考研翻译总结

一、翻译的原则和标准：

（1）透彻的理解

Have a thorough understanding (of the ST)

（2）准确的表达

Achieve a precise(accurate) expression (in the TT)

二、做好考研翻译题目的要求和条件

1. 打好语法基础

2. 熟悉表达技巧

How to Write Effective Sentences

（1）完整Completeness （2）整体Unity （3）清晰Clarity

（4）简洁Conciseness （5）流畅Smoothness （6）连贯Coherence （7）逻辑Logic （8）语域Register （9）变化Variety （10）重心Emphasis

3. 了解英汉差别

（1）形合和意合Hypotactic vs．Paratactic

（2）繁复和简洁Complex vs．Simplex

（3）被动与主动Passive vs．Active

（4）抽象与具体Abstract vs．Concrete

（5）变化和反复Various vs. Repetitive

（6）物称与人称Impersonal vs．Personal

4. 掌握翻译方法

（1）重复repetition

（2）增译addition/amplification

（3）减译法deletion

（4）词类转移法conversion

（5）词序调整法inversion

（6）分译division／splitting

（7）正说反译，反说正译法negation

（8）语态变换法change of voice

5．坚持不懈努力Practice makes perfect.

（1）多练Practice more

（2）多学Learn more

（3）多改Modify more

6、必读书籍与必了解的翻译人物

（1）必读书籍

《中式英语之鉴》（姜桂华）

《文体与翻译》（冯庆华或刘宓庆）

《英汉对比研究》（连淑能）

《英译中国现代散文选》（张培基）

《文化与翻译》（郭建忠）

《跨文化交际翻译》（金惠康）

《功能翻译理论》（张美芳）

《非文学翻译与实践》（李长栓）

《译学辞典》（方梦之）

《英语阅读长难句基本功过关》

（2）必了解的翻译理论与人物

《名家译论》

Nida Newmark 程镇球林戊荪段连成沈苏儒袁晓宁

实例分析

一、翻译的原则和标准：

（1）透彻的理解

Main projects worked on were developing a novel high yield aluminium die casting process using high temperature resistance heaters and permanent ceramic feeders, development of water soluble cores for use in aluminium gravity die casting and automation of a gravity die casting machine using infrared pyrometers linked to a computer, with the aim of minimising pre production warm up times.

陈老师,我真的弄不很清楚这个长句子之间的具体关系。上面的专业术语都查得到，但是还是很模糊，几个部分的逻辑关系搞不清楚，我想问：是不是因为我不懂得这方面的专业知识，还是这个句子之间的关系可以从句子中看出来？希望老师能帮到我，这个问题很苦恼。这是我的译文：

我的主要工作是运用高温电阻加热器、永久陶瓷馈线发展一个新型高产的铝模制作工艺，研发水溶性芯，用于铝重力模的铸造，运用连接到电脑上的红外高温计，使重力压铸机实现自动化，将预生产升温次数减少到最小值。

我的修改：

（本人）曾从事过的主要项目有：采用耐高温加热器和永久陶瓷馈研发一种新型高产的铝模制作工艺；通过与计算机连接的红外测温仪，研发水溶性芯用于铝重力模的铸造，使重力压

铸机实现自动化，以使生产前的预热次数（时间）减少到最小程度。

（2）准确的表达

麻烦老师帮我看一下我的译文。特别是标注部分，对自己的理解很是怀疑，很不确定。

I came to English when I was twelve, and when I landed I could speak, rather badly, two words of English which I had learned on the channel boat. I did not read English at all easily for two or three years after. The first writers in whom I was able to distinguish what my patient schoolmaster called style were, I remember, Macaulay and Joseph Conrad. I do not remember now whether at that time I was also able to distinguish between their styles.

参考译文：我十二岁来到英国。当我刚登陆英伦的时候，我只能说一两个单词，而且说得很差，这两个单词还是我在穿过英吉利海峡的船上学的。在随后的两三年，我在英语阅读方面也很吃力。经过老师的耐心指导，我明白了什么叫写作风格，而且还记得，在写作风格上，我最早知道的两位作家是Macaulay 和Joseph Conrad。不过我现在已记不清楚，当初是否真的能够鉴别他们写作风格之间的差异。

二、做好考研翻译题目的要求和条件

1. 打好语法基础

①Isn’t sufficient to know that one American child or a single elderly person in this bountiful land is reduced to eating the forage of animals or exposed to unknown toxic levels of mercury, lead or salmonella to know that something very extraordinary must be done?

②07年广外英语专业研究生入学考试翻译试题（英译汉）

But owing to the constant presence of air currents arranging both the dust and vapor in strata of varying extent and density, and of high or low clouds which both absorb and reflect the light in varying degrees, we see produced all those wondrous combinations of tints and those gorgeous ever-changing colors which are a constant source of admiration and delight to all who have the advantage of uninterrupted view to the west and who are accustomed to watch for those not infrequent exhibitions of nature's kaleidoscopic colors painting. With every change in the altitude of the sun the display changes its characters; and most of all when it has sunk below the horizon, and owing to the more favorable angle a larger quantity of the colored light is reflected toward us. These, as long as the sun was above the horizon, intercepted much of the light and color; but when the great luminary has passed away from our direct vision, its light shines more directly on the under sides of all the clouds and air strata of different densities.

③可是，有一个早晨，我推窗而望，蓦然发现昨夜的一场风雨已将它剥蚀得面目全非。立时，一种“繁花落尽”的悲凉掠过了我的心头！我不由感慨：在人生道路上磕磕碰碰，几经

周折，几度沧桑，又一次次地失落了许多至爱的朋友，生命不正如同这随风而逝的繁华吗？

One morning, unfortunately, I suddenly found the cotton-rose hibiscus had turned out of all recognition during a heavy rain last night when opening the window. Just at that moment a sensation, as sad as the declining flourish, hit me. I couldn't help sighing: in our lives, we suffered twists and turns and went through the separation with many precious friends time and time again. Didn't life just fare like the declining flourish?

2. 熟悉表达技巧

How to Write Effective Sentences

（1）完整Completeness

越过鱼池就能见到牡丹园。沿着曲径通向一座美丽的人造小山，上山遍植观赏植物以及造型优美的松树，牡丹园的山顶上有一八角亭，名为牡丹亭，为公园的中心景点。黑白两色的鹅卵石小径把这个景点分割成形态各异的小区，里面种植的各种各样的牡丹和芍药，每年四月竞相开花，缤纷五彩，争奇斗艳，不知陶醉了多少游人。

A peony park captives your eyes as you across the pond. At the end of the winding path located an enchanting artificial hill teeming with myriads of plants as well as well-shaped pine trees. At the top of the peony park saw a peony pavilion, octagonal in shape. Being the central site of the park, this pavilion is also divided by a path paved with black and white cobblestones into different zones, where various kinds of peonies living there. Every April witnesses the bloom of the flowers, which in a riot of color and contends with each other in beauty and fascination. Such a charming scene undoubtedl y attracte d the attentions of the visitors.

问题：

红色字体显示，全文时态不一致；

下划线的从句中没谓语动词；

整个语篇的逻辑和连贯性还有待加强

Coming across the pond, you will see the Peony Garden. A winding path leads to a beautiful man-made hill, on which grow ornamental plants and elegantly shaped pine trees. On the top of the hill stands an octagonal pavilion, named Peony Pavilion, the key attraction of the park. Paths covered with black and white cobblestones divide the park into different parts with various shapes, in which grow a variety of peony. In every April, the colorful flowers vying for beauty in full bloom attract numerous visitors.

（2）整体Unity

Mo Tse, born in a civilian family, was a small handicraftsman.

（3）清晰Clarity

根据多数学者的说法，墨子系平民出身，是一个小手工业者，年轻时当过木工，能造守城器械，是个技艺精湛的工匠。

According to many scholars’ views, Mo Tse, born in a civilian family, was a small handicraftsman. Being a carpenter when he was young, he could make apparatus to defend cities as a sophisticated man.

（4）简洁Conciseness

在“望子成龙”，“望女成凤”的时代背景下，“不能让孩子输在起跑线上”的呼声此起彼伏，幼儿特长教育呈现兴盛状态。本研究针对这一现象展开研究，通过对家长的访谈了解幼儿特长教育的现状，从家长、幼儿等方面探究幼儿特长教育日益兴盛的原因，分析幼儿特长教育中存在的问题，并就发现的问题提出解决对策。通过对幼儿特长教育中存在的问题进行剖析，提高家长对幼儿特长教育的认识，为家长对待幼儿特长教育提供理论依据。同时让家长了解幼儿特长教育的误区，尊重幼儿的身心发展特点，秉持个人本位的儿童观理智的为幼儿选择合适的特长教育。

Against the（times）background of hoping to see children have a bright future(wishing the offspring to be the best), the voice that children can not fall behind at starting line has risen one after another（or has never ceased）. Infants specialty education presents a booming tendency and this paper will study on such phenomenon. By interviewing with parents the writer knows the current situation of infants specialty education. The paper will explore its booming cause, analyze existing problems and find solutions from the perspective of parents, infants etc. With analysis on problems, the paper not only enables parents to have a deep understanding of infants specialty education but also provides theoretical bases. Meanwhile, it tries to make the misconceptions of infants specialty education clear to parents, thus they can conform to infants physical and psychological characteristics, pursue infant-oriented value and rationally choose proper specialty education for their child.

经过译前分析，原文用词重复、语言罗唆、层次混乱，试修改如下：

在“望子成龙”，“望女成凤”的时代背景下，“不能让孩子输在起跑线上”的呼声此起彼伏，幼儿特长教育呈现兴盛状态。本文针对这一现象展开研究，通过对家长的访谈,了解幼儿特长教育的现状，探究幼儿特长教育日益兴盛的原因，分析幼儿特长教育中存在的问题，提出解决对策，以提高家长对幼儿特长教育的认识，尊重幼儿的身心发展特点，为幼儿选择合适的特长教育。

Nowadays, as all parents hope their children to have a bright future, their appeals of “not leaving the children fall behind at the starting point” have never ceased, so children’s specialty education is booming. This paper studies on such phenomenon. By interviewing some parents,

the author tries to learn the current situation of the children’s specialty education, explore the booming causes, analyze the existing problems and put forward corresponding countermeasures, the purposes of which are t o improve the parents’ understanding of the children’s specialty education and to make them respect the characteristics of children’s physical and psychological development, so as to choose a proper specialty education for their children.

（5）流畅Smoothness

（6）连贯Coherence

①牧羊人不见了，他们不知在何处歇息。只有这些生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。

The shepherds are not here. They are in an unknown place to have rest. Only these creatures enjoy the dusk freely.

The shepherds are out of sight, who might have a rest somewhere else, leaving these creatures to enjoy the dusk with full ease and freedom.

②随后我偶然回头望见了白了头发的植物学教授劳理先生（W. W. Rowlee）诚心诚意地在欢呼狂叫，我觉得如是地自惭，以致我不久也就热心地陪着众人欢呼了。

Later, as I turned round by chance, I saw the grey-templed professor of Botany, W.W.Rowlee, who was also cheering and shouting with passion. I felt so ashamed that a moment later, I acclaimed enthusiastically together with the audience.

No sooner had I turned back by chance and witnessed the white-haired professor of botany, Mr. W. W. Rowlee also cheering heartily than I got such a strong sense of shame that I soon joined enthusiastically the cheering crowd.

（7）逻辑Logic

（8）语域Register

①五月是草长莺飞鲜花盛开的季节，五月是歌声悠扬春风意暖的季节,五月更是放飞梦想创造辉煌的季节。

May is a season that warblers play above the flourishing grasses and flowers bloom luxuriantly. May is a season for the singing of warm breeze. It is also a season for flying your dreams and creating brilliant achievements.

（9）变化Variety

都市寸土寸金，地价炒得越来越高，今后将更高。拥有一个小小花园的希望，对于寻常之辈不啻是一种奢望，一种梦想。……人的智力需要开发，人的内心世界也是需要开发的。

①只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这个人争取过来。

(a)When he catches a glimpse of potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with

charm and humor.

(b)As soon as he finds any possible opponent, he is, by instinct, to have as an inclination for winning him over with charm and humor.

(c)The sight of a potential antagonist arouses his innate impulse for winning him over with charm and humor．

②一想到要出国深造，他就激动不已。

(a)He felt greatly excited at the thought of going abroad for further study．

(b)The idea that he would go abroad for further study made him greatly excited．

③近年来，中、泰两国国民经济发展迅速，为两国的经济、贸易合作提供了良好的基础。

(a)In recent years the national economies of China and Thailand have quickly developed, providing a good foundation for economic and trade cooperation between the two countries. (b)Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of the national economies in China and Thailand, which has prepared for good economic and trade cooperation between the two countries．

(c)China and Thailand，with the rapid development of their national economies in recent years, have laid a good foundation for their economic and trade cooperation．

(d)The rapid development of the national economies of China and Thailand in recent years has laid a sound foundation for economic and trade cooperation between the two countries．

④He moved astonishingly fast.

(a)He moved with astonishing rapidity.

(b)His movements were astonishingly rapid.

(c)His rapid movements astonished us.

(d)His movements astonished us by their rapidity.

(e)The rapidity of his movements was astonishing.

(f)The rapidity with which he moved astonished us.

(g)He astonished us by moving rapidly.

(h)He astonished us by his rapid movements.

(i)He astonished us by the rapidity of his movements.

（10）重心Emphasis （有了变化就突出了重心）

根据多数学者的说法，墨子系平民出身，是一个小手工业者，年轻时当过木工，能造守城器械，是个技艺精湛的工匠。

原译文：

According to many scholars’ views, Mo Tse, born in a civilian family, was a small

handicraftsman. Being a carpenter when he was young, he could make apparatus to defend cities as a sophisticated man.

修改1：Mo Tse, according to many scholars’ views, was born in a civilian family and was a small handicraftsman. However, he became a sophisticated man because he was a carpenter in his youth and could make apparatus to defend cities.

修改2：

Mo Tse, in many scholars’ views, was born in a grass-root family and was a small handicraftsman. However, he became a man of sophisticated skills as he was a carpenter in his youth and could make apparatus for defending cities.

3. 了解英汉差别

（1）形合和意合Hypotactic vs．Paratactic

若能借奥运之东风，吹皱教育改革一湖春水，打破分数第一的桎梏，变应试教育为德、智、体、美全面发展的素质教育，少年强健则民族强健。

Teenagers’ development, with the fortunate wind of the Olympic Games blowing reforms to Chinese education, involving in breaking the shackle of score-first education and transforming exam-oriented education into quality-oriented one of all round development of mortality, intelligence, physicality and aesthetics, makes Chinese nation rise.

修改译文1：

If China takes the opportunity of holding the Olympic Games to promote the educational reform, smash the shackles of over stress on students’ examination scores, and transform the examination-oriented education to quality one to make the students achieve all round development of morality, intelligence, physique and aesthetics, it/she will become a powerful nation with so many young talents.

修改译文2：

If China takes the opportunity of holding the Olympic Games to promote the reform of education, which lays too much emphasis on students’ examination scores, and to transform the examination-oriented education to quality one to make the students achieve all round development of morality, intelligence, physique and aesthetics, it will become a powerful nation for having so many young talents.

（2）繁复和简洁Complex vs．Simplex

But owing to the constant presence of air currents arranging both the dust and vapor in strata of varying extent and density, and of high or low clouds which both absorb and reflect the light in varying degrees, we see produced all those wondrous combinations of tints and

those gorgeous ever-changing colors which are a constant source of admiration and delight to all who have the advantage of uninterrupted view to the west and who are accustomed to watch for those not infrequent exhibitions of nature's kaleidoscopic colors painting.

（3）被动与主动Passive vs．Active

改革开放取得重大进展。农村综合改革、集体林权制度改革、国有企业改革不断深化，非公有制经济健康发展。现代市场体系和宏观调控体系不断健全，财税、金融、价格、科技、教育、社会保障、医药卫生、事业单位等改革稳步推进。开放型经济达到新水平，进出口总额跃居世界第二位。

Major progress has been registered in reform and opening up. China's overall rural reform, the reform in tenure of collective forests and the reform of state-owned enterprises have been deepened, and the non-public sector of the economy has registered sound growth. The country's modern market system and macro-regulatory system have been steadily improved, and its reform of finance and taxation, banking, prices, science and technology, education, social security, medicine and public health, and public institutions has progressed steadily. China's open economy has reached a new level, and its import and export volume now ranks second in the world.

（4）抽象与具体Abstract vs．Concrete

To be or not to be, that’s a question.

（5）变化和反复Various vs. Repetitive

（6）物称与人称Impersonal vs．Personal

①他一想到要返回去，心里就害怕.

The thought of returning filled him with fear.

As soon as h e …. he…

When he…he ….

No sooner had he …. than….

②这小伙子长相老实，看上去脾气也好，到处有人缘.

The little chap’s good-natured honest face won his way for him.

The guy …

The young man…

③我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没有。

I …..

The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.

④本地人一听他们的口音便知道他们是外乡人。

The local people will know that they come from other place as soon as they hear their accent.

Their accent couldn't fool a native speaker.

⑤谁也不能以不懂法律来替自己辩解。

Ignorance of the law excuses no man.

Whoever can’t …..

⑥我从没想到他是个不诚实的人。

It never occurred to me that he was a dishonest man.

4. 掌握翻译方法

（1）重复repetition

Scientific and technological advances are enabling us to comprehend the furthest reaches of the cosmos, the most basic constituents of matter, and the miracle of life.

科技的进步使我们能够探索最遥远的宇宙空间，了解最基本的物质组成形式，以及揭开生命的奥秘。

（2）增译addition/amplification

送君千里，终有一别。

Although you may escort a guest a thousand miles，yet the parting must come at last．（3）减译法deletion (虽无此言，但有此意)

（4）词类转移法conversion

The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort．

（5）词序调整法inversion

①钢铁：iron and steel ②田径：track and field ③东北：northeast

④湖南省、怀化学院外语系09级4班王芳。

⑤ Now we dream of our matriculation, or the examination for the doctor's degree- and who has not been faint-hearted on such occasions? Whenever we fear that we may be punished by some unpleasant result because we have done something carelessly or wrongly, because we have not been as thorough as we might have been- in short, whenever we feel the burden of responsibility.

这时候，我们就会梦到大学入学考试，或梦到博士学位的考试。一旦我们担心由于自己的粗心（粗心大意）或失误（发挥失常）、或由于没有全力以赴而考砸，可能遭到惩罚时，总之，一旦我们感到需要承担责任的压力，在这些情况下，谁不心怵胆怯呢？

（6）分译division／splitting

But owing to the constant presence of air currents arranging both the dust and vapor in strata of varying extent and density, and of high or low clouds which both absorb and reflect the light in varying degrees, we see produced all those wondrous combinations of tints and those gorgeous ever-changing colors which are a constant source of admiration and delight to all who have the advantage of uninterrupted view to the west and who are accustomed to watch for those not infrequent exhibitions of nature's kaleidoscopic colors painting.

由于不断出现气流，把尘埃与水气分层排列，广度不均（范围不一）、密度各异，加上高、低空不断出现的云层，不同程度地吸收和反射阳光, 我们才看到各种绚丽多姿（光怪陆离/色彩缤纷/色彩斑斓）的色调和变化多端（千变万化/变化万千/瞬息万变）的绚丽色彩（美妙画面）。任何人只要有机会（有幸）将西边（西面/西天/西部）的美景（景致）尽收眼底（一览无余），只要有心观看（观赏/欣赏）大自然不时（经常/时常）展出（展现/呈现）的缤纷画卷（自然美景），都会为之（感到）叹为观止（赞美不已/惊叹不已），喜不自胜（赏心悦目）。

（7）正说反译，反说正译法negation

（8）语态变换法change of voice

热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此进一步加强合作，建立和发展贸易关系。

Customers from various countries and regions are warmly welcome to establish and develop business contacts.

4．坚持不懈努力Practice makes perfect.

（1）多练Practice more （2）多学Learn more （3）多改Modify more

严复：“一名之立，旬月踟蹰”

《左传》：“言之之无文，行之不远。”

楚庄王：“不鸣则已，一鸣惊人。”

杜甫：“语不惊人死不休。”

贾岛：“鸟宿池边树，僧敲月下门”。

王安石：“春风又绿江南岸”。

《新编英语教程》5 Unit I Text II (P-8)

Revising Your Own Manuscripts

When students complete a first draft, they consider the job of writing done---and their teachers too often agree. When professional writers complete a first draft, they usually feel that they are at the start of the writing process. When a draft is completed, the job of writing can begin.

That difference in attitude is the difference between amateur and professional,

inexperience and experience, journeyman and craftman. Peter F. Drucker, the prolific business writer, calls his first draft “the zero draft”---after that he can start counting. Most writers share the feeling that the first, and all of those which follow are opportunities to discover what they have to say and how best they say it.

写作离不开修改，只有反复修改和润色，才能使文章简洁有力。当然，修改润色需要时间。邱吉尔一次给朋友写了一封长达五页的信，最后解释说：“本来可以写短一些，但是没有时间。”

译者翻译时要作修改。

从一种文字转换到另一种文字，要使译文与原文在内容与形式上吻合很困难，甚至不可能，但可以通过修改译文一步步接近这个目标；

译文需要修改的第二个理由，译者以自己的思维去理解以另一种文化观察事物的作者的思想，也难做到互相吻合，为此，也需要对译文进行修改和调整；

第三，为了再现原文语言的审美特征，要对译文进行修改和润色，这个层次上的修改和润色对译者形成更大挑战。

翻译论其过程，很像雕塑。虽然未曾亲眼见过，但可想而知，雕塑不是一蹴而就，一次成型。一定是先有雏形，再精雕细刻，成型后再打磨，使其最终成为一件艺术品。译文的初稿，如同一件雕塑的雏形，经过反复修改、打磨，使其达到一个新的境界。具体说，就是使译文准确达意，表述恰当，文字简洁，行文自然。这几个方面是有机联系起来的。准确达意是目的，表述恰当是方法；文字简洁和行文自然是审美层次上的要求。

文字简洁问题受到古今中外好的作家和文学理论家的推崇。当代力主文字简洁的当属已故美国散文家怀特(E．B．White)和他的老师小威廉·斯特伦克(William Stmnk Jr．)。怀特上个世纪20年代在康奈尔大学读书时，听小威廉·斯特伦克的英语课，听他讲什么是好的英语，如何写好的英语，并做了详细的笔记。后来他在这些笔记的基础上写了一本《风格要素》(The Elements of Stile)，篇幅不大，但影响广泛。书中介绍他老师的思想，也阐明他自己的理想，谈写作原则，也涉及很多细节。对于有志学好英语的人，这是一本很有益的书。书中特别谈了文字的简洁。小斯特伦克有一段论述：

“有力的文章是简洁的。一个句子不能有不必要的字词，一个段落不能有不必要的句子，如同一副画不能有不必要的线条，一台机器不能有不必要的零件。这不是要求作家把所有的句子都写得很简短，或回避所有的细节，只以提纲挈领的方式处理主题，而是要求每一个字词都有它的作用。”