A Comparative Study of Chinese and American Ways of Address
外研社unit5新视野大学英语(第三版)读写教程2
Q: 3) What’s your consumption habit in daily life?
Reference
I always try to keep balance between spending and saving by making a budget and only buying things I need. I also use credit cards or Huabei when necessary but always remember to pay back in time. In addition, I get extra income by depositing in the bank or Yu’ebao, which can accrue interests.
Task 1: Please fill in the blanks to see how people pass down the value of frugality.
Chen Xiaoyan, a civil servant who works at a culture department in China’s Xiong’an New Area, __in_i_ti_a_te_d__ a qipao dancing team with her friends in a bid to _i_n_h_e_ri_t_ traditional culture. Conversations after the rehearsals are usually about families and friends. But sometimes the sisters get a little serious and talk about how to control their _b_u_d_g_e_t_ for the volunteer group. “When we get together, we should not be spending too much money, and this is also part of our tradition.” Chen said. This is a typical scene in many park conversations in China. _F__ru_g_a_l_it_y_ is always their top __p_ri_o_r_it_y_.
中国学生和美国学生的不同点英语作文
Title: Differences Between Chinese and American StudentsIn the vast landscape of global education, Chinese and American students often stand out as representatives of two distinct educational cultures and mindsets. These differences, shaped by various factors including cultural background, educational systems, and societal values, manifest in various aspects of their academic lives, social interactions, and personal aspirations.Academic ApproachesOne of the most notable differences lies in their approach to academics. Chinese students are often known for their dedication to rigorous study and a strong emphasis on memorization. The Confucian tradition values hard work, discipline, and respect for authority, which translates into a culture where students strive for high grades and excel in standardized tests. In contrast, American students tend to emphasize critical thinking, creativity, and hands-on learning. Their educational system encourages experimentation, questioning, and collaboration, fostering an environment where students learn through exploration and discovery.Classroom DynamicsClassroom dynamics also reflect these different educational philosophies. In Chinese classrooms, teachers often play a more authoritative role, guiding students through lessons and emphasizing the importance of following instructions. Discussions and debates, though present, may not be as prevalent as in American classrooms where student participation, group work, and open dialogue are highly encouraged. American educators value the voices of their students, fostering an environment where everyone's ideas are heard and respected.Social InteractionsSocially, Chinese students tend to value collectivism and harmony within groups. They may form close-knit circles based on shared interests or academic pursuits, but also prioritize maintaining a sense of conformity and avoiding conflict. American students, on the other hand, often embrace individuality and diversity. They are encouraged to express their unique perspectives and are more likely to engage in open discussions, even if it means disagreeing with their peers. This fosters a culture of tolerance and respect for differing opinions.Future AspirationsWhen it comes to future aspirations, Chinese students are often driven by a strong sense of purpose and a desire to succeed academically and professionally. Many aspire to attend prestigious universities, secure high-paying jobs, and bring honor to their families and communities. In contrast, American students may be more inclined to pursue their passions and interests, regardless of their financial prospects. Theyvalue personal fulfillment and the ability to make a positive impact on society, whether through entrepreneurship, social activism, or artistic pursuits. ConclusionIn summary, the differences between Chinese and American students stem from their respective cultural and educational contexts. While both systems aim to educate and prepare students for the future, they do so in distinct ways that reflect the values and priorities of their societies. Understanding and appreciating these differences can enrich our perspectives on global education and foster greater cross-cultural understanding.。
A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Language
Practice
1. 应该教育孩子讲老实话。
Children should be taught to speak the truth. （被动语态）
2. 现在不可能下课回家。
Now it is impossible to get home from class. （形式主语 it）
Warm-up Translation
I love my love with an E, because she's enticing; I hate her with an E, because she's engaged; I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement; her name's Emily, and she lives in the east. (Dickens, David Copperfield)
➢ 黄的，那是土地，未开垦的处女地。
– Yellow is the soil—the uncultivated virgin soil.
Example
➢ Her manner was gentle, and while she was pretty in a freckle-faced, red-haired little girl sort of way, she would turn few heads in the street.
学生2： 纤纤丽人，家住东方 婚定他人，即将拜堂 吾既闻之，百转愁肠 纤纤丽人，我心所向 丽人闻之，与我同伤 相约南墙，远走他方
中餐西餐差异英语作文集合3篇
中餐西餐差异英语作文集合3篇中餐西餐差异英语作文1 The Food Culture Difference Between China and West Studying food cultural differences,we can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the west through a comprehensive study of the subject.It may be a great help to the communication of the Chinese and western cultures.Diet is actually the contents of our daily lives.It has special status in the Chinese culture,and it also has a great distinction between China and the west.As one of the world ancient nations,China s diet has a history almost as long as that of Chinesecivilization.But in western countries,ancient thinkers devoted less attention to the food problem than the Chinese philosophers did.The differences in concepts,targets,patterns,attribution and nature had reflected the different dietary culture in the different state characteristic.Differences in Concepts Chinese diet is a sense of beauty diet and pays attention to the color,flavor,taste regardless of thenutrition .Chinese people hanker on a diet is just the mood that is difficult for one to say anything.Even using the color,flavor,shape and implement which people often said to make the realmreification,is still difficult to crown all.Chinese中餐西餐差异英语作文2 In England,people always have some bread and milk for breakfast on weekday which is always in a hurry.But onweekends,breakfast is a big feast withbacon,porridge,coffee,eggs,toasts,cakes,and so on.As for lunch,its always so simple.People usually have a sandwich or a hot dog.Some people also eat in a fast-food restaurant nearby.This meal won t last very long.Dinner is the biggest meal with potato,beef,chicken,soup,and some desserts.At this meal,people usually sit around the table and talk about their daily events.This is the best time for familygathering.Cheese is the most popular food in European countries and the United States.According to different dishes and wine,different cheese is tied in.The simplest cheese is to put a certain amount of all kinds of cheese on a plate,called cheese dish.Jewish usually eat apples with honey on New Years Day,in order to celebrate the happiest New Year.在英格兰,人们总是早餐吃一些面包和牛奶在工作日总是匆忙。
跨文化交际题签A
跨文化交际题签ADifferent Forms of Address between Chinese and English Address forms, as important components in the process of communication, are special language mark for interaction. The speaker will always choose the appropriate forms of address because of the hearer’s age, occupation, status, identity and the degree of emotion. Address forms in China and western countries belong to different addressing systems and also have different usage of address terms. So we should discuss the differences of several types of address forms between China and western Countries. This knowledge will be helpful for us to overcome the cultural obstacles and misunderstandings between the east and west.From the textbook, we can know: More and more English native speakers address others by using the first name—T om, Michael, Linda, Jane, etc. This is especially common among Americans, even when people meet for the first time. This applies not only to people of roughly the same age, but also of different ages. It is not uncommon to hear a child calling a much older person—Joe, Ben, Harry, Helen, etc. In addition, in western countries, many college students call their professors by their first names. The professors do not regard this as a sign of disrespect or familiarity, but rather, as an indication that the professor is considered affable and a sense of equality. This, however, is not accepted in China and other Asian countries. One can imagine the reactions of adults if a child were to call a grandparent by his or her first name, or a student to do the same in calling a teacher. A quick reprimand, and possible even a spanking for the child, would be sure to follow.Besides, China has a special form of address. It is kin terms are not only used within one’s own family but also to other people not related by blood or marriage in China. Such as: 警察叔叔 ( Police uncle ) ，护士姐姐 ( Nurse sister ) These terms are used to show politeness, respectfulness, and friendliness.; However, the English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used. In English speaking countries, even with relatives they tend to use just the first name and leave out term of relationship. We may find Brother Peter or Sister Alice in English, but there terms would commonly be understood as referring to persons belonging to a Catholic group or some religious or professional society.In addition to the above ,China has a form of address is use of a person’s tittle ,office ,or occupation. such as 胡主席( President Hu ) ，李市长( Mayor Li ). But one seldom hears English speakers addressing others as Bureau Director Smith, Manager Jackson and the like. In English, only a few occupations or tittleswould be used: Doctor –is common for those who have qualified in medical profession, and judge –for those authorized to try cases in law courts; Governor –and Major –maybe used for those who hold such offices, although often without the name. The name with Professor - , however ,there are very few others.Nowadays, with great changes taking place in the social structure, clan relationship, and way of life as well as the deepening of the reform and opening, the Chinese address forms tend to be simplified with the relationship between people moving in the direction of equality. Among them, it may be interesting to understand Chinese words 老( old ) and 小( young ). The two “prefixes”do not carry disrespect, offense orany negative implications, instead they embody friendliness, equality, and informality. Such ad 郭老，it is defined as a certain elderly person who is highly respected in society. In addition, xiaojie or xiaosheng is defined as a friendly form of address.On the other hand, we all know that names have meanings. In China, Chinese names can give all sorts of information about a person. They may give clues about where and when the person was born. Or they may tell us something about family relationships, ethnic group. In general, the child 's name can be said to be being pinned to his parents' expectations. But, in western countries, they like to use the name of the man who is respected to named themselves.In my opinion, based on the study of Different Forms of Address between Chinese and English. address is a universal phenomenon in all cultures. The use of address forms can indicate both the power or solidarity relationship and the aloof or intimate relationship between people. The diverse characteristics of English and Chinese address forms are indicative of the different cultural orientations, custom, social structure and psychology etc. of both language. On the other hand, the differences of address forms in both languages are decided by different cultures. There are distinguished differences in the social system, patriarchal clan system, religion, family institution and concept between the English and Chinese cultures. To put it into more specific terms, the group-orientated Chinese culture is based on the blood and marital ties, and relationship is considered as “the predominant value in the Chinese culture”. Whereas the individual-orientated American culture is based on contact, equality is quite appreciated in the English culture. As some scholar points out, the more different the languages andculture are, the more diverse address forms will be. The great discrepancies of the English and Chinese cultures are sure to result in a substantial difference of address forms in both languages.In conclusion, no matter in daily life or on formal occasions one can't avoid using address forms in communication. Appropriate use of address forms is of vital importance to the success of human communication. As a symbolic system encrusted by tradition, address forms are a mirror image of a culture and the tendency of that culture. So understanding the different Forms of Address between Chinese and English is a key to studies on different cultures and as abridge to successful intercultural communication.。
商务英语专业16届毕业论文设计题目
Basic Principles of Business English writing
A Culture Approach to SinoAmerican Negotiation Styles
A Pragmatic Study of Fuzzy Language in Business Letters
Lady Dress Etiquette on Business Occasions
A Discussion on the Properness of Legal Translators in Light of Prototype-Model Translation Theory
A Study on the Seating Arrangement in International Business Negotiation
On the Application of Euphemisms to Business English Correspondence
A Brief Analysis of the Accomplishment of Interpretors in Global Business Negotiation
Cultural Differences Reflected in Taboos of Gift-giving Between China and America
A Brief Study of Business Negotiation Etiquette
On Cultural Turn in Translation of Business English
综合英语课程论文中美跨文化交际
综合英语课程论文中美跨文化交际研究生英语2013-2014学年第二学期期末论文题目Contrastive Analysis on Intercultural Business Communication between China and America学号__11201300_ 专业_经济学_ 姓名_ __分数：________评语：______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2014年 6 月16 日Contrastive Analysis on Intercultural BusinessCommunication between China and America Abstract:Intercultural communication as a social phenomenon, since it was discovered early by some scholars. They have made a deeper research on it. With the continuous development of social progress, communication between different cultural backgrounds counties and regions goes deeper. And the language and culture is a vehicle for communication. This showsthe necessity to the research of cross-cultural communication. And this study has wide and far-reaching significance of theory and practice. This paper analyzes the characteristics of cross-cultural communication, pointed out that the cultural differences between China and the U.S. This paper draws conclusions that the Chinese have the characteristics of collectivism, past orientation, high-context cultures, strong uncertainty avoidance, and high power distance. In contrast, the United States has the features of individualism, future orientation, low-context cultures, weak uncertainty avoidance and small power distance. Based on this, in the Sino-US cross-cultural business communication process, it will need to keep in mind the differences of the characteristics between China and American cultures. Only in this way can we target more efficiently.Keywords: Intercultural Communication; Power Distance; Uncertainty Avoidance; Individualism.摘要：跨文化交际作为一种社会现象，很早以来就被一些学者所发现，并对其进行了深入的研究。
A contrastive study of Chinese and English
姓名丁佳文班级英语097 学号0 9 0 9 6 7 0 2A contrastive study of Chinese and English1. The difference of using function words between Chinese and English2. Idiomatic use and collocation of words2.1 The meaning of words3. Words Order3.1 words order in phrases3.2 word order in a sentenceThere are many commons as well as differences between Chinese and English. Compared with Chinese, English words are believed to be characterized by great vacillation and flexibility and it depends much on the contextual relationship.English words are believed to be characterized by great vacillation and flexibility; the meaning of a word may range widely and it depends much on the contextual relationship as is said”Words do not have meanings; People have meanings for words.”Unlike those of English words, Chinese words are comparatively rigorous, accurate and fixed in meaning which do not range as widely as English words do. They depend less on the context and are comparatively independent of the context.English and Chinese employ different types of function words. English function words include the articles, Prepositions, auxiliary verbs, coordinators and subordinates. For example, “She was with a child” and“she was with child”the two sentences above have extremely different meanings. The first sentence meansa woman was stay with a child, but the second sentence means a woman waspregnant. While Chinese function words comprise particles, connectives, and prepositions，each has its own features in the use of these words. Chinese is rich in particles, which can be classified into aspect particles, structural particles, and emotional particles. The frequent use of Chinese particles is a hard nut for foreignlearners of Chinese. For example这回我可亲眼看见啦！（感叹语气）This time I have actually seen it for myself你呀，老这样下去可不行啊！（加重语气）Look! You can’t go on like this.•In English, one word often has many meanings in different sentences. For example,“Oh, what a story!”and“He stories about his academic career and his professional career”in these two sentences, the word “story”has different meanings. In the first sentence, story means “lie”，while in the second sentence, it means “fabricated”. Another example is“kill”.⒈He killed the man 他杀死了那个人⒉They killed the proposal他们断然拒绝建议 3.Please kill the engine请把发动机熄灭⒋He is dressed to kill他穿的很时髦，十分吸引人.⒌She kills her child with kindness.她宠坏了小孩⒍He killed time every day at the park他每天上公园消磨时间⒎He killedthree bottles of whisky in a week 他一周内喝了三瓶威士忌The less inflective a language, the more rigid the words order. Word order in English is not as rigid as in Chinese. More ways of inversion are often seen in English. For example“What in the world do you mean?”and “Not a finger did I lay on him?”. How about the words order in phrases? Here are some examples. The first situation is the same, such as “黑白black and white，好恶like or dislike”. Then the second situation is the reverse, such as“钢铁iron and steel,田径track and field”.“Inversion", as one of the translation techniques, means the necessary or even inevitable change of word-order in a sentence according to the usage of the language to be translated into. This "change of word-order" is necessary because, first of all, each language has its own "natural word-order" and its own peculiarities in word-order; secondly, "inversion", as a stylistic device, is often used for emphasis.•。
论文：委婉语
A Comparative Study of English and ChineseEuphemisms学号09053134姓名王静班级09级英本一班专业英语成绩对英汉委婉语的对比性研究摘要：委婉语是一种不用明说的、能够使人感到愉快或含糊的的说法代替具有令人感到不悦的含义或不够尊敬的表达方式。
委婉语这个词使用来自希腊，eu，意思是“好”或“听起来不错”。
pheme意味着说法。
字面意思是好的说法。
作为不可或缺的语言和自然的一部分，委婉语已引起了广泛兴趣。
因此，在其他研究者的基础上，本论文试图通过比较性研究委婉语与文化禁忌语的关系以及英汉委婉语的相似点和不同点，对英汉委婉语做一个全面的分析，旨在加深对委婉语的理解以及更好地在外语学习，跨文化交际以及我们的日常生活中使用它。
关键词：委婉语；相似性；差异；研究A Comparative Study of English and Chinese EuphemismsAbstract: Euphemism is mild, agreeable or, roundabout words use in place of coarse , painful or offensive ones. The term comes from Greek, eu meaning “well” or “sounding good ”. pheme means speech. Euphemism literally means good or pleasant speech. As an indispensable and natural part of language, euphemism has been arousing wide interest .Thus on the basis of others' researches, this thesis attempts to do a comprehensive analysis of English euphemism and Chinese euphemism by comparatively analyzing the relationship of euphemism with culture and taboos, and the similarities and differences of English and Chinese euphemism, aiming at deepening the understanding of the euphemism and to better use it in foreign language learning ,cross-cultural communication as well as in our everyday life .Keywords: euphemism; similarities; differences; analysisTable of contents1 .Introduction (1)2 A Brief Introduction to Euphemism (2)2.1A General Review of the Studies on Euphemism (2)2.2 Euphemism and Culture (3)2.3 Euphemism and Taboo (4)3 .Study on Euphemisms in English and Chinese (5)3.1 Comparison of Euphemisms in English and Chinese (5)3.2 Cultural Reasons for the Differences in Expressions (8)4 .Conclusion (9)Works Cited (11)1 .IntroductionEuphemism is the figure of speech which consists in the substitution of a word or expression of comparative favorable implication or less unpleasant associations instead of the harsher or more offensive one (Zhao 153). Politeness, as a symbol of human civilization, is a social、cultural as well as linguistic phenomenon that can be found in all languages and cultures. Euphemism is a strategy to achieve politeness in people’s daily conversation. Euphemisms, in a broad se nse, include all the ways of euphemistic expressions, such as words, phrases, sentences and discourses etc. In specific situation and context, even some nonverbal expressions can achieve the same effect as the verbal euphemisms.In the modern life, as a cultural phenomenon, euphemism is widely used more out of politeness than fear and the principles of politeness in west and east share something in common. Besides, English and Chinese euphemism is based on similar psychological factors: the psychology of pursuing beauty and self-defense. And dissimilarities or differences on cultural connotations in English and Chinese euphemisms exist, mainly focusing on the root of traditional culture and the value orientation. To be familiar with the linguistic features of euphemism in the target culture, to be aware of the differences between the target culture and the native culture and to interpret and use euphemism according to social context are keys to effective employment of euphemism in intercultural communication.2 .A Brief Introduction to Euphemism2.1A General Review of the Studies on EuphemismEuphemism is a common linguistic phenomenon in different cultures. Many scholars at home and abroad have made studies of euphemisms from different perspectives.British writer George Blunt advanced the term “euphemism” defining it as “a good or favorable interpretation of a bad word” .In 1983, American scholars J. S. Neaman&C.C. Silver published their book Kind Words, a Thesaurus of Euphemisms, which presents a detailed description on the history of euphemisms as well as deep discussions on that field. R.W. Holder’s A Dictionary of Euphemisms in 1995 illustrate euphemistic words and expressions with rich examples. Robert Burchfield’s view(2003), a language without euphemism would be a defective instrument of communication.The recorded study of Chinese euphemism dates back to Zhou Dynasty. As in the case of its English counterparts, ancient studies of Chinese euphemisms focus on the avoidance of certain names and of the folk customs at lexical level. A breakthrough is made by Chen Wangdao(1932) in his Introduction to Rhetoric. He extends the concept of euphemism to syntax or even discourse level. From the 1970s and the 1980s when foreign linguistic theories landed in China, Chinese linguists began to view euphemism from different perspectives: Chen Yuan(1932) makes a study from social linguistics, Wang Dechun(1995) makes a study from socialpsychological linguistics, Wu Liquan(2002) makes a study from culture and rhetorics, Shu Dingfang(1989) makes a study from pragmatics, Moreover, Zhang Gonggui (1996) compiled A Dictionary of Chinese Euphemisms.People in both languages have shared psychological foundations in the use of euphemisms. In Shu Dingfang’s view(1989), self-defense principle is fundamental in English and Chinese euphemisms. According to this principle, people tend to take their own social status and identity into consideration and try to protect self-benefits and honor. They use good words and expressions to talk about the things related to them instead of the vulgar ones. The achievements of predecessors left us abundant materials for reference and paved the way for us to study the subject more comprehensively.2.2 Euphemism and CultureEuphemism, as an indispensable part of every language, reflects customs, politics, life style and social psychology. For instance, we are sensitive about death, so “grave digger” was replaced by “undertaker”, later on “undertaker” was replaced with the Latinate “mortician”. And we are sensitive about bodily functions, so there are many euphemisms for “bathroom”. Learning Euphemism means learning to take the view as native speakers of that language, learning the ways their language reflects the ideas, customs, and behavior of their society.The relationship between euphemism and culture is too obvious now: Euphemism demonstrates its multiple mapping relations with culture; it varies withthe development of society, from one historical period to another. Understanding of the cultural Euphemisms enables us to catch the meaning conveyed.2.3 Euphemism and TabooA taboo is a strong social prohibition (or ban) relating to any area of human activity or social custom that is sacred and forbidden based on moral judgment and sometimes even religious beliefs. Breaking the taboo is usually considered objectionable or abhorrent by society. The primary examples of taboo words requiring the use of a euphemism are the unspeakable names for a deity, such as Persephone, Hecate, or Nemesis. In ancient Chinese, taboo is called quyu(曲语)，referring to periphrasis or circumlocution, which means to speak the word indirectly, implying it without saying it. The appearance and the use of euphemisms are inevitably related to linguistic taboo.In ancient times, people had blind faith in ghosts and gods they respected. People whispered when they mentioned them. People even feared them so they did not dare to address their names directly. They believed it was profane to name gods. Therefore names of gods became the earliest taboos. To speak names of gods was to evoke the divinity whose power then had to be confronted. Societal taboos to a certain extent or to some people are the polarizing issues of sex, death, racism, genderism, ethnicity, nationality, religion, politics, money, socio-economic class, sexual orientation, disability and so on, which form the Euphemism.3 .Study on Euphemisms in English and Chinese3.1 Comparison of Euphemisms in English and ChineseEuphemism is a common linguistic phenomenon in different cultures. From the moment it is coined, it plays an important role in people's daily communication. It is not only a language phenomenon but also a culture one. To some extent, the euphemism generates from such circumstances of avoiding shame, of avoiding privacy and other psychological problems during interpersonal communication. Different cultures derive from different cultural backgrounds. Therefore, cultural differences would lead to the different uses of language.Taboo! Is the psychological basis of a euphemism. Some taboos in English and Chinese euphemism are same. For example: “death” is universally regarded as one of the taboos Death as the final outcome, whether ancient or modern, both the East and West, there are few differences. As a human being, regardless of whom he is and how he will be busy with his life, he must experience birth and death, young and old, finally, unveil them serious appearance to knock on the death door In Ch ina, People do not like the number”4”because they fear about the “die ”. Another group number is about“73 , 84”. Among old people , they think there are two key ages , if you are 73 or 84 years old , they believe that you will die before God of the hell invites you. So many old people are not willing to talk about their exact ages, if so they will shorten or prolong one year to overpass this two key ages.In western countries, people regard”13”as taboo. They never live No.13Room in the hotel, or not have the No 13 because of the religious belief. In most big hotels, there are not 13th story or No 13 Room. The Chinese said the death of euphemism: Deceased died! The death! Of old age!, Death! Sacrificed! The world long Speech! The heart stops beating! And see Marx! Furthermore, in ancient China, the uses of euphemisms of death are strictly classified according to different social ranks. Death of emperors is called“崩”, death of dukes”薨”, death of senior officials“卒”, death of Buddhist abbot “圆寂”, and death of the common “死”. English in the expression of death ，The euphemism of death! Depart from the world for ever, decease, breathe one last, pay one debt to nature, be with God, go the way of all flesh, etc. Recently, English euphemism of death more an more exaggerated, dead (The dead) became the deceased or the dear departed, dead! Is passed away, fallen asleep and gone to Jesus. This reflects that the people on death，in English, many euphemisms are used to fulfill this function. Some frequently used ones are “pass away” ,“depart” ,“pay one’s debt to nature” ,“go to better world”, “be with God”, etc. The same is true of Chinese euphemisms, which has“逝世”,“故去”,“寿终”,“作古”,“谢世”,“与世长辞”,“大限”,“去见马克思”and so on. Interestingly, English and Chinese culture also share a similar euphemism to express “death”. This one in English is “to go west”, in Chinese “西去”or“去西方了”( just means “go west”).The expression instead of the inconvenience straight. For example:(1) He is mentally ill (he had neuropathy.) Crazy! Do not insane or mad, if it is normal but can use: Are you mad (crazy)? (Are you crazy?)(2) Shi Tao: I secretly as people prepared. That thing (referring to Coffin) shall not be a good wood, and slowly do yet!I have had them secretly prepared. But I can not get any good wood for you know what, so I have let that go for the time being.!Good manners are produce euphemism the important psychological foundation. Taboo. is the unhappy things to avoid, polite, it is not the things of the withdrawal. The toilet of and the urine of euphemism and so on. For example, the toilet, in polite social, Chinese commonly used on the bathroom! Or a convenient, and euphemism says, English is commonly used in go to the men’ s (ladies’) room/rest Room/washroom/the John, or wash one s hands, relieve oneself, etc. Women pregnant! In Chinese euphemism has said the law's in trouble! Going to be a mom! And to upgrade! Etc; In English the wan committee view have big, with child, the begin Family way, expecting, etc. For example, the same word. ”wife ” has different calling toward different social classes. “天子之妻”called“后”，“诸侯之妻”called“夫人”, “大夫之妻”called“儒人”,“士之妻”called“妇人”, and“平民百姓”called really“妻”.In Chinese culture the word “old” is not an avoided one since there is a convention to respect and admire the old people. It has the connotation of “ enjoying high prestige and universal respect“. Therefore, in Chinese “老” is often used for addressing by adding. It at the end of the surname for expressing respect to the old people, such as “王老“，“李老” , etc.In western society, the issue of “old age ”is too sensitive to be mentioneddirectly. People try all means to avoid using the word “old” in daily life, instead they adopt many other pleasant words to replace this sensitive word. For example, they use “home for adult” for “old people’s home”, “an adult community” for “a community for old people”, and “senior citizen” for “old man”. He is not old but “longer living”, and he is not “a candle in the wind” but “in golden years”. He is also promoted to “elderly”, “mature” ,“an adult”, “a distinguished gentleman ”, “feeling one ’s age ”or “third age”. Reward the ability of some help. The psychological basis of its different tables , Now in the form, we from found in English language differences, and further analysis of the English literature, literary Kam Foundation. Differences in two different languages, English lead to English. The euphemism different performance form, which is reflected in the words and sentences type operation and with peers surface. Contrast to the Han English euphemism language. Wanyou Li, sound to not Ear-piercing. Theword Language-generation. For order people do not fast, Lu no Ceremony crude. It sounds harsh words. Avoid tabooand ritual appearance is produced Health euphemism language of the heart reason. In summary, the basic characteristics of the euphemism is delightfully.3.2 Cultural Reasons for the Differences in ExpressionsDifferent natural environments undoubtedly have a great impact on bringing forth different living habits of people and further bringing forth different cultures andcharacters. These differences help shape diversified expressions. Death euphemism is one of the representatives.Many scholars agree that eastern culture is a shame culture expecting the approval of others and the western culture is a guilt culture attaching great importance to self-identity.The thinking of people may be recorded in written materials or expressed in verbal language. What they say and what they write reveal how they think. Death euphemisms also reveal these differences. Their different thinking modes are reflected in their attitudes towards nature and social life. Their attitudes are also reflected in the language they use. Thus, varied death euphemisms come into being. Different aesthetic mental sets reflect people’s different understandings of the world. Different communicative values in English and Chinese cultures lead to different psychological inclinations;4 .ConclusionIn order to show the similarities and differences of cultural connotations, the present comparative study of English and Chinese euphemisms focuses on the analysis of the cultural roots with the examples mainly restricted to the lexical or phrasal level. Due to the limitation of resources, it just focus on typical expressions to illustrate the cultural connotations. And points out the similarities and differences between Chinese and western Euphemisms from the perspective of cultural. Althoughthe present study attempts to cover a wide range of the cultural points in the statement of comparison, it is still limited in terms of depth of research. All these limitations above may serve as the motivations for further study. Therefore in learning and using language, people should focus our attention on the acquisition of cultural knowledge for the sake of better communication. Learning how to use euphemisms on different occasions and understand the western and the Chinese culture, also has a profound and realistic effect on effective cross-cultural communication.Works CitedAllan, K.&K. Burridge. (1991). Euphemism and Dysphemism. Oxford: Oxford University press.Ayto, J. (1993). Euphemisms. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Limited.. Ayto, J. (1994). Times Euphemisms. Singapore: Federal Publications.. Kramsch, C. (2000). Language and Culture. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language and Education Press.Neaman.Judith&Silver Carole. (1991). A Thesaurus of Euphemisms.World Publishing Corp, (1): 67.Rawson, Hugh. (1981). A Dictionary of Euphemisms and other Doubletalk. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc.Robert Burchfield. (2003). The English Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.范家材. 英语修辞格赏析 [M ].上海: 上海交通大学出版社, 1992江希和. 现代英语中的委婉语 [J ]. 现代外语, 1983 (3): 14-19.刘纯豹. 英语委婉语词典 [M ]. 南京: 江苏教育出版社, 1996.李国南. 英汉修辞格对比研究[M ]. 福州: 福建人民出版社, 1999.潘绍嶂. 英汉修辞与写作[ M] . 上海: 上海交通大学出版社, 1998.束定芳. 现代汉语中的委婉语[J ]. 汉语学习, 1989 C2: 4-38徐海铭. 委婉语的语用学研究[M ]. 外语研究，1996 (3): 21-240.。
AComparativestud...
A Comparative study on school education inAmerica and ChinaAbstract:In American, education attract great attention from the government, compulsory education is 12 years, 3 years longer than ours, the students not only enjoy free books but even have free lunch, from this you can see how American care about education.What is more, most of the people will not get satisfied with 12 years education, if so, they can hardly get a job.Many of them will go for further study.They study more forwardly and more self-conscious, and these two kinds of good behavior also bring a good social atmosphere.Chinese teachers are used to divide students in different level based on they marks in the exam, and students will be divided into different classes.While American teachers prefer to use "ABCD" instead of Arabic numerals to evaluate the students, in their eyes every student is good, so teachers will not grudge praise for the students, maybe appreciative education is enlightened from this.Body:As we all know, there are lots of differences in school education between China and America. Now I want to talk about the differences from primary education to higher education.The reasons why I want to compare this two kinds of education style are very simple. First, if we want to learn about a country we should learn its education style to learn about how they cultivate the next generation. Second, we can learn other's advantages and improve ours, especially for we developing countries. Third, development of society always rely on science, and science come from education, if we want to be strong, education is the very key.Y ou may ask why the differences exist, yeah, why? In my opinion, differences come so obviously because we have quite different thinking methods, we Chinese prefer to summarize experience after every practice, and we are good at applying our summary into practice. While Americans are used to doing some practice first, they can achieve a lot in these practice. In other words our thinking method is limited in the elder generation's experience seriously, what we do is to apply these summary into application, it will do great harm to our innovation. Now let us compare our different kind of education style from primary education to higher education between the two countries.1.Primary School EducationIt's so common that our children suffer lots of homework after class, what is more, the young have to attend to every kind of extra class to improve their scores, we have to admire that our children grasp better basic knowledge, however, what we lose is far more than what we gain. As is the time should we have a reflection, we put so heavy pressure on the young, but it does not work well, children ought to have a happy childhood. While, children in American have less classes and less homework, teachers prefer to let the young do more activities not exercise they want them to consider more and achieve the interest during their practice. Teachers often let children have free talks to train speaking skills, so today we can see Americans do better in arguing.During primary education, their students mainly study math and language, teachers usually arrange some activities which need to be finished in group, it not only improve the young's friendship but also do good to their sense of a teamwork. We can see the US children have quite relaxed growing environment. They have a more comfortable childhood I think.2.High School EducationI am willing to talk more about this part as this period impressed me so much.In Chinese high school, we study for three years, during this period, students have a lot of things to do, most of which is about study, every day we are preparing for college entrance examination, we all want to make good scores and choose an ideal college, so you can imagine this three-year career is a great challenge for us.Everyday, we begin our class from 7:00 to 12:00 in the morning and from 2:00 till 5:30 in the afternoon, during a day's study, we mainly have math, physic, chemistry, biology, English and Chinese classes, these are the very subjects we should prepare for college entrance examination. We also have some interesting classes. Each week we have two PE classes, during this time we can do what sports we love and we can also relax ourselves, in my opinion only two PE classes are really not enough for us. We have two psychology classes, in this class teacher will show us some exciting topics that have something to do with us, it really help us a lot when we feel lost and frustrated.In Art class teacher will show us famous pictures and tell us the story of each work,we feel quite relaxed at this moment as we can have a sleep or do some other things. Though study is essential during these three years, yet what is the most important I think is that we develop great friendship during high school life, and our friendship is so pure that we can trust each other without any hesitation. Though these three years is the busiest period, it really give us an valuable memory.When we come to American high school, we can see that they have a relaxed study life.As is seen,their high school life is very similar to our college life, they commonly study for four years during high school, they need not to pay too much attention to college entrance examination,in American, people prefer your ability than your scores, so students work hard to improve their all kinds of abilities. They go to class from 7:30 to 2:15 from Monday to Friday and only six classes every day, maybe you do not believe,but it is really true. They also have more interesting classes such as pottery class, theatre class and legal class, what the school want is to strengthen students's practical skills. American students go to class in different classroom while we Chinese have permanent classroom, what is more, they are free to develop themselves and major in the subjects they like. As long as they get enough credits they can get graduated, so we can conclude that their style is like our college style.And our class atmosphere is also different, Chinese students should sit rightly and answer the teacher's question carefully, we consider that shows our respect to our teacher, however, American students prefer to sit as comfortable as they feel, they think it is good for study efficiency.3.College EducationIn this part we will continue to introduce the difference between two kinds of education styles.In China, having entranced college, students finally have the chance to lead a relaxed life after so many years study life. Many of them pursuit not to fail in every term's final examination, considering that is enough. And after these four years, students both can get a job and go for further study, it mainly depend on your personal desire. In the four year's life we have to get enough credits to get graduated, we need to attend to required courses and elective subjects. In college you may not go to every class, it is so common that every student have ever escaped from classes. And during these four years we can join all kinds of organizations and that is a good way to improve our communication skills and we can meet more people, maybe one or more among them will do us a favor in the future. We also take part in many kinds of national examinations, among which are CET4, CET6, and NCRE2. If you get the certificate. It will help you a lot when you attend a job interview after graduation.Now let us have a look at American college life. In the front of this article we know their students have a very relaxed life as they do not need to worry about entering college, they can go to college though their score is poor, of course, if you want to choose famous college you should have good scores.After American students entering college, many of them begin to work harder than they ever did, they may stayin the library all day long, they think it is time for their effort, or they will not get satisfied job after graduation.And on the way I want to say something not so important. In China a student can go to famous university as long as he have good social relationship, and he will get a gradual certificate. While if you study in America, you should pay attention, getting in by the back door is impossible, if you do not work hard you will never graduate successfully, and no satisfied job is waiting for you.In general, Chinese education style pays more attention to basic knowledge, especially to math physic and chemistry.Our students really have steady basic knowledge that the US students admire very much. When we turn to see US students, we can easily find they prefer to improve social skills, including arguing, social work and teamwork, this difference lead to a phenomenon that if Chinese and American both work in a company most of the Americans will work as manager, and most of we Chinese will work as technical staff who work for the manager.When asked what bring this difference, American say "Chinese have very good knowledge standard but they are not willing to talk about their opinions in meetings, they are used to work along with former experience and lack innovation spirit."Conlusion:different education systemIn China the majority of young people will get the opportunity to enjoy the 9 years' mandatory education, and very few people can go to high school or college, so the proportion of people get educated to the whole people is quite low. The reason why our government puts so many efforts to encourage the young to get further study is mainly to improve our nation's quality.That is the whole content I want to share with you to learn the difference between American and Chinese school education, we can see that we really have a lot of things to solve in our education, why our people can not get Nobel prize, maybe there is something wrong with our education system. What we should do is to learn other's advantages and decrease the gap. Maybe years later our students will get the world's attention.内部资料仅供参考内部资料仅供参考困难是把双刃剑，不敢应对他的人，只会被他吓倒。
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科技信息 ０外语论坛０ ＳＣＩＥＮＣＥ＆ＴＥＣＨＮＯＬＯＧＹ ＩＮＦＯＲＭＡＴＩＯＮ ２００９年第１１期 Ａ Ｃｏｍｐａｒａｔｉｖｅ Ｓｔｕｄｙ ｏｆ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ ａｎｄ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ Ｗａｙｓ ｏｆ Ａｄｄｒｅｓｓ
李静 （安徽中医学院 安徽合肥２３００３８）
【Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ］Ｆｒｏｍ ａ ｃｒｏｓｓ—ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ ｐｒａｇｍａｔｉｃ ｐｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅ，ｔｈｉｓ ｐａｐｅｒ ｍａｋｅｓ ａ ｃｏｍｐａｒａｔｉｖｅ ｓｔｕｄｙ ｏｎ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ ａｎｄ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ ｗａｙｓ ｏｆ ａｄｄｒｅｓｓ，ａｎｄ ｆｉｎｄｓ ｔｈａｔ ｄｕｅ ｔｏ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ ｖａｌｕｅｓ，ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｓ ｄｉｆｅｒ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ａｃｔｕａｌ ｒｅａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ａｄｄｒｅｓｓ ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓ ａｎｄ ｍｏｄｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ，ｗｈｉｃｈ ｌｅａｄｓ ｔｏ ｖａｒｉｅｄ ｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎａｌ ｓｔｙｌｅｓ，ａｎｄ ｔｈｕｓ ｈｏｌｄｓ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅｒｅ ｅｘｉｓｔ ｄｉｓｔｉｎｃｔｉｖｅ ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎａｌ ｓｔｙｌｅｓ ｏｆ ｖｅｒｂａｌ ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒｓ，ｗｈｉｃｈ ｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｅｓ ｔｈｅ ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓａｌｉｔｙ ｏｆ ｐｒａｇｍａｔｉｃ ｒｕｌｅｓ ａｍｏｎｇ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｓ ａｎｄ ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｓ． 【Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ］Ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ ｖａｌｕｅｓ；Ｗａｙｓ ｏｆ ａｄｄｒｅｓｓ；Ｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉ０ｎａ１ ｓｔｙｋｓ；ｃｏｍｐａｒａｔｊＶｅ ｓｔｕｄｙ
１．Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｅｔｉｏｎ Ｓｉｎｃｅ ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ ｉｓ ｔｙｐｉｃａｌｌｙ ｅｔｈｎｉｃ，ｄｉｆｉｅｒｅｎｔ ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｓ ｎａｔｕｒａｌｌｙ ｔａｋｅ ｏｎ ｖａｒｉｅｄ ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ ｐａｔｔｅｒｎｓ．ｗｈｉｃｈ ｗｉｌｌ ｂｅ ｉｎｅｖｉｔａｂｌｙ ｒｅｆｌｅｃｔｅｄ ｉｎ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｌｅｖｅｌｓ ｏｆ ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ ｓｙｓｔｅｍ ｔｈａｔ ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｓ ｔｈｅ ｕｓｅ ｏｆ ｖｅｒｂａｌ ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒｓ．Ｓｏｍｅ ｏｖｅｒｓｅａｓ ｌｉｎｇｕｉｓｔｓ ｔｈｉｎｋ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅ ｐｒａｇｍａｔｉｃ ｒｕｌｅｓ ｏｆ ｖｅｒｂａｌ ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒｓ ｈａｖｅ ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓａｌ ｆｅａｔｕｒｅｓ（Ｂｒｏｗｎ ａｎｄ Ｌｅｖｉｎｓｏｎ，ｌ９７８；Ｌｅｅｃｈ，１９８３）．Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ， ｆｒｏｍ ｔｈｅ ｕｓｅ ｏｆ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ ａｎｄ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ ｗａｙｓ ｏｆ ａｄｄｒｅｓｓ，ｉｔ ｃａｎ ｂｅ ｓｅｅｎ ｔｈａｔ ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈ ｔｈｅ ｂａｓｉｃ ｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔｓ ａｎｄ ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓ ｏｆ ｗａｙｓ ｏｆ ａｄｄｒｅｓｓ ａｒｅ ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓａｌ ｐｈｅｎｏｍｅｎａ，ｄｕｅ ｔｏ ｖａｒｉｅｄ ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ ｖａｌｕｅｓ，ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｓ ｄｉｆｆｅｒ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ａｃｔｕａｌ ｒｅａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ａｄｄｒｅｓｓ ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓ ａｎｄ ｍｏｄｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ ｗｈｉｃｈ ｌｅａｄｓ ｔｏ ｄｉｆｉｅｒｅｎｔ ｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎａｌ ｓｔｙｌｅｓ．Ｈｅｒｅ ｆｒｏｍ ａ ｃｒｏｓｓ—ｃｕｈｕｒａｌ ｐｒａｇｍａｔｉｃ ｐｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅ，ｔｈｉｓ ｐａｐｅｒ ｍａｋｅｓ ａｎ ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎ ｉｎｔｏ ｔｈｅ ｒｏｌｅ ｏｆ ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ ｖａｌｕｅｓ ｉｎ ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｉｎｇ ｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎａｌ ｓｔｙｌｅｓ ｉｎ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ ａｎｄ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ ｗａｙｓ ｏｆ ａｄｄｒｅｓｓ ｔｏ ｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｅ ａｇａｉｎｓｔ ｔｈｅ ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓａｌ ｐｒａｇｍａｔｉｃ ｒｕｌｅｓ ｏｆ ｖｅｒｂａｌ ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒｓ． ２．Ｔｈｅｏｒｉｅｓ ２．１ Ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｉｓｍ—ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｖｉｓｍ Ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｉｓｍ－ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｖｉｓｍ ｉｓ ｔｈｅ ｙａｒｄｓｔｉｃｋ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ ａｎｄ ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｖｅ．Ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｉｓｍ ｍａｎｉｆｅｓｔｓ ｉｔｓｅｌｆ ｉｎ ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ ｉ ｎｉ‘ｔｉ‘ａｔｉ‘ｖｅ，ｉｎｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｃｅ，ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ ｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎ，ａｎｄ ｐｒｉｖａｃｙ．Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ， ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｖｉｓｍ ｅｍｐｈａｓｉｚｅｓ ｏｎ“ｔｈｅ ｖｉｅｗｓ，ｎｅｅｄｓ ａｎｄ ｇｏａｌｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｉｎ—ｇｒｏｕｐ ｒａｔｈｅｒ ｔｈａｎ ｏｎｅｓｅｌｆ；ｓｏｃｉａｌ ｎｏｒｍｓ ａｎｄ ｄｕｔｙ ｄｅｆｉｎｅｄ ｂｙ ｔｈｅ ｉｎ—ｇｒｏｕｐ ｒａｔｈｅｒ ｔｈａｎ ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒ ｔｏ ｇｅｔ ｐｌｅａｓｕｒｅｓ；ｂｅｌｉｅｆｓ ｓｈａｒｅｄ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｉｎ－ｇｒｏｕｐ ｒａｔｈｅｒ ｔｈａｎ ｂｅｌｉｅｆｓ ｔｈａｔ ｄｉｓｔｉｎｇｕｉｓｈ ｓｅｌｆ ｆｒｏｍ ｉｎ－ｇｒｏｕｐ；ａｎｄ ｇｒｅａｔ ｒｅａｄｉｎｅｓｓ ｔｏ ｃｏｏｐｅｒａｔｅ ｗｉｔｈ ｉｎ－ｇｒｏｕｐ ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓ”（Ｔｒｉａｎｄｉｓ，１９９０：５２）．Ｈａｒｒｙ Ｃ．Ｔｒｉａｎｄｉｓ， Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ ｐｓｙｃｈｏｌｏｇｉｓｔ，ｔｈｉｎｋｓ ｔｈａｔ ｄｉｓｔｉｎｃｔｉｏｎ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｉｓｍ ａｎｄ ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｖｉｓｍ ｉｓ ｔｈｅ ｋｅｙｓｔｏｎｅ ｏｆ ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇ ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ． Ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ ｔｏ Ｈｏｆｓｔｅｄｅ’ｓ ｆｉｎｄｉｎｇｓ，ｔｈｅ Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ Ｓｔａｔｅｓ ｔｅｎｄｓ ｔｏｗａｒｄ ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｉｓｍ，ｗｈｉｌｅ Ｃｈｉｎａ ｔｅｎｄｓ Ｉｏｗａｒｄ ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｖｉｓｍ．Ｉｔ ｃａｎ ｂｅ ｓｅｅｎ ｔｈａｔ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ ａｎｄ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ ｃｕｈｕｒａｌ ｖａｌｕｅｓ ｉｎ ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｉｓｍ－ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｖｉｓｍ ａｒｅ ｑｕｉｔｅ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ．Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ ｂｅｌｏｎｇｓ ｔｏ ｔｙｐｉｃａｌ ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｖｉｓｍ，ｗｈｉｌｅ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ ｂｅｌｏｎｇｓ ｔｏ ｔｙｐｉｃａｌ ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｉｓｍ． ２．２ Ｐｏｗｅｒ ｄｉｓｔａｎｃｅ Ｐｏｗｅｒ ｄｉｓｔａｎｃｅ ｒｅｆｅｒｓ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｍｍｏｎ ｐｈｅｎｏｍｅｎｏｎ ｔｈａｔ ｐｏｗｅｒ ｉｎ ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｓ，ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎｓ ａｎｄ ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｓ ｉｓ ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｄ ｕｎｅｑｕａｌｌｙ ｉｎ ａｌｌ ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ．Ａｈｈｏｕｇｈ ａｌｌ ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｓ ｈａｖｅ ｔｅｎｄｅｎｃｉｅｓ ｆｏｒ ｂｏｔｈ ｈｉｇｈ－ａｎｄ ｌｏｗ—ｐｏｗｅｒ ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｓ．ｏｎｅ ｏｒｉｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ ｓｅｅｍｓ ｔｏ ｄｏｍｉｎａｔｅ．Ｒｅｓｅａｒｅｈ ｓｈｏｗｓ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅｒｅ ｉｓ ａ ｗｉｄｅ ｇａｐ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｐｏｗｅｒ ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ ａｎｄ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ．Ｃｈｉｎａ ｉｓ ａ ｈｉｇｈ—ｐｏｗｅｒ—ｄｉｓｔａｎｃｅ ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ ｉｎ ｗｈｉｃｈ “ｔｈｏｓｅ ｗｈｏ ｈｏｌｄ ｐｏｗｅｒ ａｎｄ ｔｈｏｓｅ ｗｈｏ ａｒｅ ａｆｆｅｃｔｅｄ ｂｙ ｐｏｗｅｒ ａｒｅ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙ ｆａｒ ａｐａｒｔ ｉｎ ｍａｎｙ ｗａｙｓ”（Ｆｏｒｓｔｅｒ，１９９２：２６５），ｗｈｉｌｅ ｔｈｅ Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ Ｓｔａｔｅｓ｜ｓ ａ ｌｏｗ—ｐｏｗｅｒ—ｄｉｓｔａｎｃｅ ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ ｉｎ ｗｈｉｃｈ“ｔｈｅ ｐｏｗｅｒ ｈｏｌｄｅｒｓ ａｎｄ ｔｈｏｓｅ ａｆｆｅｃｔｅｄ ｂｙ ｔｈｅ ｐｏｗｅｒ ｈｏｌｄｅｒｓ ａｒｅ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙ ｃｌｏｓｅｒ” （Ｆｏｓｔｅｒ，ｌ９９２：２６５）． ２．３ Ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ｗａｙｓ ｏｆ ａｄｄｒｅｓｓ ａｎｄ ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ ｖａｔｕｅｓ Ｔｈｅ ｗａｙ ｏｆ ａｄｄｒｅｓｓ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｕｓｅ ｏｆｉｔ ａｒｅ ｎｏｔ ａｌｗａｙｓ ｔｈｅ ｓａｍｅ ｉｎ ａｌｌ ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ．Ｐｈａｔｉｃ ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｏｎ ｉｓ ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｄ ｔｏ ａ ｌａｒｇｅ ｅｘｔｅｎｔ ｂｙ ｐｅｏｐｌｅ’ｓ ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ ｂａｃｋｇｒｏｕｎｄ，ｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ ｖａｌｕｅｓ．Ｔｈｅ ｅｓｓｅｎｔｉａｌ ｄｉｆｉｅｒｅｎｃｅ ｏｆ ｉｔ ｉｎ ｖａｒｉｅｄ ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｓ ｉｓ ｔｈｅ ｄｉｓｔｉｎｃｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ａｄｄｒｅｓｓ ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓ．Ｔｈｅ ｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｅｎｔｉｒｅ ｅｌｅｍｅｎｔ，ｓｕｃｈ ａｓ ｓｏｃｉａｌ ｄｉｓｔａｎｃｅ， ｐｏｗｅｒ ｄｉｓｔａｎｃｅ ｗｉｌｌ ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｅｅ ｔｈｅ ｃｈｏｉｃｅ ｏｆ ａｄｄｒｅｓｓ ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓ．Ａ ｗｉｄｅ ｓｏｃｉａｌ ａｎｄ ｐｏｗｅｒ ｄｉｓｔａｎｃｅ ｗｉｌｌ ａｄｄ ｔｈｅ ｄｉｍｃｕｈｉｅｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｃｈｏｉｃｅ ｏｆ ｉｔ． ｗｈｉｃｈ ｗｉｌｌ ａｌｓｏ ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ ｔｈｅ ｃｈｏｉｃｅ ｏｆ ａｄｄｒｅｓｓ ｍｏｄｉｆｉｃａ￡ｉｏｎｓ．Ｄｕｅ ｔｏ ｖａｒｉｅｄ ｃｕｈｕｒａｌ ｖａｔｕｅｓ，Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ ａｎｄ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ ｐｈａｔｉｃ ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｏｎ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ａｃｔｕａｌ ｒｅａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎａｌ ｓｔｙｌｅｓ． ３．Ｗａｙｓ ｏｆ ａｄｄｒｅｓｓ ３．１ Ｋｉｎｓｈｉｐ ｔｅｒｍｓ Ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｐｒｏｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｋｉｎｓｈｉｐ ｔｅｒｍｓ ｉｎ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ ａｎｄ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ ａｄｄｒｅｓｓ ｓｙｓｔｅｍ ｓｈｏｗｓ ａ ｖａｒｉｅｄ ｆａｍｉｌｙ ｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ ａｎｄ ｓｅｎｓｅ ｏｆ ｋｉｎｓｈｉｐ， ｗｈｉｃｈ ｉｓ ａｃｔｕａｌｌｙ ｔｈｅ ｒｅｆｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｔｈｅｓｅ ｔｗｏ ｋｉｎｄｓ ｏｆ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｃｕｈｕｒａｌ ｖａｌｕｅｓ． Ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｖｉｓｍ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ ｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ ｈｉｇｈｌｉｇｈｔｓ ａ ｈａｒｍｏｎｉｏｕｓ ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎ ａｍｏｎｇ ｐｅｏｐｌｅ，ｗｈｉｃｈ ｉｓ ｍａｉｎｌｙ ｒｅｆｌｅｃｔｅｄ ｉｎ ａ ｃｌｏｓｅ ｆａｍｉｌｙ ｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ ａｎｄ ｓｔｒｏｎｇ ｓｅｎｓｅ ｏｆ ｋｉｎｓｈｉｐ．Ｔｈｕｓ ｍａｎｙ ｅｘｔｅｎｄｅｄ ｆａｍｉｌｉｅｓ ａｒｅ ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｅｄ． ｗｈｉｃｈ ｃｏｎｓｉｓｔ ｎｏｔ ｏｎｌｙ ｏｆ ｐａｒｅｎｔｓ ｂｕｔ ａｌｓｏ ｏｆ ｏｔｈｅｒ ｃｌｏｓｅ ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓ． Ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ ｋｉｎｓｈｉｐ ｔｅｒｍｓ ａｒｅ ｍｕｃｈ ｍｏｒｅ ｃｏｍｐｌｅｘ，ｓｕｃｈ ａｓ“爸”． “妈”，“姨”，“姑”，ｗｈｉｃｈ ａｒｅ ｖｅｒｙ ｓｔｒｉｃｔ ｉｎ ａｇｅ，ｓｅｘ，ｐａｔｅｒｎａｌ ａｎｄ ｍａｔｅｍａｌ ｌｉｎｅ．ＯＢｅ ｃｏｕｌｄ ｎｅｖｅｒ ｃａｌｌ ｈｉｓ ｆａｔｈｅｒ ｂｙ ｈｉｓ ｎａｍｅ．Ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎ，Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ ｐｅｏｐｌｅ ｓｏｍｅｔｉｍｅｓ ａｌｓｏ ｕｓｅ ｋｉｎｓｈｉｐ ｔｅｒｍｓ ｔｏ ａｄｄｒｅｓｓ ｎｏｎ—ｆａｍｉｌｙ ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓ ｉｎ ｏｒｄｅｒ ｔｏ ｓｈｏｗ ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔ ｏｒ ｉｎｔｉｍａｃｙ．Ｆｏｒ ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ， ｐｅｏｐｌｅ ｍａｙ ａｄｄｒｅｓｓ ｏｔｈｅｒ ｐｅｒｓｏｎ．“嗣姨 ． 掇叔 ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｔｈｅｉｒ ａｇｅ． Ｔｈｅｙ ｅｖｅｎ ｕｓｅ ｄｏｗｎｇｒａｄｅｄ ａｄｄｒｅｓｓ．ｓｕｃｈ ａｓ“他叔”．“他婶”．Ｉｎ Ｃｈｉｎａ ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ ｏｆｔｅｎ ａｄｄｒｅｓｓ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｐａｒｅｎｔｓ’ｆｒｉｅｎｄｓ“叔叔＂．“阿姨’ ０ｎ ｔｈｅ ｂａｓｉｓ ｏｆ ｓｕｃｈ ｃｏｍｐｌｅｘ ｋｉｎｓｈｉｐｓ ｓｏｃｉａｌ ｈｉｅｒａｒｃｈｙ ｉｓ ｆｏｒｍｅｄ．ｗｈｉｃｈ ｉｓ ａ ｒｅｆｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ ｈｉｇｈ ｐｏｗｅｒ ｄｉｓｔａｎｃｅ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ，Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ ｋｉｎｓｈｉｐ ｔｅｒｍｓ ａｒｅ ｎｏｔ ｏｎｌｙ １ａｒｇｅ ｉｎ ｎｕｍｂｅｒ ｂｕｔ ａｌｓｏ ｓｔｒｉｃｔ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｄｉｓｔｉｎｃｔｉｏｎ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ｎｅａｒ ｋｉｎ ａｎｄ ｃｏｌｌａｔｅｒａｌ ｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｓ．Ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｏｎ ｏｆ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ ｋｉｎｓｈｉｐ ｔｅｒｍｓ ｉｓ ａｃｔｕａｌｌｙ ｔｈｅ ｒｅｆｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｓｏｃｉａｌ ｐｓｙｃｈｏｌｏｇｙ ｔｏ ｓｈｏｗ ｉｎｔｉｍａｃｙ． Ｗｈｉｌｅ ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｉｓｍ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ ｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ ｈｉｇｈｌｉｇｈｔｓ ｉｎｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｃｅ，ｗｈｉｃｈ ｉｓ ｍａｉｎｌｙ ｒｅｆｌｅｃｔｅｄ ｉｎ ａ ｓｉｍｐｌｅ ｆａｍｉｌｙ ｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ ａｎｄ ｗｅａｋ ｓｅｎｓｅ ｏｆ ｋｉｎｓｈｉｐ．Ｍｏｓｔ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ ｆａｍｉｌｉｅｓ ａｒｅ ｎｕｃｌｅａｒ ｆａｍｉｌｉｅｓ ｔｈａｔ ｃｏｎｓｉｓｔ ｏｆ ｏｎｌｙ ｔｗｏ ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓ．Ｔｈｏｓｅ ｇｒｏｗｎ—ｕｐ ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ ｗｉｌｌ ｌｅａｖｅ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｐａｒｅｎｔｓ ｔｏ ｆｏｒｌｎ ｎｅｗ ｎｕｃｌｅａｒ ｆａｍｉｌｉｅｓ．Ｔｈｅ）＇ｔｈｉｎｋ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅｒｅ ｉＳ ｎｏ ｌａｒｇｅ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｓ ａｎｄ ａｃｑｕａｉｎｔａｎｃｅｓ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ．ｔｈｅｒｅ ｉｓ ｎｏ ｎｅｅｄ ｔｏ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｔｅ ｎｅａｒ ｋｉｎ．ｃｏｌｌａｔｅｒａｌ ｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｓ ａｎｄ ｓｅｘ ｉｆｌ ｔｈｅ ｋｉｎｓｈｉｐ ｔｅｒｍｓ．Ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ＵＳ．ｓｕｃｈ ａｄｄｒｅｓｓ ｍａｉｎｌｙ ｒｅｆｅｒｓ ｔｏ “ｍｏｔｈｅｒ”．’ｆａｔｈｅｒ” “ａｕｎｔ”．ｗｈｉｃｈ ａｒｅ ｍａｉｎｌｖ ｕｓｅｄ ｔ０ ａｄｄｒｅｓｓ ｆａｍｉｌｖ ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓ．Ｓｔｊ¨ｓ０ｍｅ ｃａｎ