词汇学练习题目

合集下载

词汇学练习

词汇学练习II: 根据所给的例子man，按语义特征【±COMMON 普通/ 专用】、【±CONCRETE 是/非实体】、【±ANIMATE 有/无生命】、【±HUMAN 是非人类】、【±MALE 是/非男性】、【±COUNT 可/不可数】，参照例词对下列其他的名词作出语义分析：【COMMON】、【CONCRETE】、【ANIMATE】、【HUMAN】、【MALE】、【COUNT】+ + + + + +man____________________________________________________________________ ____book____________________________________________________________________ ____Mary____________________________________________________________________ ____wisdom____________________________________________________________________ ____table____________________________________________________________________ ____thought____________________________________________________________________ ___rabbit________________________________________________________________________tree____________________________________________________________________ ____water____________________________________________________________________ ____London____________________________________________________________________ ____hen____________________________________________________________________ ___flower____________________________________________________________________ ___television____________________________________________________________________ ___idea____________________________________________________________________ ___cow____________________________________________________________________ ___bachelor____________________________________________________________________ ___V. 将方框内有关食物或人身体部位的词语填入比喻词组中，使其意思完整：pancake eggs cucumber arm beans potatoesflour butter skeleton ears blackberry sausageporridge beef toast onions1. as lean as ________________2. as long as ________________3. as white as ________________4. as flat as _________________5. as warm as ________________6. as yellow as ______________7. as plain as ________________ 8. as round as ________________9. as naked as ________________ 10. as sweet as _______________11. as strong as _______________ 12. as tastellessas _______________13. as red as _______________ 14. as plum as _______________15. as thick as _______________ 16. as coolas _______________I. 选出下列斜体词的同义词：1. Actually, I did a degree in English language with Spanish.A. CurrentlyB. In factC. At the momentD. Even2. The struggle between good and evil is never-ending.A. balanceB. fightC. harmonyD. competition3. They’re charging 60 Euros to get in. It’s a complete con.A. bargainB. rip-offC. wind-downD. discount4. The problem is mainly worse in the mornings.A. occasionallyB. sometimesC. on the wholeD. primarily5. When I am on holiday, priority No. 1 is to relax.A. wind downB. be windyC. wind upD. wind round6. Be careful. The teacher’s really vexed about something this morning.A. annoyedB. happyC. thrilledD. distressed7. That guy seems a bit shrewd to me.A. goodB. astuteC. messed upD. angry8. What we need are original minds.A. firstB. carefulC. creativeD. proud9. The director of the company receives an ample salary.A. heaveB. enoughC. plentifulD. spacious10. I am at a critical moment in my life.A. clearB. roughC. keenD. crucialI. 找出下列各组词中对应的反义词：1. 1）boom A. weakness2) guilt B. recession3) punishment C. reward4) strength D. innocence2. 1) attack A. end2) confirm B. fail3）succeed C. deny4) begin D. defend3. 1) major A. urban2) rural B. sober3) drunk C. minor4). permanent D. temporary4. 1). commonly A. implicitly2) privately B. well3) explicitly C. publicly4) badly D. rarely5. 1) fact A. lose2) win B. pessimistic3) optimistic C. fiction4) inclusively D. exclusivelyII. 用否定前缀写出下列单词的反义词：1. active _________2. tangible ________________3. moved ____________4. movable _________5. comfort ________________6. comfortable____________7. symmetrical _________8. intelligence ________________9. relevant ____________ 10.audible _________ 11. literate ________________ 12. trust ____________13. stop _________ 14. adequate ________________ 15. obey___________16. pack___________ 17. communication_______________ 18. mannered ___________ 19. nutrition _______________ 20. colored ____________V. 选出下列各词的反义词：1. indeterminate A. qualified B. definite C. stubborn D. effective2. diverge A. bypass B. enclose C. relay D. come together3. anomalous A. viscous B. essential C. normal D. elemental4. stabilize A. penetrate B. minimize C. fluctuate D. isolate5. anchor A. unbend B. disjoin C. disrupt D. dislodge6. refute A. associate B. recognize C. prove D. understand7. boisterous A. angry B. clever C. frightened D. quiet8. emit A. absorb B. demand C. mistake D. prevent9. ally A. mediator B. adversary C. inventor D. conspirator10. offhand A. accurate B. universal C. appropriateD.premediated11. profuse A. sequential B. scant C. surly D. supreme12. extant A. extensive B. extricable C. extinct D. extra13. persevere A. put into B. send out C. take away D. give up14. pungency A. boredom B. redundancy C. blandness D. insignificance15. sedulous A. ponderous B. careless C. useless D. treacherous16. flustered A. mute B. calm C. heavy D. courageous17. expire A. evolve B. stabilizeC. come to lifeD. grow to fruition18. morose A. agitated B. overawed C. decisive D. cheerful19. gist A. artificial manner B. trivial pointC. eccentric methodD. singular event20. endorse A. provoke criticism B. receive paymentC. submit unwillinglyD. oppose publiclyI．写出下列共下义词的上义词：1. prawn, crab, octopus, oyster _________________2. flute, drum, violin, saxphone _________________3. hammer, saw, spanner, screw _________________4. sparrow, nightingale, owl, robin _______________5. date, mango, peach, plum ____________________6. sight, hearing, touch, taste ____________________7. acridity, aroma, stink, pong ___________________8. boat, ship, destroyer, cruiser __________________9. spectacles, mirror, telescope, microscope _____________________10. jacket, fleece, overcoat, sweater___________________________11. roll, bagel, croissant, baguette ____________________________12. snack, repast, refreshment, feast ___________________________13. cheesecake, pie, custard, fruit salad ________________________14. eggplant, mushroom, broccoli, cauliflower ___________________15. borrow, buy, steal, find ___________________________________16. walk, run, stagger, crawl __________________________________17. murder, slay, slaughter, assassination _________________________18. slippers, boots, sandals, sneakers ____________________________19. paper, pens, envelopes, eraser ____________________________20. robbery, theft, raid, embezzlement _________________________I. 下列各词都经历了词义范围的变化，A 和B 是它们演变前后的词义。

词汇学综合练习1

l.
m.
n. o. p.
i.
j.
k.
Come to the fire and have a warm. Is Bill Jackson a has-been or might-have been? He Hamleted at the chance and then he regretted for it. These shoes were an excellent buy. He turned his head and smoothed back the hair over one temple. Women have an equal say in affairs at home. We must train ourselves to distinguish right from wrong. They braved a 40-below-zero storm to rescue the farm’s cattle.
6. Turn the phrasal verbs below into compounds and translate them into Chinese
break out break through take in slide down fall down cry out run away hang over

8. sampan, liche, ketchup, kaolin, typhoon 9. czar, troika, commissar, intelligentsia 10. geometry, gymnastics, tragedy, prologue philology, myth
3. Look up these words in a dictionary to determine the language from which each has been borrowed and then translate them into Chinese.

词汇学练习3-构词法练习

2
英语词汇学练习 03英语词汇学练习 03-构词法练习 I．缩略语练习：写出下面缩略语的全称缩略语练习：
缩略语 ad 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. A/C a/w APP B.A. c/o m/o dpt et al. n.o.n. vs LA mph lav memo rhino hippo expo super exec champ 2. 4. 6. 8. arri P.T.O. fridge drome 全称例：advertisement 广告空调实际重量附件，附录文学士由…转交汇款单出发以及其他人只有，仅对(比), 比较保证书每小时...英里洗手间备忘录犀牛河马博览会主管主管人员冠军中文
1
_______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________
10. Ori Exp
写出下面缩略词的全称写出下面缩略词的全称 1. N.B. 3. 5. 7. 9. R.S.V.P. MA/MS burg quake
10. porn 12. fiche
11. VIP
写出下面缩略词的全称和中文意思及其缩略语的类别。的全称和中文意思及其缩略语的类别写出下面缩略词的全称和中文意思及其缩略语的类别。 1． Copter： _______________ _______________ 2． P.S. 3． scope 4． flu 5． tec 6． asst 7． chute 8． gym 9． PLS _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ ___d CV to:

词汇学题目

英语词汇学试题Introduction and Chapter 1Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabula ry（练习1）I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through theuse of _________construct.A. wordB. formC. morphemeD. root2.________ is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words.A. SemanticsB. LinguisticsC. EtymologyD. Stylistics3.Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes.A. GreekB. RomanC. ItalianD. Germanic4. Semantics is the study of meaning of different _________ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.A. linguisticB. grammaticalC. arbitraryD. semantic5.Stylistics is the study of style . It is concerned with the user‘s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effectsA. situationB. contextC. timeD. place6.Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form , meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a _______ difference.A . spelling B. semantic C. pronunciation D. pragmatic7. Terminology consists of _______ terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas.A. technicalB. artisticC. differentD. academic8. __________refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades, and professions communicate among themselves.A. SlangB. JargonC. Dialectal wordsD. Argot9 ._________ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words.A. JargonB. ArgotC. Dialectal wordsD. Slang10. Argot generally refers to the jargon of _______.Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups and outsiders can hardly understand it.A. workersB. criminalsC. any personD. policeman11.________ are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question.A. ArgotB. SlangC. JargonD. Dialectal words12. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.A. commonB. littleC. slightD. great13. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ______meanings.A. newB. oldC. badD. good14. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.A. functionalB. notionalC. emptyD. formal15. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called _______words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.A. contentB. notionalC. emptyD. newII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16.Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and _____of words.17.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the ______ structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantics, relations, _____development, formation and ______.18.English lexicology embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology, ______,etymology, stylistics,________.19.There are generally two approaches to the study of words , namely synchronic and _______.nguage study involves the study of speech sounds, grammar and_______.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 2) content words and functional words 3) native words and borrowed words4)characteristics of the basic word stock.A B21 . Stability ( ) A. E-mail22. Collocbility( ) B. aught23. Jargon( ) C. por24. Argot ( ) D. upon25.Notional words( ) E. hypo26. Neologisms ( ) F. at heart27. Aliens ( ) G. man28. Semantic-loans( ) H. dip29. Archaisms ( ) I. fresh30. Empty words ( ) J. emirIV. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) characteristics of the basic word stock 2) types of nonbasic vocabulary.31. dog cheap ( ) 32 a change of heart ( )33. can-opener ( ) 34.Roger ( )35. bottom line ( ) 36.penicillin ( )37. auld ( ) 38. futurology ( )39.brethren ( ) 40. take ( )V. Define the following terms.41. word 42. Denizens 43. Aliens 44. Translation-loans 45. Semantic-loansVI. Answer the following Questions46.Illustrate the relationship between sound and meaning, sound and form with examples.47. What are the main characteristics of the basic word-stock? Illustrate your points with examples.48. Give the types of nonbasic vocabulary with examples.VII. Analyze and comment on the following.49. Classify the following words and point out the types of words according to notion.earth, cloud, run, walk, on, of, upon, be, frequently , the, five, but, a , never.50. Group the following borrowed words into Denizens, Aliens, Translation-loans, Semantic-loans.Dream, pioneer, kowtow, bazaar, lama, master-piece, port, shirtKey to Exercises:I. 1. A2.C3.D4.A5.B6.D7.A8.B9.D10.B11.D12.A13.A14.B15.CII.16.meanings17.morphological, historical, usages 18. semantics, lexicography19.diachronic20.vocabularyIII.21. G 22. F23. E24. H25. C26. A27. J28.I29.B30.DIV.31. the basic word stock; productivity32. the basic word stock; collocability33.the basic word stock; argot34.nonbasic word stock; slang35. nonbasic word stock; jargon36. nonbasic word stock ;terminology37.nonbasic word stock; dialectal words38. nonbasic word stock ,neologisms39. nonbasic word stock; archaisms40. the basic word stock; polysemyV-----VI. (see the course book)VII. 49. Content words: earth, clould, run, walk, frequently, never, fiveFunctional words: on, of, upon, be, the, but, a.50. Denizens: port, shirt,Aliens: bazaar, kowtowTranslation-loans: lama, masterpieceSemantic-loans:dream, pioneerChapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary and Chapter 3 Word Formation I(练习2)I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.It is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000( some put it 5,000)languages, which can be groupedinto the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.A. 500B. 4000C. 300D. 20002.The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ______language.A. inflectedB. derivedC. developedD. analyzed3.After the _________, the Germanic tribes called Angles ,Saxons, and Jutes came in great numbers.A. GreeksB. IndiansC. RomansD. French4.The introduction of ________had a great impact on the English vocabulary.A. HinduismB. ChristianityC. BuddhismD. Islamism5.In the 9th century the land was invaded again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings. With the invaders, many________words came into the English language.A. GreekB. RomanC. CelticD. Scandinavian6.It is estimated that at least ______ words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English.A. 500B. 800C. 1000 .D. 9007.The Normans invaded England from France in 1066. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of______ words into English.A. FrenchB. GreekC. RomanD. Latin8.By the end of the _______century , English gradually came back into the schools, the law courts, andgovernment and regained social status.A. 12thB. 13thC. 14thD.15th9.As a result , Celtic made only a ________contribution to the English vocabulary.A. smallB. bigC. greatD. smaller10. The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and _______.A. GreekB. RomanC. IndianD. Russian11.In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian , Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from thedead language.A. SanskritB. LatinC. RomanD. Greek12.Greek is the modern language derived from _______.A. LatinB. HellenicC. Indian D . Germanic13.The five Roamance languages , namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian all belong to theItalic through an intermediate language called _______.A. SanskritB. LatinC. CelticD. Anglo-Saxon14.The ________family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danishand Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages.A. GermanicB. Indo-EuropeanC. AlbanianD. Hellenic15.By the end of the _______century , virtually all of the people who held political or social power and manyof those in powerful Church positions were of Norman French origin.A. 10thB.11thC.12thD. 13thII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16.Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as _______.17.. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings , Middle English was one of ______.18.It can be concluded that English has evoked from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present _____language.19.The surviving languages accordingly fall into eight principal groups , which can be grouped into anEastern set: Balto-Slavic , Indo-Iranian ,Armenian and Albanian; a Western set :Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, _______.20.It is necessary to subdivide Modern English into Early (1500-1700)and _____ Modern English.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) origin of the words2)history off English development 3) language family.A B21. Celtic ( ) A.politics22. religious ( ) B.moon23.Scandinavian ( ) C. Persian24. French ( ) D.London25. Old English ( ) E. abbot26.Dutch ( ) F. skirt27.Middle English ( ) G. sunu28. Modern English ( ) H. lernen29. Germanic family ( ) I. freight30.Sanskrit ( ) J. NorwegianIV.Study the following words or expressions and identify types of morphemes underlined.31. earth ( ) 32.contradict ( )33. predictor ( ) 34. radios ( )35. prewar ( ) 36. happiest ( )37. antecedent ( ) 38. northward ( )38. sun ( ) 40. diction ( )V. Define the following terms.41. free morphemes 42. bound morphemes 43. root 44. stem 45.affixesVI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.46. Describe the characteristics of Old English .47. Describe the characteristics of Middle English.48. Describe the characteristics of Modern English.VII. Answer the following questions with examples.49. What are the three main sources of new words ?50. How does the modern English vocabulary develop ?Key to exercises:I. 1.C 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.D 6.D 7.A 8.B 9.A 10.D 11.A 12.B 13.B 14.A 15.BII.16.Old English 17. Leveled endings 18. analytic 19. Germanic te(1700-up to the present )III.21. D 22. E 23. F 24. A 25. G 26. I 27. H 28. B 29. J 30. CIV.31. free morpheme/ free root 32. bound root 33. suffix 34. inflectional affix35. prefix 36. Inflectional affix 37. prefix 38. suffix 39. free morpheme/free root40.bound rootV.-VI ( See the course book )VII. 49. The three main sources of new words are :(1)The rapid development of modern science and technology ,e.g. astrobiology, green revolution ;(2)Social , economic and political changes; e.g. Watergate, soy milk;(3)The influence of other cultures and language; e.g. felafel, Nehru Jackets.50. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: (1) creation, e.g. consideration, carefulness; (2) semantic change, e.g. Polysemy, homonymy ; (3) borrowing ;e.g. tofu, gongful.Chapter 3 The Development of the English V ocabulary and Chapter 4 Word Formation II（练习3）I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.The prefixes in the words of ir resistible, non classical and a political are called _______.A.reversative prefixesB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes2.The prefixes contained in the following words are called ______: pseudo-friend, mal practice, mis trust.A. reversative prefixedB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes3.The prefixed contained in un wrap, de-compose and dis allow are _________.A. reversative prefixedB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes4.The prefixes in words extra-strong, overweight and arch bishop are _____ .A . negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes5.The prefixes in words bi lingual ,uni form and hemis phere are ________.A. number prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes6.________ are contained in words trans-world, intra-party and fore head.A.Prefixes of orientation and attitudeB. Prefixes of time and orderC. Locative prefixesD. Prefixes of degree or size7. Rugby ,afghan and champagne are words coming from ________.s of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames8. Omega,Xerox and orlon are words from _________.s of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames9.Ex-student, fore tell and post-election contain________.A.negative prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. prefixes of time and orderD. locative prefixes10.Mackintosh, bloomers and cherub are from _______A. names of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames11.The prefixes in words new-Nazi, autobiography and pan-European are ________.A.negative prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. prefixes of time and orderD. miscellaneous prefixes12.The prefixes in words anti-government , pro student and contra flow are _____-.A.prefixes of degree or sizeB. prefixes of orientation and attitudeC. prefixes of time and orderD. miscellaneous prefixes13.Utopia ,odyssey and Babbit are words from ________.s of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames14.The suffixes in words clockwise, homewards are ______.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixes15.The suffixes in words height en, symbol ize are ________.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixesII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16. Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stem. This process is also known as_____.pounding , also called ________, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems . Words formed in this way are called _________.18. __________ is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.19. _________ is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word . Words formed in this way are called blends or _____words.20 A common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. This is called _______.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to types of suffixation.A B21. Concrete denominal noun suffixes( ) A. priceless22. Abstract denominal noun suffixes ( ) B. downward23. Deverbal noun suffixes(denoting people.)() C. engineer24. Deverbal nouns suffixes( denoting action,etc) （） D. darken25. De-adjective noun suffixes（）Ｅviolinist26. Noun and adjective suffixes ( ) F.happiness27. Denominal adjective suffixes ( ) G. arguable28. Deverbal adjective suffixes ( ) H.dependent29. Adverb suffixes ( ) I. adulthood30. Verb suffixes ( ) J. survivalIV.Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of clipping 2) types of acronymy and write the full terms.31.quake ( ) 32. stereo ( ) 33. flu ( ) 34. pub ( ) 35. c/o ( )36. V-day ( ) 37. TB ( ) 38. disco ( ) 39.copter ( ) 40. perm ( )V.Define the following terms .41. acronymy 42. back-formation 43. initialisms 44. prefixation 45. suffixationVI. Answer the following questions with examples.46. What are the characteristics of compounds ?47. What are the main types of blendings ?48. What are the main types of compounds ?VII. Analyze and comment on the following:49. Use the following examples to explain the types of back-formation.(1) donate ----donation emote----emotion(2) loaf—loafer beg------beggar(3) eavesdrop---eavesdropping babysit---babysitter(4) drowse—drowsy laze---lazy50. Read the following sentence and identify the types of conversion of the italicized words.(1) I‘m very grateful for your help. (2) The rich must help the poor.(3)His argument contains too many ifs and buts. (4) They are better housed and clothed.(5) The photograph yellowed with age. (6) We downed a few beers.Key to exercises :1. B2. C3. A4. B5. A6.C7.B8.D9.C 10.C 11.D 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.BII. 16. derivation position, compounds 18. Conversion 19. Blending(pormanteau) 20.clippingIII. 21.C 22. I 23. H 24. J 25.F 26.E 27.A 28.G 29.B 30.DIV.31. Front clipping, earthquake32. Back clipping, stereophonic33.Front and back clipping, influenza34.Phrase clipping, public house35. Initialisms, care of36. Acronyms, Victory Day37. Initialisms, tuberculosis38. Back clipping, discotheque39. Front clipping, helicopter40. Phrase clipping, permanent wavesV-VI. (See the course book)VII.49. There are mainly four types of back-formation.(1)From abstract nouns (2) From human nouns (3) From compound nouns and others(4) From adjectives50. (1)Verb to noun (2) Adjective to noun (3) Miscellaneous conversion to noun(4 ) Noun to verb (5) Adjective (6) Miscellaneous conversion to verbChapter 5 Word Meaning (练习4)I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. A word is the combination of form and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. denoting2._______is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SenseD. Context3.Sense denotes the relationships _______the language.A. outsideB. withC. beyondD. inside4. Most English words can be said to be ________.A. non-motivatedB. motivatedC. connectedD. related5.Trumpet is a(n) _______motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. semanticallyC. onomatopoeicallyD. etymologically6.Hopeless is a ______motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. onomatopoeicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically7.In the sentence ‗ He is fond of pen ‘ , pen is a ______ motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. onomatopoeicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically8.Walkman is a _______motivated word.A. onomatopoeicallyB. morphologicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically9.Functional words possess strong _____ whereas content words have both meanings, and lexical meaning inparticular.A. grammatical meaningB. conceptual meaningC. associative meaningD. arbitrary meaning10._______is unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the individual.A.Stylistic meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Collocative meaningD. Affective meaning11.Affective meaning indicates the speaker‘s _______towards the person or thing in question.A. feeling .B. likingC. attitudeD. understanding12. _________ are affective words as they are expressions of emotions such as oh, dear me, alas.A. PrepositionsB. InterjectionsC. ExclamationsD. Explanations13. It is noticeable that _______overlaps with stylistic and affective meanings because in a sense both stylistic and affective meanings are revealed by means of collocations.A.conceptual meaningB. grammatical meaningC. lexical meaningD. collocative meaning14.In the same language, the same concept can be expressed in ______.A. only one wordB. two wordsC. more than threeD. different words15.Reference is the relationship between language and the ______.A. speakersB. listenersC. worldD. specific countryII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16.In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their ______pounds and derived words are ______ words and the meanings of many are the sum total of themorphemes combined.18._______ refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.19.The meanings of many words often relate directly to their ______. In other words the history of the wordexplains the meaning of the word.20.Lexical meaning itself has two components : conceptual meaning and _________.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) types of motivation 2) types of meaning.A B21. Onomotopooeic motivation ( ) A. tremble with fear22. Collocative meaning ( ) B. skinny23. Morphological motivation ( ) C. slender24. Connotative meaning ( ) D. hiss25. Semantic motivation ( ) E. laconic26. Stylistic meaning ( ) F. sun (a heavenly body)27. Etymological motivation ( ) G.airmail28. Pejorative meaning ( ) H. home29. Conceptual meaning ( ) I. horse and plug30. Appreciative meaning ( ) J. pen and awordIV.Study the following words or expressions and identify 1)types of motivation 2) types of meaning.31. neigh ( ) 32. the mouth of the river ( )33. reading-lamp ( ) 34. tantalus ( )35. warm home ( ) 36. the cops ( )37. dear me ( ) 38. pigheaded ( )39. handsome boy ( ) 40. diligence ( )V.Define the following terms .41. motivation 42. grammatical meanings 43. conceptual meaning 44. associative meaning 45. affective meaningVI.Answer the following questions . Your answers should be clear and short.46. What is reference ? 47. What is concept ? 48. What is sense ?VII.Analyze and comment on the following.49. Study the following words and explain to which type of motivation they belong.50. Explain the types of associative meaning with examples.Key to exercises:I. 1. C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.A 7.C 8.D 9.A 10.B 11.C 12.B 13.D 14.D 15.CII.16. meanings 17.multi-morphemic 18.Semantic motivation 19.origins 20.associative meaningIII.21. D 22.A 23.G 24.H 25.J 26.I 27.E 28.B 29.F 30.CIV.31. Onomatopoeic motivation 32. Semantic motivation33. Morphological motivation 34. Etymological motivation35. Connotative meaning 36.Stylistic meaning37. Affective meaning 38. pejorative39. collocative meaning 40. appreciativeV-VI. See the course book.VIII.49. (1) Roar and buzz belong to onomatopoeic motivation.(2)Miniskirt and hopeless belong to morphological motivation.(3) The leg of a table and the neck of a bottle belong to semantic motivation.(4) Titanic and panic belong to etymological motivation.50. Associative meaning comprises four types:(1)Connotative meaning . It refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning,traditionally known as connotations. It is not an essential part of the word-meaning, but associations that might occur in the mind of a particular user of the language. For example, mother , denoting a ‗female parent‘, is often associated with ‗love‘, ‗care‘, etc..(2)Stylistic meaning. Apart feom their conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic features, whichmake them appropriate for different contexts. These distinctive features form the stylistic meanings of words . For example, pregnant, expecting, knockingup, in the club, etc., all can have the same conceptual meaning, but differ in their stylistic values.(3)Affective meaning. It indicates the speaker‘s attitude towards the person or thing in question. Wordsthat have emotive values may fall into two categories :appreciative or pejorative. For example, famous, determined are words of positive overtones; notorious, pigheaded are of negative connotations implying disapproval, contempt or criticism.(4)Collocative meaning. It consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words,it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion. For example, we say : pretty girl, pretty garden; we don‘t say pretty typewriter. But sometimes there is some overlap between the collocations of the two words.Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic Field (练习5)I.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to ______.A. English onlyB. Chinese onlyC. all natural languagesD. some natural languages2.From the ______ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of thesemantic structure of one and same word .A. linguisticB. diachronicC. synchronicD. traditional3._______ is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondarymeanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes.A Radiation B. Concatenation C. Derivation D. Inflection4. _________ is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.A. DerivationB. RadiationC. InflectionD. Concatenation5.One important criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their ______.A. spellingB. pronunciationC. etymologyD. usage6. ________refer to one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning.A. PolysemantsB. SynonymsC. AntonymsD. Hyponyms7. The sense relation between the two words tulip and flower is _______.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. antonymy8. _________ are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. bow/bau/; bow/beu/.A. HomophonesB. HomographsC. Perfect homonymsD. Antonyms9. The antonyms: male and female are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected terms10.The antonyms big and small are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected terms11.The antonyms husband and wife are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected termsposition and compounding in lexicology are words of _______.A. absolute synonymsB. relative synonymsC. relative antonymsD. contrary antonyms13.As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly ______, they are often employed in aconversation to create puns for desired effect of humor, sarcasm or ridicule.A. homographsB. homophonesC. absolute homonymsD. antonyms14.From the diachronic point of view, when the word was created, it was endowed with only one meaning .The first meaning is called ______.。

英语词汇学英语词汇学习题3及答案

试题三第一部分选择题I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%)1.According to the degree of similarity, homonyms can be classified into ( )A. perfect homonymsB. homonymsC. homophonesD. all the above2.Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example ( )A. ad for “ advertisement ”B. dish for “ food"C. fond for “ affectionate ”D. an editorial for “ an editorial article"3.It is a general belief that the meaning does not exist in the word itself, but it rather spreads over ( )A. the reader ' s interpretationB. the neighbouring wordsC. the writer's intentionD. the etymology of the word4. Which of the following is a prefix of time and order?A. extra-B. proC. re-D. semi-5. Which of the following dictionaries is not a specialized dictionary?A. The Oxford Dictionary of English EtymologyB. Chamber's Encyclopedic English DictionaryC. Longmont Dictionary of Phrasal VerbsD. Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms6. Which of the following statements is Not true?A. Reference is the relationship between language and the world.B. The relationship between a word and its referent is arbitrary.C. Concept is universal to all men alike.D. Sense denotes the relationships outside the language.7. The words which occur before or after a word and may affect its meaning form ( )A. physical contextB. grammatical contextC. lexical contextD. linguistic context8. "Smith is an architect. He designed World Trade Center. "The clue provided in the context is ( )A. definitionB. explanationC. exampleD. hyponym9. The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that ( )A. it can refer to the common core of a languageB. it can refer to the total number of the words in a languageC. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical periodD. it can stand for words in given dialect or field10. The idiom "a dark horse" is a ( )A. simileB. metaphorC. metonymyD. personification11. An idiom differs from a free phrase in that the former is (12. We can work out the meaning of heliocentric and geocentric according to (A. morphological structureB. relevant detailsC. grammatical structureD. physical context13. What causes the ambiguity of the sentence” I like Mary better than Ja)net"? (A. VocabularyD. None of the above14. Early Modern English refers to the language spoken (A. from 1066 to 1500B. from 1150 to 150015. Affixes added to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as ( A. bound roots B.free morphemesC. inflectional morphemes第二部分非选择题II .Complete the following statements with proper words or expressionsaccording to thecourse book. (10%)16 . ________________ m e a n i n g refers to the part of speech, tenses of verbs, etc.17. The word ___________ has the old meaning "servant" and the elevated meaning "head of a ministry".18. The relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary or ____________ .19. When a word with more than one meaning is used in unclear context, it creates20. ___________________________ A lmost all affixes are morphemes because few can be used as independent words.ID .Match the words in Column A with those in Column B according to "rhetorical features of the idioms;2)sense relations; 3)assimilation degree; 4)characteristics of the basic wordstock and 5)motivation.(10%)A B21.reiteration()A. high and low22.repetition()B. pick and choose23.juxtaposition()C. face to face24.perfect homonym()D. Failure is the mother of success.25.personification()E. hiss26.portus()F. bear; bear) and the latter is not.A. structurally changeable C. structurally fixedB. semantically analyzable D. easily understoodB. SituationC. StructureC. from 1500 to 1700D. from 1600 to 1800D. derivational affixesG. twittere()H. cat28.heart()29.birdsI. port()30.snakes ()J. heart and soulIV .Study the followi ng words and expressi ons and ide ntify 1) types of con text clues; 2) typesof word formation; 3) types of word-meaning changes and 4) rhetorical features of idioms.(10%) 31. making a restatement of a new word or concept in familiar words ( 32. sitcom ( )33. the usual amenities such as a pub, a post office and a school (39.disease:"discomfort" f "illness"(V .Define the following terms.(10%)41. dictionary 42. pejoration43.idioms nominal in nature 44. Germanic 45. allomorphW .Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the spacegiven below.(12%)46. What are the stylistic features of idioms?47. How would you explain the difference between back formation and suffixation? Give examples to illustrate your point.48. How do you distinguish inflectional affixes and derivational affixes?W .Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.(18%)49. Comment on the following pairs of sentences in terms of superordinate and subordinates. a. The man said he would come to our school next week.b. The visiting scholar said he would visit our university next Monday.50. Analyes the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes. unbearable, international, ex-prisoner试题参考答案I .Each of the stateme nts below is followed by four alter native an swers. Choose the one thatwould best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%) 1.D 2.B 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.D7.C8.C9.A10.B34. form cradle to grave( 35. might and main ( 36. fax (37. disobey,impolite, (38. hussy:"housewife" ))))f "a woman of low morals"(40. fond:"foolish"f "affectionate"(11.C 12.A 13.C 14.C 15.C□Complete the following statements with proper words or expressionsaccording to the course book.(10%)51. Grammatical 17. minister 18. conventional 19. ambiguity 20. boundID .Match the words in Column A with those in Column(10%)B.2.B 22.C 23.A 24.F 25.D7.I 27.H 28.J 29.G 30.EIV .Study the follow ing words and expressi ons and ide ntify 1)types of con text clues; 2)types of word formation; 3)types of word-meaning changes and 4)rhetorical features of idioms.(10%)12. explanation13. head+head blending14. hyponymy/hyponym15. figure of speech; metonymy16. phonetic manipulation/alliteration17. back clipping18. affixation, prefixation or negative prefixes19. degradation20. narrowing21. elevationV.Defi ne the follow ing terms.(10%)22. Dictionary is a book which presents in alphabetical order the words of a language, with information as to their spelling, pronunciation, meaning usage, etc.23. Degradation or pejoration of meaning is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used inderogatory sense.24. (1)Each idiom has a noun as the key word.(2)Each functions as a noun/also knows asnoun idioms.25. a term used to refer to a branch of the Indo-European language family, which consists of English, German, Dutch, etc.52. one of the varia nts that realize a morphemeW .Answer the following questions.(12%)53. (1)Ma ny idioms were created in differe nt professi ons, so they were trade-or professio n-related, colloquial and in formal.(2) Now most become a part of the com mon core, n either formal nor in formal.(3) There are still many colloquialisms, sla ng expressi on s, literary expressi ons comparatively small in nu mber.54. A)Suffixati on is the formatio n of new words by add ing suffixes to bases.B)Back-formati on is con sidered to be the opposite process of suffixati on; it's the method of creati ng words by remov ing the supposed suffixes.55.lnflectional affixes are affixes (1) attached to the end of words; (2) to indicate grammatical relati on ships, while derivati onal affixes are affixes; (3) added to other morphemes; (4) to create new words.W .Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short Write answers in the space given below.(18%) 56.要点:57.1) Each of the three words con sists of three morphemes un bearable( un+bear+able), i ntern ati onal(in ter+ nati on+al), ex-pris on er(er+pris on+er).2) Of the nine morphemes, only bear, nation and prison are free morphemes as they can exist by themselves. 3) All the rest un-,-able,i nter-,-al, ex-a nd-er are bound as none of them can sta nd alone as words.yourSuperord inate 1) man2) come3) school4) weekSubord in ate scholar visituni versityMonday。

词汇学试题

English lexicologyI Choose the best answer from the four choices. (30’)1.The “s‖ in ―drums‖ is ____.A.a free morphemeB.a stemC. a rootD.an inflectional affix2.A word is the combination of form and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. denoting3.Trumpet is a(n) _______motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. semanticallyC. phoneticallyD. etymologicall4._____is a pair of emotive synonyms.A.―Dad‖ and ―father‖B.―Flat‖ and ―apartment‖B. C.―Mean‖ and ―frugal‖ D.―charge‖ and ―accuse‖5.The word ―language‖is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person’s language.This is called_______.A.scientific languageB.idiolectB.C.colloquial language D.formal language6.The meaning of the word "fond" changed from "foolish" to "affectionate" by mo de of_______.A. extensionB. narrowingC. elevationD. Degradation7. Degradation can be illustrated by the following example______ .B.A. lewd → ignorant B. silly → foolishC.C. last → pleasureD. knave → boy8.English lexicology embraces morphology, semantics, etymology, stylistics and _____.A. linguisticsB. pragmaticsC. lexicographyD. Phonology9. Which of the following is incorrect?A. ―airmail‖ means ―mail by air‖B. ―reading-lamp‖ means ―lamp for reading‖C. ―green horn‖ is the horn green in colorD. ―hopeless‖ is ―without hope‖10.which group of the following are perfect homonyms?A. dear (a loved person)—deer (a kind of animal)B. bow (bending the head as a greeting)—bow(the device used for shooting)C. bank(the edge of the river)—bank (an establishment for money business)D. right (correct)—write (put down on paper with a pen)11.The following are the main sources of homonyms except ____.A. change in meaningB. change in soundC .change in spelling D. borrowing12. Antonyms can be classified into three major groups except______ .A. evaluative termsB. contrary termsC. complementary termsD. conversive terms13. ―parent/child, husband/wife, predecessor/ successor‖are ______ .A. contrary termsB. contradictory termsC. conversive termsD. complementary terms14.There are 2 main process of sense –shift except____.A. radiationB. concatenationC. borrowing15. According to morphology, there are 2 types of classifications except_____.A. root antonymsB. derivative antonymsC. contraries16．There are derivative antonyms except____.A. pleasant----unpleasantB. polite---impoliteC. war---antiwarD. large----small17. There are complementary antonyms except____.A. child----girlB. single—marriedC. dead----aliveD. brother---sister18. There are 3classifications of homonyms except_____.A. perfect homonymsB. homographsC. HomophonesD. contrary homonyms.19.Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes.A. GreekB. RomanC. ItalianD. Germanic20.The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ______language.A. inflectedB. derivedC. developedD. analyzedplete the following statements with proper words.(24)1.In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their ____ .2.Lexical meaning itself has two components : conceptual meaning and _________.3.The meanings of many words often relate directly to their ______. In thewords the history of the word explains the meaning of the word.4.Part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs all belong to________ meaning.5.Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and _______of words.6.Generally speaking,linguistics is the ______study of language.7.There are two main approaches to study of English lexicology,that is____and_____.8.“Tulip”and “rose”, are______of “flower”.“Flower”is the superordinate term and “tulip”,“rose”are the______term.8.At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by three tribes from the Northern Europe:Angles, _____ and______.9.Four group of loan words________,________,_______and_________.III.Put the following words into the appropriate blanks.(10’)flock herd school troop pride1.a ____of cattle2.a ____of monkeys3.a____of lions4.a____of sheep5.a____of fishIV.Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.(10’1.Relations between meanings of words can be synonymy, antonymy or hyponymy.2.In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.3.Grammatical meaning refers to the part of the word-meaning which indicates grammatical concepts.4．The connotative meaning is also known as connotations, which are generally found in the dictionary.5.―Male/female, present/absent‖are contrary terms.V.Define the following terms.(2’+4’=6’）1.Word2.MotivationVI.Answer the following questions .(6’+6’+8’=20’）1.What is the difference between homonyms and polysemy? How to differentiate them?2.How do linguists divide the history of the English language for analysis?3.Discuss some of the characteristics of antonyms.答案I.1.D.2.C3.C4.C5.B6.C 7B 8.C 9.C 10 C 11.A12.A 13.C 14.C 15.C 16.D 17.A 18.D 19.D 20.AII.1.meaning2.associated meaning3.origins4.grammatical5.meanings6.scientific7.synchronic,diachronic8.hyponymys, superordinate8.Saxons,Jutes9.aliens, denizens,translation-loans,semantic borrowingsIIIherd troop pride flock schoolIV1.T2.F3.T4.F5.TV.1.A word is a minimum free form,that is to say,the smallest form that may appear in isolation.2.Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.Most words can said to be non-motivated.That is,the connection of the sign and meaning does not have logical connection explanation.Neverthelss,English does have words whose meanings can be explained to a certain extent.VI.1. Homonyms refer to different words which happen to share the same form and polysemy refer to the fact that the same word has several distinguishable meanings. By seeing their etymology, we can distinguish them, i. e. homonyms are from different sources while a polysemy is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development. The second principal consideration is semantic relatedness. The various meaning of a polysemy are correlated and connected to do with one another. Additionally, in dictionary, a polysemy has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.2.Three periods in the development of English language (vocabulary)1)Old English or Anglo-Saxon period (449-1100)1 Much of the old English vocabulary was borrowed from Latin 如bargain, cheap, inch, pound; cup, dish, wall, wine, etc2 Old English was a highly inflected language. It has a complete system of declensions of words2)Middle English period ( 1100-1500 )1 French influence and Norman Conquest in 1066Law and government administration: Military affairs、Religion、Art2 Middle English is becoming from highly inflected language to analytic language3)Modern English period (1500-)1 Influence of Renaissance Latin and Greek words2 Science and abstract ideas3 Literary, technical and scientific words4 The Late Modern English (between1700-the Present).3.1.Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition.2. A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym.3. Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. Pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked terms respectively.4.Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite.。

词汇学复习题(完整版)

(最终完整版)I. Define the Following Terms.1. MorphemeMorpheme(语素):the minimal meaningful unit(the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words)2. allomorphAllomorph(语素变体): is a different variant form of a morpheme，differ in phonological and spelling form, but at the same in function and meaning. One of the variants that realize a morpheme3. bound morphemeBound Morpheme(粘着语素): A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself.4. free morphemeFree morphemes: Those which may occur alone, that is, those which may constitute words by themselves, are free morphemes.5. AffixAffix is the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.6. inflectional affixInflectional affixes (屈折词缀)(inflectional morphemes): affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional7. derivational affixDerivational affixes(派生词缀) A) prefix: A prefix comes before words. B)suffixa prefix or suffix added to a root or stem to form another word, as un- in unread, -ness inlikeness8. rootA root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss ofidentity.9. stemA stem is the surplus part after the cutting of inflectional morpheme in a word withinflectional morphemes,can be further analyzed, it sometimes could be a root.10. ReferenceReference is the conventional or arbitrary relationship between language and the world.Part of the word meaning is the reference.11. Motivation(理据)：Motivation refers to the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.Most words are non-motivated.12. Conceptual meaning(概念意义):also known as denotative meaning(外延意义) Conceptual meaning is often described as dictionary meaning or literal meaning of a word. It is the core of the meaning of a word. 13. grammatical meaning（语法意义）:indicate the grammatical concept(become important only in actual context) Grammatical meaning refers to that part of meaning which indicates grammatical relationships or functions, such as tense meaning, singular meaning, etc14. associative meaningAssociative meaning(关联意义): According to the semantic analysis of Geoffrey Leech, the associative meaning of an expression has to do with individual mental understandings of the speaker.15. Hyponymy(上下义关系)Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. For example, a cat is hyponym of animal16. stylistic meaningLanguage use can be formal, neutral and casual in style. The stylistic features of words, which make words appropriate for appropriate situations, constitute stylistic meanings of words.17. affective meaningAffective meaning refers to that part of meaning which conveys emotions and attitudes ofa language user. Sometimes affective meanings are brought out only in context.18. collective meaningCollective meaning consists of the associations a word acquires on account of the meanings of words which tend to occur in its environment.19. SlangSlang is the "language of a highly colloquial type, considered as below the level of standard educated speech, and consisting either of new words or of current words used in some social sense."20. homophone同音异义词A homophone is a word that is pronounced the same as another word but differs inmeaning21. Which of the following is NOT a rhetorical feature of idioms? DA．Phonetic manipulation. B．Lexical manipulation.C．Figures of speech. D．Phrasal verbs.22.The sentence “I like Mary better than you.” is ambiguous due to ____C__.A．extra-linguistic context B．lexical contextC．grammatical context D．homonymy23.Which of the following is NOT one of the obvious characteristics of the basic wordstock? CA．．Creativity. B．Stability.C．Duality. D．All national character.24. Synonyms can be classified into two major groups, that is:（A ）A. absolute and relativeB. absolute and completeC. relative and nearplete and identical25. In the early period of Middle English, English, _D________ existed side by side.A. Celtic and DanishB. Danish and FrenchC. Latin and CelticD. French and Latin26. A monomorphemic word is a word that consists of a single （ C ）morpheme.A. formalB. concreteC. freeD. Bound27. Which of the following is NOT an acronym?（ B ）A. TOEFLB.ODYSSEYC. BASICD. CCTV28. Which of the following is NOT one of the main sources of new words? BA．The rapid development of modern science and technology.B．Geographical and political changes.C．The influence of other cultures and languages.D．Social and economic changes.29. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions. Which of the following is NOTan example of neologisms? BA．SARS. B．Can-opener.C．Futurology. D．Freak out.30. The written form of English is a(an)____C_______representation of the spoken form.A. selectiveB. adequateC. imperfectD. naturalMatch the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) meaning of prefixes; 2) type of word formations; 3)types of meaning changes and 4) types of idioms.A B（J）31．Ultr- A. backformation（A）32．burgle B. initialism（H）33．pop C. transfer of sensation（C）34．clear-sounding D. before（B）35．VOA E. brim (water’s edge —the top edge of a cup) （D）36．fore- F. mistress（F）37．degradation G. succeed（I）38．kick the bucket H. clipping（E）39．extension I. die（G）40．make it J. extreme41. What is lexical taxonomy词汇分类结构? Illustrate your points with examples.Lexical taxonomy is a classified structure formed by different level of types of lexicon. The relation between different types of lexicons is taxonomy. In the taxonomy relations, the lexicon contains a narrow type is taxonyms, while the lexicon contains a wide type on a superior level is superordinate. The lexicons in the same level are co-taxonyms, the relation between which is called co-taxonymy.Taxonomy denotes a relation of belonging: X is a kind/type/token of Y. In this case, X represents the taxonyms, Y represents superodinated.For examples: horse is a kind of animal;Carrot is a kind of vegetable;Chair is a kind of furniture;Hammer and saws are kind of tools;Usually, the types in taxonomy relations are wider than the breeds: animal>horse,vegetable>carrot, etc.42. What is amelioration of meaning? What is degradation of meaning? Illustrateyour points with examples.（1）Elevation or amelioration of meaning词义的升华: the process by which words rise from humble（粗陋的）beginnings to positions of importance.[eg：knight (old)servant (el)rank below baronet从男爵]（2）Elevation of Meaning ( or amelioration) (词义的升格)It refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.e.g. marshal: a servant who looks after mares/keeper of horseminister: servantnice: ignorant, foolish（3）Degradation of Meaning ( or degeneration) (词义的降格)It is a process whereby non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.it is much more common for word meanings to change in denotation from neutral to pejorative than it is for them to go the other way．e.g.sad: calm, serious -------- sorryfulcunning: knowing a skillful-------- gossip , crafty.wench: girl, young woman-------- a loose woman , prostituteboor : peasant -------- ill-mannered personfond: foolish43.What is transferred epithet转移修饰词? Illustrate it with examples.An epithet is an adjective (or phrase containing an adjective) or adverb which modifies (describes) a noun. For instance, in "dreamless sleep", dreamless is the epithet.In a transferred epithet (also known as hypallage; literally "echange") the adjective or adverb is transferred from the noun it logically belongs with, to another one which fits it grammatically but not logically. So in "dreamless night" , dreamless is a transferred epithet. The exact meaning of the sentence is "night when I (or whoever) slept without dreaming," since a night can't actually dream anyway.We use transferred epithets all the time. Another example could be "I had a terrible day." "Terrible" is a transferred epithet, because it wasn't the day that was terrible, only the things that happened to me on that day. A more poetic example would be "a long and weary road" - long can apply logically to the road, but not weary –so weary is a transferred epithet44.What is synaesthesia? Illustrate it with examples.Synaesthesia is a joining together of sensations that are normally experienced separately.Synesthesia can occur between nearly any two senses or perceptual modes, and at least one synesthete experienced synesthesia that linked all five senses. Given thelarge number of forms of synesthesia, researchers have adopted a convention of indicating the type of synesthesia by using the following notation x → y, where x is the "inducer" or trigger experience, and y is the "concurrent" or additional experience. For example, perceiving letters and numbers (collectively called graphemes) as colored would be indicated as grapheme → color synesthesia (e.g., A is likely to be red). In spatial-sequence, or number form synesthesia, numbers, months of the year, and/or days of the week elicit precise locations in space (for example, 1980 may be "farther away" than 1990), or may have a (three-dimensional) view of a year as a map (clockwise or counterclockwise)V. State the glocalization of English languageGlocalisation (or glocalization) is a compound word of globalization and localization. By definition, the term “glocal” refers to the individual, group, division, unit, organisation, and community which is willing and able to “think globally and act locally.”Glocalization A combination of the words “globalization” and “local,” w hich suggests the unique local and situated forms and effects of widespread and even global processes. For example: the words “chipmunk”, ”moose”come from India language; the word “brandy” and “landscape” come from Holland; the words “cargo”, “contraband” come from Spanish; the words “acme”, “acrobat” and “catastrophe” come from Greek.V.State the features of English idioms with examples.1.Idiomaticity(习用性): The idiom is widely used by English-American countries, and it has a wide social base and strong vitality.Such as: rain cats and dogs, cut off one’s nose to spite one’s face, play one’s cards close to one’s chest, etc.Some of them have platitudes, some have already lost the original cultural context. But they are still widely used owing to its certain meaning in people’s lives.2. Syntactic frozenness(定型性): The syntactic frozenness of the idiom is also called the Syntactic fixedness(固定性). Like Chinese idiom, The form of a idiom is fixed, it can’t be syntactically changed or replaced.Only a small part of the idioms can be replaced by other words, but these changes are fixed, too. For example: in the idiom “draw one’s teeth”, the word “teeth” can be changed by “fangs”.Most of them can’t be changed, or the meaning will be way different. For example: the idiom “stare one in the face” is different from the idiom “look one in the face”.3.Semantic utility(整体性)：The idiom has the characteristic that it has to be used as a whole semantic unit. Although the idioms have various forms such as sentence, phrase and single word, every part of them is tight related and inseparable. In another word, we cannot judge a idiom’s meaning word by word. Example：: be/feel under the weather(感觉不舒服)、beat generation（迷惘的一代）、on the carpet(受罚，受训)The semantic utility is an important feature to tell the idioms from free phrases.4.Semantic opacity(不透明性)：The other obvious feature of idioms is semantic opacity, which means the idiom can’t be understand literally. According to the degrees of opacity,the idioms can be classified into four types: ①transparent（透明）；eg. Long time no see.②semi-idiom(半成语)，eg. A fat salary. ③semi-transparent, eg. a watched pot never boils.心急水南开④opaque(不透明)，eg. kick the bucket, 死去、断气Like the feature of Semantic utility, Semantic opacity is also a symbol of the idiom.。

词汇学习题集

CHAPTER 01. Lexicology is a branch of _________.A. languageB. meaningC. linguisticsD. etymology2. Lexicology inquires into the _________ and meanings of words.A. relationsB. disciplinesC. originsD. development3. English lexicology embraces other academic disciplines, such as _________, semantics, stylistics, etymology, lexicography.A. idiomsB. grammarC. morphemeD. morphology4. Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of _________ construct.A. wordB. formC. morphemeD. root5. Modern English is derived from the languages of early _________ tribes with a fairly small vocabulary.A. GermanicB. PacificC. RomanD. Celtic6. English lexicology deals with English _________.A. grammarB. vocabularyC. pronunciationD. spelling7. Stylistics is the study of style. It is concerned with the user's choices of linguistic elements in a particular _________ for special effects.A. situationB. contextC. timeD. place8. Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a _________ difference.A. spellingB. semanticC. pronunciationD. pragmatic9. Semantics is the study of meanings of different _________ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.A. linguisticB. grammaticalC. arbitraryD. semantic10. _________ is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. Semantics is the study of the meaning of words.A. SemanticsB. LinguisticsC. EtymologyD. Stylistics11. There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and _________.A. chronicB. realisticC. specificD. diachronic12. The "wife" now means "a married woman", but it has an obsolete meaning "woman" which is only preserved in "midwife", "housewife", etc. This is from a _________ point of view.A. diachronicB. synchronicC. prescriptiveD. descriptive1. English lexicology is a _________ course.2. Morphology is the branch of _________ which studies the structure or forms of words.3. Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and _________ of words.4. From a _________ point of view, words can be studied at a point of time, disregarding whatever changes might be taking place.5. If we consider words historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning, then we take a _________ perspective.6. Wilktns asserted, "Without grammar very little can be _________, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed."7. The _________ McCarthy echoed the same message that without words to express a wide range of meanings, communication in that language can't happen in any meaningful way.8. Language study involves the study of speech sounds, grammar and _________.9. The _________ approach in lexicology study is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as it exists at a given time.1. What is lexicology? What is the nature and scope of English lexicology?2. What subjects is English lexicology correlated with? And to what extent?3. Is there a class character to language itself?4. What is the relationship between the word and the thing in the objective world?CHAPTER 11. Which of the following is NOT true?A. A word is the smallest form of a language.B. A word is a sound unity.C. A word has a given meaning.D. A word can be used freely in a sentence.2. The differences between sound and form are NOT due to __________.A. the fact of more phonemes than letters in English.B. stabilization of spelling by printing.C. influence of the work of scribes.D. innovations made by linguists.3. Of the five characteristics listed for the basic word stock, the most important isA. all national character.B. productivity.C. polysemy.D. collocability.4. According to semanticists, a word is a unit of __________.A. soundsB. meaningC. formD. function5. A word is a __________ that stands for something else in the world.A. symbolB. systemC. structureD. pattern6. A word is__________ of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.A. a smallest formB. a minimal free formC. a constituent formD. a separate part7. __________ comprises the following points: (1) a minimal free form of a language (2) a sound unity (3 ) a unit of meaning (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.A. Not every wordB. Each wordC. Some of wordsD. Most of words8. We consider that the written form of a natural language is the written record of the __________ form.A. writtenB. practicalC. oralD. Grammatical9. The reason for that more and more differences occur between sound and form is that the English alphabet was adopted from the__________.A. PacificsB. GermanicsC. CelticsD. Romans10. In different language, the same concept can be represented by and the same sound can show __________.A. different sounds; different meaningsB. same sounds; different meaningsC. different sounds; same meaningsD. same sounds; same meanings11. The internal reason for the difference between sound and form is __________.A. stabilization of quelling by printingB. the fact of more phonemes than letters in EnglishC. influence of the work of scribesD. innovations made by linguists12. In old English sound and form are __________.A. differentB. not the sameC. consistent greatlyD. inconsistent greatly13. Which is not the reason for the disagreement between sound and form?A. The early scribes created some differences between sound and form.B. The pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling.C. The importance of government.D. The borrowing.14. In spite of the differences, at least __________ percent of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns.A. sixtyB. seventyC. eightyD. ninety15. The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over __________ words.A. one billionB. two millionC. two billionD. one million16. If we classify English words by use frequency, the two types of words are __________.A. the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabularyB. content words and functional wordsC. native words and borrowed wordsD. functional and notional words17. Words can be classified according to the following criteria EXCEPT __________.A. notionB. use frequency.C. foundationD. origin18. Words may fall into content words and functional words by __________,A. use frequencyB. notionC. originD. stability19. Usually words of the basic word stock are supposed to have obvious _________characteristics.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six20. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the basic word stock?A. Polysemy.B. Colloquialism.C. Productivity.D. Stability.21. __________prefers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves.A. SlangB. ArgotC. JargonD. Archaism22. Nonbasic vocabulary includes __________.A. argot and jargonB. archaisms and neologismsC. technical termsD. all the above23. Which category do the following words fall into: photo-scanning, trigonometry, sonata and audiovisual?A. Neologism.B. Jargon.C. Terminology.D. Slang.24. __________belong to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words.A. JargonsB. SlangsC. ArgotsD. Dialectal words25. __________are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.A. NeologismsB. ArchaismsC. native words and borrowed wordsD. functional words and notional words26. Newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings are __________.A. dialectal wordsB. jargonsC. argotsD. neologisms27. The expression "can-opener" , which means all-purpose key, belongs to __________.A. slangsB. terminologiesC. argotsD. archaisms28. Which of the following word is the neologism?A. cantB. persuaderC. chookD. E-mail29. __________are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question.A. ArgotsB. SlangsC. JargonsD. Dialectal words30. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in __________use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.A. commonB. littleC. slightD. great31.| __________ constitute the main body of the English vocabulary.A. Functional wordsB. Content wordsC. NumeralsD. Pronouns32. Which types of words belong to functional words?A. Adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions.B. Adjectives, nouns, articles.C. Articles, prepositions, conjunctions.D. Verbs, pronouns, prepositions.33. Which of the following is not content word?A. fiveB. andC. earthD. never34. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as __________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.A. functionalB. notionalC. emptyD. formal35. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called __________ words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.A. contentB. notionalC. emptyD. new36. Native words have __________ features.A. twoB. sevenC. fiveD. six37. Which are the features of native words?A. All national characters.B. Neutral in style.C. Frequent in use.D. All the above.38. The words borrowed from French or Latin are mostly __________.A. colloquialB. informalC. formalD. slangy39. The characteristic of native words is __________.A. neutral in style C. formal in styleB. informal in style D. slangy in style40. Native words are characterized with __________.A. high slang feature in styleB. high argot feature in useC. high markedness in styleD. high frequency in use41. __________ is estimated that English borrowings constitute percent of the modern English vocabulary.A. 60B. 70C. 80D. 9042. Which of the following isn't the denizen?A. PortB. CupC. DécorD. Shirt43. Which of the following isn't the alien?A. DecorB. BazaarC. ShiftD. Emir44. Which of the following doesn't belong to the translation-loans?A. Mother tongue.B. Long time no see.C. Black humour.D. Status quo.45. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?A. The English language is noted for its modest borrowings.B. Loan words only refer to those borrowings in form.C. Loan words are all unrecognizable as being foreign in origin.D. Loan words can be grouped according to manner of borrowing.46. The words ―kow-tow‖ in English is called an alien word because _________.A. it is a newly-created word from another language.B. it has been assimilated into the English languageC. it has undergone a semantic changeD. it has retained its original pronunciation47. Which of the following belongs to the semantic-loans?A. ChangeB. PorkC. DreamD. Tea48. _________ is the most important of all characteristics of the basicA. ProductivityB. StabilityC. CollocabilityD. All national character49. Nonbasic vocabulary includes all of the following except _________.A. slangB. Anglo-Saxon wordsC. argotsD. neologisms50. According to the origins of the words, English words can be classified into _________.A. content words and functional wordsB. native words and borrowed wordsC. basic words and dialectal wordsD. loan words and dialectal words51. Borrowings can be divided into _________.A. aliens, semantic loans, translation loans, denizensB. empty words, notional words, form words, content wordsC. blends, portmanteau words, acronyms, initialismsD. derivatives, compounds, converted words and clipped words52. Apart from the characteristics of basic vocabulary, native words have two other features, namely _________.A. productivity and stabilityB. neutrality in style and high frequency in useC. collocability and polysemyD. formality and arbitrariness53. The word beaver (meaning "girl") is _________.A. a dialectal wordB. argotC an archaism D. slang54. AIDS as a nonbasic word is _________.A. jargonB. an archaismC. a neologismD. slang55. Form words include the following word classes except _________.A. conjunctionsB. auxiliariesC. prepositionsD. adjectives56. V ocabulary can refer to the following except _________.A. the total number of the words in a languageB. all the words used in a particular historical periodC. all the words of a given dialectD. most words a person knows57. Kimono is a loan word from _________.A. GermanB. FrenchC. SpanishD. Japanese58. _________ form the mainstream of the basic word stock.A. Anglo-Saxon wordsB. French wordsC. Danish wordsD. Latin words59. Black humour is _________.A. a translation loanB. a semantic loanC. a denizenD. an alien60. Pronouns and numerals are semantically _________ and have limitedA. polysemous; use and stabilityB. monosemous; collocability and stabilityC. polysemous; use and productivityD. monosemous; productivity and collocability61. Indigestion is _________.A. jargonB. slangC. terminologyD. an archaism62. By _________, words fall into functional words and content words.A. use frequencyB. notionC. originD. word formation63. The symbolic connection between sound and meaning is almost always _________.A. motivatedB. arbitraryC. logicalD. unconventional64. _________ are loan words that have become assimilated in English.A. DenizensB. Semantic loansC. Translation loansD. Aliens65. Smoky, which means "police", is a(n) _________ word.A. slangB. argotC. loanD. jargon66. Wherein which means "in what" is a(n) _________ word.A. slangB. archaicC. functionalD. dialectal67. The difference between sound and form due to all the following except _________.A. more phonemes than lettersB. stabilization of spelling by printingC. change of spelling by early scribesD. development of pronunciation68. A word is _________ of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.A. a smallest formB. a minimal free formC. a constituent formD. a separate part69. In different languages, the same concept can be represented by _________ and the same sound can show _________.A. different sounds/different meaningsB. the same sounds/different meaningsC. different sounds/the same meaningsD. the same sounds/the same meanings70. The internal reason for the difference between sound and form is _________.A. stabilization of spelling by printingB. the fact of more phonemes than letters in EnglishC. influence of the work of scribesD. innovations made by linguists71. In old English sound and form are _________.A. differentB. not the sameC. consistent greatlyD. inconsistent greatly72. Which is not the reason for the disagreement between sound and form?A. the early scribes created some differences between sound and formsB. the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spellingC. the importance of governmentD. the borrowing73. The relationship between the sound and meaning of a word is _________.A. logicalB. arbitrary, conventionalC. predictableD. objective74. In spite of the disagreement between sound and form, _________ of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns.A. only thirty percentB. at least seventy percentC. at least eighty percentD. sixty percent75. The words of the basic word stock constitute _________ of the English vocabulary.A. a small percentageB. a large percentageC. fifty percentD. ninety percent76. _________ is the most important of all features of basic words.A. StabilityB. ProductivityC. PolysemyD. All national character77. Words may fall into the basic word stock and non-basic vocabulary by _________.A. use frequencyB. notionC. originD. meaning78. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the basic word stock?A. polysemyB. ColloquialismC. productivityD. stability79. Non-basic vocabulary includes _________.A. argot and jargonB. archaisms and neologismsC. technical termsD. all the above80. _________ are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized orlimited use.A. Neologisms B- ArchaismsC. JargonD. Terminology81. Newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings are _________.A. dialectal wordsB. jargonC. argotD. neologisms82. The expression "can-opener" , which means all-purpose key, belongs to _________.A. slangB. terminologyC. argotD. archaisms83. Which category do the following words fall into: photoscanning, trigonometry, sonata and audiovisual?A. NeologismsB. JargonC. TerminologyD. Slang84. Which of the following is neologisms?A. cockyB. E-mailC. aughtD. symphony85. By _________, words can be grouped into content words and functional words.A usage B. originC. notionD. Feature86. Which types of words belong to functional words?A. adverbs, prepositions, conjunctionsB. adjectives, nouns, articlesC. articles, prepositions, conjunctionsD. verbs, pronouns, prepositions87. Which of the following is not content word?A. fiveB. AndC. earthD. never88. Functional words are also called _________ words.A. basicB. borrowedC. emptyD. Compound89. Which of the following words is a functional word?A. alwaysB. NeverC. thoughD. table90. As far as the origins of the words are concerned, English words can be classified into ________and ______.A. native words, borrowed wordsB. basic words, non-basic wordsC. content words, functional wordsD. formal words, informal words91. Native words have _________ features.A. twoB. SevenC. fiveD. six92. Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by _________ tribes.A. CeltsB. GermanC. NorwegianD. French93. Which are the features of native words?A. all national characterB. neutral in styleC. frequent in useD. all the above94. The words borrowed from French or Latin are mostly _________.A. colloquialB. informalC. formalD. slang95. Loan words can be divided into four classes: _________.A. Translation-loans, Denizens, Jargon and Semantic-loansB. Denizens, Translation-loans, Aliens and Semantic-loansC. Denizens, Collocation, Aliens and Translation-loansD. Denizens, Aliens, Jargon and Translation-loans96. _________ are words borrowed early in the past and now well-assimilated into English language.A. DenizensB. AliensC. Translation-loansD. Semantic-loans97. If we classify English words by use frequency, the two types of words are __________.A. the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabularyB. content words and functional wordsC. native words and borrowed wordsD. functional words and notional words98. Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into __________ of words.A. the lexical and grammar meaningsB. the origins and meaningsC. only the originsD. only the meanings99. According to the textbook, the general estimate of the present- day English vocabulary is over __________.A.10,000,000B. 20,000,000C.1,000,000D. 2,000,000100. Words can be classified according to the following criteria EXCEPT __________.A. notionB. use frequencyC. foundationD. origin101. Words of the basic word stock are characterized withA. polysemy, productivity, collocability, hyponymy and antonymyB. collocability, all national character, productivity, stability, and hyponymyC. productivity, polysemy, stability, collocability and antonymD. all national character, stability, polysemy, productivity and collocabilitv102. The criteria of words include __________.A. all national characterB. a cluster of lettersC. sound unityD. multisyllable103. The characteristics of native words include __________.A. neutral in styleB. formal in styleC. informal in styleD. slangy in style104. __________ is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words.A. SemanticsB. MorphologyC. EtymologyD. Stylistics105. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as __________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.A. functionalB. notionalC. emptyD. formal106. The words borrowed from French or Latin are mostly __________.A. colloquialB. informalC. slangyD. formal107. Semantics is the study of meanings of different __________ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.A. linguisticB. grammaticalC. arbitraryD. semantic108. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on __________ meanings.A. newB. OldC. badD. good109. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called __________ word, Preposition, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.A. contentB. NotionalC. emptyD. new110. Which of the following characteristics of the basic; word stock the most important of all features that may differentiate words of common use from all others?A. Stability.B. Collocability.C. Productivity.D. All national character.111. The word "kowtow" in English is called an alien word because __________.A. it is a newly-created word from another languageB. it has been assimilated into the English languageC. it has undergone a semantic changeD. it has retained its original pronunciation and spelling112. Which of the following words is a functional word?A. Five.B. Never.C. But.D. Desk1. A word is a _________ free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2. There is no _________ relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself.3. The relationship between a word and the thing it stands for is _________.4. Prepositions, conjunctions, _________ and articles all belong to functional words.Mm5. All the words in a language make up its _________.6. According to the degree of _________ and _________ of borrowings, we can bring the loan-words under four classes.7. The basic word stock is the _________ of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries.8. Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from _________ in the English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language.9. _________ are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling.10. There are four types of borrowed words: _________, aliens, translation-loans and semantic-loans.11. The expression of "Long time no see" is _________ among the four classes of borrowings.12. Slang is often used in _________ situations.13. Argot generally refers to the jargon of _________.14. Content words are changing all the time whereas _________ words are stable.15. By _________, words can be classified into native words and borrowed words.16. Native element refers to the words of _________ origin.17. The proportion of the use of native words is much _________ than that of borrowings.18. Borrowed words which still sound foreign and look foreign are_______________.19. There is no ________________ relationship between sound and _________ as the connection between them is ____________ and conventional.20. _____________ are borrowings that have become naturalized or assimilated in English.21. Archaisms are words no longer in ____________ use or ___________ in use.22. Content words are changing all the time whereas functional words are __________. ____________ words enjoy a ______________ frequency in use than content words.23. A word whose meaning was borrowed from another language is called __________.24. Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, studying the origins and __________ of __________ words.25. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and __________function.26. In spite of the differences between sound and form, at least __________ percent of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns.27. All the words in a language make up its __________.28. The __________ word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language.29. By __________, begin is a native word.30. __________ vocabulary include cant, jargon and argot.31. There is no __________ relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself.32. __________ are basic units of sentences.33. Early borrowings are mostly __________ whereas later loan words remain foreign sound and spelling.33. The __________ approach in lexicology study is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as it exists at a given time.34. Content words are changing all the time whereas __________ words are stable.35. There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and __________.36. The relationship between the sound and the meaning of a word is __________.37. Pronouns and numerals enjoy nation-wide use and stability, but have limited productivity and __________.38. Language study involves the study of speech sounds, grammar and __________.39. A word is a __________ free form that has a given sound, given and __________ functions.40. The relationship between __________ and __________ is arbitrary and conventional41. The basic word stock is the __________ of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries.42. Words can be grouped into content words and functional words by __________.43. Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and __________.44. Functional words, which make up a very __________ number of the vocabulary, remain stable.45. Prepositions, conjunctions, __________ and articles all belong to functional words.46. Native element refers to the words of __________ origin.47. Native words are in style and __________ in use.48. The proportion of the use of native words is much than that of borrowings.49. According to the degree of __________ and __________ of borrowing, we can bring the loan¬words under four classes.50. Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from __________ in the English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language.51. __________are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling.52. There are four types of borrowed words: __________, aliens, translation-loans and semantic-loans.53. The expression of "Long time no see" is __________among the four classes of borrowings.( ) 1. A word can be defined in different ways from different points of view.( ) 2. Under no circumstances can sound and meaning be intrinsically related.( ) 3. The introduction of printing press resulted in a lot more differences between sound and form.( ) 4. The words a person can use in speaking and writing form his active vocabulary.( ) 5. The principles by which to classify words are usage, notion and origin.( ) 6. Native words are more popular than foreign words.( ) 7. Native words enjoy the same features as the basic word stock and more.( ) 8. Auld (meaning "old") is an instance of archaism.( ) 9. Kowtow is a loan word known as an alien.( ) 10. Long time no see is a case of translation loan.( ) 11 A word is the minimal meaningful unit of a language.( ) 12. The connection between sound and meaning is conventional and arbitrary( ) 13. Under no circumstances can sound and meaning be logically related( ) 14. In different Languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.( ) 15. The introduction of printing press resulted in a lot more differences between sound and form.( ) 16. The sound and form are consistent all the time.( ) 17. The work erf scribes is the internal reason for the differences between sound and( ) 18. All the words in a language make up its vocabulary.( ) 19. The words a person can use in speaking and writing form his active vocabulary.( ) 20. The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over one million words.( ) 21. The principles by which to classify words are usage, notion and origin.( ) 22. The characteristics of the basic word stock include all national character, denizen and productivity. ( ) 23. The basic words can form new words with other roots and affixes, which refers to the productivity.。

词汇学课本练习答案

Unit 11.主观题2. How did the Norman Conquest and the Renaissance influence the English vocabulary ?The transitional period（转型时期） from Old English to Modern English is known as Middle English(ME 1100----1500), which is characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066, French was used for all state affairs and for most social and culture matters, which influenced English in daily life.The English language from 1500 to the present is called Modern English. In the early stage of this period the Renaissance（文艺复兴） brought great change to the vocabulary. The renewed（复兴的） study of Greek in the Renaissance not only led to the borrowing of Greek words indirectly through the medium（媒介） of Latin, but also led to the introduction of some Greek words directly into English vocabulary. Greek borrowings were mostly literary, technical and scientific words,(page 4~5)3.Enumerate the causes for the rapid growth of neologisms （新词，旧词新意，新词的创造者/使用者） after World War Ⅱ.Give four examples for each cause.① marked progress of science and technology. Example: to blast off(炸掉，炸毁) ,to countdown ,capsule,launching pad② socio-economic（社会经济）, political and cultural changes. Example:roller-hockey ,surfriding,skydiving（跳伞运动）,disignated hitter③ the influence from other cultures and languages（page6~7）Example:cosmonaut ,discotheque（小舞厅，迪斯科舞厅）,ombudsman （调查官员舞弊情况的政府官员）, apartheid（种族隔离）.4.What are the fundamental features of the basic word stock （词库） of the English vocabulary ?(1). National character(全民通用性)：Words of the basic word stock belong to the people as a whole, not to a limited group.(2). Stability（稳定性）:As words in the basic word stock denote the commonest things necessary to life, they are likely to remain unchanged. However, a certain number of Old English words have dropped out of the basic word stock, while new words have joined the rank of basic words, following social and technological changes.(3). Word-forming ability(构词)：Basic words are very active in forming new words.(4). Ability to form collocations（搭配能力）：Basic words combine readily with other words to form habitual expressions and phrases.Since the great majority of the basic word stock are native words, they are naturally the ones used most frequently in everyday speech and writing.(Page 10 paragraph 4 , 5 ,7 , 8 and Page 11 paragraph 2)5. What are the characteristics of the English vocabulary asa result of its historical development ?The historical development of English language shows that English is a heavy borrower; it has adopted words from almost every known language, especially from Latin, French and Greek.（page 18.）6.Why do we say that native words are the core of the English vocabulary?First, because the native words form the great majority of the basic word stock of the English language. And the basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over a number of epochs.Second, they make up the most familiar, most useful partof the English vocabulary. So we say that native words are the core of the English vocabulary for its importance. （Page 10 paragraph 2, and Page 19 paragraph 2）7.What do we mean by literary and common words ?(1) Common or popular words are words connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life. The great majority of English words are common words . The core of the common words is the basic word stock. They are stylistically (在文体上) neutral , and hence they are appropriate in both formal and informal writing and speech. (Page 11 paragraph 6)(2) Literary words are chiefly used in writing, especially in books written in a more elevated（升高的，提高的，崇高的） style, in official documents, or in formal speeches. They are comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversation.(Page 12 paragraph 1)Chapter 2Q1:Explain the following terms and provide example:a.Morphemic 形位b.Allomorph 形位变体c.free and bound morphemicd. hybrid 混合词Morphemic: the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. Example: nation (page21 ,paragraph2, line 1)Allomorph: any of the variant forms of a morphemic as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. Example: books, pigs.( page22 , paragraph 3, line 4)Free morphemic: one that can be uttered alone with meaning. Example: man，read， faith (page23 , paragraph2, line 1 To2 ) Bound morphemic: cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance 表达; it must appear with at least one other morphemic. Example: unkind (page23 , paragraph2, line4)Hybrid: a word made up of elements form two or more different language. Example: goddess, rewrite.( page27 , paragraph2, line 4)Q2. What are the differences between inflectional and derivational affixes?P26页第4段开头 P29页第4自然段末尾Inflectional affixes （屈折词缀）are related to grammar only. Derivational affixes（派生词缀） are subdivided into prefixes and suffixes, which are related to the formation of new words. Roots, prefixes前缀 and suffixes后缀. are the building blocks with which words are formed.The number of derivational affixes, although limited, is much larger than that of inflectional affixes.Q3:In what two ways are derivational affixes 派生词缀classified? p26Derivational affixes are classified in prefixes 前缀and suffixes后缀.Q4:How are words classified on the morphemic（语素的） level? P29 paragraph 5On the morphemic level, words can be classified into simple, complex and compound words（复合词）.Chapter IIIⅠ Explain1、 (p32)Word-formation rules: The rules of word-formation define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words2、Root, stem and base. Analyze the word denationalized into root, base and stem.Denationalized①Root：nation②stem：denationalize③base：nationalizedⅡ Compounding1、What are the relative criteria of a compound?(p35-p36)①Orthographic criterion② Phonological criterion③ Semantic criterionⅢ Derivation1、What is derivation?(p42-p43)Derivation is a word- formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both to an already existing word.2、What is the difference between prefixation and suffixation? Prefixation is the addition of a prefix to the base. Prefixes modify the meaning of the base, but they do not generally alter its word-class. Every prefix has a specific meaning of its own; prefixes are therefore classified according to their meanings.Suffixation refers to the addition of a suffix to the base. Suffixes frequently alter the word-class of the base. Therefore, suffixes are classified according to the class of word they form into noun-forming suffixes, verb-forming suffixes, etc(p66)3、How are the major living prefixes classified? Give a few examples to illustrate each kind.（P44） The major living prefixes are classified into the following eight categories by their meaning :1)negative prefixes (un- , non- , in- , dis- , a- ). eg , unhappy ,nonhero , injustice ,disadvantage , atypical ）2) reversative or privative prefixes （un - , de - , dis -）. eg , unwrap , decentralize ,disunite3) prejorative prefixes ( mis - , mal - , pseudo - ) .eg. mistrust , maltreat, pseudo-science4) prefixes of degree or size ( arch - , super - , out - , sub - , over - , under - , hyper - , ultra - , mini - ) eg, archbishop，supercurrent hyperactive, outlive , ultra-conservative5) prefixes of attitude ( co - , counter- , antic - , pro - ) eg, cooperation,anti-nuclear , pro-student ,counterpart6) locative prefixes ( super-, sub- ,inter- , trans- ) eg. Subarctic , superacid, transcode7) prefixes of time and order ( fore - ,pre - , post - , ex - , re - ) forehead , reconsider ,prereading , post-war8) number prefixes ( uni - / mono - , bi - / di - , multi - / poly -) multi-purpose , monocle , bi-media4、How can you form deverbal nouns, denominal nouns, deadjective verbs, and denominal adjectives by suffixation?（P50）answer：1）deverbal noun suffixes: verb-noun suffixes , such as –er in writer , -ee in employee, -ation in exploitation and –ment in development .2) denominal noun suffixes : noun –nounsuffixes , such as –hood in boyhood , - ship in scholarship , - let in booklet , and –dom in stardom .3) deadjective verb suffixes : adjective –verb suffixes , such as –ify in simplify , - ize in modernize , and –en in quicken4) denominal adjective suffixes: noun –adjective suffixes, such as –full in helpful, -less in limitless, -y in silky and –ish in foolish.5、Give the meaning of the following words and analyze the structure of each word:（P51）answer: 1) a driver means a person who drives2) a lighter means a machine used for lightering3) a gardener means a person who garden4) a New Yorker means a person from New York5) a villager means inhabitant of village6) a diner is‘ a dining carriage on a train’7) a lifer is‘ slang. A person sentenced to imprisonment for life8) a dresser meansAnalyse : as for 1、2、3 ,affixed to a verb ,the suffix forms agent nouns with the meaning of ‘ one who performs an action ’ as for 4、5 ， this affix may also be joined to the means of cities , countries , and to other place names . as for 6、7、8 colloquial and slangy .Ⅳ Conversion1、what is the difference between conversion（此类转化法） and suffixation （加后缀）?(P55 介绍conversion的第一段 )：Conversion is a word-formation processwhereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. It is also calledzero-derivation.e.g. bottle (n. ) ---- bottle ( v. ), buy (v. ) ---- buy ( n.), tutor ( n. ) ---- tutor ( v. )（例子也可以举其他的如attack）(P49 介绍Suffixation的第一段)：Suffixation: It's the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or a combining form to the base, and usually changing the word-class of the base.e.g.boy n. + -ish -- boyish adj. boy n. +hood -- boyhood n.2、In a conversion pair, how can you determine which of the two is the base and which the derived word(派生词)? （P56 中间三个例子）•The base is derivation by zero suffix.Spy –a deverbal noun without suffix, meaning one who spies.•The derived word is derivation by suffixWirter---a deverbal noun with "-er" suffix，meaning one who writes3、Illustrate the axiom（原理）,"The actual grammatical classification of any word is pendent upon its use."（P57最后一段）Notice how the word-class of round varies in accordance with its use in the following sentence:i.e. The second round(n)（回合）was exciting. Any round(adj)（圆的）plate will do.Some drivers round(v)（绕行）coners too rapidly.The sound goes round andround(phrase). (旋转)The above examples tell us a very important fact: because word order（词序） is more fixed in Modern English than ever before, the function shifts within sentence structures are possible without causing any confusion in intelligibility(可懂度，可理解性).『这一段可不要』4、Why is the conversion from noun to verb the most productive process of conversion?(58—59页)First in contemporary English, there is a tendency o f “a preponderance of nouns aver verb”.Second, there are only a few verb-forming affixes in English. They are be-, en-, -ify, -ize and –en.5、What are the major semantic typesunder noun to verb conversion?（a）“to put in/on N”（b）“to give N, to provide N”（c）“to deprive of N; or to remove theobject denoted by the noun from something”（d）“To….with N”（e）“To｛be/ act as｝N with respect to…”(1)verbs from human nouns(2)verbs from animal nouns(3)verbs from inanimate nouns（f）“To ｛make/change｝…into N”（g）“To ｛send/go｝by N”(1)mail(2)bicycle（h）“To spend the period of time denoted by N”6、Why is the poor an example of partialconversion?（62页）It is used as noun when preceded by the definite article; yet the converted noun takes on only some of the features of the noun; i.e. It does not take plural and genitiveinflection, nor can it be preceded by determiners like a, this, my, etc.8、Pick out the converted words in thesentences below and state(1)the word-class of the converted words and their meanings; (2)to what word-class the base of each of the converted words belongs:（1）They are going to summer in Guilin.the converted word:summer（v.）the word-class of it: conversionmeaning:避暑；过夏天the base of the word of the word-class belongs: summer(n.)(2)They hurrahed his wonderful performance.the converted word: hurrah(v.)the word-class of it: conversion meaning:欢呼，叫好，为----喝彩the base of the word of the word-class belongs: hurrah(n.)(3)You have to round your lips in order to make the sound/u:/.the converted word: round(v.)the word-class of it: conversion meaning:弄圆，使---成圆形the base of the word of the word-class belongs: round(n.)(4)They are great sillies.the converted word: silly(n.)the word-class of it: conversion meaning:傻瓜the base of the word of the word-class belongs: silly(adj.)(5)She dusted the furniture every morning.the converted word: dust(v.)the word-class of it: conversion meaning: 拂去灰尘the base of the word of the word-class belongs: dust(n.)(6) It is a good buy.the converted word: buy(n.)the word-class of it: conversionmeaning:购买，买卖；所购的物品the base of the word of the word-class belongs: buy(v.)Chapter41. Initialism:Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase；an initialism is pronounced letter by letter.2. Acronym:Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc.3. Blend:Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.4. Front and back clipping:The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.Back clipping may occur at the end of the word. This is the most common type of clipping.Front clipping occurs at the beginning of the word.5. back-formation:Back-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.6. Reduplication:Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition(1)of one word like go-go; (2)of two almost identical words with a change in the vowel’s such as ping-pong; (3)of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants, as in teenyweeny.Chapter V1.How are the sound and meaning of most words related?Give examples to illustrate your point. (P93)Most English words are conventional（常规的）, arbitrary symbols; consequently, there is no intrinsic（内在的，固有的） relation between the sound-symbol and its sense.e.g. house ( English)maison ( French)fangzi ( Chinese)dom ( Russian)casa ( Spanish)A more convincing evidence of the conventional and arbitrary nature of the connection between sound-symbol（声音符号）and meaning can also be illustrated by a set of homophones(同音异义词): write, right, and rite(仪式，礼拜式）. They are pronounced the same but convey different meanings.2.What do we mean by phonetic motivation? （P94和PPT）Words motivated phonetically are called echoic words （拟声词） or onomatopoeic words, whose pronunciation suggests the meaning. They show a close relation of name to sense whereas non-echoic words don’t show any such relationship.Onomatopoeic words（拟声词） can be divided into primary Onomatopoeia（直接拟声）and secondary Onomatopoeia（间接拟声）.Primary Onomatopoeia means the imitation of sound by sound. Secondary Onomatopoeia means that certain sounds and sound-sequences are associated with certain senses in an expressive relationship.3.Quote a short poem or passage that shows the literaryeffect of onomatopoeic words. (P94倒数第二行)“The ice was here, the ice was there,The ice was all around;It cracked and growled, and roared and howled,Like noises in a swound!”5.What is meant by grammatical meaning?（P96~97）Grammatical meaning(词法意义) consists of word-class （词类） and inflectional paradigm（词形变化）。

大学英语词汇学练习题

大学英语词汇学练习题大学英语词汇学练习题1. Words are but symbols, many of which have meaning only when they have acquired __B___.A. associationsB. referenceC. conceptsD. motivation2. Reference is the relationship between language and __A___.A. the worldB. the contextC. the senseD. the concept3. A concept is universal to all men alike regardless of __D______.A. cultureB. raceC. languageD. all the above4. Meaning and concept are ____C______.A. unrelatedB. identicalC. connectedD. same5. Unlike reference, “sense” denotes the relationships _A____.A. inside the languageB. outside the languageC. between the languageD. between symbols and things6. Every word that has meaning has sense, but not every word has __D___.A.MeaningB. senseC. conceptD. reference7. The relationship between the word-form and meaning is __C___.A.logicalB. connectedC. arbitraryD. consistent8. ___B____ accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.A. ConceptB. MotivationC. ReferenceD. Sense9. Most words can be said to be ____A_____.A.non-motivatedB. relatedC. MotivatedD. logical10.Echoic words such as bleat, croak, neigh, hiss and the like are largely __A_____.A. motivatedB. arbitraryC. logicalD. connected11.The word “hopeless” with the meaning of “without hope” is a ____B_____ motivated word.A. semanticallyB. morphologicallyC. phoneticallyD. historically12.Lexical meaning and __A___ meaning make up the word-meaning.A. GrammaticalB. conceptualC. semanticD. associative13. Conceptual meaning is also known as __D___ meaning.A. connotativeB. collocativeC. affectiveD. denotative14. Associative meaning comprises several types except __C___.A. stylistic meaningB. affective meaningC. conceptual meaningD. collocative meaning15. The word “tiny” is _____D______.A. poeticB. formalC. dialectalD. colloquial1. Although reference is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of ________, it can refer to something specific. context2. By means of ________, a speaker indicates which things in the world are being talked about. reference3. Concept, which is beyond __________, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. language4. The sense of an expression is its place in a system of ________ relationships with other expressions in the language. semantic5. Semantic motivation explains the connection between the _____ sense and figurative sense of the word. literal6. Lexical meaning itself has two components: conceptual meaning and _________ meaning. associative7. The same word may have different ________ meanings as shown in “do, does, did, done, doing”. grammatical8. __B___ accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.A. ConceptB. MotivationC. ReferenceD. Sense9. Most words can be said to be __A___.A. non-motivatedB. relatedC. motivatedD. logical10.Echoic words such as bleat, croak, neigh, hiss and the like are largely __B___.A. MotivatedB. arbitraryC. logicalD. connected11.The word “hopeless” with the meaning of “without hope” is a __B___ motivated word.A. semanticallyB. morphologicallyC. phoneticallyD. historically12.Lexical meaning and ___A__ meaning make up the word-meaning.A. GrammaticalB. conceptualC. semanticD. associative13.Conceptual meaning is also known as _D____ meaning.A. connotativeB. collocativeC. affectiveD. denotative14.Associative meaning comprises several types except _C____.A. stylistic meaningB. affective meaningC. conceptual meaningD. collocative meaning8. _________ meaning is unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period and so on. Connotative9. The word “famous” is appreciative, but the word “notorious” is ____. pejorative10. The words “swimming-pool” and “airmail” are ___ motivated words. morphologically1. Grammatical meaning of a word becomes important only when it is used in actual context. T2. Functional words have little lexical meaning than content words. T3. The same word has the same associative meaning to all the speakers of the same language4. The word “horse” is neutral, but the word “nag” is formal.5. Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude toward the person or thing in question. T6. In many cases, the appreciative or pejorative meanings of the words are brought out in context. T7. There are few words which have both the same conceptual meaning and the stylistic meaning. T8. Associative meaning, which is fixed, differs from the conceptual meaning.9. The word “mouth” in “the mouth of a river” is an etymologically motivated word.10. Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and their meanings are the sum total of the morphemes combined.11. Meaning and concept are related indirectly to referents.12. When a connection has been established between the linguistic sign and a referent, the sign becomes meaningful. T1. What is reference? What are the characteristics of reference?Reference refers to the relationship between language and the world. By means of reference, a speaker indicates which things in the world (including persons) are being talked about. The reference of a word to a thing outside the language isarbitrary and conventional. Reference is a kind of abstraction, but with the help of context, it can refer to something specific.2. What is motivation? How is it classified?1) Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.2) Motivation is classified into onomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation and etymological motivation.3. What is grammatical meaning?Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs), singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their reflectional forms. Grammatical meaning of a word becomes important only when it is used in actual context. Different lexical items may have the same grammatical meaning. On the other hand, the same word may have different grammatical meanings.4. What is the difference between conceptual meaning and associative meaning?Conceptual meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers of the same language. Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate.5. What is collocative meaning?Collocative meaning consists of the associations a wordacquires in its collocation. In other words, it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.Collocative meaning overlaps with stylistic and affective meanings because in a sense both stylistic and affective meanings are revealed by means of collocation.V. Analyze and comment on the following.1. The pen is mightier than the sword.What kind of motivation is used in the above sentence? What is the definition of that motivation? What do “pen” and “sword” mean?1) Semantic motivation is used in the sentence.2) Semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.3) “Pen” and “sword” are two semantically motivated w ords. Their literal meanings are “a tool for writing or drawing with ink” and “a weapon with a handle and a long metal blade” respectively, but their figurative meanings are “writing” and “war” respectively.2. After casting a stone at the cops, they absconded with the loot.Are all the words used in the above sentence appropriate? If not, explain the reasons and improve the sentence.1) Structurally, the sentence with a gerund structure is very formal, but the words “cops” and “loot” used in the sentence are all slang/slangy words, and they are not consistent with the gerund structure.2) The slang/slangy words “cops” and “loot” should bereplaced by “police” and “money” respectively. The revised sentence “After casing a stone at the police, they absconded with the money” is appropriate in style.3. Women are flowers; women are tigers.Explain the grammatical, conceptual and connotative meaning of the word “women” which appears twice in the above sentence.1) The word “women” in the first part of the senten ce and the one in the second have the same grammatical and conceptual meanings. Their grammatical meanings are: plural nouns and subjects; their conceptual meaning is: female adult.2) The connotative meaning of the word “women” in the first part is “beautiful”, or “lovely”, and that of the word “women” in the second part is “fierce” or “malicious”.1. The first meaning of a word is called the __C___ meaning.A. stylisticB. affectiveC. primaryD. associative2. __B___ is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages because many words have more than one meaning.A. HyponymyB. PolysemyC. HomonymyD. Synonymy3. The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word is usually dealt with from _A____ different angles.A. twoB. threeC. fourD. five4. The basic meaning of a word is the core of word-meaning called the _D____ meaning.A. firstB. primaryC. derivedD. central5. Of the three types of homonyms, __A___ constitute the largest number and are most common.A. homophonesB. perfect homonymsC. homographsD. homophones and homographs6. Homographs are words identical only in __B___ but different in two other aspects.A. soundB. spellingC. meaningD. sense7. Perfect homonyms and polysemants are __C___ with regard to spelling and pronunciation.A. fully differentB. slightly differentC. fully identicalD. slightly identical8. Relative synonyms are similar or nearly the same in __D___.A. connotative meaningB. stylistic meaningC. affective meaningD. conceptual meaning9. The most important source of synonyms is perhaps ___D_____.A. coincidence with idiomatic expressionsB. figurative and euphemistic use of wordsC. dialects and regional EnglishD. borrowing10. The differences between synonyms boil down to three areas except ___A______.A. word-classB. connotationC. applicationD. denotation11. Antonyms can be defined as words which are ____C_____ in meaning.A. differentB. identicalC. oppositeD. similar12. Antonyms can be classified into the following types except __B______.A. relative termsB. absolute termsC. contradictory termsD. contrary terms13.___C__ deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion.A. HomonymyB. SynonymyC. HyponymyD. Polysemy14. The status of words either as superordinate orsubordinate is __B___ to other terms.A. stableB. relativeC. absoluteD. fixed15. All of the following are the sources of homonyms except __D___.A.change in soundB. shorteningC. borrowingD. extension1. Synonyms share a likeness in __________ as well as in part of speech. denotation2. Synonyms can be classified into two major groups: absolute synonyms and ____________ synonyms. relative3. Based on the degree of ____________, homonyms fall into three classes: perfect homonyms, homographs and homophones. similarity4. Radiation is a semantic process in which each of the derived meanings is directly connected to the _________ meaning. primary5. Synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain ____________ period of time. historical6. Absolute synonyms also known as complete synonyms are words which are _________ in meaning in all its aspects. identical7. Synonyms may differ in the range and __________ of meaning. intensity8. Antonymy is concerned with ________ opposition. semantic9. Antonyms have various practical uses and have longproved helpful and valuable in defining the ________ of words. meanings10. The meaning of a more ___word is included in that of another more general word. Specific1. The w ords “tulip” and “rose” are hyponyms of “flower”. T2. A word which has more than one meaning can have one antonym.3. One of the features of the contradictory terms is that such antonyms are gradable.4. Synonyms form different collocations and fit into different sentence patterns. T5. By connotation we mean the stylistic and conceptual meaning of words.6. The words “small” and “tiny” are absolute synonyms.7. Homonyms are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning.8. One of the sources of homonyms is extension.9. Concatenation describes a process where each of the later meanings is related only to the preceding one like chains. T10. Diachronically, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. TIV. Answer the following questions.1. What is the difference between radiation and concatenation?Unlike radiation where each of the derived meanings is directly connected to the primary meaning, concatenation describes a process where each of the later meanings is related only to the preceding one like chains.2. What is the main difference between homonyms and polysemants?The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings.V. Analyze and comment on the following.1. Comment on the following two sentences in terms of superordinates and subordinates.a. The man said he would come to our school next week.b. The visiting scholar said he would come to our university next Monday.1)In the first sentence, “man”, “school”, and “week” are all superordinates while “visitingscholar”, “university”, and “Monday” in the second sentence are all subordinates compared with the corresponding expressions in the previous sentence.2)The second sentence is clearer because subordinates are vivid, precise and concrete.3)The relationship between some words used in the above two sentences is hyponymy.2. Male/femaleExplain what kind of antonymy they belong to and the characteristics of this kind of antonymy.1)They are contradictory antonyms.2)Contradictory antonyms truly represent oppositeness of meaning. They are so opposed toeach other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them. The assertion of one is the denial of the other. In other words, if one of the pair is true, then the othercannot be.1. Word-meaning changes by modes of __D__.A.degradation and elevation B, extension and narrowin C. transferD. all the above2. Extension of meaning is also known as __B___.A. TransferB. generalizationC. degradationD. elevation3. The associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words, etc. are often due to __A___ factors.A. psychologicalB. historicalC. scientificD. internal4. The linguistic factors of the change of meaning include the following types except _A____.A. BlendingB. shorteningC. analogyD. borrowing5. The meaning of “lip” in “the lip of a wound” has experienced __C___.A. degradationB. extensionC. associated transferD. elevation6. The original meaning of “silly” is “happy”, but now it means “foolish”. This is __C___ of word-meaning.A. semantic transferB. elevationC. degradationD. extension7. Pejoration of meaning is the opposite of semantic __B___.A. narrowingB. elevationC. extensionD. transfer8. __D___is the most unstable element of a language.A. GrammarB. MeaningC. PronunciationD. Vocabulary9. Of all the modes of word-meaning changes, ____D____ are the most common.A.extension and degradationB.elevation and narrowingC.transfer and elevation D,extension and narrowing10. The so-called “King’s English” serves as a __A_______ reason in word-meaning changes.A. classB. historicalC. culturalD. psychological1. Extension is a process by which a word that originally hada ___________ meaning has now become generalized. specialized2. Extension and __________ are thought to be the most common of the modes of word-meaning changes. narrowing3. Narrowing of meaning is also called _________________.specialization4. There are generally ________ major factors that cause changes in word-meaning. two5. The _________ transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words, etc. are often due to psychological factors. associated6. Transfer may also occur between abstract and __________ meanings. concrete7. The word “clear-sounding” is a good example of transfer of __________. sensations8. __________ refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance. Elevation9. Changes of word-meaning are due to linguistic factors and ___________________ factors.extra-linguistic10. It is much more common for word meanings to change in denotation from _______________ to pejorative than it is for them to go the other way. neutralIII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. Comparatively, the form is even more unstable than the content.2. Extension and elevation are the most common types of word-meaning changes.3. Altogether there are four types of changes in word-meaning.4. Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language, for it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content. T5. The wo rd “barn” originally meant “a place for storing only barley”, but now it means “a storeroom”, so we can say that it has undergone extension of meaning. T6. The word “fond” formerly meant “foolish”, but now it means “affectionate”, so its meaning hasbeen narrowed.7. The word “copperhead” used to refer to those northern informers is a good example of the historical reason accounting for the change of word-meaning.8. Different social varieties of language have come into being as language records the speech and attitude of different social classes. T9. Analogy is thought to be one of the linguistic factors. T10. So far as the change of word-meaning is concerned, increased scientific knowledge and discovery are unimportant factors1. What is transfer? What are the main types of transfer?Transfer or semantic transfer refers to a process of the change of word-meaning whereby a word used to designate one thing has been changed to mean something else. The four main types of semantic transfer are: associated transfer, transfer between abstract and concrete meanings, transfer between subjective and objective meanings, and transfer of sensations.2. What are the two major factors that cause changes in meaning? How are they classified?The two major factors that cause changes in meaning are: linguistic factors and extra-linguistic factors. Linguistic factors include shortening, the influx of borrowings and analogy. Extra-linguistic factors include the historical reason, the class reason and the psychological reason.3. What is the difference between elevation and degradation?Elevation refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance, but degradationof meaning is the opposite of semantic elevation. Degradation is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.V. Analyze and comment on the following.1. The word “deer” originally meant “animal”, but now it refers to a specific animal. What kind of word-meaning change has the word experienced? What accounts for the change of word-meaning?1)The word “deer” has experienced narrowing or specialization of meaning.2)The narrowing of word-meaning is caused by the influx of borrowings, one of the majorlinguistic factors leading to the change of word-meaning. The word “deer” originally meant “animal”, and later the word “animal” from Latin and the word “beast” from French found their way into English. As the three terms were synonymous, “animal” retained the originalmeaning, the meaning of “deer” was narrowed and “beast” changed in colour.2. The word “nice” formerly meant “ignorant” and “foolish”, but its modern meanings are “delightful” or “pleasant”. What kind of change in meaning has the word undergone? Explain the reasons and then list all the types of word-meaning changes.1) The word “nice” has undergone elevation or amelioration.2) The meaning of the word “nice” has been elevated because the word has risen from a humble beginning to the present position of importance.3) The main types of word-meaning changes are: extension,narrowing, degradation, elevation, and transfer.1. It is often impossible to tell the meaning of a word before it is used in _D________.A. a speechB. a lectureC. situationD. context2. In a narrow sense, context refers to _B____ context.A. non-linguisticB. linguisticC. grammaticalD. syntactic3. Linguistic context may cover the following except __A______.A. the physical situationB. the entire bookC. a whole chapterD. a paragraph4. Lexical context refers to the __C___ affecting and defining the meaning of the word in question.A. structureB. grammarC. neighbouring wordsD. syntax5. Extra-linguistic context excludes __A____.A. clausesB. peopleC. timeD. place6. The meaning of a word may be influenced by the structurein which it occurs. This is known as _C____ context.A. non-linguisticB. lexicalC. grammaticalD. situational7. When a word with __B_____ meanings is used in inadequate context, it creates ambiguity.A. singleB. multipleC. pluralD. complicated8. Ambiguity arises due to the following except _D____.A. polysemyB. grammatical structureC. homonymyD. synonymy9. The ambiguity of the sentence, “He is a hard businessman,” is caused by __D___.A.hyponymyB. synonymyC. homonymyD. polysemy10. In a broad sense, context includes the physical situation, which is called _A____ context.A.extra-linguisticB. situationalC. structuralD. grammatical1. Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and ________________ context. grammatical2. The extra-linguistic context may extend to embrace the entire ________ background. cultural3. When we talk about context, we usually think of _____ context. linguistic4. It is often impossible to tell the meaning of a word before it is used in ___ , context5. When a word with _________ meanings is used in inadequate context, it creates ambiguity. multiple6. Grammatical __________ can also lead to ambiguity. structure7. Homonymy is another cause of ___ as two separate words share the same form. ambiguity8. Context may prove extremely valuable in guessing the __ of new words. meanings9. The morphemic structure of words, especially compounds and ____words, offers clues for inferring the meanings of unknown words. derived10. Superordinates and __________ often define and explain each other, thus forming an important context clue. subordinates1. Synonyms or synonymous expressions are seldom employed by authors to explain new words2. Antonyms are not used by authors to explain unknown words.3. Hyponymy is thought to be an important context clue. T4. Without clear context, the reference can be very confusing. T5. The meaning of the sentence, “The fish is ready to eat.”, is not clear because of polysemy.6. Grammatical structure is the most important cause leading to ambiguity.7. Clauses are the most important linguistic context8. Participants are not regarded as linguistic context. T9. A speaker can be thought to be non-linguistic context. T10. Extra-linguistic context can often exercise greater influence on the meanings of words than we realize. T1. How is context classified?Context is used in different senses. In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. This is known as linguistic context which may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the whole book. In a broad sense, it includes the physical situation as well. This is called extra-linguistic context, which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background.2. What are the main types of linguistic context?Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and grammatical context. Lexical context refers to the words that occur together with the word in question. This meaning of the word is often affected and defined by the neighbouring words. Grammatical context refers to the structure in which a word occurs. The meanings of a word may be influenced by the structure. Though less common, it is by no means rare3. What are the causes of ambiguity?Ambiguity often arises due to the following three main causes: polysemy, homonymy and grammatical structure. When a word with multiple meanings is used in inadequate context, it creates ambiguity. Homonymy is another cause of ambiguity as two separate words share the same form. Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity.V. Analize and comment on the following.1. Peter and Betty are married.Study the above sentence. If you find anything inappropriate, explain the reasons and then improve the sentence.1) The sentence is ambiguous, which is caused by grammatical structure.2) The sentence can be understood as “Both Peter and Betty are married,” or “Betty is married to Peter.”3) The sentence can be improved as: “Both Peter and Betty are married,” or “Betty is married to Peter.”2. She is a hard student.Study the above sentence. If you find anything inadequate, explain the reasons and then improve the sentence.1) The sentence is ambiguous, which is caused by polysemy.2) The word “hard” in this sentence can be understood as “hardworking” or “difficult”. The context fails to narrow down the meaning so that it is difficult for the reader to decide what exactly the speaker means. But there would be no misunderstanding if the original sentence is extended as “She is a hard student and she is often praised by her teachers,” or “She is a hard student to deal with.”3. The ball was attractive.Study the above sentence. If you find anything improper, please explain the reasons and then improve the sentence.1) The sentence is ambiguous, which is caused by homonymy.2) The word “ball” in the sentence may mean “a round object to play in a game” or “a dancing party”.3) The ambiguity can be eliminated by altering the context a littl e as “The ball was attractive with nice music and a lot of people,” or “The ball was attractive with the bright colours.”IV. Answer the following questions.1. What are the characteristics of idioms?English idioms have two major characteristics: semantic unity。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

1. The criteria of words include .B. all national character C. a cluster of letters D. sound unity答案：D 解析：（P7）总体来讲，单词的标准包含以下几点：词是语言中最小的自由形式；是一个声音统一体；是意义单位；是一个能在句子中起到独立作用的形式。

2. If we classify English words by use frequency,the two types of words are .A. the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabularyB. content words and functional wordsC. native words and borrowed wordsD. functional words and notional words答案：A解析：（P11）英语词汇可以按照不同的标准分成不同的类型。

按照使用频率，英语词汇可以分成两大类：基本词汇和非基本词汇，即basic word stock和nonbasic word stock。

3. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: .A. creation,conversion and borrowingB. creation,borrowing and back-formationC. creation,semantic change and borrowingD. semantic change,borrowing and back-formation答案：C解析：（P31）现代英语词汇的发展方式主要有以下三种：创造新词（creation）,语义变化（semantic change）和借词（borrowing）。

创造新词指的是使用英语中现存的材料，即词根（roots）、词缀（affixes）等构成新的词。

语义变化指的是为了满足新的需要，一个旧的词语形式产生了新的意义。

借词是指从其他语言中借取词语。

4. Basic words are characterized with A.polysemyB. collocabilityC. productivity D. all the above答案：D解析：（P11～12）基本词汇有以下特点：民族性（all national character），稳定性（stability），能产性（productivity），多义性（polysemy）和搭配性（collocability）。

5. More often than not,functional words mainly have .A. lexical meaningB. associative meaningC. collocative meaningD. grammatical meaning答案：D解析：（P16)功能词（functional words）所含的词汇意义（lexical meaning）较弱，相反地，其所含的语法意义（grammatical meaning）很强。

而实义词（content words）则同时具有词汇意义和语法意义，其词汇意义尤为重要。

6. The suffixes in words "clockwise","homeward" are .A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixes答案：C解析：（P48～51）“-ly”,“-ward”,“-wise”等词缀是副词词缀。

题目中“clockwise”的意思是“顺时针地”；“homeward”的意思是“向家；在归途上”。

7. In English there are 4types of motivation as far as the relationship between the sign and meaning is concerned.在处理语言符号和意思的关系方面，英语中有四种理据，它们是：拟声理据、形态理据、语义理据和词源理据。

8. Which of the following about extra-linguistic context is true?A. It can be subdivided into extra-linguistic context and non-linguistic context.B. It only refers to the physical situation or environment relating to the use of words.C. It embraces the people,time,size and place.D. It may extend to embrace the entire cultural background.答案：D解析：（P151）非语言语境（extra-linguistic context）包含一个国家的整个文化背景。

一个国家或地区的文化能够影响到词语的意义。

比如landlord（房东，地主）在英语里是个中性词，指的是出租房子的人，而“地主”在汉语里则是贬义词，指的是拥有很多土地，欺压、剥削百姓的人。

9. 9.The idiom "wide of the mark"is .A. adjectival in nature B. verbal in nature C. nominal in nature D. adverbial in nature答案：A解析：（P166）习语“wide of the mark”意思是“不准确，不合适”，其在句子中具有形容词的功能。

10. Idioms like "black sheep","new broom","a wet blanket"and"sit on the fence"are examples of .A. transfer B. metonymy C. metaphor D. simile答案：C 解析：（P175）习语“black sheep（害群之马）”,“n ew broom（新官上任）”,“a wet blanket （扫兴的人或事物）”和“sit on the fence（观望）”都使用了暗喻（metaphor），即不使用比喻词的比喻修辞。

11. The idiom "might and main" uses as far as rhetorical features of idioms are concerned.A. alliterationB. metaphorC. metonymyD. rhyme答案：A 解析(P173头韵（alliteration）指两个或两个以上的单词首字母相同，从而形成悦耳的读音。

常见的押头韵的短语有：first and foremost（首先），（with）might and main (尽全力地)，chop and change(变化无常)等。

脚韵或尾韵（rhyme）指的是不同的词结尾音相同，例如，fair and square(光明正大，诚实)。

反复（repetition）指的是同一个词的重复，例如，out and out（完完全全）。

12. Which of the following prefixes can NOT be used to indicate time and order?Aex-, B fore-, C post-, D para- A. A B, B C. C D. D答案：D 解析：（P48）表示时间顺序的前缀主要有：ex-,fore-,post-,pre-,re-等。

“para-”的意思是“超越……”,是表示程度和大小意义的前缀。

13. Which of the following is NOT from back-formation?A. To mass produce.B. To lip read.C. To nickname.D. To chain smoke.答案：C解析：（P67～68）通过逆生法构成的词语常见的有：lip read,chain smoke和mass produce 等，它们分别来自lip reading,chain smoker和mass production。

通过逆生法构成的动词主要通过去掉如下后缀形成：-er,-ing,-ion等。

题目中，“nickname”是通过转类法（conversion）形成的。

14. Which kind of meaning is the meaning that is given in the dictionary and that forms the core of wordmeaning？A. Conceptual meaning.B. Grammatical meaning.C. Lexical meaning.D. Associative meaning. 答案：A解析：（P87）语法意义（grammatical meaning）指的是词语的语法概念和关系，比如词语的单数、复数和屈折形式-s,-es等。

词汇意义（lexical meaning) 包含概念意义和关联意义（associative meaning），而在词典中给出的词语的意义只指语法意义。

15. By "structural stability" of idioms,which of the following is right?A. Many idioms are grammatically analyzable.B. The constituents of idioms can not be replaced at random.C. The constituents of idioms can be deleted.D. More constituents can be added to idioms without changing their meanings.答案：B解析：（P163～164）习语的结构在很大程度上是固定的。

首先，其成分不可以被替换；其次，习语的词语顺序不能更改；再次，习语的成分不能进行增添或删除；另外，习语大多不能进行语法层面的分析。