a cell, described next, are pictured in Figure 2-1 as they might look when photographed with an electron microscope. Label the structures on Figure 2-1. Throughout the book, numbers or letters

in brackets indicate that the boldface term pre ceding it is to be used in labeling.

The cell membrane [1] not only surrounds and protects the cell but also regulates what

passes into and out of the cell.

T he nucleus [2] controls the operations of the cell. It directs cell division and determines

the structure and function of the cell.

Chromosomes [3] are rod-like structures within the nucleus. All human body cells-

except for the sex cells, the egg and the sperm (short for spermatozoon )-contain 23 pairs

of chromosomes. Each sperm and each egg cell have only 23 unpaired chromosomes. After

an egg snd a sperm cell unite to form the embryo,each sell of the embryo then has 46 chromosomes (23pairs)(Figure2-2)

Chromosomes contain regions called genes. There are several thousand genes, in an

orderly sequence, on every chromosome. Each gene contains a chemical called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA regulates the activities of the cell according to its sequence (arrangement into genes) on each chromosome. The DNA sequence resembles a series of recipes in code. This code, when passed out of the nucleus to the rest of the cell, directs the activities of the cell, such as cell division and synthesis of proteins.

A katyotype is a photograph of an individual's chromosomes, arranged by size, shape, and number (Figure 2-3). Karyotyping can determine whether chromosomes are normal. For example. An obstetrician mav recommend amniocentesis (puncture of the sac around the fetus for removel of fluid and cell)for a pregnant woman so that the karyotypr of the baby can be examined