雅思英语基本句型及固定搭配

前言

在一些高级英语考试当中，如托福、雅思、GRE和GMAT中，动辄好几行的长句子难

免让人感到头痛。本系列试图将构成长句子的各种因素逐一拆解，给大家一个清晰的

思路，以使大家用最少的阅读次数读懂长句。

需要大家注意的是，一个真正复杂的句子通常都是好几种语法结构的组合，所以，大

家只有对每种情况都非常熟悉，才能确保思路不断。

另外，文中所有的译文，都仅用来供大家核对自己的理解是否合理，而不是严格意义

上的“翻译”。我们的目的是最好的理解，而不是最完美的翻译，毕竟翻译是另一门学问了。

大量的阅读也是良好写作能力的基石，试想有哪个阅读量为零的人能写出漂亮的文章呢？因此大家在理解长句的基础上，应该设法把各种语法特点用在自己的写作过程之中。

第一章“先主后次”原则和介词短语后置

汉语的表达思维通常是“先次后主”原则。

如：

关于石油的真正争议是它对挪威生活方式的威胁。

1. The real argument over oil is its threat to the Norwegian way of life.

又如：

研究这些新材料的关键在于研究人员与日俱增的在分子水平控制物质的能

力。

2. The key to the research of the new materials is researchers’ increasing ability to manipulate substances at the molecular level.

有时，修饰成分也可以被其他内容所修饰而成为被修饰成分，就产生了介词的接连出现，于是句子变长了。如：

通过用某些超龄的驱逐舰交换在西半球的英国领地建设美军基地的权利，美

国帮助了英国。

3. The U.S. helped Britain by exchanging certain overage destroyers for the right to establish American bases in British territory in the Western Hemisphere.

再如：

年轻一代的教育的主要目的之一是为未来的市民配备他们在成年社会所需要的一

切。

4. One of the chief aims of educations of the younger generation is to equip future citizens with all they require to take their place in adult society.

名词后的介词短语通常用来修饰前面的名词，但要注意区分动词短语中的介词与起修

饰作用的介词结构的区分，同时一些常用的名词/动词与介词的固定搭配也需要牢记，才能正确的应用到自己的作文中。

后置定语练习：

1. the research literature on left-handedness

2. nine out of ten people

3. a genetic or inherited element to handedness

4. about 6 per cent of children with two right-handed parents

5. off-spring with the same handedness

6. paralysis of the right half of their body.

7. a brain researcher at the Australian National University in Canberra

8. fine control of movement

9. some capacity in the right hemisphere

10. the recovery of speech

11. her studies of macaque monkeys

12. a trend in monkeys towards the asymmetry

13. a clearer image of smaller and smaller objects

14. detailed imaging of the inner workings of cells

15. the invention of the ribbon machine by Corning in the 1920s

16. one of the great mechanical achievements of all time

17. a moving belt of steel

18. The secret of the versatility of glass

19. the atoms in the raw materials

20. meeting facilities in Sydney's southern suburbs

21. an organisational structure with only three levels of management

22. a preference for people with some 'service' experience

23. The balance of the positions at the hotel

24. people from all three categories

25. greater management flexibility during peak and quiet times

26. The most crucial way of improving the labour cost structure at SAH

27. more productive ways of providing customer service

28. their own suggestions for improvement

29. Trade outside the city

30. Estimates of the ratio of basic to service workers

31. lower Manhattan between two river mouths

32. an unrealistic optimism about the nature of the zoo industry

33. a serious underestimate of the total number of places

34. A prevalent attitude amongst many nurses in the group

35. the level of absenteeism amongst the 250 Registered an Enrolled Nurses in the present study

36. incentives from local businesses

37. the ward with the lowest absence rate

38. working schedule within the limits of clinical needs

39. the pattern of absence of staff with excessive sick leave

40. a 5 per cent decrease from the first to the second year of the study.

41. A significant decrease in absence over the two -year period

42. he long-term effects of incentive awards on absenteeism

43. significant improvements in communication between managers and staff

44. implementation of the third strategy

45. concentration of vehicles

46. air quality in urban areas

47. 90 per cent of inland freight in the United Kingdom

48. the old modes of transport

49. life without a car

50. Mass use of motor vehicles

51. A 1993 study by the European Federation for Transport and Environment

52. fuel efficiency of engines

53. Better integration of transport systems

54. The fruitless search for the cause of the increase in illiteracy is a tragic example of the saying 'They can't see the wood for the trees'.

55. The teacher's task of improving comprehension

56. influences outside the classroom

57. books with pictures

58. new hope of liberation from the shadows of cancer

59. every single gene within the double helix of humanity's DNA

60. new forms of discrimination and new methods of oppression

61. a variety of species with overlapping periods of activity.

62. an integral part of the successful management of dairy farms in Australia over the past few decades

固定搭配

1. turned to the brain for clues

2. a number of things

3. dispose of that unwanted material.

4. process information by means of light

5. hundreds of times

6. take advantage of the need for breaking up the bulk material

7. Good local government is already bringing this about in some places.

8. But few democratic communities are blessed with the vision - and the capital - to make such profound changes in modern lifestyles.

9. A more likely scenario seems to be a combination of mass transit systems for travel into and around cities, with small 'low emission' cars for urban use and

larger hybrid or lean burn cars for use elsewhere.

10. There is a great concern in Europe and North America about declining standards of literacy in schools.

11. decline in literacy.

12. a great deal of empirical evidence shows that pictures interfere in a damaging way with all aspects of learning to read.

13. prevents children younger than nine from creating a mental image

14. It is hard to wean children off picture books

15. a narrow focus on disease

16. sense of values

17. free humanity from the terrible scourge of diverse diseases

18. Many characteristics, such as height and intelligence, result not from the action of genes alone, but from subtle interactions between genes and the environment.

19. the beetles to dispose of the dung

综合应用

1. learn a hand preference from their mother in the first year of life

2. the specialisation in function of the two hemispheres results in anatomical differences

3. Every brain is initially female in its organisation.

4. attitudes towards left-handed people are gradually changing for the better

5. a new type of glass fashioned of nuclear waste in order to dispose of that unwanted material.

6. the cost of one was equivalen t to half a day‘s pay for the average worker

7. the atoms in the raw materials are disturbed from their normal position in the molecular structure

8. Glass as instant curtains is available now.

9. difficulties in Australia in providing long-term profits for hotel owners

第二章定语从句

修饰名词的成分叫作“定语”，如果这个修饰成分由句子充当，则称为“定语从句”。根据“先主后次”原则，定语从句只能位于被修饰成分之后，这也给中国考生带来了一些障碍。

但是，英文句子的核心成分（主谓宾）的先后顺序与汉语一致，只是各个核心成分的修饰内容，要按照英语的习惯放在被修饰内容的后面。这有点类似中文中使用括号来表达注解作用，例如这个句子：

昨天下午讲过的内容和今天讲的内容有点类似。

内容（昨天下午讲的）和内容（今天讲的）有点类似。

The content which was taught yesterday afternoon is somewhat similar to that of today.

按这个过程下来，写出的英文就已经比较符合英语的逻辑了。———————————————————————

现在我们看看如何理解英文含有定语从句的句子：

1. Even among identical twins who have exactly the same genes, one in six pairs will

differ in their handedness.

逐字理解如下：

即便在同卵双胞胎（他们有完全相同的基因）中，六对中也有一对在用手习惯上

有差异。

整理后如下：

即便在有着完全相同基因的同卵双胞胎中，…。

2. It‘s a system of signs that enables us to categorise phenomena that are essentially ambiguous.

逐字理解如下：

这是一个符号系统（它使我们能够分类一些现象<这些现象本质上是模糊的>）。

整理后如下：

这是一个能够是我们分类一些本质上是模糊的现象的符号系统。

是不是一定要整理成最后这样才能理解呢？我相信大部分人在明确修饰关系的前提下，逐字理解，就足够了。这样我们就可以避免不停的将修饰成分按中文习惯摆放在

被修饰名词的前面，从而提高了理解的效率。

所以，明确哪些是主要成分，哪些是起修饰作用的成分，并且明确了被修饰的是哪个字，我们就可以在不重新调整各个成分的前提下，最快速的理解英文句子。

读含有定语从句的复杂句时，关键在于：

1，找到主干（主谓宾）；2，明确修饰关系。

这样的话，修饰成分就可以暂时被放在你脑中的一个虚拟括号里来放在后面，用来修饰它前面的名词。不难看出，顺序理解的重要原因就是我们把引导词当成了一个词来处理，以减少重新排序的情况出现：

who/that - 这个人，这些人，Ta(们)

which/that - 这件事，这个东西，它(们)

where - 在这里，在那里

when - 在这时，在那时

whose - Ta(们)的

例句：

Who/that：

1. The results of this research may be some consolation to left-handers who have

for centuries lived in a world that is designed to suit right-handed people.

2. Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes did so to

create demand as much as to respond to it.

3. This seems an extremely optimistic proposition from a man who must be aware

of the failings and weaknesses of the zoo industry, the man who had to

persuade the zoo to devote more of its activities to conservation.

4. The results of this research may be some consolation to left-handers who have

for centuries lived in a world designed to suit right-handed people.

5. The hotel also recognised that it would need a different approach to selecting employees who would fit in with its new policies.

Which/that：

1. Another thing we mustn’t forget is the ‘small ads’ which are in virtually every newspaper and magazine.

2. The ice rests on rock that is mostly well below sea level.

3. A firm called Kyocera has created a line of ceramic scissors and knives that stay

sharp for years and never rust or corrode.

4. Such approaches are western attempts to tap the same higher intelligence that

we contact through meditation.

5. Norwegians see in them many of the qualities that they regard as essentially Norwegian.

6. This involves the investigation of bizarre and idiosyncratic social practices which happen to be defined as deviant in some societies but not necessarily in others.

7. In Japan, scientists at the Shimizu Corporation have developed "space creation" systems which mix light, sounds, breezes and scents to stimulate people who

spend long periods below ground.

Where：

1. In Tokyo builders are planning a massive underground city to be begun in the

next decade, and underground shopping malls are already common in Japan, where 90 percent of the population is squeezed into 20 percent of the landspace.

2. Growing numbers of scientists therefore see Antarctica as a sensor, where potentially dangerous global trends may be spotted before they show up to the north.

3. This proximity to water is also true of Boston, Philadelphia, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Singapore, Bangkok, Hong Kong and Yokohama, where the commercial, financial, and administrative centres are still grouped around their harbours even though each city has expanded into a metropolis.

4. The South African ball-rolling species, being a subtropical beetle, prefers the climate of northern and coastal New South Wales where it commonly works

with the South African tunnelling species.

When：

1. The protests began before dawn Friday when several thousand demonstrators broke through police lines around construction site.

2. It will be a great day when all the dieters in the world abandon their slimming courses; when they hold out their plates and demand second helpings!

3. The innovation didn’t catch on until after 1896, when a brewery had the novel idea of advertising its product in match books.

4. Zoos were originally created as places of entertainment, and their suggested involvement with conservation didn‘t seriously arise until about 30 years ago,

when the Zoological Society of London held the first formal international

meeting on the subject.

Whose

1. He introduced another professor to the project, whose findings of research often astonished his other queers.

2. Customers queued up to buy the house whose back wall consists of a grassy mound and whose front is a long glass gallery.

介词+which/who

1. So all life is a great chain, the nature of which is known whenever we are shown

a single link of it.

2. A narrow ribbon of molten glass travels over a moving belt of steel in which there are holes.

3. If suggestions require analysis or data collection, the Take Charge team has 30 days in which to address the issue and come up with recommendations.

4. The WZCS estimates that there are about 10,000 zoos in the world, of which around 1,000 represent a core of quality collections.

5. He now has a new commission - a glass sculpture for the headquarters building of a pizza company - for which his fee is half a million dollars.

定语从句修饰主语

1. Patients who had lost their powers of speech as a result of a stroke (a blood clot in the brain) had paralysis of the right half of their body.

2. Areas that are involved with the production of speech are usually larger on the left side than on the right.

3. But not all the glass technology that touches our lives is ultra-modern.

综合练习

1. Despite this, from North America to the Antipodes, the first books that many school children receive are totally without text.

2. When children were given words and pictures, those who seemed to ignore the pictures and pointed at the words learnt more words than the children who pointed at the pictures, but they still learnt fewer words than the children who

had no illustrated stimuli at all.

3. the idea gained currency within the scientific world that the techniques which were successfully deciphering disorder-related genes could be applied to a

larger project.

4. Anything which impedes the development of literacy is a serious matter for us all.

5. This commitment has now been clearly defined in The World Zoo Conservation Strategy (WZGS, September 1993), which does seem to be based on an

unrealistic optimism about the nature of the zoo industry.

6. The Federation of Zoological Gardens of Great Britain and Ireland has occasionally had members that have been roundly censured in the national press.

7. These include Robin Hill Adventure Park on the Isle of Wight, which many considered the most notorious collection of animals in the country.

8. Think of glass that will change from clear to opaque at the push of a button, that gives you instant curtains.

9. A series of tests and interviews were conducted with potential employees, which eventually left 280 applicants competing for the 120 advertised positions.

10. Harbour is a physical concept, a shelter for ships; port is an economic concept,

a centre of land-sea exchange which requires good access to a hinterland even more than a sea-linked foreland.

11. It is landward access, which is productive of goods for export and which demands imports, that is critical.

12. Sea ports have been transformed by the advent of powered vessels, whose size and draught have increased.

13. The major examples here are oil refining and ore refining, which are commonly located at ports.

14. The study reported here was conducted in the Prince William Hospital in Brisbane, Australia, where, prior to this time, few active steps had been taken

to measure, understand or manage the occurrence of absenteeism.

15. Similar attitudes have been noted by James (1989), who noted that sick leave is seen by many workers as a right, like annual holiday leave.

16. in wards with staff members who had long-term genuine illness, there was little chance of winning

17. there were also staff members who felt that talking to them about their absenteeism was 'picking' on them and this usually had a negative effect on management—employee relationships.

18. city streets and motorways are becoming more crowded than ever, often with older trucks, buses and taxis, which emit excessive levels of smoke and fumes.

19. Besides, global car use is increasing at a faster rate than the improvement in emissions and fuel efficiency which technology is now making possible.

20. But these are solutions for countries which can afford them.

21. If they do not know a word and look to the picture for a clue to its meaning, they may well be misled by aspects of the pictures which are not closely related to

the meaning of the word they are trying to understand.

22. He examined the work of other researchers who had reported problems with the use of pictures and who found that a word without a picture was superior to a

word plus a picture.

23. In 1989, a team of American and Canadian biologists announced that they had found the site of the gene which, when defective, gives rise to cystic fibrosis.

24. At the least, these scientific advances may offer a way of screening parents who might be at risk of transmitting a single-gene defect to any children that they conceive.

25. A narrow ribbon of molten glass travels over a moving belt of steel in which there are holes.

26. If suggestions require analysis or data collection, the Take Charge team has 30 days in which to address the issue and come up with recommendations.

27. The WZCS estimates that there are about 10,000 zoos in the world, of which around 1,000 represent a core of quality collections.

28. He now has a new commission - a glass sculpture for the headquarters building of a pizza company - for which his fee is half a million dollars.

29. The smell of the sea and the harbour, the sound of boat whistles or the moving tides are symbols of their multiple links with a wide world, samples of which are present in microcosm within their own urban areas.

30. None of the single-gene disorders is a disease in the conventional sense, for which it would be possible to administer a curative drug

31. Once before in this century, the relentless curiosity of scientific researchers brought to light forces of nature in the power of the atom, the mastery of which

has shaped the destiny of nations and overshadowed all our lives.

32. Australia’s native dung beetles are scrub and woodland dwellers, specialising in coarse marsupial droppings and avoiding the soft cattle dung in which bush

flies and buffalo flies breed.

33. A number of species are available from the CSIRO or through a small number of private breeders, most of whom were entomologists with the CSIRO’s dung

beetle unit who have taken their specialised knowledge of the insect and

opened small businesses in direct competition with their former employer.

34. Everyone can see a situation developing in which the service industries and the

tourist industry will lose more of their workers to the oil industry.

35. What would be the implications if humanity were to understand the genetic constitution which will predispose one person towards a higher intelligence than another individual whose genes were differently shuffled.

36. Some of the most remarkable beetles are the dung beetles, which spend almost their whole lives eating and breeding in dung’.

37. Of the 26 species that are known to have become successfully integrated into

the local environment, only one, an African species released in northern

Australia, has reached its natural boundary.

38. Most species burrow into the soil and bury dung in tunnels directly underneath

the pats, which are hollowed out from within.

39. The shallowest tunnels belong to a much smaller Spanish species that buries

dung in chambers that hang like fruit from the branches of a pear tree.

40. Some surface-dwelling beetles cut perfectly-shaped balls from the pat, which

are rolled away and attached to the bases of plants.

41. The South African ball-rolling species, being a subtropical beetle, prefers the climate of northern and coastal New South Wales where it commonly works

with the South African tunnelling species.

第二章定语从句的省略

英语忌讳重复。我们知道从句中的引导词其实指代的是前面的被修饰名词，虽然形式上可能是用which或者that之类的引导词取代了前面的名词，但是实质内容还是相同的，所以理论上引导词是可以省略的。实际上也的确可以。分为以下两种情况：一. 当引导词在从句中不做主语时，通常可以直接省略。如：

the high rewards they bring = the high rewards that they bring

练习：

1. Many of the nurses had not realised the impact their behaviour was having on

the organisation and their colleagues

2. Car transport is seven times as costly as rail travel in terms of the external social costs it entails such as congestion, accidents, pollution, loss of cropland and

natural habitats, depletion of oil resources, and so on.

3. She claims that when children come to a word they already know, then the

pictures are unnecessary and distracting.

4. The genetic inheritance a baby receives from its parents at the moment of conception fixes much of its later development, determining characteristics as

varied as whether it will have blue eyes or suffer from a life- threatening illness.

5. AHI has set an expectation that employees will submit at least three

suggestions for every one they receive from a customer.

二. 引导词做从句主语时的省略

那么当引导词在从句中作为出于出现时，是否可以直接省略呢？我们来试一下：

the man who resembles John = the man resembles John ？

和John很像的那个人= 那个人和John很像？

显然直接省略引导词后，原本的名词属性被变成了句子，这是不可以的。

但是是不是就不能省略了呢? 当然不是，只是省略后，为了不让整个结构从名词变成

句子，要使省略了主语后的从句剩余部分失去谓语功能，因此：

a. 当修饰用动词与逻辑主语是主动关系时，则将从句谓语动词变为现在分词（现

在分词表示主动）。如：

the man who resembles John = the man resembling John

b. 当修饰用动词与逻辑主语是被动关系时，则同时去掉从句中的be动词，只保

留过去分词表被动。如：

the matches used today = the matches that are used today

c. 当从句中是be+adj结构时，则只需去掉be动词即可。如：

those people able to master it = those people who are able to master it

a complex complete with shops= a complex which is complete with shops

需要说明的是，以上所举的例子，只是经过从句和分词修饰的名词，并不是一个完整的句子。实际应用中，这些经过修饰的名词可以在句子中充当主语或者宾语（因为名词本来就可以做这两个成分）。

如：

1. The man resembing John doesn't work as proficiently as him.

2. He invented the matches used today.

3. This increasing role of women in the scientific subculture is not an unique

incident but, rather, part of the trend evident in all segments of society as more

women enter traditionally male-dominated fields and make significant

contributions.

这样，分词则可以被看作后置形容词来直接修饰前面的名词。此时的分词只表达被修饰名词与该动词的主被动关系，与时间无关。

三. 当仅仅用一个分词修饰名词的时候，该分词也可以不后置，直接放在被修饰

名词的前面,这样看起来形式上更接近形容词，因此经常有人说“分词做形容词”。如：

1. this increasing role of women = this role of women which is increasing

2. male-dominated fields = fields that is male-dominated

3. unwanted material

4. a moving belt of steel

5. waiting moulds

6. compressed air

7. melting process

8. building designers

9. a random disordered fashion

10. a sea-linked foreland

11. finished goods

12. the established wage and salary system

13. improved cooperation and communication

14. horse-drawn wagon

15. congested and polluting ways of transporting people and goods

16. Electronically tolled highways

17. far-reaching effects

18. a long-established tradition

19. self-sustaining part of the local ecology

(完整版)初中英语作文常用句型介绍

初中英语作文常用句型介绍英语作文常用句型是学生在英语作为写作中非常重要的一个考察方面，在学生掌握了一定的词汇后，一篇好的英语作文，必须有着很多恰当的句法的配合，才能让作文生动、富有感情，才是一篇活的作文，所以总结出一些英语作文常用的举行和语法，供学生参考，常用于引言段的句型 1. Some people think that …. To be frank, I can not agree with their opinion for the reasons below. 2. For years, … has been seen as …, but things are quite different now. 3. I believe the title statement is valid because…. 4. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that …. I believe…. 5. My argument for this view goes as follows. 6. Along with the development of…, more and more…. 7. There is a long-running debate as to whether…. 8. It is commonly/generally/widely/ believed /held/accepted/recognized that…. 9. As far as I am concerned, I completely agree with the former/ the latter. 10. Before giving my opinion, I think it is essential to look at the argument of both sides. 常用于正文段的句型一、表示比较和对比的常用句型和表达法 1. A is completely / totally / entirely different from B. 2. A and B are different in some/every way / respect / aspect. 3. A and B differ in….

初中英语常见固定搭配汇总

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初中英语固定搭配大全由动词开头构成的短语、词组很多。复习时应分类处理：一、动词+介词 1．look at…看…，look like …看上去像……，look after …照料…2．listen to…听…… 3．welcome to…欢迎到…… 4．say hello to …向……问好 5．speak to…对……说话此类短语相当于及物动词，其后必须带宾语，但宾语无论是名词还是代词，都要放在介词之后。二、动词+副词 “动词+副词”所构成的短语义分为两类： A．动词（vt.）+副词 1．put on 穿上2．take off脱下3．write down记下此类短语可以带宾语，宾语若是名词，放在副词前后皆可；宾语若是人称代词，只能放在副词的前面。 B．动词（vi）+副词。 1．come on赶快2．get up起床3．go home回家 4．come in进来5．sit down坐下6．stand up起立此类短语属于不及物动词，不可以带宾语。三、其它类动词词组 1.close the door 2.1ook the same 3.go to work/class 4.be ill 5.have a look/seat 6.have supper 7.1ook young 8.go shopping 9.watch TV/games 10. play games [介词短语聚焦] “介词+名词/代词”所构成的短语称为介词短语。现将Unitsl-16常用的介词短语按用法进行归类。 1．in+语言/颜色/衣帽等，表示使用某种语言或穿着……。 2．in + Row/ Team/ Class/ Grade等，表示“在……排/队/班级/年级”等。

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初中英语所有固定搭配一 1(s e e、h e a r、n o t i c e、f i n d、f e e l、l i s t e n t o、l o o k a t(感官动词)+d o 2（比较级a n d比较级）表示越来越怎么样 3a p i e c e o fc a k e=e a s y小菜一碟（容易） 4a g r e e w i t hs b赞成某人 5a l l k i n d s o f各种各样 a k i n do f一种 6a l l o v e r t h e w o r l d=t h e w h o l e w o r l d整个世界 7a l o n gw i t h同……一道，伴随…… 8A s s o o na s一怎么样就怎么样 9a s y o uc a ns e e你是知道的 10a s kf o r……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西） 11a s ks b f o r s t h向某人什么 12a s ks b t o d o s t h询问某人某事 a s ks b n o t t o d o叫某人不要做某事 13a t t h e a g e o f在……岁时 14a t t h e b e g i n n i n go f…………的起初；……的开始 15a t t h e e n do f+地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾 16a t t h i s t i m e o fy e a r在每年的这个时候 17b e/f e e l c o n f i d e n t o fs t h/t h a t c l a u s e+从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信

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初中英语短语知识点：重点句型中固定短语的用法 a.这是英语中常见的一种结构，表示“某地有某物”其含义为“存在有”。 are twenty girls in our 也解释为“有”但是与there be有区别，它的含义是“所有，属有”，其主语为某人。have a nice watch. be 结构中的be动词要和后面所跟名词保持一致。 is a river near our school. 否：There is not a river near our school. 问：Is there a river near our school. 回答：Yes，there is. No，there isn‘t. 划⑴How many rivers are there near our school？ ⑵What‘s near our school？ be 结构的一般将来时，同学们较难掌握，其正确形式为：there is going to be e.反意疑问句的构成：There is no water in the glass，is there？ ①There is going to _____ a football match this afternoon. ②They were sure that they were going to ____ a rest.

on +be+主语。表示某人也是如此。 has bought some foreign stamps. So has Bob.=Bob has bought some，too. +be＋主语，表示某人也不。 has never been to Japan. Neither has Father.=Father has never been to Japan，either. ＋主语＋be。表示果真如此，请同学们与a.区别。：Mike is right in the classroom. B：So he is.=He is really in the class room. ⑴It‘s two weeks since we met last. ⑵How long is it since we left Beijing？…… straight on and you‘ll see a school. =If you go straight on，you’ll see a school. hard，or you will fall behind the other students. =If you don‘t work hard，you’ll fall behind the other. eg.⑴The more，the better. 越多越好。 ⑵The harder you work on it，the better you‘ll be at it. 虽然中文为怎样，我们绝不可照字面翻译为how. ：What have you done with the library book？ B：I‘ve just returned it to the library. I don‘t know how to do.

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