初中英语,冠词和时态,讲解+练习

初中英语,冠词和时态,讲解+练习
初中英语,冠词和时态,讲解+练习

一般过去时

用法索引

1.在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。

时间状语有:yesterday,last week,an hour ago,the other day,in 1982等。

Where did you go just now?

2.表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。

When I was a child,I often played football in the street.

特殊句型(需重点掌握)

1.It is time for sb.to do s th.“到……时间了”、“该……了”

2.It is time sb.did sth.“时间已迟了”、“早该……了”

It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。

It is time you went to bed.早该睡觉了。

3.would (had)rather sb.did sth.表示“宁愿某人做某事”

I’d rather you came tomorrow.

请你注意:一般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词或词组,如:yesterday,last month,in 1999,two days ago等,绝对不可与recently,in the past 10 years,this month等连用,因为这样的时间状语都与现在有关系,应该用现在完成时或一般现在时。

过去进行时

用法索引

1.表示过去某个时刻或某一阶段正在进行的动作。构成:be(was,were)+现在分词,常用的时间状语:at 10:30 last night ,this time yesterday evening

Eg1.What were you doing at three o’clock yesterday afternoon?

2.用于when,while 引导的时间状语从句中。用过去进行时表示较长的动作。过去进行时可用于主句,也可用于从句。

Eg1.I was doing my homework when someone knocked at the door.

Eg2.We were walking along the river when suddenly it rained.

Eg3.While he was waiting at the bus stop,the traffic accident happened.(While 后的分句必须用进行时)

Eg4.While I was reading ,my sister was sleeping.(表示对比,都用进行时)

3.用于表示过去将来的动作。常用在间接引语中。

Eg1.She was leaving early the next morning.

Eg2.I asked him whether he was coming back for dinner.

过去将来时

用法索引

1.过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。它常用于宾语从句中。

有两种构成形式:用would表示的过去将来时和用be (was/were)going to 表示的过去将来时。

Eg1.He told me he would go to Beijing.

Eg2.He said the train was leaving at six the next morning

Eg3.She said she was going to start at once.

过去完成时

用法索引

1表示过去某时开始,一直持续到另一时间和状态。即动作完成于某个过去时间之前。常用的时间状语:由by,before等词构成的表示时间的介词短语。“过去的过去”这种逻辑关系常通过上下文体现出来,而不一定受某个时间状语的限制。We had not heard from him by the end of last year.

2.根据时态一致的原则,在从句中谓语动词要用过去完成时代替其他时态。

She said she had learned French for six years.构成

一般现在时

用法索引

1.经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频率的时间状语连用。

时间状语:every…,sometimes,at…,on Sunday

I leave home for school at 7 every morning.

2.客观真理、客观存在、科学事实。

The earth moves around the sun.

Shanghai lies in the east of China.

3.表示格言或警句中。

Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。

请你注意:

此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

例:Columbus proved that the earth is round.

4.现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。

I don’t want so much.

Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.

现在进行时

用法索引

1.表示说话时正在进行的动作。常和now,Look!Listen!或其他铺垫句及情景设臵句连用。

Eg1.I am reading a book now.

Eg2.Look!They are having a basketball match.

Eg3.Listen!He is playing the piano.

Eg4.It’s 7:00 pm.The Greens are watching TV.

2.表示现阶段正在进行着的动作但说话时不一定正在进行。

Eg1.He is working in a shoe factory these days.(临时性的工作)

Eg2.Mr.Green is writing another novel. (说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)

3.表示在近期按计划或安排要进行的动作。即用现在进行体表示将来要发生的动作。但一般要与将来时间连用,而且仅限于少量动词。例如:come,go,start,arrive,leave,stay等。

Eg1.Mr.Smith is leaving for London tomorrow.

Eg2 Are you staying here till next week?

4.常与表示渐变的动词连用。例如:get,grow,become,turn,,begin等。

Eg1.The leaves are turning red.

Eg2.It’s getting warmer and warmer.

现在完成时

用法索引

1.表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常用的时间状语:already,get,never,just,before,recently,for+一段时间,since+一段时间

I have lost my key.(说明过去某时丢的,现在还未找到。)

2.表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。

I have known him for ten years.

The dog has been dead for three days.

3.表示从过去到现在之间曾经经历过的事。

We have been to the Summer Palace twice.

请你注意:

因为含有for加一段时间或since加一个时间点这样的时间状语的完成时,有动态和延续性的特点,所以不能使用终端动词或瞬间动词。

例:My sister has been here for 5 days.(过去分词做表语表示状态,可以延续)

My sister came here 5 days ago.(终端动词)

现在完成进行时

用法:表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间,延续或重复地出现至今,或将继续延续至将来。

例:We have been working on this project for over a month now.(到目前为止,我们一直在处理那个项目,已经花了一个多月时间了。)

请你注意:现在完成进行时与现在完成时相比,现在完成进行时更强调:在从过去到现在的时间里,动作或状态一直持续或一直反复出现。

一般将来时

用法索引

1.一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态。

2.表示将来经常或反复发生的动作,常与表示将来的时间状语连用。

如:tomorrow,tomorrow morning,next week(year,term…),in (two days…),soon,the day after tomorrow等。

3.问对方是否愿意或表示客气的邀请。

4.shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。

-- 冠词的基本用法

一、a与one的对比 1. 尽管a和one这两个在意义上有些相似,但它们几乎不能互换使用。2. 在连续记数时,习惯上,用one而不用a。 3. 在名词前使用one往往表示数量上的对比。 4. 用在某些固定词组中。

e.g. all of a sudden(突然),as a matter of fact(事实上),in a hurry,in a word,do sb. a favour,pay a visit to,a hand of(少量的),a length of(一根、一段),a variety of(种种),a depth of(深度为),an article of(一件),a total of(总共),an average of(平均),one by one,one after another,one day

二、不定冠词的基本用法

1. 具有泛指的概念,表示“一类”或“其中的一个”。

2. 初次提到某人或某物。

3. 速度、比率、价格等,其意义相等于one或every。

4. 用在某些物质名词前,该物质名词便具体化了。

a coffee, a heavy rain 5. 用在某些抽象名词前,该抽象名词前便具体化了。He has a knowledge of chemistry. The get-together was a great success. 6. 用在专有名词前,表示类似的一个或某一个。He is a Kong Fansen. A Mrs Smith wishes to speak to you. 7. 表示“同一个”的意思。

The two boys are of an age. These umbrellas are of a (=the same) colour and size.

8. 不定冠词的特殊位置:how/so/as/too+形容词+不定冠词+名词 so kind a man = such a kind man too difficult a book

三、定冠词的主要用法

1. 表示特指和第二次提到的人或物。

2. 表示世界上独一无二的事物。

3. 用在序数词、形容词最高级前面。

4. 用在江河湖海、山脉、群岛、海峡、沙漠等地理名词前。

5. 用在形容词或过去分词前表示一类人。

6. 用在表示国家和民族的形容词前表示泛指该国的人民。

7. 用在姓氏的复数前,表示该夫妇俩或全家人。

8. 乐器、通讯设备前一定要加定冠词。9. 用于某些缩略词之前。the PRC

10. 用在表示发明物的单数可数名词之前。11. 固定搭配。in the morning on the other hand

四、不用冠词的几种情况

1. 季节、节日、星期、三餐等之前,一般不加冠词。 the Spring Festival (除外)

2. 名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、名词所有格等限定词修饰时,一般不加冠词。

3. 专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前,一般不加。

4. 球类、棋类、学科等名称前,一般不加冠词。

5. 称呼、头衔、职务等表示抽象性质的名词前,不加冠词。

6. 在与by连用交通工具名称前不加冠词。]

7. 在turn,go(变成、成为)变成后面的名词做短语时,名词前不加冠词。但become后面的名词前一定要加冠词。

8. 在一个以“普通名词+as”所引导的让步状语从句中,该普通名词前不加冠词。9. 泛指复数名词前不用冠词。

10. 固定搭配。in debt,in good (bad) health,in good condition,in great demand,in great need of,in time of danger,in office(就职),in honour of,in trouble (difficulty),in favour of,with anger,in general,in size,in character(在性格上),in sight,in (out of) order,on business,on holiday,on leave,on watch,on fire,heart and soul,knife and fork,at sea,husband and wife,brother and sister,from morning till night,on horseback

五、特殊情况

1. 部分词组中有冠词和没有冠词其含义不同。一般说来,名词前无冠词,则表示抽象意义;名词前有冠词,则表示具体意义。 out of problem(不成问题),out of the problem(不可能),take place,take the place of,in hospital,in the hospital,at table,at the table,in front of,in the front of,three of us,the three of us,on earth,on the earth,of age(成年),of an age(同岁数),lose colour(脸色苍白),lose the colour(褪色),

2. 有些诉组中用定冠词the还是不定冠词a ,意义不同。a number of the number of

3. 注意当单数可数名词被so、as、how、too等词修饰时,冠词的位置要放在形容词后面。比较such。

4. 注意习惯用法。在某些词组、成语中,名词前不用冠词。

六、表示类别的三种情况

1. 定冠词+单数可数名词(用特指的那一类事物代表一类事物)。

2. 不定冠词+单数可数名词(用“任意一个”“某一个”所具有的特性、特征表示一类事物)。

3. 可数名词复数或不可数名词,指“类别”。(考虑到同一类中的各个情况)。

例题分析

例1、I earn 10 dollars_________ hour as _________ supermarket cashier on Saturdays.

A. a...an

B. the...a

C. an...a

D. an...the 答案为C。

【解析】hour以元音开头,前面加不定冠词an,an hour“每小时”;a表示“一个”,放在supermarket cashier 前面表示类指,说明属哪类人。译文:星期六我作为超市出纳员每小时挣10美元。a/an的用法规则:以元音音素开头的单词前用an,以辅音音素开头的单词前用a。

例2、One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain________ good knowledge of basic word formation.

A. /

B. the

C. a

D. one 答案为C。

【解析】knowledge是不可数名词,当被某些修饰语修饰时,前面要加不定冠词,如:He has a very good knowledge of English.他在英语方面有丰富的知识。

例3、Alexander Graham Bell invented ________telephone in 1876. A. / B. a C. the D. one 答案为C 。【解析】the+可数名词单数表示一类泛指。

例4、The cakes are delicious. He\'d like to have ________ third one because _______ second one is rather too small.

A. a…a

B. the…the

C. a…the

D. the…a答案为C。

【解析】注意序数词前面的冠词的用法:当序数词表示顺序时用定冠词the;表示再来一次使用不定冠词a (an)。从句子的意思可知,third one表示再吃一个,所以填a;second one表示所吃的第二个,所以填the。这句话的意思是:蛋糕很好吃。他想再吃一个,因为他吃的第二个太小了。

例5、A bullet hit the soldier and he was wounded in ________leg. A. a B. one C. the D. his 答案为C。【解析】伤及某人某部位或拍、打、拉某人某部位要用句式wound/bit/beat/pat/take+sb+介词+the+部分。译文:子弹击中了战士,他的腿受了伤。

例6、________people in the world are sending information by email every day.

A. Several million

B. Many million

C. Several millions

D. Many million 答案为A。

【解析】在million,hundred等前如果有具体数字或several等词时,要用单数形式。many一般不与million 等词连用。在表示不确切数目时用复数,例如:表示“数百万”,英语为millions of。译文:每天,世界上有百十万人通过email传递信息。

例7、________ of the land in that district ________covered with trees and grass.

A. Two fifth...is

B. Two fifth...are

C. Two fifths...is

D. Two fifths...are 答案为C。

【解析】分数的分子用基数词,分母用序数词表示。如果分子大于1,序数词后加-s。分数和百分比作主语时,谓语动词的形式取决于分数和百分数后的名词。句子中的主语land是单数,所以谓语动词要用is covered。

例8、Paper produced every year is ________ the world\'s production of vehicles. 答案为B。

A. the three times weight of

B. three times the weight of

C. as three times heavy as

D. three times as heavier as

【解析】表示倍数的词数放在the weight of前,意思是“……重量的几倍”。

例9、An accident happened at_________ crossroads a few metres away from_______ bank.

A. a…a

B. /…a

C. /…the

D. the…/答案为A。

【解析】at a crossroads表示“在十字路口”,crossroads“十字路口”是复数形式单数用法;bank是可数名词,不能单独使用(要加冠词或复数),又非特指,不能用the。此处是泛指,前面要用不定冠词a。

例10、Smith _____ me to buy several _____ eggs for the dinner 答案为A。

A、asked…dozen

B、suggested…dozens of

C、had…dozen

D、persuaded…dozens of

【解析】“d ozen +复数名词”前除了用具体数词修饰外,还可以用several, many 修饰,如several dozen people, many dozen students等,dozen 不加s。

1 Mr Li is___ old worker.

A a

B an

C some

D /

[答案]B.

[析]an用于元音音素开始的单词前。

2 English is___ useful language in ___ world.

A an, the

B a, the

C the, /

D /,the

[答案]B.

[析]因useful的第一个音素是[j],它是辅音音素。

3 What ___ interesting book it is?

A a

B an

C the

D /

[答案]B.

[析]这是感叹句,因为移到原一般句前面的强调部分中有可数名词book,所以应加冠词,而interesting的第一音素是元音所以要加an。

4 He will be back in ___ hour.

A /

B the

C a

D an

[答案]D.

[析]因hour的首字母h不发音。

5 There is ___ map in the classroom. ___ map is on the wall.

A a, A

B the, The

C a, The

D the ,A

[答案]C.

[析]在文章中首次提到某人或某物时用不定冠词,而第二次再提到该物或人时应用定冠词。

6 Look at___ picture! There's___ house in it.

A a ,a

B the, the

C a, the

D the, a

[答案]D.

[析]虽然是第一次提到,但在句中的语言是让对方看某一特定的图画,所以应选择D。

7 There is ___ orange in the bottle.

A a

B an

C the

D /

[答案]D.

[析]这里的orange是指桔汁而不是一个个的桔子。

8 Beijing is ___ capital of our country.

A the

B an

C /

D a

[答案]A.

[析]capital之后有of结构则要用定冠词。

9 If you work hard at English, you'll get ___ "A" in the test.

A an

B /

C the

D a

[答案]A.

[析]因字母A的第一音素是元音。

10 He usually goes to school on ___ foot.

A a

B an

C the

D /

[答案]D.

[析]on foot意为走路上学,是习惯用法。

试题精选

1、I earn 10 dollars_________ hour as _________ supermarket cashier on Saturdays.

A. a...an

B. the...a

C. an...a

D. an...the

2、One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain________ good knowledge of basic word formation.

A. /

B. the

C. a

D. one

3、Alexander Graham Bell invented ________telephone in 1876.

A. /

B. a

C. the

D. one

4、The cakes are delicious. He\'d like to have ________ third one because _______ second one is rather too small.

A. a…a

B. the…the

C. a…the

D. the…a

5、A bullet hit the soldier and he was wounded in ________leg.

A. a

B. one

C. the

D. his

6、________people in the world are sending information by email every day.

A. Several million

B. Many million

C. Several millions

D. Many million

7、________ of the land in that district ________covered with trees and grass.

A. Two fifth...is

B. Two fifth...are

C. Two fifths...is

D. Two fifths...are

8、Paper produced every year is ________ the world\'s production of vehicles.

A. the three times weight of

B. three times the weight of

C. as three times heavy as

D. three times as heavier as

9、An accident happened at_________ crossroads a few metres away from_______ bank.

A. a…a

B. /…a

C. /…the

D. the…/

10、Smith _____ me to buy several _____ eggs for the dinner

A、asked…dozen

B、suggested…dozens of

C、had…dozen

D、persuaded…dozens of

专题练习

1. Jumping out of ________ airplane at ten thousand feet is quite ________ exciting experience. (2002全国高考题)

A./; the

B./; an

C.an; an

D.the; the

2. There’s ________ dicti onary on ________ desk by your side. (2003北京春季高考题)

A.a; the

B.a; a

C.the; a

D.the; the

3. An accident happened at ________ crossroads a few meters away from ________ bank. (2003上海春季高考题)

A.a; a

B./; a

C./; the

D.the; /

4.The warmth of ________ sweater will of course be determined by the sort of ________ wool used.

A.the; the

B.the; /

C./; the

D./; /

5.Mr. Li will give us ________ talk.________ talk will begin at 8:00.

A.a; The

B.the; A

C./; /

D.a; A

6.The sun gives us ________ heat and ________ light.

A.the; the

B.a; a

C.a; the

D./; /

7.—What do you need in dinner? —I need ________.

A.a knife and a fork

B.a knife and fork

C.the knife and fork

D.the knife and the fork

8.________ Mrs.Smith is waiting for you in your office.

A.The

B.A

C.One

D./

9.She’s on ________ People’s Daily.

A.the

B.an

C.a

D./

10._____ Einsteins could not pay for _____ advanced education that young Albert needed.

A.The; the

B.A; a

C.An; the

D.The; an

11.She is ________ newcomer to ________ chemistry but she has already made some important discoveries.

A.the; the

B.the; a

C.a; /

D.a; the

12.—Where is Jack? —I think he is still in ________ bed,but he might be in ________ bathroom.

A./; /

B.the; the

C.the; /

D./; the

13.I don’t like talking on ________ telephone; I prefer writing ________ letters.

A.a; the

B.a; /

C.the; the

D.the; /

14.Many people are still in ________ habit of writing silly things in ________ public places.

A.the; the

B./; /

C.the; /

D./; the

15. —If you don’t like the red coat,take the blue one.

—OK,but do you have ________ size in blue? This one is a bit tight for me.

A.a big

B.a bigger

C.the big

D.the bigger

16.I heard somebody playing ________ piano in ________ next room.

A.a; a

B.the; the

C.a; the

D.the; an

17.________ Pacific Ocean is ________ largest of all.

A.the; a

B./; the

C.the; the

D.a; /

18.Great changes have taken place in ________ 1990’s.

A./

B.a

C.the

D.an

19.Wouldn’t it be ____ won derful world if all nations lived in _____ peace with one another?

A.a; /

B.the; /

C.a; the

D.the; the

20.Alexander Graham Bell invented ________ telephone in 1876.

A./

B.a

C.the

D.one

21.In 1864,Lincoln was elected _____ President of ____ United States for the second time.

A.the; the

B.a; a

C./; the

D./; /

22.John is ________ university student.

A./

B.any

C.a

D.an

23.The table is made of ________.

A.a wood

B.some wood

C.the wood

D.wood

24.We are going to learn ________ next week.

A.Twelfth Lesson

B.The Twelfth Lesson

C.Twelve Lesson

D.The Twelve Lesson

25.—I’d like ________ information about the management of your hotel,please.

—Well,you could have ________ word with the manager. He might be helpful.

A.some; a

B.an; some

C.some; some

D.an; a

26.Paper money was in _______ use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in ______ thirteenth century.

A.the; /

B.the; the

C./; the

D./; /

27.Most animals have little connection with ________ animals of ________ different kind unless they kill them for food.

A.the; a

B./; a

C.the; the

D./; the

28.Alice is fond of playing _____ piano while Henry is interested in listening to _____ music.

A./; the

B./; /

C.the; /

D.the; the

29.Oh,John.________ you gave us!

A.How a pleasant surprise

B.How pleasant surprise

C.What a pleasant surprise

D.What pleasant surprise

30.________ terrible weather we’ve been having these days!

A.How a

B.What a

C.How

D.What

1~5 CAABA 6~10 DBBAA 11~15 CDDCB 16~20 BCCAC 21~25 CCDBA 26~30 CBCCD

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