英语作文写作10大技巧
小学英语作文写作技巧及范文
【导语】英语作⽂，是指⽤英语针对某⼀内容写出⼀篇⽂章，是英语考试最常见的⼀种题⽬类型，英语作⽂要求阅读、写作能⼒⽐较⾼，也是考⽣最容易失分的题型。
以下是整理的《⼩学英语作⽂写作技巧及范⽂》相关资料，希望帮助到您。
【篇⼀】⼩学英语作⽂写作技巧 1、写前阅读阶段 好的写作能⼒离不开平时的阅读积累，多读才会开发我们的思维，看得多了，写作时⾃然就会如⾏云流⽔。
写作前需要我们经历阅读阶段，⽽阅读⼜包括课外泛读和课内精读两部分。
课外泛读只要⽬的是增长我们的知识，提⾼我们的学习兴趣，⽽课内精读是让我们掌握学习⽅法，培养知识技巧，⼆者都很重要。
2、写作过程 阅读到达⼀定的阶段后，当提笔写作时你会发现下笔⼗分的快。
但很多学⽣之所以写不出是由于怕犯错，以及怕见到⽼师皱着眉头说你成绩太差，要克服这种⼼理需要学⽣提⾼对英语学习的兴趣，从⽽增强对⾃⼰的⾃信⼼，学习的主动性增强。
3、加强练词造句训练 ⼩学英语还处在打基础的阶段，在阅读的过程中，看到觉得⾮常好的词语或句型都可以利⽤⾃⼰的本⼦记下来，⾃⼰多加练习，写出⼀些仿句，这样加强练词造句的能⼒可以帮助我们锻炼写出地道的英语句⼦。
4、⽤英语写⽇记 语⽂的学习我们会有⽇记、周记的习惯，何不也利⽤英语来写⽇记呢？养成⽤英语写⽇记的习惯对提⾼我们英语协作的能⼒有明显的作⽤。
也不要⼀味的使⽤简单句来写，可以加些复合句，反正是你⾃⼰的本⼦，最主要的就是找对⽅法，改写⽂章其实也是⼀个好的办法，通过套⽤相近的短语搭配来塑造同⼀个意思可以帮助我们学会更多的表达⽅式。
【篇⼆】⼩学英语作⽂范⽂ My family has three people,They're my father,mother and me. My father is the tallest and strongest in my family.But my father's hair is shorter than my mother's .I think my mother is the most beautiful lady in the world。
英语作文写作技巧(模板)
一、长短句原则As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.强烈建议：在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。
二、主题句原则To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主题句）. Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.三、一二三原则5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（强烈推荐）6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（强烈推荐）7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（强烈推荐）8）most important of all, moreover, finally9）on the one hand, on the other hand（适用于两点的情况）10）for one thing, for another thing（适用于两点的情况）说明原因型模板一：这个模板的中文大意是：在某种场合，发生某种现象，并提供一些相关数据，然后列出这种现象的三个原因，并将三个原因总结为一个最主要原因，最后提出避免这种现象的两个办法。
小学英语作文写作技巧归纳
Writing compositions in English can be a challenging task for young students,but with the right approach and practice,it can become an enjoyable and rewarding experience.Here are some key techniques to help students improve their English composition writing skills:1.Understanding the Task:Before starting to write,students should carefully read the prompt or question to understand what is being asked.This will help them focus their ideas and avoid going offtopic.2.Brainstorming Ideas:Encourage students to brainstorm ideas related to the topic.This can be done through mind maps,lists,or even quick freewriting exercises to generate as many ideas as possible.anizing Thoughts:Once they have a list of ideas,students should organize them into a logical order.This could be chronological,causeandeffect,or comparison and contrast,depending on the nature of the essay.4.Creating an Outline:An outline is a blueprint for the composition.It should include the main points to be discussed in each paragraph,as well as any supporting details or examples.5.Writing the Introduction:The introduction should grab the readers attention and provide a clear statement of the main idea or thesis of the composition.6.Developing the Body:Each paragraph in the body of the composition should focus on one main point that supports the thesis.It should include a topic sentence,supporting sentences,and a concluding sentence that transitions to the next paragraph.ing Descriptive Language:Encourage students to use vivid and descriptive language to make their writing more engaging and to help paint a clear picture for the reader.8.Incorporate Examples and Evidence:Providing specific examples or evidence can strengthen the arguments in the composition.This could include personal experiences, anecdotes,or factual information.9.Writing the Conclusion:The conclusion should summarize the main points and restate the thesis in a new way.It should also provide a sense of closure to the composition.10.Revising and Editing:After the first draft is complete,students should revise their work to improve clarity,coherence,and flow.They should also check for grammaticalerrors,punctuation,and spelling mistakes.ing Transition Words:Transition words and phrases help to connect ideas and make the writing flow smoothly.Examples include furthermore,however,in addition, and on the other hand.12.Practicing Regularly:Like any skill,writing improves with practice.Encourage students to write regularly and to seek feedback from teachers or peers.13.Expanding Vocabulary:A rich vocabulary allows for more precise and varied expression.Students should learn new words and practice using them in context.14.Reading Widely:Reading a variety of texts in English can expose students to different writing styles and structures,which can be very helpful when writing their own compositions.15.Learning from Feedback:Constructive criticism is an essential part of the learning process.Students should be open to feedback and use it to improve their writing skills. By incorporating these techniques into their writing process,young students can enhance their English composition skills and produce wellstructured,engaging,and errorfree essays.。
英语作文写作技巧篇
英语作文写作技巧篇
英语作文写作技巧一——背诵
背诵是提高写作的有效途径。
要学好作文，首先就要处理好语言输入与输出之间的关系。
如果写作时脑袋空空，下笔也就空空。
因此，背诵极其重要。
亚里士多德曾经说过：一切学习都是从模仿开始的，因此英语作文就是从背诵他人的作文、好词好句开始，创造出属于自己的作文。
但是背诵也并非是机械记忆，而是有选择性的记忆，主要背诵的内容有四类：常用套语、精彩句子、优秀段落。
经典篇章。
小乐子今天就为各位宝贝们准备了一些好词好句：
英语作文写作技巧二——重点词汇
华丽的辞藻常常都会为一篇文章锦上添花，因此，注重词汇的记忆也是提高英语作文分数的关键哦！下面这些固定词汇搭配，以供小宝贝们记忆哦！
小总结，大智慧，今天干货满满。
写信英语作文的写作技巧
写信英语作文的写作技巧英文回答：1. Structure Your Letter Effectively.An effective letter should have a clear and concise structure. Start with a proper salutation, followed by an introduction that states your purpose for writing. The body of the letter should be divided into paragraphs, each addressing a specific topic or point. Conclude the letter with a polite request for action or a closing statement.2. Use Formal Language and Tone.Business letters require a formal language and tone. Avoid using informal language, slang, or personal anecdotes. Use complete sentences and proper grammar. Maintain a professional and respectful tone throughout the letter.3. Be Specific and Concise.Provide specific details and avoid rambling. Use concise language and get to the point. Focus on the most important information and avoid unnecessary details.4. Proofread Carefully.Before sending the letter, proofread it carefully for any errors in grammar, spelling, or punctuation. Also, ensure that you have used the correct format and tone.5. Use a Call to Action.If you want the recipient to take specific action, clearly state your request at the end of the letter. Provide clear instructions and a timeline for the desired action.6. Be Professional and Courteous.Always maintain a professional and courteous tone in your letter. Use respectful language and acknowledge anyprior correspondence or requests.7. Use Formatting and Visual Appeal.Use appropriate formatting to make your letter easy to read. Use headings, subheadings, bullet points, and white space effectively. Consider using a visually appealing font and layout.8. Consider the Recipient's Perspective.Write the letter from the recipient's perspective. Anticipate their needs and address their concerns. Use language that they can easily understand.9. Follow Up.If necessary, follow up with the recipient to ensure that they have received and understood the letter. You can do this via email or phone, depending on the situation.10. Use Templates and Examples.To save time and ensure consistency, consider using templates or examples of business letters. There are numerous resources available online to help you craft well-written letters.中文回答：1. 有效地组织你的信件。
英语作文写作技巧
英语作文写作技巧中考英语写作是考查学生语言综合运用能力和平时阅读词汇量的重要组成部分，在中考试卷中占有较大的分值比重。
下面就是小编给大家带来的英语作文写作技巧，希望大家喜欢！一、日记日记通常以第一人称进行写作，运用过去时态，记录某一天的生活经历，包括所见、所闻、所做的事情及感想等。
进行日记写作时要注意以下几个方面。
（一）日记的格式英文日记的格式与中文日记基本一致。
左上角是：星期和日期（年、月、日）。
右上角写上当天的天气情况（如：Sunny，Fine，Rainy， Windy， Snowy， Cloudy等）。
具体如下：日期表达有多种形式。
年、月、日都写时，通常以月、日、年为顺序，月份可以缩写，日和年用逗号隔开。
例如：October 1， 2015 / October 1st， 2015也可缩写成：Oct. 1， 2015 / Oct. 1st， 2015the 1st of October in 2015（用此格式时，月份不可以缩写）注：以上的1或1st都读作the first。
星期可以省略不写，也可将其放在日期之前或之后，星期和日期之间不用标点，但要留有空格，星期也可缩写。
如：Saturday， October 3rd， 2015October 3rd， 2015 Saturday天气一般用一个形容词（如Cloudy，Sunny，Fine，Rainy，Snowy 等）表示，位置在日期之后，用逗号隔开，位于日记的右上角。
如：Saturday， October 3， 2015， Sunny1st October， 2015， Rainy（二）日记的正文日记的正文是日记的主要部分，写在星期和日期的正下方，可以顶格写，也可以内缩3至5个字母的空间。
由于日记记载的内容一般已经发生，谓语动词通常用一般过去时。
但也可根据具体情况，用其他时态。
例如，记叙天气、描写景色时，为了描写生动，可以使用现在时，以表现当时的情景。
高考英语作文高分技巧大全
高考英语作文高分技巧大全高考英语作文高分技巧大全一一、英语书信的常见写作模板开头部分：How nice to hear from you again.Let me tell you something about the activity.I’m glad to have received your letter of Apr. 9th.I’m pleased to hear that you’re ing to China for a visit.I’m writing to thank you for your help during my stay in America.结尾部分：With best wishes.I’m looking forward to your reply.I’d appreciate it if you could reply earlier.二、口头通知常见写作模板呼语及开场白部分：Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make.正文部分：All the teachers and students are required to attend it.Please take your notebooks and make notes.Please listen carefully and we’ll have a discussion in groups.Please e on time and don’t be late.结束语部分：Please e and join in it.Everybody is wele to attend it.I hope you’ll have a nice time here.That’s all. Thank you.三、议论文模板1.正反观点式议论文模板导入：第1段：Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题)Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧)正文：第2段：Most of the students are in favour ofit.(正方观点)Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由)第3段：However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点)Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由)结论：第4段：Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点) オ2.“A或者B”类议论文模板：导入：第1段： Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, arguethat B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.正文：第2段：There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因)第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势)结论：第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论) オ3.观点论述类议论文模板：导入：第1段：提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对)The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句，承上启下)正文：第2段：First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由)结论：第3段：In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段，构成"总—分—总"结构)4."How to"类议论文模板：导入：第1段：提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题正文：第2段： Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective.First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法)结论：第3段：These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be notedthat we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法)四、图表作文写作模板The chart gives us an overall picture of the 图表主题. The first thing we notice is that 图表最大特点 . This means that as (进一步说明).We can see from the statistics given that 图表细节一 . After 动词-ing 细节一中的第一个变化， the动词-ed+幅度+时间(紧跟着的变化) . The figures also tell us that图表细节二 . In the column, we can see that accounts for (进一步描述).Judging from these figures, we can draw the conclusion that (结论). The reason for this, as far as I am concerned is that (给出原因). / It is high time that we (发出倡议).五、图画类写作模板：1.开头Look at this picture./The picture showsthat.../From this picture, we can see.../As is shownin the picture.../As is seen in the picture...2.衔接句As we all know, .../As is known to all,.../It is well known that.../In my opinion,.../As far as I am concerned,.../This sight reminds me of something in my daily life.3.结尾句In conclusion.../In brief.../On the whole (I)short.../In a word.../Generally speaking.../As has been stated...高考英语作文高分技巧大全二写作技巧指导1.发言稿是介绍性说明文，在语言使用一定要准确简洁，通俗易懂，层次清楚，条理分明。
英语作文怎样提高写作技巧
英语作文怎样提高写作技巧How to Improve Writing Skills。
Writing is an essential skill that everyone should possess. Whether you are a student, a professional, or just someone who wants to express themselves better, improving your writing skills can be a game-changer. Here are some tips to help you become a better writer.1. Read more。
Reading is one of the best ways to improve your writing skills. The more you read, the more you will be exposed to different writing styles, vocabulary, and sentence structures. This will help you develop your own writing style and expand your vocabulary.2. Write every day。
The more you write, the better you will become. Setaside some time every day to write something, even if it's just a few sentences. This will help you get into the habit of writing and improve your writing skills over time.3. Practice grammar and punctuation。
英语作文写作技巧
Writing an English essay can be a daunting task,especially for those who are not native speakers.However,with the right approach and a few key techniques,you can produce a wellstructured and compelling piece of writing.Here are some essential tips to help you improve your English essay writing skills:1.Understand the Assignment:Before you start writing,make sure you fully understand the prompt or question.If youre unsure,ask your teacher for clarification.2.Plan Your Essay:Outline the main points you want to cover.This will help you organize your thoughts and ensure that your essay flows logically.3.Introduce with a Strong Thesis Statement:Your introduction should end with a clear thesis statement that tells the reader what your essay will argue or discuss.4.Develop Body Paragraphs:Each paragraph should focus on one main idea that supports your thesis.Start with a topic sentence,followed by evidence and analysis,and end with a concluding sentence that ties the paragraph back to your thesis.e Transitions:Smooth transitions between sentences and paragraphs help to guide the reader through your argument.Words like however,furthermore,and in addition can be useful.6.Support Your Claims with Evidence:Use facts,statistics,quotes,or examples to back up your arguments.Always cite your sources to avoid plagiarism.7.Vary Your Sentence Structure:Using a mix of simple,compound,and complex sentences can make your writing more engaging and easier to read.8.Edit for Clarity and Coherence:After writing your first draft,go back and check for clarity.Make sure each sentence contributes to your overall argument and that your ideas are presented in a logical order.9.Proofread for Grammar and Spelling:Small errors in grammar and spelling can distract from your argument and make your essay appear less e a spell checker,but also read through your essay aloud to catch any mistakes.10.Revise for Content and Style:Look for ways to improve the content and style of your essay.This might involve rephrasing sentences,adding more evidence,or removing unnecessary information.11.Get Feedback:If possible,have someone else read your essay and provide feedback.A fresh pair of eyes can often spot errors or areas for improvement that you might have missed.12.Practice Regularly:Like any skill,essay writing improves with practice.Write regularly and seek feedback to continue honing your skills.Remember,the goal of an essay is not just to demonstrate your knowledge of the subject but also to show your ability to think critically,organize your thoughts,and communicate effectively.By following these tips and practicing regularly,you can become a more confident and skilled essay writer.。
英语作文的基本框架与写作技巧
英语作文的基本框架与写作技巧
英语作文是许多学生在学习中常面临的挑战之一。
掌握一定的写作技巧和基本框架可以帮助我们更好地表达自己的想法和观点。
在下面的内容中，我们将探讨英语作文的基本框架和一些写作技巧，希望对你的写作有所帮助。
基本框架
1.开头（Introduction）
引入话题：引起读者兴趣，提出问题或主题。
背景信息：简要介绍相关背景，概括性陈述论点。
2.主体段落（BodyParagraphs）
论点呈现：每个段落表达一个明确的论点或观点。
论据支撑：提供论据、事实、例证等支持论点。
过渡衔接：段落之间要有连贯的过渡，保持逻辑性。
3.结尾（Conclusion）
总结观点：总结文章中的主要观点，强调重要性。
发展展望：展望未来发展，给出建议或展示希望。
写作技巧
1.词汇和句式多样性
避免重复：尽量避免在文章中重复使用相同的词汇或句式。
丰富表达：尝试使用多样的词汇和句式，提升文章的表达力。
2.逻辑清晰
合理安排：确保文章结构合理，观点逻辑清晰。
过渡自然：合理运用过渡词汇，使文章段落间连接更加自然。
3.语法准确
避免错误：注意语法错误，尤其是常见的拼写和语法错误。
句子流畅：确保句子结构清晰，表达流畅。
写好英语作文并不是一件容易的事情，但通过掌握基本框架和写作技巧，我们可以更好地展现自己的思想和观点。
不断练习，积累经验，相信你会在英语写作中取得更好的成绩。
英语作文的基本框架与写作技巧是我们提高写作能力的重要工具，掌握好这些技巧能够帮助我们清晰表达观点，提升文章质量。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
英语作文写作10大技巧学生写作时，如果仅局限在把内容交代清楚的水准上，只选用一些普通的、直截了当的词，或一律使用简单句平铺直叙，那么，这样写出来的文章就会像一碗白开水，呆板、单调，没有可读性。
下面是小编整理的英语作文写作10大技巧，欢迎阅读。
1. 灵活改变句子开头在通常情况下，英语句子的排列方式为“主语+谓语+宾语”，即主语位于句子开头。
但若根据情况适当改变句子的开头方式，比如使用倒状语或以状语开头等，会使文章增强表现力。
如：(1) There stands an old temple at the top of the hill.→ At the top of the hill there stands an old temple.在小山顶上有一座古庙。
(2) You can do it well only in this way.→ Only in this way can you do it well.只有这样你才能把它做好。
(3) A young woman sat by the window.→ By the window sat a young woman.窗户边坐着一个年轻妇女。
2. 避免重复使用同一词语为了使表达更生动，更富表现力，同学们在写作时应尽量避免重复使用同一词语来表示同一意思，尤其是一些老生常谈的词语。
如有的同学一看到“喜欢”二字，就会立刻想起like，事实上，英语中表示类似意思的词和短语很多，如love, enjoy, prefer, appreciate, be fond of, care for等。
如：I like reading while my brother likes watching television.→ I like reading while my brother enjoys watching television.我喜欢看书，而我的兄弟却喜欢看电视。
3. 合理使用省略句合理恰当地使用省略句，不仅可以使文章精练、简洁，而且会使文章更具文采和可读性。
如：(1) He may be busy. If he’s busy, I’ll call later. If he is not busy, can I see him now?→ He may be busy. If so, I’ll call later. If not, can I see him now?他可能很忙，要是这样，我以后再来拜访。
要是不忙，我现在可以见他吗?(2) If the weather is fine, we’ll go. If it is not fine, we’ll not go.→ If the weather is fine, we’ll go. If not, not.如果天气好，我们就去;如果天气不好，我们就不去了。
(3) She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t do so.→ She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t.她本可申请这份工作的，但她没有。
4. 适当运用非谓语结构非谓语结构通常被认为是一种高级结构，适当运用非谓语结构，会给人一种熟练驾驭语言的印象。
如：(1) When he heard the news, they all jumped for joy.→ Hearing the news, they all jumped for joy.听了这消息他们都高兴得跳了起来。
(2) As I didn’t know her address, I wasn’t able to get in touch with her.→ Not knowing her address, I wasn’t able to get in touch with her.由于不知道她的地址，我没法和她联系。
(3) As he was born into a peasant family, he had only two years of schooling.→ Born into a peasant family, he had only two years of schooling.他出生农民家庭，只上过两年学。
5. 结合使用长句与短句在英语写作中，过多地使用长句或过多地使用短句都不好。
正确的`做法是，根据实际情况在文章中交替使用长句与短语，使文章显得错落有致，这样不仅使文章在形式上增加美感，而且使文章读起来铿锵有力。
如：At noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. Then we had a short rest. Then we began to play happily. We sang and danced. Some told stories. Some played chess.→ At noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. After a short rest, we had great fun singing and dancing, telling jokes and playing chess.中午我们晒着太阳吃野餐。
休息一会儿后，我们唱的唱歌，跳的跳舞，还有的讲笑话、下棋，大家玩得很开心。
6. 适当使用短语代替单词(1) He has decided to be a teacher when he grows up.→ He has made up his mind to be a teacher when he grows up.他已决定长大了当老师。
(2) He doesn't like music.→ He doesn't care much for music.他不大喜欢音乐。
(3) He told me that the question was now under discussion.→ He told me that the question was now being discussed.他告诉我问题现正正在讨论中。
7. 恰当套用某些固定表达(1) He was very tired. He couldn’t walk any farther.→ He was too t ired to walk any farther.他太累了，不能再往前走了。
(2) The film was very interesting. Both the teachers and the students liked it.→ The film was so interesting that both the teachers and the students liked it.这电影很有趣，学生和老师都很喜欢。
(3) Your son is old. He can look after himself now.→ Your son is old enough to look after himself now.你的儿子已经长大，可以自己照顾自己了。
8. 尽量使句子带点“洋味”(1) Don't worry. Be bold and try it, and you'll learn it soon.→Don't worry. Just go for it, and you'll get it soon.别担心，大胆试一试，你很快就会学会的。
(2) Thank you for playing with us.→Thank you for sharing the time with us.谢谢你陪我玩。
9. 综合使用各类所谓的“高级”结构(1) Now everyone knows the news. I think Jim must have let it out.→ Now everyone knows the news. I think it must have been Jim who has let it out.现在人人都知道这消息了，我想一定是吉姆把它泄露出去的。
(2) We had to stand there to catch the offender.→ What we had to do was (to) stand there, trying to catch the offender.我们所能做的只是站在那儿，设法抓住违章者。
(3) If her pronunciation is not better than her teacher’s, it is at least as good as her teacher’s.→ Her pronunciation is as good as, if not better than, her teacher’s.如果她的语音不比她的老师好的话，至少也不会比她老师的差。
10. 适当使用名言警句点缀在写作时根据实际情况恰当地用上一两句名言警句来点缀文章，不仅使文章显得有深度、有智慧，而且会让文章在评分中上一个“得分档次”。
如：(1) As the proverb says, “Where there is a will, there is a way.” Though you fail this time, you needn’t lose heart. As long as you work hard and stick to your dream, you will succeed one day.(2) There is a proverb goes like this “Life isn’t a bed of roses.” It is ture that it is likely for everyone to meet problem s and difficulties in life.(3) In the modern world, more and more people live alone, which is not so good for our life. It is better for us to make more friends and enjoy friendship. Just as a proverb says, “A near friend is better than a far-dwelling kin sman.”。