公共管理教育MPA考试：0705东大工程硕士学位英语考 B卷
注意：1。答题时，把1、2页从试卷册撕下解题2。交卷时试卷册也要上交3。请将选中答案涂黑，如：05 a b ● d 。如用√、 、/、×等，一律不予评分
I. 听力理解
01 A B C D 02 A B C D 03 A B C D 04 A B C D 05 A B C D 06 A B C D 07 A B C D 08 A B C D 09 A B C D 10 A B C D 11 A B C D 12 A B C D 13 A B C D 14 A B C D 15 A B C D 1I. 词汇
01 A B C D 02 A B C D 03 A B C D 04 A B C D 05 A B C D 06 A B C D 07 A B C D 08 A B C D 09 A B C D 10 A B C D 11 A B C D 12 A B C D 13 A B C D 14 A B C D 15 A B C D 16 A B C D 17 A B C D 18 A B C D 19 A B C D 20 A B C D
1II. 完形填空
01 A B C D 02 A B C D 03 A B C D 04 A B C D 05 A B C D 06 A B C D 07 A B C D 08 A B C D 09 A B C D 10 A B C D 11 A B C D 12 A B C D 13 A B C D 14 A B C D 15 A B C D III. 阅读理解
01 A B C D 02 A B C D 03 A B C D 04 A B C D 05 A B C D 06 A B C D 07 A B C D 08 A B C D 09 A B C D 10 A B C D 11 A B C D 12 A B C D 13 A B C D 14 A B C D 15 A B C D 16 A B C D 17 A B C D 18 A B C D 19 A B C D 20 A B C D
英译中
中译英
作文
（页面不够，可以写在本页背面）
东南大学工程硕士学位英语考试
(考试时间共计150分钟)
PART I：LISTENING COMPREHENSION（15 points）
Section A ( 1 point each )
Directions: In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on your Answer Sheet.
Section A
1. A. He’s surprised that David changed his mind.
B. He wished he’d thought of David before.
C. David wanted to leave in the morning.
D. David can go to the amusement park himself.
2. A. Because she is full.
B. Because she doesn’t like the apple pie.
C. Because she is worried about putting on weight.
D. Because she is sick.
3. A. He is doing very well in the course. B. He isn’t having much trouble.
C. He understands very little of the lecture.
D. He understood the reading last night.
4. A. Bought him a frame for his picture. B. Bought him a picture.
C. Held a birthday party.
D. Took a photo of him.
5. A. He is still being treated in the hospital. B. He has had an operation.
C. He’ll rest at home for another two weeks.
D. He returned to work last week.
6. A. He has lost most of his money. B. He has bought the wrong book.
C. He has edited three books.
D. He has found the book that is needed.
7. A. Read the article while she waits in line. B. Have her copies made outside the library.
C. Look for a different magazine article.
D. Use a different machine to make her copies.
8. A. Studying for a test. B. Reading a magazine.
C. Shopping for shoes.
D. Writing an essay.
9. A. She’s upset that the man didn’t tell her he’d be late.
B. She never keeps other people waiting.
C. She’s glad that the man phoned her.
D. She wanted the man to help her with her assignment.
Section A ( 1 point each )
Directions:Questions 10 through 12 are based on a talk given by an American diplomat to a Chinese student audience. The talk and the questions will be read only once, so listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow:
10. A. Equality. B. Education . C. Environment. D. Economy
11. A. They have seriously limited their options.
B. They have been trying to join efforts.
C. They have reached an agreement recently.
D. They have increased their production.
12. A. Because it can stimulate economic growth.
B. Because it means another era.
C. Because it guarantees us a hopeful future.
D. Because it creates a good variety of jobs.
Directions: Two speakers are being asked to give their views on the technology of cloning. Listen carefully and then answer questions 13 through 15 according to what you hear.
13. A. It should be limited to cloning animals only.
B. It is acceptable to use it to clone human beings.
C. It should be banned because of its potential dangers.
D. It may create many identical twins in the world.
14. A. She totally agrees with Mr. Bradley.
B. She proposes a careful preparation for its misuse.
C. She holds an opposite view to Mr. Bradley’s.
D. She considers it a great cause and a new science field.
15. A. This technology is going to bring us disasters only.
B. Human beings will make good use of this technology.
C. Cloning technology is inevitable despite people’s fear.
D. People will get tired of this technology eventually.
PART II VOCABULARY（10 points）
Directions：Choose answer A, B, C or D that best defines the underlined part or best fills in the blank.
1. Your goods are of high quality but they have not been sufficiently _____.
A. applauded
B. advertised
C. advocated
D. adored
2. The story was fabricated and completely untrue.
A. made up
B. made out
C. made off
D. made away
3. She looks ridiculous in those tight trousers.
A. absurd
B. strange
C. worthless
D. viscous
4. There is no clue to the _____ of the murderer, so it is difficult to crack the criminal case.
A. ideology
B. idiom
C. identity
D. idleness
5. I will ask an expert to ______ the old furniture in this house before I sell it.
A. overcharges
B. devalue
C. diagnose
D. evaluate
6. Our new plan is still only in its _____ but I am sure it will succeed.
A. infancy
B. inference
C. inferior
D. infinity
7. Their corporate efforts were rewarded with success.
A. joint
B. determined
C. earnest
D. independent
8. _____ is the ability to produce new and original ideas and things.
A. Diversity
B. Flexibility
C. Peculiarity
D. Creativity
9. The press conference came at an awkward time for me.
A. awesome
B. appropriate
C. agonizing
D. embarrassing
10. A _____ is a person who studies the science of the mind and the way it works and of
behavior as an expression of mind.
A. Physician
B. Psychologist
C. Physiologist
D. Biologist
11. Sh e took great care not to _____ her sorrow over her son’s sudden death.
A. discover
B. expose
C. reveal
D. reduce
12. ―Really?‖ I said, trying to convey that it did not really matter.
A. express
B. transport
C. cover
D. reveal
13. The doctor made his diagnosis after studying the patient’s _____.
A. symposiums
B. symptoms
C. phenomenon
D. synonym
14. Only his children could console him when his wife died.
A. understand
B. comfort
C. comprehend
D. entertain
15. Hogon’s voice boomed out of the telephone receiver.
A. flourished
B. boasted
C. burst
D. died
16. If you do not obey me I shall _____ force.
A. appeal to
B. apply to
C. appeal for
D. apply for
17. He was stimulated into new efforts.
A. lured
B. perspired
C. conspired
D. encouraged
18. He could not _____ (himself) very quickly to the heat of the country.
A. adapt
B. adopt
C. admit
D. accord
19. Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of food, _____ their clearness, toughness, and
low cost.
A. in light of
B. in case of
C. in place of
D. by virtue of
20. He treated a twenty-one-year-old with a stubborn case of headache.
A. panic
B. persistent
C. severe
D. stern
PART III CLOZE TEST(15 points)
Directions: Read the passage through. Then go back and choose one item of suitable word(s) marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word(s) you have chosen on your answer sheet.
There are a great many differences between the United States and China; at __1__ you may not understand the actions of Americans or particular __2__ of the American society. When you first arrive in the United States, __3__, like students from other countries, may, __4__ ―culture shock‖ ---a feeling of disorientation or __5__ that often occurs when __6__ leaves a familiar place and moves to an unfamiliar one. This is __7__ and you should not be __8__ by it. As you become more __9__ to life in the United States and to American attitudes, uncomfortable feelings should __10__. Americans usually are willing to answer questions and explain situation which may be unfamiliar to you, so never __11__ to ask for assistance.
It is difficult to __12__ about characteristics of Americans as US society is __13__ of persons who come from __14__ social and cultural backgrounds, who live in varying economic situations and __15__ ways of approaching and living life differ radically. The items mentioned below are offered not to encourage you to ―become American,‖ but to help ease your adjustment to life in the United States.
1. a) times b) time c) sometimes d) any time
2. a) faces b) facets c) facts d) fates
3. a) they b) we c) you d) we’ll
4. a) experience b) exercise c) express d) suffer
5. a) vibration b) shock c) surprise d) confusion
6. a) some b) any one c) any d) someone
7. a) common b) ordinary c) usual d) normal
8. a) disabled b) disrupted c) disintegrated d) disturbed
9. a) accustomed b) interested c) pleased d) familiar
10. a) finish b) diminish c) extinguish d) distinguish
11. a) haste b) hesitate c) afraid d) frightened
12. a) conclude b) generalize c) think d) consider
13. a) made b) consisted c) composed d) combined
14. a) lot b) lots c) several d) numerous
15. a) whose b) which c) the d) some
PART III：READING COMPREHENSION（20 points）
Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
In the 1960s medical researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed a checklist of stressful events. They appreciated the tricky point that any major change can be stressful. Negative events like ―serious illness of a family member‖ were high on the list but so were some positive life-changing events like marriage. When you take the Holmes-Rahe test you must remember that the score does not reflect how you deal with stress—it only shows how much you have to deal with. And we now know that the way you handle these events dramatically affects your chances of staying healthy.
By the early 1970s hundreds of similar studies had followed Holmes and Rahe. And millions of Americans who work and live under stress worried over the reports. Somehow the research got boiled down to a memorable message. Women’s magazines ran headlines like ―Stress causes illness!‖ If you want to stay physically and mentally healthy, the articles said, avoid stressful events.
But such simplistic advice is impossible to follow. Even if stressful events are dangerous many—like the death of a loved one—are impossible to avoid. Moreover any warning to avoid all stressful events is a prescription (处方) for staying away from opportunities as well as trouble. Since any change can be stressful, a person who wanted to be completely free of stress would never marry, have a child, take a new job or move.
The notion that all stress makes you sick also ignores a lot of what we know about people. It assumes we’re all vulnerable (脆弱的) and passive in the face of adversity (逆境). But what about human initiative and creativity﹖Many come through periods of stress with more physical and mental vigor than they had before. We also know that a long time without change or challenge can
lead to boredom, and physical and mental strain.
1. The result of Holmes-Rahe's medical research tells us ____ .
A. the way you handle major events in incorrect.
B. what should be done to avoid stress
C. what kind of event would cause stress
D. how to cope with sudden changes in life
2. The studies on stress in the early 1970’s led to ____ .
A. widespread concern over its harmful effects
B. great panic over the mental disorder it could cause
C. an intensive research into stress-related illnesses
D. popular avoidance of hard jobs
3. The score of the Holmes-Rahe test shows ____ .
A. how much pressure you are under
B. how positive events can change you life
C. how stressful a major event can be
D. how you can deal with life-changing events
4. Why is ―such simplistic advice‖ (Line 1, Para.3)impossible to follow﹖
A. No one can stay on the same job for long
B. No prescription is effective in relieving stress
C. People have to get married someday
D. You could be missing opportunities as well
5. According to the passage people who have experienced ups and downs may become ____ .
A. nervous when faced with difficulties
B. physically and mentally strained
C. more capable of coping with adversity
D. indifferent toward what happens to them
Passage Two
Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.
Encoding, Schacter explains, is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major impact on recalling it later. Failure to encode properly can create annoying situations. If you put your mobile phone in a pocket, for example, and don’t pay attention to what you did because you’re involved in a conversation, you’ll probably forget that the phone is in the jacket now hanging in you wardrobe (衣柜). “Your memory itself isn’t failing you,”says Schacter. “Rather, you didn’t give your memory system the information it needed.‖
Lack of interest can also lead to absent-mindedness. “A man who can recite sports statistics from 30 years ago,”says Zelinski, “may not remember to drop a letter in the mailbox.”Women have slightly better memories than men, possibly because they pay more attention to their environment, and memory relies on just that.
Visual cues can help prevent absent-mindedness, says Schacter. “But be sure the cue is clear and available,”he cautions. If you want to remember to take a medication (药物) with lunch, put the pill bottle on the kitchen table – don’t leave it in the medicine chest and write yourself a note that you keep in a pocket.
Another common episode of absent-mindedness: walking into a room and wondering why you’re there. Most likely, you were thinking about something else. “Everyone does this from time to time,”says Zelinski. The best thing to do is to return to where you were before entering the room, and you’ll likely remember.
6. Why does the author think that encoding properly is very important?
A) It helps us understand our memory system better.
B) It enables us to recall something form our memory.
C) It expands our memory capacity considerably.
D) it slows down the process of losing our memory.
7. One possible reason why women have better memories than men is that ________.
A) they have a wider range of interests
B) they are more reliant on the environment
C) they have an unusual power of focusing their attention
D) they are more interested in what’s happening around them
8. A note in the pocket can hardly serve as a reminder because _________.
A) it will easily get lost
B) it’s not clear enough for you to read
C) it’s out of your sight
D) it might get mixed up with other things
9. What do we learn from the last paragraph?
A) If we focus our attention on one thing, we might forget another.
B) Memory depends to a certain extent on the environment.
C) Repetition helps improve our memory.
D) If we keep forgetting things, we’d better return to where we were.
10. What is the passage mainly about?
A) The process of gradual memory loss.
B) The causes of absent-mindedness.
C) The impact of the environment on memory.
D) A way of encoding and recalling.
Passage Three
Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.
As soon as it was revealed that a reporter for Progressive magazine had discovered how to make a hydrogen bomb, a group of firearm (火器) fans formed the National Hydrogen Bomb Association, and they are now lobbying against any legislation to stop Americans from owning one.
The Constitution, said the association’s spokesman, gives everyone the right to own arms. It doesn’t spell out what kind of arms. But since anyone can now make a hydrogen bomb, the public should be able to buy it to protect themselves.
Don’t you think it’s dangerous to have one in the house, particularly where there are children around. The National Hydrogen Bomb Association hopes to educate people in the safe handling of this type of weapon. We are instructing owners to keep the bomb in a locked cabinet and the fuse (导火索) separately in a drawer.
Some people consider the hydrogen bomb a very fatal weapon which could kill somebody.
The spokesman said, Hydrogen bombs don’t kill people—people kill people. The bomb is for self-protection and it also has a deterrent(威慑的) effect. If somebody knows you have a nuclear weapon in your house, they’re going to think twice about breaking in.
But those who want to ban the bomb for American citizens claim that if you have one locked in the cabinet, with the fuse in a drawer, you would never be able to assemble it in time to stop an intruder (侵入者).
Another argument against allowing people to own a bomb is that at the moment it is very expensive to build one. So what your association is backing is a program which would allow the middle and upper classes to acquire a bomb while poor people will be left defenseless with just handguns.
11. According to the passage, some people started a national association so as to .
A) block any legislation to ban the private possession of the bomb
B) coordinate the mass production of the destructive weapon.
C) instruct people how to keep the bomb safe at home.
D) promote the large-scale sale of this newly invented weapon.
12. Some people oppose the ownership of H-bombs by individuals on the grounds that
A) the size of the bomb makes it difficult to keep in a drawer
B) most people don’t know how to handle the weapon
C) people’s lives will be threatened by t he weapon
D) they may fall into the hands of criminals
13. By saying that the bomb also has a deterrent effect the spokesman means that it.
A) will frighten away any possible intruders
B) can show the special status of its owners
C) will threaten the safety of the owners as well
D) can kill those entering others’ houses by force
14. According to the passage, opponents of the private ownership of H-bombs are very much
worried that .
A) the influence of the association is too powerful for the less privileged to overcome
B) poorly-educated Americans will find it difficult to make use of the weapon
C) the wide use of the weapon will push up living expenses tremendously
D) the cost of the weapon will put citizens on an unequal basis
15. From the tone of the passage we know that the author is .
A) doubtful about the necessity of keeping H-bombs at home for safety
B) unhappy with those who vote against the ownership of H-bombs
C) not serious about the private ownership of H-bombs
D) concerned about the spread of nuclear weapons
Passage Four
Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.
Sign has become a scientific hot button. Only in the past 20 years have specialists in language study realized that signed languages are unique—a speech of the hand. They offer a new way to probe how the brain generates and understands language, and throw new light on an old scientific controversy whether language, complete with grammar, is something that we are born with, or whether it is a learned behavior. The current interest in sign language has roots in the
pioneering work of one rebel teacher at Gallaudet University in Washington, D.C., the world’s only liberal arts university for deaf people.
When Bill Stokoe went to Gallaudet to teach English, the school enrolled him in a course in signing. But Stokoe noticed something odd among themselves, students signed differently from his classroom teacher.
Stokoe had been taught a sort of gestural code, each movement of the hands representing a word in English. At the time, American Sign Language (ASL) was thought to be no more than a form of pidgin English (混杂英语). But Stokoe believed the hand talk his students used looked richer. He wondered: Might deaf people actually have a genuine language? And could that language be unlike any other on Earth? It was 1955, when even deaf people dismissed their signing as s ubstandard. Stokoe’s idea was academic heres y (异端邪说).
It is 37 years later. Stokoe—now devoting his time to writing and editing books and journals and to producing video materials on ASL and the deaf culture—is having lunch at a café near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution. For decades educators fought his idea that signed languages are natural languages like English, French and Japanese. They assumed language must be based on speech, the modulation (调节) of sound. But sign language is based on the movement of hands, the modulation of space. What I said, Stokoe explains, is that language is not mouth stuff—it’s brain stuff.
16. The study of sign language is thought to be
A) a new way to look at the learning of language.
B) a challenge to traditional views on the nature of language.
C) an approach to simplifying the grammatical structure of a language.
D) an attempt to clarify misunderstanding about the origin of language.
17. The present growing interest in sign language was stimulated by
A) a famous scholar in the study of the human brain.
B) a leading specialist in the study of liberal arts.
C) an English teacher in a university for the deaf.
D) some senior experts in American Sign Language.
18. According to Stokoe, sign language is
A) a substandard language.
B) a genuine language.
C) an artificial language.
D) an international language.
19. Most educators objected to Stokoe’s idea because they thought
A) sign language was not extensively used even by deaf people.
B) sign language was too artificial to be widely accepted.
C) a language should be easy to use and understand.
D) a language could only exist in the form of speech sounds.
20. Stokoe’s argument is based on his belie f that
A) sign language is as efficient as any other language.
B) sign language is derived from natural language.
C) language is a system of meaningful codes.
D) language is a product of the brain.
PART IV TRANSLATION
Section A (10 points )
Directions: Put the following into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in the proper space on Answer SheetI.
I came to this country forty-one years ago from China. During the years since, America and American business have passed through several transformations, including the emergence of the United States as the world leader in high technology following World War II. I have played a small role in this era. As a researcher at the Harvard Computation Laboratory in the late 1940s, I helped develop magnetic memory cores, which were essential to the development of modern computers. Later I became a businessman seeking to find and market applications of my innovations in digital electronics.
Section B (10 points )
Directions: Put the following into English. Write your English version in the proper space on Answer Sheet I.
1．从表面上看，这项工作一点儿也不难。
2. 一开始的时候，他没有想到他的歌会受到大众如此的欢迎。
3.他能熟练地讲几种语言，因此感到非常自豪。
4. 19世纪初叶之前，物质是怎样构成整体的一直是科学家们思考的问题。
5. 今天，世界上的很多大城市已经在努力采取行动解决其过时的交通设施问题。
PART VI WRITING (20 points)
Directions: For this part you are to write a composition on the topic My Suggestions for Education Reform. You should write about 200 words. Write your composition on your Answer Sheet.
（答案做在答题纸上）
请将答案做在答题纸上
在职MPA公共管理硕士考试历年真题
1.(2001年选择题1)管理的两重性是指( )。 A.管理的目标性和阶段性 B.管理的科学性和艺术性 C.管理的先进性和可行性 D.管理的组织性和行为性 [答案]B。管理的两重性一方面表现为管理的一般性和特殊性，另一方面也表现为科学性和艺术 性 2.(2001年选择题2)最早系统并且明确分析管理职能的学者是( )。 A.美国学者弗雷德里克·温斯洛·泰罗 B.法国学者亨利·法约尔 C.德国学者马克斯·韦伯 D.美国学者乔治·埃尔顿·梅奥 [答案]B。法国的亨利·法约尔在《工业管理与一般管理》中将管理职能划分为计划、组织、指挥、协调和控制职能。 3.(2001年选择题4)按照管理学的权变理论，权变关系是指以下两个基本变量之间的函数关系( )。 A.管理方法技术和管理条件环境 B.管理的近期目标和中长期目标 C.管理的组织和管理的环境条件 D.管理的集权和分权 [答案]A.权变管理派的代表人物为，权变关系就是管理方法技术与管理条件环境之间的两个以上 变量的函数关系，权变管理就是根据条件环境的自变量与管理方法技术的因变量之间的函数关系确定 的一种最有效的管理。 4.(2001年选择题6)管理学在理论与方法不断创新和发展的基础上，已成为一门独立的学科，形 成了自己的学科特征，这些特征主要是( )。
A.应用学科、发展学科、行为学科 B.理论学科、交叉学科、发展学科 C.人文学科、应用学科、交叉学科 D.发展学科、交叉学科、应用学科 [答案]D 管理学作为一门独立的学科，它的特征主要有：(1)交叉学科。管理学对于管理活动的研究包括 多方面的内容，因此管理学是社会科学和自然科学的多种学科交叉形成的学科。(2)应用学科。管理学自产生起，就是以管理实践活动的直接效用性为特征的，因此管理学具有应用学科的特点。(3)发展学科。管理学的研究必然会随着管理实践的发展不断发展，使之更加科学化，更加适应管理实践的需要。 5.(2001年选择题7)公共管理以公共利益的实现为目标，在现实的管理活动中，它的基本内容可 以概括为( )。 A.承担公共任务 B.提供公共物品 C.管理公共活动 D.建设公共工程 [答案]A.在公共管理的实现性上，公共利益的实现体现为公共服务的提供，因此，公共管理以公共利益的实现作为基本目标，在实现管理活动中，是以公共服务的承担作为基本内容的。公共管理对 于公共服务的承担，包括对公共性事务的管理和公共产品的供给 6. (2001年选择题8)公共组织与其他组织之间的区别的标志是( )。 A.是否具有指令性 B.是否具有公共性 C.是否具有合法性 D.是否具有统一性 [答案]B.公共组织具有一般组织共同的特性。公共组织的特殊性在于其“公共性”，这种公共性集中体现在其组织目标和组织基本功能上，这种公共性也是公共组织与其他组织区别的标志。
英语专业四级考试真题及答案(完整版)
英语专业四级考试真题及答案（完整版） TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2013) —GRADE FOUR— TIME LIMIT: 135 MIN PART I DICTATION [15 MIN] Listen to the following passage. Altogether the passage will be read to you four times. During the first reading, which will be done at normal speed, listen and try to understand the meaning. For the second and third readings, the passage will be read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase, with intervals of 15 seconds. The last reading will be done at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work. You will then be given 2 minutes to check through your work once more. Please write the whole passage on ANSWER SHEET ONE. PART II LISTENING COMPREHENSION [20 MIN] In Sections A, B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the best answer to each question on Answer Sheet Two. SECTION A CONVERSATIONS In this section you will hear several conversations. Listen to the conversations carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions.
2019英语硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案
2019年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案 Section ⅠUse of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land... When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people. If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings. Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution. 18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.
研究生英语期末考试试卷
ad if 命 封 线 密
A. some modern women prefer a life of individual freedom. B. the family is no longer the basic unit of society in present-day Europe. C. some professional people have too much work to do to feel lonely. D. Most Europeans conceive living a single life as unacceptable. 5.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A. To review the impact of women becoming high earners. B. To contemplate the philosophy underlying individualism. C. To examine the trend of young people living alone. D. To stress the rebuilding of personal relationships. Passage Two American dramas and sitcoms would have been candidates for prime time several years ago. But those programs －though some remain popular －increasingly occupy fringe times slots on foreign networks. Instead, a growing number of shows produced by local broadcasters are on the air at the best times. The shift counters longstanding assumptions that TV shows produced in the United States would continue to overshadow locally produced shows from Singapore to Sicily. The changes are coming at a time when the influence of the United States on international affairs has annoyed friends and foes alike, and some people are expressing relief that at least on television American culture is no longer quite the force it once was. “There has always been a concern that the image of the world would be shaped too much by American culture,” said Dr. Jo Groebek, director general of the European Institu te for the Media, a non-profit group. Given the choice, he adds, foreign viewers often prefer homegrown shows that better reflect local tastes, cultures and historical events. Unlike in the United States, commercial broadcasting in most regions of the world －including Asia, Europe, and a lesser extent Latin America, which has a long history of commercial TV －is a relatively recent development. A majority of broadcasters in many countries were either state-owned or state-subsidized for much of the last century. Governments began to relax their control in the 1980’s by privatizing national broadcasters and granting licenses to dozens of new commercial networks. The rise of cable and satellite pay-television increased the spectrum of channels. Relatively inexperienced and often financed on a shoestring, these new commercial stations needed hours of programming fast. The cheapest and easiest way to fill airtime was to buy shows from American studios, and the bidding wars for popular shows were fierce. The big American studios took advantage of that demand by raising prices and forcing foreign broadcasters to buy less popular programs if they wanted access to the best-selling shows and movies. “The studio priced themselves out of prime time,” said Harry Evans Sloan, chairman of SBS Broadcasting, a Pan-European broadcaster. Mr. Sloan estimates that over the last decade, the price of American programs has increased fivefold even as the international ratings for these shows have declined. American broadcasters are still the biggest buyers of American-made television shows, accounting for 90% of the $25 billion in 2001 sales. But international sales which totaled $2.5 billion last year often make the difference between a profit and a loss on show. As the pace of foreign sales slows －the market is now growing at 5% a year, down from the double-digit growth of the 1990’s －studio executives are rethinking production costs. 6. Which of the following best characterizes the image embodied in American shows? A. Self-contradictory B. Prejudice-free C. Culture-loaded D. Audience-targeted 7. The intervention of governments in the 1980’s resulted in __________ . A. the patenting of domination shows and movies B. the emergence of new commercial networks C. the promotion of cable and satellite pay-television D. the intense competition coming from the outside 8. The phrase “on a shoestring” (Para. 6) most probably means __________. A. in need of capital B. after a fashion C. on second thoughts D. in the interests of themselves 9. The main reason why American dramas and sitcoms are driven out of prime time is that ____. A. they lose competitiveness B. they are not market-oriented C. they are too much priced D. they fall short of audience expectations 10. American studio producers will give thought to production costs __________. A. if they have no access to popular shows B. because their endeavors come to no avail C. since bidding wars are no longer fierce D. as international sales pace slows down Passage Three How shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales 1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (th at is，how ants，bees or any social animal，including humans，behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy. 2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani，a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology，described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes，also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying. 3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information，and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.
公共管理硕士MPA考试复习备考攻略
公共管理硕士MPA考试复习备考攻略 仔细分析一下MPA英语联考的试题，口语交际15分，词汇与语法结构10分，阅读理解40分，完形填空15分，英译汉10分，短文写作15分。由此可见，加大词汇量是关键。如果词汇量上不去，阅读、翻译和写作必死无疑；单项选择题方面，即使语法运用相当熟练，在单词不认识的情况下，单项选择题也绝对做不好。因此，如果你词汇量不够，那么背单词应该是你复习期间每天必修的功课。我个人认为词汇量如果上去了，对提高MPA英语成绩最易见效。背单词要考虑记忆的规律。遗忘的速度是先快后慢，也就是说，你今天背了一堆单词，如果不加强记忆的话，多数是在其后的几天内忘掉。因此，你今天记下一些单词，不能说明天后天就不理了，过十来二十天之后再来重复记忆这些单词。这样的话，你前面的功夫很大程度上是白费了。所以，今天背的单词要在近几天内加强记忆，随后才把加强记忆的时间不断拉开。 那种有例句的词汇表比单纯的词汇表要好一些，一来比较生动，易加深印象，二来从例句中可以看出其用法和搭配。但不要傻乎乎地想把例句背下来，这样做的愿望是良好的，但你没有那么多的时间和那么强大的记忆力。例句只是记单词时的调味品，多数的时间还得花在单词上。听说市面上还有那种把单词一一读给你听的录音带，我没试过，大家不妨一试。不过，单纯的背单词始终是枯燥无味，遗忘率高。考虑到阅读占分多，可多安排做阅读题，使做阅读和背单词互相促进。至于做阅读题的技巧，MPA联考指南上就有介绍，这里不再罗嗦。需要提醒一句的是，问答式阅读题在回答时不要完全是原文照抄，这样会扣分的。尽量用自己的话简洁地回答，或把原文换一种说法表达出来。 我觉得语法学习对提高成绩的作用不象词汇学习那么容易见效，但这并不表示语法不重要。语法不好，看不懂较长较复杂的句子，对阅读和翻译会有很大影响，并且对单项选择和写作影响更大。语法对单项选择和写作的影响有所不同，基本语法和词汇用法主要影响写作的得分，较复杂的语法和词汇用法主要影响单项选择题的得分。复习语法不要只靠看语法知识，这样一来不容易记住，二来即使记住了，在做题时却不会把相关的语法知识应用上。最好是按照指南上的安排，看一章语法知识，做一份相关的练习加以巩固。对每一道做错的题都要找出错在哪里，把相关知识点写在旁边。考试前可重点看这些做错的题目，这样既可以加强语法知识，又可以提醒自己哪些方面容易出错。词汇和语法是英语的双腿，有了强健的双腿，才能走得快，走得稳。 多做练习对提高英语成绩大有好处。如果你特别勤奋，指南上的题都做完了，甚至高分突破 英语分册也做完了，那么可以做一做业余四级和六级考试的真题，因为难度比较接近。其实MPA 英语无非就是语法、词汇加积累，所以一定要多读多背多练，相信按照以上方法复习，你的英语肯定会在短时间内有所提高的。 公共管理基础主要是理论方面的东西比较多，而理论方面的知识除了多背之外也没有别的办法了，因此公共管理基础被大家形象的成为“背多分”，尤其是行政学，基本上是无背不成分。管理学的特点是体系分明，内容有趣，与实际工作联系性强，因此理解和记忆不可偏废。事 实上，大纲上也说基础知识和实际应用各占50分。因此，在学习管理学时，加强理解是必不可少的。要多与实际工作相结合，使得这些知识显得不是外力强加给你的，而是你自己的心得体会，这样做题才会得心应手。再说，理解和记忆是相辅相成的，理解了的东西记得更牢。至于复习过程，可参考下面行政学复习过程“三段论”。 行政学的特点是知识点多、分散、枯燥无味，相互间的逻辑联系也不强。对于行政学，理解似乎不是问题，问题出在记忆上。很多备考公共管理硕士的考生都有这样的体会——记了后面的，忘了前面的，反反复复，无所适从。我把整个复习过程分成三个阶段： 1、打基础阶段
2020年英语专业四级考试真题及答案
英语专业四级考试真题 PART III CLOZE 【15 MIN】 Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks．Mark the best choice for each blank on Answer Sheet Two． The earthquake of 26th December 2004 resulted in one of the worst natural disasters in living memory．It was a (31) _____ underwater quake and occurred in the Indian Ocean．It (32) ____ coastlines，communities and brought death to many people． Why do earthquakes happen? The surface of the earth has not always looked as it does today；it is moving(33)____ (although very slowly)and has done so for billions of years．This is one(34)____ of earthquakes，when one section of the earth (tectonic plate)(35)____ another．Scientists can predict where but not(36)____ this might happen and the area between plates is called a fault line．On one fault line in Kobe，Japan in 1923 over 200,000 people were killed．(37)____，earthquakes do not always happen on fault lines，(38)____ is why they are so dangerous and (39)____． Where do volcanoes happen? Volcanoes happen where the earth's(40)____ is thin：lava，dust and gases(41)____ from beneath the earth．They can rise into a huge cone shape like a mountain and erupt，(42)____ they can be so violent(43)____ they just explode directly from the earth with no warning．There are 1511(44)'____' volcanoes in the world．This means that they may(45)____ be dangerous．In 1985 the Colombian volcano Nevado del Ruiz erupted．The lava melted a glacier and sent tones of mud(46)____ the town below．Twenty thousand people died．Natural disasters like volcanic eruptions are often unpredictable．We regularly do not know when they(47)____ pen，or (48)____ where they will happen．In the future，scientists may be able to watch and predict(49)____ before they happen．This could(50)____ many lives． 31．A．massive B．significant C．great D．grand 32．A．changed B．converted C．destroyed D．transformed 33．A．frequently B．continuously C．regularly D．periodically 34．A．source B．reason C．movement D．cause 35．A．collides with B．confronts with C．meets with D．faces with 36．A．how B．why C．when D．what
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二真题及答案
2018年考研英语（二）试题及参考答案 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to 1 uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3 . In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago and the Wisconsin School of Business tested. Student’s willingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one 5 each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would 6 an electric shock when clicked. Twenty-seven students were told which pens were electrified, another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified 7 left alone in the room, the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew what would 8 subsequent experiments reproduced, this effect with other stimuli 9 the sound of finger nails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects. The drive to_10_is deeply rooted in humans. Much the same as the basic drives for_11_or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago Curiosity is often considered a good instinct-it can _12_New Scientific advances, for instance-but sometimes such_13_can backfire, the insight that curiosity can drive you to do _14_things is a profound one. Unhealthy curiosity is possible to 15 , however, in a final experiment, participants who were encouraged to 16 how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to 17 to see such an image. These results suggest that imagining the 18 of following through on one’s curiosity ahead of time can help determine 19 it is worth the endeavor. ” Thinking about long-term 20 is key to reducing the possible negative effects of curiosity. Hsee says “in other words, don’t read online comments”. 1. [A]Protect [B] resolve [C] discuss [D] ignore 2. [A]refuse [B] wait [C] regret [D] seek 3. [A]hurt [B] last [C]mislead [D] rise 4. [A]alert [B] tie [C] treat [D] expose 5. [A]message [B] review [C] trial [D] concept
公共管理硕士MPA经典案例分析题解答
公共管理硕士MPA经典案例分析题解答 某市场火车票售票处，一位女售票员正在忙碌地工作着，窗外正排着长长地购票队伍。她在接待两位外地男旅客，向他们介绍车次，因而放慢了售票速度。后面一位女旅客等得不耐烦了，就挤到售票口训斥这位女售票员：“你是在售票还是在谈情说爱？”后面地旅客也不分青红皂白的轰起来。面对这种情景，这位女售票员不是针锋相对，也不是反唇相讥，而是谦和地说：“非常抱歉，让您久等了。”接着她还简要地向这位旅客解释了放慢售票速度地原因。这一说，女旅客平心静气地回到自己地列位上，售票工作又正常地进行了。 问题： 1.这个案例涉及什么理论？请简要地阐述这个理论。 2.这位女售票员为什么能顺利地处理这一场口角？ 名师解答： 1、答：这个案例涉及沟通中的相互作用分析理论。这个理论指出，每个人在沟通中往往处于一种自我状态。“父母自我状态”，以权威与优越感为标志，通常表现为统治、责骂和其他专制作用。“儿童自我状态”以冲动、好奇为特征。“成人自我状态”以客观理智为特征。上述三种心理状态，汇合为人的性格，而且蕴藏在人的潜意识中，在一定条件下会不自觉地表现出来。在每一个人身上，这三种自我心理状态的比重并不相同，因而沟通行为的效果也不一样。上述三种自我心理状态分别以p、a、c表示，故又称p%26#8 226;ac理论。 2、答：这位女售票员之所以能够顺利地处理这场口角，是由于她以“成人自我状态”（a）与别人，即与顾客沟通。她将局面扭转到成人－成人的模式中，即注意事实根据和理智的分析，总代表地、合乎逻辑地分析顾客不满、指责的情况，心平气和地与顾客进行沟通，从而取得了顾客的谅解. 公共管理硕士MPA入学面试真题 1．问：你是新上任的副镇长，根据镇政府的决议给下属安排工作，在会上同时有几个下属提出理由不能执行，使你很难堪你该怎么办？ 【回答要点】：正确的做法是虚心听取群众的不同意见，认真调查和了解各方面的情况。如所提问题确实有道理，可暂不实行，切忌强调面子，一时冲动，一棍子打死，这是正确对待群众意见的大问题。
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题(附答案详解)
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一) Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition1 many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2, in the wrong place often carries a high 3. 4, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else. 11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “What’s in here?” before look ing into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look 15. Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty-and realized the tester had 17 them. Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19, only five of the 30 children paired with the “20”tester participated in a follow-up activity. 1. [A] on [B] like [C] for [D] from 2. [A] faith [B] concern [C] attention [D] interest 3. [A] benefit [B] debt [C] hope [D] price 4. [A] Therefore [B] Then [C] Instead [D] Again 5. [A]Until [B] Unless [C] Although [D] When 6. [A] selects [B] produces [C] applies [D] maintains 7. [A] consult [B] compete [C] connect [D] compare 8. [A] at [B] by [C]of [D]to 9. [A] context [B] mood [C] period [D] circle 10.[A] counterparts [B] substitutes [C] colleagues [D]supporters 11.[A] Funny [B] Lucky [C] Odd [D] Ironic 12.[A] monitor [B] protect [C] surprise [D] delight 13.[A] between [B] within [C] toward [D] over 14.[A] transferred [B] added [C] introduced [D] entrusted 15.[A] out [B] back [C] around [D] inside 16.[A] discovered [B] proved [C] insisted [D] .remembered 17.[A] betrayed [B]wronged [C] fooled [D] mocked