Water problems in china's river basins
英语作文长江环境污染的问题解决措施
英语作文长江环境污染的问题解决措施篇1My English Composition about Solutions to the Yangtze River PollutionHi everyone! I'm going to write about a very important environmental issue - pollution in the Yangtze River. The Yangtze is the longest river in China and Asia. It flows through 11 provinces and cities before reaching the East China Sea. Sadly, the river is badly polluted because of human activities.What causes the pollution? Factories along the river banks release a lot of waste water containing toxic chemicals. Households and farms also dump garbage and sewage directly into the river. Worse still, some ships even discharge oil and waste illegally! All these pollutants make the river water dirty, smelly and unsafe.Why should we care? The Yangtze River provides drinking water for millions of people living nearby. The dirty river water can spread diseases and make people sick if they drink it or eat fish from the river. Pollution also damages the ecosystem, harming fish, plants and other living things. If we don't solve this problem, life along the Yangtze will suffer.So what can we do? Here are some ideas:First, factories must treat their waste water properly before releasing it. The government should inspect factories regularly and punish those who break the rules. Green technology can also help reduce industrial pollution.Next, cities should build better sewage treatment plants. Garbage and human waste cannot be dumped untreated into the river. Public education is crucial too - people must learn not to litter or pollute the river.Ship pollution is very bad as well. Strict regulations are needed to stop ships from illegally discharging oil and waste. There should be heavy fines for those who disobey.Lastly, we can all do our part by reducing waste, reusing and recycling things. If each of us is more environmentally-friendly, the total pollution will drop a lot.In conclusion, cleaning up the Yangtze River requires effort from factories, cities, the shipping industry and every individual. It's not easy but we must take action to protect this precious natural resource. A clean Yangtze means a better environment for all. Let's work together to make the mighty river healthy again!篇2Title: Solving the Pollution Problems in the Yangtze RiverHi everyone! My name is Xiao Ming and I'm going to talk about the Yangtze River today. The Yangtze River is one of the longest rivers in the world and it's very important to China. It flows through many cities and provinces, and provides water for drinking, farming, and transportation. However, the Yangtze River has become very polluted in recent years, which is really bad for the environment and people's health.There are many reasons why the Yangtze River is polluted. One big reason is that factories and companies near the river dump their waste and chemicals into the water. This waste is very dirty and harmful to the fish and plants living in the river. Another reason is that people living near the river sometimes throw their garbage and trash directly into the water, which is very bad. The garbage can hurt the animals and make the water smell really bad. Lastly, the ships and boats that travel on the river also pollute the water by spilling oil and fuel.So what can we do to solve these pollution problems? Well, there are a few things we can do:The government needs to make stricter laws and rules about polluting the river. Companies and factories that dump waste should be fined or punished. This will encourage them to find better ways to get rid of their waste that doesn't harm the environment.People living near the river need to be educated about the importance of keeping the river clean. Maybe we can have special classes at school or put up signs reminding people not to litter or throw garbage into the water.We should have regular clean-up days where everyone living near the river helps pick up trash and debris from the water and the banks. This will make the river look much nicer and cleaner.The government can invest in better sewage treatment plants and water purification systems. This will help remove harmful chemicals and pollutants from the water before it flows back into the river.We can encourage people to use less plastic and find alternatives to plastics that are better for the environment. Plastic is one of the biggest polluters of the rivers and oceans.The boats and ships that travel on the Yangtze River should be inspected regularly to make sure they are not leaking oil orfuel into the water. Old and polluting ships should be repaired or replaced with newer, cleaner ones.If we all work together and do our part, I am confident that we can solve the pollution problems in the Yangtze River. A clean river is important for the health of the environment, the animals that live there, and also for us humans. We need to take care of this precious resource so that future generations can also enjoy the beauty and benefits of the Yangtze River. Let's all be environment heroes and keep our rivers clean and healthy!篇3Title: Cleaning Up the Yangtze River - A Big Challenge for Us AllHi everyone! Today I want to talk about an important environmental issue in China - the pollution in the Yangtze River. The Yangtze is one of the longest rivers in the world and it's very special to China. Millions of people live along the river and depend on it for water, food and transportation. But sadly, the Yangtze has become very polluted from factories, farms and cities dumping waste into it. This pollution is really bad for the plants, animals and people who need the river to survive.So what can we do to clean up this amazing river? Well, there are lots of things we all need to do - the government, companies, and every single one of us! Here are some ideas:The government should make stronger laws to stop pollution and punish companies and people who dump garbage and chemicals into the river. They can also spend more money on cleaning up the existing pollution.Factories along the river must properly treat their waste water before letting it flow into the Yangtze. They should use filters and careful processes to remove harmful chemicals and garbage.Farms need to reduce the fertilizers and pesticides they use, as these often get washed into the river during rain. Maybe they can try natural fertilizers instead of chemical ones.Cities should build better sewage treatment plants so the dirty water from homes and buildings gets cleaned before going into the river.We should reduce, reuse and recycle! Every family can make an effort to create less waste and garbage that could end up polluting rivers and lakes. We can use reusable shopping bags, recycle plastic, paper and metal, and avoid single-use plastics.Protecting the environment along the river banks is very important too. We need to stop chopping down trees and plants, as they help prevent soil erosion into the water.Cleaning up litter from the river itself is hard work, but we can all volunteer for river clean-up days to collect garbage from the waters and shores.It will take cooperation from everyone - the government, companies, farmers, cities and all of us individuals to really make a difference. We all need to care about protecting the Yangtze River environment. After all, it's an incredible natural treasure that provides life for millions of people and animals.Cleaning up the Yangtze is a huge job, but I believe if we all do our part, we can make the river healthy and beautiful again for future generations to enjoy! What do you think? I'd love to hear your ideas too. Working together, we can absolutely make a positive change!。
中国环境保护和生态建设英语作文
中国环境保护和生态建设英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1In recent years, China has made significant strides in environmental protection and ecological construction. With a growing awareness of the importance of preserving the environment, the Chinese government has implemented a series of policies and initiatives to tackle pollution, protect natural habitats, and promote sustainable development.One of the key initiatives in China's environmental protection efforts is the "Green Belt and Water Source Protection Project". This project aims to protect and restore the ecological balance of key regions in China, such as forest ecosystems, river basins, and wetlands. By establishing green belts and protecting water sources, the project not only helps to improve air and water quality but also provides valuable habitats for wildlife.Moreover, China has also embarked on an ambitious afforestation program to combat desertification and soil erosion. The "Grain for Green" program, launched in 1999, encourages farmers to convert marginal farmland into forests or grasslandsin exchange for subsidies. This initiative has led to the reforestation of millions of hectares of land, helping to mitigate climate change and improve soil fertility.In addition to these large-scale projects, China has also implemented strict regulations to curb pollution and reduce carbon emissions. The country has set targets to reduce its carbon intensity by 60-65% by 2030 compared to 2005 levels, and to increase the share of non-fossil fuels in its energy mix to around 20%. To achieve these goals, China has invested heavily in renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power, as well as promoting energy efficiency and conservation measures.Furthermore, China has taken steps to address the issue of plastic pollution by banning the import of foreign waste and introducing regulations to reduce the use of single-use plastics. The government has also launched campaigns to raise public awareness about the importance of recycling and waste reduction, encouraging citizens to adopt sustainable practices in their daily lives.Overall, China's efforts in environmental protection and ecological construction have yielded positive results, with improvements seen in air and water quality, wildlife conservation, and carbon emissions reduction. The country continues to makestrides towards a greener and more sustainable future, demonstrating its commitment to preserving the environment for future generations.篇2China has made significant progress in environmental protection and ecological construction in recent years. With the government's strong policy support and the increasing awareness of environmental issues among the public, China has been making efforts to balance economic development with environmental protection.One of the key initiatives in China's environmental protection is the "Green GDP" project, which aims to evaluate economic growth taking into account environmental costs. This project helps to raise awareness of the environmental impact of economic activities and encourages industries to adopt cleaner production methods. Furthermore, the Chinese government has implemented various policies and regulations to reduce air and water pollution, such as setting stricter emission standards and promoting the use of renewable energy sources.In terms of ecological construction, China has been increasing its efforts to restore and protect natural habitats. Thecountry has established a number of national parks and nature reserves to conserve biodiversity and protect endangered species. In addition, China has been promoting afforestation and reforestation programs to increase forest coverage and combat desertification.Moreover, China has been actively participating in international environmental cooperation. The country has signed agreements such as the Paris Agreement to combat climate change and the Convention on Biological Diversity to protect biodiversity. China has also pledged to reduce its carbon emissions and increase the use of clean energy sources.Despite these achievements, China still faces challenges in environmental protection and ecological construction. Rapid urbanization and industrialization have led to environmental degradation and habitat loss. The country also faces issues such as soil pollution, waste management, and water scarcity.To address these challenges, China needs to continue its efforts in environmental protection and sustainable development. The government should enforce environmental laws and regulations more strictly, and industries should adopt cleaner production methods and technologies. Public awarenessand participation are also crucial in promoting sustainable lifestyles and reducing environmental impact.Overall, China's progress in environmental protection and ecological construction is commendable, but more efforts are needed to ensure a sustainable and healthy environment for future generations. By working together and implementing effective policies, China can achieve its goal of balancing economic development with environmental protection.篇3China faces tremendous challenges in environmental protection and ecological construction due to its rapid economic development and urbanization. However, the Chinese government has demonstrated its commitment to addressing these issues through a series of ambitious initiatives aimed at safeguarding the environment and promoting sustainable development.One of the key priorities in China's environmental protection efforts is combating air pollution. The country has been plagued by severe air quality problems in recent years, with smog and particulate matter posing serious health risks to millions of people. To tackle this issue, the Chinese government hasimplemented a range of measures, including stricter emission controls for industries and vehicles, the promotion of clean energy sources, and the establishment of low-emission zones in major cities.Additionally, China has made significant progress in promoting renewable energy and reducing its reliance on fossil fuels. The country is now the world's leading producer and consumer of solar and wind power, and has set ambitious targets for expanding its renewable energy capacity in the coming years. China's efforts in this area have not only helped to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but have also created new opportunities for businesses and innovation in the clean energy sector.In terms of water pollution, China faces challenges related to industrial wastewater discharge, agricultural runoff, and urban sewage. To address these issues, the Chinese government has invested heavily in wastewater treatment plants, sewage systems, and pollution control technologies. Efforts have also been made to strengthen regulations and enforcement mechanisms to ensure that companies comply with environmental standards and reduce their impact on water quality.Furthermore, China has made significant strides in protecting its natural ecosystems and biodiversity. The country has established a network of nature reserves and protected areas to safeguard endangered species and preserve important habitats. Initiatives such as the "Green Great Wall" project have been implemented to combat desertification and restore degraded land, while reforestation programs have helped to increase the country's forest coverage and improve soil conservation.Overall, China's environmental protection and ecological construction efforts have made significant progress in recent years. While challenges still remain, the country's commitment to sustainable development and the preservation of its natural resources bodes well for the future. By continuing to invest in clean energy, pollution control, and ecosystem conservation, China can create a greener and more sustainable future for its citizens and the planet as a whole.。
国内外饮食差异英语作文
国内外饮食差异英语作文英文回答：Differences in Food Habits Between China and Other Countries.When comparing the dietary habits of China with those of other countries around the world, several distinctions become apparent. These differences can be attributed to a combination of cultural, geographical, and historical factors that have shaped the culinary traditions of each region.1. Staple Foods.In China, rice is the primary staple food, accounting for a significant portion of daily caloric intake. In contrast, many Western countries rely on wheat-based products such as bread, pasta, and pastries. This difference stems from the abundance of rice cultivation inChina's fertile river basins, while wheat farming was more prevalent in Europe and North America.2. Cooking Methods.Chinese cuisine is renowned for its emphasis on various cooking techniques, including stir-frying, steaming, and braising. These methods enhance the flavors and textures of ingredients while preserving their nutritional value. In other countries, grilling, roasting, and baking are more common. These differences reflect the availability of different cooking appliances and the local preferences for food preparation.3. Ingredients.The use of ingredients in Chinese cooking showcases the country's diverse geography and agricultural practices. Common ingredients include soy sauce, sesame oil, garlic, ginger, scallions, and various leafy greens. In contrast, Western cuisines often incorporate herbs, spices, dairy products, and meat in their dishes. The variance iningredients is influenced by the local climate, trade routes, and cultural preferences.4. Meal Structure.Chinese meals typically consist of multiple dishes served simultaneously, allowing diners to share and samplea variety of flavors. In contrast, Western meals oftenfollow a structured sequence of courses, such as appetizers, main courses, and desserts. This difference reflects the social and communal nature of Chinese dining, where dishes are shared and enjoyed together.5. Dining Etiquette.Chinese dining etiquette emphasizes respect and politeness. Diners may share dishes, use chopsticks skillfully, and avoid making loud noises. In some cultures, specific table manners, such as holding forks and knives properly, are expected. These differences highlight the cultural norms and values associated with dining customs.中文回答：中国与其他国家饮食差异。
气候变化对中国的影响英文作文
气候变化对中国的影响英文作文Climate Change in China: Impacts and ChallengesClimate change, a global phenomenon, is having profound impacts on China, a country with a vast territory and diverse climate zones. Rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and shifting precipitation patterns are among the most significant consequences of climate change in China.Temperature rise in China has been noticeable in recent decades. Winters are becoming warmer, and summers are hotter. This shift has led to melting glaciers in the Himalayas, affecting water supply in river basins that feed millions. Extreme weather events, such as floods and droughts, have become more frequent and intense. For instance, the floods in 2021 caused extensive damage to properties and infrastructure, affecting millions of lives.Changes in precipitation patterns have also been observed. Some regions are experiencing increased rainfall, while others are facing droughts. This has led to water scarcity in some areas, affecting agriculture, the economy, and the environment.Climate change is also affecting China's biodiversity. Habitat loss and degradation due to extreme weather events and temperature rise are putting many species at risk of extinction.To mitigate the impacts of climate change, China is actively involved in international efforts and has committed to achieving carbon neutrality by 2060. Measures such as promoting renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, and promoting sustainable development are being implemented to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.In conclusion, climate change poses significant challenges to China, affecting its environment, economy, and society. However, with determined efforts and international cooperation, China is committed to addressing these challenges and building a sustainable future.中国气候变化：影响与挑战气候变化这一全球现象正在对中国产生深远影响。
参观北京自来水博物馆英语作文
参观北京自来水博物馆I wanted to come here for a long time, but I couldn't make it because of the bad road.The Central 10 program is called "The History of Decoding Science and Technology", and the episode I saw a few days ago was called "Water from the Tap", which told the story of human beings and tap water.After reading the rough story behind a glass of white water, I want to go to the Water Museum even more.Beijing Water Supply Museum is located on Xiangheyuan Street outside Dongzhimen.The appearance of the building is very recognizable and will not be missed.The new building you see now was built next to the old site of the waterworks in the late Qing Dynasty.The old factory originally had eight buildings remaining, but none of them were opened.Only the two floors of the new building can be visited.(Guide map of Beijing Water Supply Museum)There is a sculpture called "The Source of Life" in the hall on the first floor.Holding a drop of water in both hands, it occupied the entire wall.Tell everyone from the beginning,Without water, there would be no life.Before preparing to enter the hall, I suddenly saw a drop of blue water on the side of the hall.It is more likely to be regarded as a sofa in the cartoon shape.Look, it's all shriveled.The first floor of the museum is the Science Museum, which mainly introduces the general situation of the earth's water resources, the national and Beijing water resources status, Beijing tap water treatment technology, water quality testing and water saving knowledge.The entire exhibition hall is basically based on blue, and a large number of curved and streamlined display panels are designed, which are in line with people's feeling of water.China is one of the countries with the most serious water shortage in the world, and Beijing is also a resource-based city with severe water shortage in China.China has seven major river basins (Yangtze River, Yellow River, Pearl River, Hailuan River, Huaihe, Songliao and Taihu),Beijing has five major water systems (Yongding River, Daqing River, Jiyun River, North Canal and Chaobai River).It seems that the water resources are very rich, but the per capita possession is very, very limited.There is a severe water shortage in many places.For the people there, drinking tap water that is clean and hygienic is a great luxury.Do we think that when we turn on the faucet every day, the water will come by itself?Do we think we can drink whenever we want?Do we think our days are complete if we just worry about the car, the house, and the money?We don't worry about drinking water because there are countless people behind us to protect us.Every water plant, every pipeline, every machine, every home water meter.Planning and design, excavation of ditches, construction of reservoirs, South-to-North water transfer.There are several computer screens installed on the water pipes in the museum, which have all kinds of knowledge about water. Friends who want to know can stop and learn slowly.The staircase from the first floor to the second floor is beautifully designed.The curtain seems to be pierced by drops of water,The curtain can see our blue planet.The second floor of the museum is the General History Museum. The exhibition hall is equipped with a large number of cultural relics, pictures and restored scenes, showing the development of Beijing's water supply industry for more than a century.In March of the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu (1908), the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce of the Qing court petitioned for the construction of tap water facilities, marking the start of the water industry in Beijing.The statue in the picture below is of Mr. Zhou Xuexi (1866-1947) in the Qing Dynasty. It was he who founded the Jingshi Waterworks in 1908, and created the history of tap water in Beijing.When the first water plant was first built, the water supply pipeline was just a simple circle, far less developed than it is now.Here is a schematic diagram of the initial pipeline:The employee registration card in the early days of the factory.Excellent employees have been increasing their wages, and some have resigned later. All the work process is condensed on this small card.The following two pictures are cast iron pipes imported from Germany in the 1920s.And the water brand of Beijing Water Supply Co., Ltd.Around 1939, the Beijing Water Works converted steam to electricity.Since then, the era of steam has ended, and it has begun to move towards the era of electric motors.This is the first motor, Japan's Hitachi brand.When visiting this exhibition hall, I unconsciously remembered the Guo Shoujing Memorial Hall I visited a few days ago. The Dushui Superintendent in the Yuan Dynasty once dedicated his life to the issue of water in the capital.For pictures and texts of the Guo Shoujing Memorial Hall, please read my previous articles:Now the follow-up water conservancy people continue to work hard for the source of life for the common people.This old-fashioned water meter is believed to be familiar to older people.Water meters are now digital, and you can pay with a click of a mobile phone.We can't say thank you to them in person, but we can start by saving every drop of water.Cherish the water resources around you, which is the best tribute to them.After visiting the new museum, you can continue to follow the garden path to the back.Although the old factory building and the old water museum are not open, you can see some old water pipes, water meters, and machines, and you can see the old house through the fence.The following photos are of the old water museum,In the early days of the factory, it was used as a steam engine room.There are also some old machinery and equipment on display in the courtyard.Going back from here, I accidentally saw the old office area of the Beijing Water Works.Retaining the architectural pattern of the Qing Dynasty, the exterior walls of red and gray colors, and a brick carving is designed on the left and right sides, which is very beautiful.With the typical characteristics of that era, it is very similar to the main entrance of the Beijing Zoo.It is also not open to the public.On the way back, I saw a ruin.The sign next to it indicates that this is the ruins of an old factory building.A very unremarkable wasteland, completely submerged in the ups and downs of the old days.However, bright flowers bloomed on the ruins.The tap water does not come from the tap.The next time you turn on the faucet, remember to cherish it.Water resources are very precious, start to cultivate water saving awareness from now on.Not for ourselves, but for our next generation.。
欧盟水框架指令
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流域综合管理对英国的环境的保护 与改善起到了重要的作用
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引进了对话与协商 让成本得以计算,选择得以评估 确定改进时间表 优化稀有资源
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Optimise resources within a river basin 在流域内优化资源
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Water Framework Directive Programme of Measures 实施计划
An Improvement Plan 改进计划 A clear and public programme that aims to achieve good status 清晰公开的计划，目标是实现水质的良好状态 Basic measures 基本措施 • Statutory instruments 法律法规 • Abstraction licences, effluent permits etc 取水证，排污证等 Supplementary Measures 补充措施 • Incentives 激励措施 • Codes of practice 行业准则 • Voluntary initiatives自律行为 • Education 教育 Set a clear timetable 制定明确的时间表 Funding must be available 资金必须到位
The EU Water Framework Directive 欧盟水框架指令
Dr Martin Griffiths EU WFD Expert 10.11.2008 马丁 格里菲斯 欧盟水框架指令专家
Water Framework Directive Background 背景
Integrated river basin management in place for over 40 years 开展流域综合管理４０多年 The European Union Directives influence most standards in EU 欧盟指令影响着英国大多数的标准 There is a strong regulatory regime in place to issue permits and to ensure compliance 有一个强有力的规章制度来发行许可，以及确保实施 The EU Water Framework Directive provides a water planning framework for Europe for the next 30 years. 欧盟水框架指令在３０多年时间里为欧洲提供了一个水规划的框架
中国地理介绍英文介绍
中国地理介绍英文介绍China, officially known as the People's Republic of China, is a vast and culturally diverse country located in East Asia. With a land area of 9.6 million square kilometers, it occupies the eastern part of the Asian continent and is bordered by 14 countries, including Russia, India, and Vietnam. This article aims to provide an overview of China's geography, highlighting its physical features, climate, and major landmarks.General OverviewChina is characterized by a diverse range of landscapes, including mountains, plateaus, basins, and plains. It boasts several major rivers, with the Yangtze River and Yellow River being the most prominent. The country is also home to the world's highest peak, Mount Everest, which is located on the border between China and Nepal.MountainsChina is renowned for its majestic mountain ranges, which have played a significant role in shaping its history and culture. The Himalayas, stretching across the southern borders, consist of numerous peaks over 7,000 meters (22,965 feet). Apart from Mount Everest, other notable peaks include K2, Kangchenjunga, and Makalu.PlateausThe Tibetan Plateau, often referred to as the "Roof of the World," is the highest and largest plateau in the world, covering an area of approximately 2.5 million square kilometers. Situated in southwestern China, it issurrounded by mountains and is renowned for its harsh climate and unique biodiversity.RiversChina's major rivers not only provide essential water resources but also serve as important transportation routes. The Yangtze River, with a total length of approximately 6,300 kilometers (3,915 miles), is the longest river in Asia and the third-longest in the world. It plays a crucial role in China's economy and is home to the famous Three Gorges Dam.The Yellow River, also known as the "Mother River of China," is the second-longest river in Asia. It originates in the Tibetan Plateau and flows through several provinces, providing water for irrigation and supporting agriculture in the region.PlainsChina's vast plains are essential for agriculture and settlement. The North China Plain, located between the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, is one of the most densely populated regions in the country. Its fertile soil and favorable climate make it an ideal area for growing crops such as wheat, corn, and soybeans.DesertsThe Gobi Desert, situated in northern China and southern Mongolia, is the largest desert in Asia. It covers an area of approximately 1.3 million square kilometers and is known for its harsh and arid environment. Despite its challenging conditions, the Gobi Desert is rich in mineral resources such as coal, copper, and gold.ClimateChina's climate varies significantly due to its vast territory and diverse topography. In general, the country experiences four distinct seasons: spring, summer, autumn, and winter. However, regional differences result in variations such as the tropical climate in southern China and the arid climate in the northwest.Major LandmarksChina is home to numerous iconic landmarks that attract tourists from around the world. The Great Wall of China, stretching over 21,000 kilometers, is arguably the country's most well-known landmark. Built over centuries, it symbolizes China's historical strength and unity.The Forbidden City, located in Beijing, is another renowned landmark. With its intricate architecture and rich history, it served as the imperial palace for the Ming and Qing dynasties and now houses the Palace Museum.The Terracotta Army, discovered in Xi'an, showcases the burial site of the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang. It consists of thousands of life-sized terracotta sculptures, including soldiers, horses, and chariots, representing the emperor's army in the afterlife.In conclusion, China's geography embodies a diverse range of physical features, including mountains, plateaus, rivers, plains, and deserts. Its climate varies across the vast territory, and it is home to several iconic landmarks that reflect the country's rich history and cultural heritage. Understanding China's geography is crucial in appreciating the country's complex and multifaceted identity.。
从ACEDP内陆河流域项目执行的科学和政策的界面体验
Five Years Planning
2011-2015 2006-2010 2001-2005
Project Water Allocation
Victoria Sustainable Water Strategies
Planning Index of Gansu, 2011-2015
Unit 2010 121 351 0.51 10000 Km 616 3635 93 4.4 -131 0.03 650 1200 3 2015 Change Up to 125 220 0.54 1266 4835 96
1996-2000
Indicator for planning Water Use Cap
National level
• National Water Quality Management Strategy • Water use cap and basin cut in MDB • Northern Region Sustainable Water Strategy
tlement is expressed by the fixed number of water extraction days within a year. Water users can manage and store stream flow independently during their allocation duration. The water authority is only responsible for water use planning and accounting. The hydrological risk is taken by water users while they get more flexibility to make their own decisions on storage and use.
黄河河龙区间输沙变化特征及归因分析
第29卷第3期2022年6月水土保持研究R e s e a r c ho f S o i l a n d W a t e rC o n s e r v a t i o nV o l .29,N o .3J u n .,2022收稿日期:2020-03-29 修回日期:2020-05-17资助项目:国家自然科学资助项目 黄土丘陵区典型流域水沙变化的时空尺度特征与驱动机制研究 (41471094);国家优秀青年科学资助项目 半干旱区土壤 水文 植被相互作用 (41822103) 第一作者:宁珍(1991 ),女,北京人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为土壤侵蚀㊂E -m a i l :n i n gz h e n 1991@f o x m a i l .c o m 通信作者:高光耀(1984 ),男,湖北仙桃人,研究员,博士,主要研究方向为生态水文㊂E -m a i l :g y ga o @r c e e s .a c .c n 黄河河龙区间输沙变化特征及归因分析宁珍1,2,高光耀1,2,傅伯杰1,2(1.中国科学院生态环境研究中心,城市与区域生态国家重点实验室,北京100085;2.中国科学院大学,北京100049)摘 要:黄河中游河口镇 龙门区间(河龙区间)是黄河泥沙的主要来源区㊂近年来黄河输沙量急剧变化,为了识别黄河输沙量变化的原因,基于河龙区间15个流域1961 2017年的输沙和降雨数据,分析了研究时段内输沙模数的变化趋势和突变时间,定量区分气候变化和人类活动对输沙减少的贡献率㊂结果表明:研究区内15个流域的输沙模数均呈现显著的下降趋势,突变时间集中在80,90年代㊂降雨减少和水土保持措施的增加共同导致了输沙模数的下降,在多数流域,人类活动是导致输沙模数减少的主要因素,80年代后急剧增加的水土保持措施有效减缓了流域产沙㊂研究成果可为黄河流域生态恢复及水沙调控提供决策支持㊂关键词:河龙区间;输沙模数;降水变化;归因分析中图分类号:S 157.1 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1005-3409(2022)03-0038-05C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n dA t t r i b u t i o nA n a l ys i s o f S e d i m e n tY i e l d C h a n g e s i nH e l o n g R e gi o no f t h eY e l l o wR i v e r N I N GZ h e n 1,2,G A O G u a n g y a o 1,2,F U B o ji e 1,2(1.S t a t eK e y L a b o r a t o r y o f U r b a na n dR e g i o n a lE c o l o g y ,R e s e a r c hC e n t e r fo rE c o -E n v i r o n m e n t a lS c i e n c e s ,C h i n e s e A c a d e m y o f S c i e n c e s ,B e i j i n g 100085,C h i n a ;2.U n i v e r s i t y o f C h i n e s eA c a d e m y o f S c i e n c e s ,B e i j i n g 100049,C h i n a )A b s t r a c t :S e d i m e n t d i s c h a r g e o f t h eY e l l o w R i v e rh a sc h a n g e dr a p i d l y i nr e c e n t y e a r s .I t i so f g r e a t s i gn i f i -c a n c e t o i d e n t i f y t h e c a u s e s o f t h e v a r i a t i o no f s e d i m e n t d i s c h a r ge i n t h eY e l l o w R i v e rf o r t h e f o r m u l a t i o no f w a t e r s h e dm a n ag e m e n t s t r a t e g i e s .H e k o u zh e n -L o n g m e n r e gi o n (H e l o n g r e g i o n )i n t h em i d d l e r e a c h e s o f t h e Y e l l o w R i v e r i s t h em a i n s o u r c e a r e a o f s e d i m e n t y i e l d .B a s e do n t h e s e d i m e n t y i e l d a n d p r e c i pi t a t i o nd a t a o f 15b a s i n s i n t h eH e l o n g r e g i o n d u r i n g 1961 2017,w e a n a l y z e d t h e v a r i a t i o n t r e n d a n d a b r u p t c h a n ge t i m e of s p e c i f i c s e d i m e n t y i e l dd u r i ng th e s t u d yp e ri o d ,a n d q u a n t i t a t i v e l y i d e n t i f i e d t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n r a t e s o f c l i m a t e c h a n g e a n dh u m a na c t i v i t i e st os e d i m e n t t r a n s p o r tr e d u c t i o n .T h er e s u l t ss h o wt h a t t h es pe c if i cs e d i m e n t y i e l do f t h e 15b a s i n s i n t h e s t u d y a r e a p r e s e n t e da s ig n i f i c a n t d o w n w a r d t r e n d ,a n d th e a b r u p t c h a n g e ti m e c o n c e n t r a t e d i n t h e 1980s a n d 1990s .T h e d e c r e a s e o f p r e c i p i t a t i o n a n d t h e i n c r e a s e o f s o i l a n dw a t e r c o n s e r v a -t i o nm e a s u r e s l e dt ot h ed e c r e a s eo f s pe c if i cs e d i m e n t y i e l d .H u m a na c t i v i t i e s i n m o s tb a s i n sa r e t h e m a i n f a c t o r l e a d i ng t oth ed e c r e a s eo f s p e ci f i cs e d i m e n t y i e l d .T h es h a r p i n c r e a s eo f s o i l a n d w a t e rc o n s e r v a t i o n m e a s u r e s a f t e r t h e1980sh a de f f e c t i v e l y s l o w e dd o w nt h es e d i m e n t y i e l d .T h i ss t u d y a t t e m pt st o p r o v i d e d e c i s i o n -m a k i n g s u p p o r t f o r e c o l o g i c a l r e s t o r a t i o n a n dw a t e r a n d s e d i m e n t r e gu l a t i o n i n t h eY e l l o w R i v e r b a s i n .K e y w o r d s :H e l o n g r e g i o n ;s p e c i f i c s e d i m e n t y i e l d ;p r e c i p i t a t i o n c h a n g e ;a t t r i b u t i o na n a l y s i s 河口 龙门区间(简称河龙区间)位于黄河中游晋陕峡谷段,区间内植被稀疏㊁暴雨密集㊁土壤质地疏松,导致了严重的水土流失问题[1]㊂河龙区间面积占黄河流域总面积的15%,贡献了三门峡以上黄河泥沙量的90%[2]㊂流域产沙量主要取决于降雨和人类活动的影响[3]㊂自20世纪50年代以来,为了控制水土流失和土地退化,黄河中游实施了大规模的梯田㊁造林㊁坝地等水土保持措施,1999年更是启动了退耕还林还草大型生态修复工程[4]㊂此外,20世纪50年代以来,河龙地区气候呈现暖干化趋势(即潜在蒸散发增加,降水量减少)[5]㊂在降雨减少和人类活动的共同作用下,近60a来河龙区间产沙量发生了显著变化,平均每年减少3.3%[6]㊂Z h a n g等[7]指出,气候干旱㊁工程措施和植被增加共同作用导致了1950 2008年黄土高原的产沙量显著减少㊂高海东等[8]以河龙区间为研究对象,认为植被恢复是2000 2017年输沙量减少的主要原因㊂胡春宏等[9]以黄河中游为研究区域,发现在极端降雨事件中,实施水土保持措施的地区比未实施地区的输沙模数减少了75%㊂王飞等[10]发现在不同时期,人类活动对延河流域水沙变化的影响程度有一定差异㊂分析黄河中游河龙区间泥沙变化的特征和原因,不仅对黄河可持续管理至关重要,也可以为多沙粗沙区水土流失的治理提供参考[11]㊂目前的研究对黄河泥沙变化规律和影响因素等方面已有全面的阐述,但对各因素作用大小仍缺乏定量的研究[12]㊂另外,多数研究以河龙区间整体为研究对象,忽略了不同子流域间的对比分析㊂因此,本文选取河龙区间的15个流域,分析1961 2017年输沙模数的变化趋势和突变时间,定量区分气候变化和人类活动对输沙模数的影响,为黄河治理提供参考㊂1研究区概况河龙区间位于黄河中游上段(图1),地处北洛河以东,吕梁山以西,在东经108ʎ02' 112ʎ44',北纬35ʎ40' 40ʎ34'之间,集水面积约11.2万k m2㊂区域内地势北高南低,地貌类型以黄土丘陵沟壑区㊁风沙区和基岩出露区为主,其中黄土丘陵沟壑区占流域总面积的60%以上㊂河龙区间属于温带大陆性季风气候,年均气温2.2ʎ~15ħ,年均降水量310~610m m㊂区域内降雨时空分布极不均匀,空间上由东南向西北递减,东南部年平均降雨量达590m m,西北部年平均降雨量仅为300 m m[13],年内降雨集中在6 9月,占全年总降雨的60%以上㊂作为国家水土保持工作的重点地区,截至2006年底,河龙区间水保措施累计治理面积达418万h m2,为1959年的18倍[14]㊂2数据与方法2.1数据来源输沙量数据由水利部黄河水利委员会发布的黄河流域水文资料获得,输沙模数根据输沙量数据计算而得,数据时间为1961 2017年㊂降水数据由中国气象科技数据中心(h t t p:ʊd a-t a.c m a.c n/)获得,该数据基于国家级台站(基本㊁基准和一般站)的降水月值资料,由薄盘样条法进行空间插值生成,空间分辨率为0.5ʎˑ0.5ʎ㊂各流域的数据使用A r c G I S软件进行剪裁和计算㊂水土保持措施数据来自冉大川[15]和姚文艺等[16]文献㊂图1河龙区间流域、水文站及气象站点位置2.2方法2.2.1 M a n n-K e n d a l非参数趋势检验法M a n n-K e n d a l l非参数检验法是判断时间序列数据趋势的重要方法[17],现已广泛应用于水文㊁气象等时间序列的趋势性分析[18]㊂与参数法相比,该方法不考虑样本序列的分布特征,且检验结果不受序列中少数异常值和中断点的干扰,因而得到了广泛的应用[19]㊂对于给定的时间序列X(x1,x2, ,x n),统计量S定义如下:S=ðn-1i=1ðnj=i+1sg n(x j-x i)(1)式中:x j和x i表示第j和i年的样本值,且j>i:s g n(x j-x i)=1x j>x i0x j=x i-1x j<x iìîíïïïï(2)统计量S近似正态分布,方差为:v a r(S)=n(n-1)(2n+5)18(3)标准化统计量为:Z=s-1/v a r(S)S>00S=0s+1/v a r(S)S<0ìîíïïïï(4)若|Z|>1.96,则在0.05显著性水平下拒绝无趋势的原假设㊂当Z为正值时,表示上升趋势,当Z 为负值时,表示下降趋势㊂趋势度β的公式为:β=m e d i a n(x j-x ij-i),∀j>i(5)β大于0时表示序列呈上升趋势,β小于0时表示序列呈下降趋势㊂93第3期宁珍等:黄河河龙区间输沙变化特征及归因分析2.2.2 P e t t i t t突变点检验法 P e t t i t t检验是目前广泛用于检测水文序列突变点的非参数方法[20]㊂对于给定的时间序列X(x1,x2, ,x n),划分为x1,x2, ,x t和x t+1,x t+2, ,x n两部分,统计量U t,n计算如下:U t,n=U t-1,n+V t,n(6)V t,n=ðn j=1s g n(x t-x j)(7)式中:t=2, ,n;s g n()函数与M a n n-K e n d a l l检验中相同㊂突变点为|U t,n|最大处:K n=m a x U t,n(8)判断显著性水平的统计量p定义为:P=e x p(-6(K n)2n3+n2)(9) 2.2.3输沙变化归因分析使用 水文法 定量区分降雨减少和人类活动对输沙变化的贡献㊂该方法可以用于确定不同时期水文时间序列的差异㊂根据各个流域的突变时间,将突变时间以前的输沙模数序列划分为基准期,突变时间后的时段为受到人类活动影响较多的措施期㊂首先建立基准期内降雨与输沙之间的回归方程,然后用此方程估计措施期的产沙量,实测值与拟合值之间的差值代表人类活动造成的影响,其余的部分由降雨变化造成㊂公式如下:S S Y1=f(P1)(10) S S Y'2=f(P2)(11)ΔS S Y L U C C=S S Y2-S S Y'2(12)ΔS S Y P r e=(S S Y2-S S Y1)-ΔS S Y L U C C(13)式中:S S Y为实测输沙模数(t/k m2);P为降雨量(mm);S S Y'为拟合输沙模数,下标1,2分别表示基准期和措施期;S S Y1和S S Y2分别代表基准期和措施期的平均实测输沙模数;S S Y'2代表措施期的平均拟合输沙模数;ΔS S Y L U C C和ΔS S Y P r e分别是措施期内土地利用/土地覆盖变化和降水变化导致的输沙模数变化量㊂R u s t o m j i等发现黄土高原流域年输沙模数的平方根与年降水量呈线性相关[21]㊂本研究中用此来描述降雨 输沙的关系:S S Y=a P+b(14) 3结果与分析3.1输沙序列趋势分析对1961 2017年15个流域的数据进行分析,研究区内各流域的年平均输沙模数差异较大(表1),范围在730.84~11132.60t/k m2之间,相差15倍以上,15个流域的平均值为6064.66t/k m2㊂MK分析结果显示15个流域的年平均输沙模数都存在显著的下降趋势,下降幅度在-20.74~347.26t/(k m2㊃a)之间㊂表11961-2017年各流域输沙模数的年平均值及M K趋势分析流域观测站年平均输沙模数/(t㊃k m-2)统计量Z趋势度β/(t㊃k m-2㊃a-1)皇甫川皇甫10788.43-5.22*-286.89孤山川高石崖11132.60-6.01*-347.26窟野河温家川8202.03-6.19*-255.18秃尾河高家川4134.06-6.51*-114.26佳芦河申家湾9594.87-5.47*-212.29无定河白家川3350.67-4.61*-66.56清涧河延川7923.09-4.00*-147.90延河甘谷驿6122.40-4.07*-111.16云岩河新市河1257.09-5.80*-30.41仕望川大村730.84-6.56*-20.74湫水河林家坪9196.48-5.11*-222.44三川河后大成3440.22-5.78*-88.79屈产河裴沟6877.29-4.51*-132.14昕水河大宁2760.88-5.93*-89.11州川河吉县4441.47-7.70*-146.55平均值-6064.66-5.93*-179.78注:*表示通过99%显著性检验㊂3.2输沙序列突变点检验使用P e t t i t t检验法对15个流域年输沙模数突变时间和显著性水平进行检验,结果见表2,研究区各流域突变时间主要集中在80,90年代㊂表2输沙模数序列P e t t i t t突变点检验结果流域突变年份统计量p流域突变年份统计量p 皇甫川19960.000云岩河19960.002孤山川19970.000仕望川19830.000窟野河19960.000湫水河19810.000秃尾河19980.000三川河19960.000佳芦河19780.001屈产河19980.004无定河19980.004昕水河19960.000清涧河20020.001州川河19820.000延河19960.0003.3气候变化和人类活动对输沙变化的贡献率定量区分降雨变化和人类活动对输沙减少的贡献,基准期各流域输沙模数的平方根和降雨量之间的线性回归方程见表3,回归方程的决定系数在0.53~ 0.72之间㊂降水变化和人类活动对输沙模数减少的贡献率见图2㊂平均来看,降水和人类活动对输沙模数减少的贡献率分别为37.92%和62.08%㊂在云岩河流域和湫水河流域,降水对输沙模数减少的贡献率大于50%,在其余流域,人类活动是导致输沙模数减少的主要因素㊂位于研究区中部的部分流域中,人类活动对输沙04水土保持研究第29卷模数减少的贡献率较高,如清涧河流域和三川河流域,人类活动的贡献率均大于80%㊂表3输沙模数的平方根与降雨量之间的线性回归方程流域时段回归方程R2p 皇甫川1961 1996年S S Y=0.58P-4.140.690.000孤山川1961 1997年S S Y=0.6P-5.650.710.000窟野河1961 1996年S S Y=0.53P-2.380.720.000秃尾河1961 1998年S S Y=0.31P+2.260.620.000佳芦河1961 1978年S S Y=0.64P-4.830.720.000无定河1961 1998年S S Y=0.28P+1.140.670.000清涧河1961 2002年S S Y=0.38P-3.410.560.000延河1961 1996年S S Y=0.37P-3.260.610.000云岩河1961 1996年S S Y=0.16P-2.520.600.000仕望川1961 1983年S S Y=0.13P-1.890.530.000湫水河1961 1981年S S Y=0.50P-5.520.650.000三川河1961 1996年S S Y=0.28P-4.350.680.000屈产河1961 1998年S S Y=0.41P-5.040.600.000昕水河1961 1996年S S Y=0.25P-3.720.650.000州川河1961 1982年S S Y=0.37P-5.340.570.000图2降水和人类活动对输沙减少的贡献率3.4水土保持措施对输沙的影响自20世纪50年代以来,黄土高原采取了一系列水土保持措施,包括梯田㊁坝地等工程措施和造林种草等生物措施[22]㊂淤地坝是黄土高原地区防治水土流失的主要工程措施,在蓄水拦沙方面发挥了显著作用,河龙区间部分流域淤地坝的多年平均减沙效益可达40%以上[23]㊂退耕还林还草工程实施后,黄土高原植被覆盖度从1999年的31.6%迅速增加到2013年的59.6%[24],植被覆盖能削弱降水对地表的溅蚀和冲刷,被认为是减少侵蚀最有效的措施之一[25]㊂图3为研究区60年代以来水土保持措施统计㊂20世纪80年代之前各项措施的实施速度较慢,但在80年代之后显著加快,水土保持措施的急剧增加可能是流域输沙减少的主要原因㊂1959 2006年,水土保持措施总面积占比由1.28%增加到42.4%,其中造林的增幅最高,由1959年的0.75%增至2006年的29.99%,尤其在90年代后,随着国家水土保持生态建设和退耕还林还草等政策的实施,区间内造林和种草的面积大幅提升㊂至2006年,研究区总水土保持治理度达39.75%,研究区内面积最大的水土保持措施为造林,面积为2.01万k m2,占所有措施总面积的70.92%,种草㊁梯田和坝地依次占16.14%,11.48%和1.82%㊂图3水土保持措施面积比例变化使用15个流域的年代际产沙系数与水土保持措施面积占流域总面积的百分比做线性回归分析,来分析土保持措施对流域产沙的影响,公式如下:S C=-mA C+n(15)式中:S C为产沙系数(S C=S S Y P)的平均值;A C为水土保持措施面积占流域总面积的百分比㊂各流域的回归分析结果见表4㊂表4年代际产沙系数与水保措施总面积占流域总面积比值的回归分析流域回归方程R2p皇甫川S C=-0.64A c+48.810.920.010**孤山川S C=-1.04A c+54.240.860.024*窟野河S C=-0.86A c+40.420.930.008**秃尾河S C=-0.50A c+21.100.990.000***佳芦河S C=-1.19A c+54.340.970.002**无定河S C=-0.37A c+17.190.980.001***清涧河S C=-0.20A c+23.880.280.361延河S C=-0.23A c+18.330.710.073云岩河S C=-0.03A c+2.890.230.417仕望川S C=-0.16A c+3.140.870.021*湫水河S C=-1.27A c+46.900.860.024*三川河S C=-0.28A c+13.500.780.048*屈产河S C=-0.21A c+18.770.430.228昕水河S C=-0.20A c+8.930.690.083州川河S C=-2.69A c+79.920.600.126注:***,**和*分别代表显著性水平0.001,0.01,0.05㊂各流域年代际产沙系数随水土保持措施占比面积增大而下降,共有9个流域通过显著性检验(p< 0.05),决定系数R2范围在0.78~0.99之间㊂共有5个流域(皇甫川㊁窟野河㊁秃尾河㊁佳芦河和无定河)的14第3期宁珍等:黄河河龙区间输沙变化特征及归因分析决定系数大于0.9,这些流域集中在研究区西北侧㊂与东南侧流域相比,研究区西北侧流域的产沙系数与水土保持措施面积占比的相关性更强,水土保持措施在减缓流域产沙方面发挥了更大的作用㊂4结论(1)研究区不同流域间年平均输沙模数差异较大,相差15倍以上㊂在1961 2017年,所有流域的输沙模数都呈现显著的下降趋势,下降幅度最高可达-347.26t/(k m2㊃a)㊂(2)研究区各流域突变时间主要集中在80,90年代,以突变年份划分基准期和措施期,降水变化和人类活动对输沙模数减少的平均贡献率分别为37.92%和62.08%,多数流域中人类活动起到主要作用㊂(3)1959 2006年,水土保持措施面积占比由1.28%增加到42.4%㊂迅速增加的水土保持措施有效减缓了流域产沙,尤其在研究区西北侧,流域年代际产沙系数与水土保持措施面积占比相关性较强,流域的产沙系数随水土保持措施占比的增加而下降㊂参考文献:[1]王飞,穆兴民,李锐,等.河口镇到龙门区间水土保持措施减沙水代价分析[J].水土保持通报,2005,25(6):28-32. 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[23]焦菊英,王万忠,李靖,等.黄土高原丘陵沟壑区淤地坝的减水减沙效益分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2001,15(1):78-83.[24] C h e nYP,W a n g KB,L i nYS,e t a l.B a l a n c i n gg r e e na n d g r a i nt r a d e[J].N a t u r eG e o s c i e n c e,2015,8(10):739-741.[25] F a r l e y K A,J o b b a g y EG,J a c k s o nRB.E f f e c t s o f a f-f o r e s t a t i o no nw a t e r y i e l d:ag l o b a l s y n th e si sw i t hi m-p l i c a t i o n s f o r p o l i c y[J].G l o b a l C h a n g eB i o l o g y,2005,11(10):1565-1576.24水土保持研究第29卷。
渭公河行动作文英语
渭公河行动作文英语英文回答：The Weihe River Action, also known as the "Artificial Wehe River Project," is a large-scale water conservancy project in China that was initiated in 1994. The project aimed to address the severe water shortages and environmental degradation facing the Weihe River basin, which is located in the central-northwestern part of the country.The Weihe River, one of the major tributaries of the Yellow River, originates in the Qinling Mountains and flows for approximately 818 kilometers through the provinces of Shaanxi, Gansu, and Ningxia. The river basin covers an area of approximately 135,000 square kilometers, with a population of over 50 million people.In the 1980s and 1990s, the Weihe River basin faced a number of challenges, including:Severe water shortages: The annual per capita water availability in the basin was less than 500 cubic meters, which is far below the national average.Water pollution: Industrial and agriculturalactivities had led to widespread water pollution, making the river water unsafe for drinking or irrigation.Ecological degradation: The river's ecosystem had been severely damaged by human activities, resulting in a decline in biodiversity and a loss of natural habitats.To address these challenges, the Chinese government launched the Weihe River Action in 1994. The project involved a comprehensive set of measures, including:Construction of water storage facilities: Twenty-five reservoirs and dams were constructed to increase water storage capacity in the basin.Water diversion projects: Water was diverted fromother river basins, such as the Yellow River, to supplement the Weihe River's flow.Water-saving technologies: Advanced irrigation techniques and water-efficient technologies were introduced to reduce water consumption.Environmental protection measures: Industrial and agricultural pollution was controlled, and natural habitats were restored to protect the river's ecosystem.The Weihe River Action has been successful in achieving its objectives. Water shortages have been alleviated, water quality has improved, and the river's ecosystem has been restored. The project has also contributed to the social and economic development of the Weihe River basin, providing benefits to millions of people.中文回答：渭河行动。
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The Freshwater Environment General Situation: Among the 407 key sections on the seven major river systems, which were monitored in 2003, 38.1% met Grades I-III water quality standards, 32.2% were Grade IV and Grade V, and 29.7% were worse than Grade V. Among the 118 nationally controlled sections on the seven major river systems, 53.4% were Grades I-III, 37.3% were Grade IV and Grade V, and 9.3% were worse than Grade V. The water quality of mainstreams was generally better than that of the branches.
Pollution in the Haihe River System was serious: more than 50% of river sections monitored were Grade V. The water quality of Liaohe River was poor: 40.6% of river sections monitored were Grade V. The water quality of the Yellow River was poor too: pollution in its branches was bad in general. The mainstream of Huaihe River was mostly Grade IV, and its branches and river sections along provincial boundaries also had poor quality. Songhuajiang River was mostly Grade IV. The Pearl River and the mainstream and major branches of the Yangtze River had good water quality and were mostly Grade II. The seven major river systems can be put into the following order, in terms of the seriousness of pollution according to the comprehensive pollution index: Haihe, Liaohe, the Yellow River, Huaihe, Songhuajiang, Yangtze River, and the Pearl River.
Compared with the previous year, pollution in Haihe, Liaohe, and Huaihe Rivers had been alleviated to some extent, whereas pollution in Songhuajiang, the Pearl River, and the Branches of the Yellow River had become more serious.
Grade percentage of Water Quality in Seven Main River Basins The main pollutants of the seven river systems were organic pollution. Main pollution indicators were: petroleum, BOD, ammonia nitrogen, permanganate index, volatile phenols, and mercury.
Main River Basins in China The Yangtze River System: There were 103 nationally controlled river sections. Among them, 71.8% were Grades I-III, 17.5% were Grades IV-V, and 10.7% were worse than Grade V. The main pollution indicators were petroleum, and ammonia nitrogen. Grade percentage of Water Quality in Yangtze River System
The Yellow River System: The overall water quality of the Yellow River System was medium pollution. Among the 44 nationally controlled sections, 38.7% were worse than Grade 5. Among the 22 sections monitored on the mainstream, 31.8% were Grades II-III, 54.6% were Grades IV-V, and 13.6% were worse than Grade V. The water quality of the mainstream was better than that of the branches.The main pollution indicators were petroleum, ammonia nitrogen, and permanganate index.
Grade percentage of Water Quality in Yellow River System
The Pearl River System: The overall water quality of the Pearl River was quite good. Among the 33 nationally controlled sections, 81.8% were Grades I-III, 12.1% were Grade IV, and 6.1% were worse than Grade V. The main pollution indicators were volatile phenol, ammonia nitrogen, and petroleum. Grade percentage of Water Quality in Pearl River System
The Songhuajiang River System: Among the 41 nationally controlled river sections, the percentage of sections that were Grades III, IV, V and worse than Grade V was 7.7%, 64.1%, 10.3%, and 17.9% respectively. The Nenjiang River and the mainstream of Songhuajiang River were mostly Grade IV water. The main pollution indicators were petroleum, ammonia nitrogen, and permanganate index.
Grade percentage of Water Quality in Songhua River System
The Huaihe River System: Of the 86 nationally controlled river sections, Grades II-III water accounted for 18.6%, Grades IV-V water accounted for 41.9%, and worse-than-Grade V water accounted for 39.5%. Among the 14 sections on the mainstream, the percentage of sections that were Grades II, III, IV, and V was 14.3%, 21.4%, 57.1%, and 7.1% respectively. 56.8% of the provincial reach has worse-than-Grade V water. The main pollution indicators were ammonia nitrogen, petroleum, and BOD. Grade percentage of Water Quality in Huaihe River System
The Haihe River System: Among the 65 nationally controlled river sections, Grades I-III water accounted for 21.5%, Grade IV and V water accounted for 24.6%, and Grade V accounted for 53.9%. Pollution in Haihe River was still serious, and the water quality had been improved as compared with the previous year. The main pollution indicators were ammonia nitrogen, BOD, and petroleum.