2012年10月中国科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编39(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编39(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．As its______grew, funds began to accumulate and the union got more and more powerful.A．recruitB．sizeC．membershipD．expansion正确答案：C解析：membership n.会员数；全体会员(如：The membership of the club is now 500．The society has a large membership．)。
recruit n．新兵，新成员。
size n.大小，尺寸，尺码。
expansion n．扩大，扩充；扩张，膨胀。
2．Little boys seem to enjoy______ train sets more than little girls.(2003年中国社会科学院考博试题)A．captureB．departureC．fixtureD．miniature正确答案：D解析：本题是说，小男孩看上去比小女孩更喜欢小型的火车装置。
D项“miniature缩小的”符合题意。
其他三项“capture捕获；departure出发；fixture 固定设备”都不正确。
3．Concerned people want to______ the risk of developing cancer.(2002年春季上海交通大学考博试题)A．takeB．decreaseC．minimizeD．claimed正确答案：C解析：本题中，take the risk of doing sth．的意思是“冒险做……”；decrease 的意思是“降低”；minimize的意思是“减到最少”；claimed的意思是“声称、主张”。
2012年在职申硕(同等学力)英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2012年在职申硕（同等学力）英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Dialogue Communication 3. V ocabulary 4. Reading Comprehension 5. Cloze 7. Translation 9. WritingPaper OneDialogue CommunicationSection ADirections: In this section, you will read 5 short incomplete dialogues between two speakers, each followed by 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the answer that best suits the situation to complete the dialogue by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.1．Speaker A: Frank, where are the cookies? Don’t tell me you ate them all! Speaker B: ______ They were so good.A．Yes, forget it.B．Yes, I couldn’t help it.C．No, I’m sorry.D．No, don’t be mad.正确答案：B解析：A说：“饼干在哪儿呢?别告诉我，你把它们都吃光了吧?”B回答：“是的。
我忍不住(都吃了)。
”can’t help it的意思是“情不自禁，忍不住”的意思。
故本题选B项。
2．Speaker A: The train is delayed again.Speaker B: ______ How long do we have to wait?Speaker A: About forty minutes.A．What a pity!B．How annoying!C．I’m sorry to hear that.D．So far so good.正确答案：B解析：A说：“火车又晚点了。
2012年10月GCT逻辑真题（A卷附答案）
2012年10月GCT逻辑真题（A卷附答案）第一篇：2012年10月 GCT逻辑真题 (A卷附答案)2012年在职攻硕第三部分逻辑推理能力测试(50题，每题2分，满分100分)1.中世纪阿拉伯人有许多古希腊文手稿。
当需要的时候，他们就把它们译成阿拉伯语。
中世纪阿拉伯哲学家对亚里士多德的《诗论》非常感兴趣，这种兴趣很明显不被阿拉伯诗人所分享，因为一个对《诗论》感兴趣的诗人一定想读荷马的诗，亚里士多德本人就经常引用荷马的诗。
但是，荷马的诗一直到当代才被译成阿拉伯语。
如果以下陈述为真，哪一项最强地支持上面的论证?A.有一些中世纪阿拉伯翻译家拥有古希腊文的荷马诗手稿。
B.亚里士多德的《诗论》经常被现代阿拉伯诗人引用和评论。
C.亚里士多德的《诗论》的大部分内容与戏剧有关，中世纪阿拉伯人也写戏剧作品，并表演这些作品。
D.中世纪阿拉伯的系列故事，如《阿拉伯人之夜》，与荷马史诗的某些部分很相似。
2.美联储一直想推出第三次量化宽松货币政策(简称QE3)，以推动美国经济复苏。
如果美联储推出QE3，则全球美元供给将再次大幅增加，各国要维护汇率稳定，就不得不购买美元资产。
如果各国购买美元资产，则会加大本国通货膨胀压力。
如果不想输入通货膨胀，各国就要让本币升值。
如果本币升值，则会抑制本国出口，导致经济滑坡。
如果以上陈述为真，以下哪一项陈述一定为真?A.如果美联储推出QE3，其他国家若想避免本国经济滑坡，就不要购买美元资产。
B.其他国家或者面临输入性通货膨胀的压力，或者面临经济滑坡的危险。
C.如果其他国家没有输入性通货膨胀，也没有本币升值，则美联储未推出QE3.D.如果其他国家未遇到输入性通货膨胀的压力，就不会让本币升值。
3.2012年8月10日，韩国总统李明博访问了与日本存在主权争议的独岛（日本称“竹岛”）。
舆论调查结果显示，在李明博访问独岛之后，其支持率由25.7%升至34.7%.如果调查结果属实，以下哪一项陈述一定为真?A.支持李明博访问独岛的韩国人多于不支持的人。
华慧中国科学院考博英语考试内容及项目
中国科学院考博英语考试内容及项目中国科学院博士研究生英语入学考试是一种水平考试，命题不以任何一种研究生英语教材为主要命题依据。
考试材料主要来自于英、美主要报纸杂志及原版书籍。
题材主要涉及政治、经济、社会、文化和科普等领域的一般性知识；体裁有叙事、议论、描述、应用文等。
词汇一般控制在新大纲的8092个词之内。
考试采取主客观题相结合的方式：主观题占总分的35％，客观题占65％。
测试试卷包括试卷一和试卷二两部分。
试卷一测试词语用法、完形填空和阅读理解，试卷二测试书面表达。
全卷共计100分，考试时间180分钟。
为了帮助考生了解命题要点、测试要求和评分标准，下面分别就每一具体项目作一简单介绍。
一、词汇词汇部分占全卷总成绩的10％，总计20题，每题0．5分。
这部分试题的目的是检测考生是否理解性掌握了一定量的词汇、短语和惯用法。
词汇题的测试重点是动词、名词、形容词的固定搭配，常用词不同词性、不同词义的用法以及近义词、形近词的区别。
词和词组的测试范围基本以2002年《中国科学院研究生院博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲》词汇表为参照依据(此大纲已由北京理工大学出版社出版)。
试题题型为选择填空。
每题为一个留有空白的英文句子，要求考生从所给的四个选项中，根据语法、句义找出最合适的词或词组填入空内。
如：Communicating orally involves more than reading Or talking：gesture，posture，movements may all be _______ to it． A．intrinsic B．coherent C．appealing D．submissive二、完形填空完形填空部分占全卷总成绩的15％，总计15题，每题1分。
完形填空题测试形式是在一篇约250词的短文中留有15个空白，每个空白为一题。
要求考生在全面理解文章的基础上，从提供的四个选择项中选出一个最佳答案。
2012年gct考试真题及答案
2012年gct考试真题及答案一、语言表达能力测试1. 下列各句中，没有语病的一句是：A. 他虽然年轻，但工作能力很强。
B. 通过这次活动，使我们增长了见识。
C. 我们一定要防止不发生安全事故。
D. 他的话深深地打动了我，使我深受感动。
答案：A2. 填入下列横线处的词语，最恰当的一项是：在这次会议上，他提出了一个____的问题，引起了大家的热烈讨论。
A. 尖锐B. 敏感C. 复杂D. 重要答案：B3. 下列各句中，标点符号使用正确的一句是：A. 他问我：“你明天有空吗？”B. “你明天有空吗？”他问我。
C. “你明天有空吗，”他问我。
D. “你明天有空吗？”他问我：“有空。
”答案：B二、数学基础能力测试1. 已知函数f(x) = 2x - 3，求f(5)的值。
答案：72. 计算下列极限：\[ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin x}{x} \]答案：13. 解下列方程：\[ 3x^2 - 6x + 2 = 0 \]答案：x = 1 或 x = 2/3三、逻辑推理能力测试1. 如果所有的鸟都会飞，而企鹅是鸟，那么企鹅会飞。
A. 正确B. 错误C. 不能确定答案：B2. 以下哪项是“如果今天是星期三，那么明天是星期四”的逆否命题？A. 如果明天不是星期四，那么今天不是星期三。
B. 如果明天是星期四，那么今天是星期三。
C. 如果今天不是星期三，那么明天不是星期四。
D. 如果明天不是星期四，那么今天不是星期二。
答案：A3. 以下哪项是“如果下雨，那么地面会湿”的逆命题？A. 如果地面湿，那么下雨。
B. 如果地面不湿，那么没有下雨。
C. 如果没有下雨，那么地面不湿。
D. 如果地面湿，那么没有下雨。
答案：A四、英语运用能力测试1. The word "unique" most nearly means:A. CommonB. UnusualC. OrdinaryD. Unique答案：B2. Fill in the blank with the correct preposition:He is very interested _____ music.A. atB. inC. onD. with答案：B3. Choose the correct answer to complete the sentence:She was so angry that she could hardly speak, _______ she managed to control herself.A. andB. butC. orD. so答案：B五、物理知识运用能力测试1. 一个物体从静止开始，以恒定加速度a加速，经过时间t后的速度v是多少？答案：\[ v = at \]2. 已知一个物体的质量m和重力加速度g，求该物体的重力F。
复旦大学2012年考博英语真题+答案(修订版)
2012年复旦大学博士招生入学考试英语试题Paper One注意：答案请做在答题卡上，做在试题上一律无效。
Part I Vocabulary and Structure（15%）Directions：There are30incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C,D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.1.It was very difficult to find the parts needed to do the job because of the______way the store was organized.A logicalB haphazardC orderlyD tidy2.Mississippi also up K olds the South’s well-deserved reputation for warm,hospitable people;balmy year-round weather;and truly______cuisine.A destructiveB horribleC amiableD delectableIf she is stupid,she’s_____pleasant to look at.A at any rateB by chanceC at a lossD by the way4.The mother was_____with grief when she heard that her child was dead.A fantasticB frankC franticD frenzy5.In your teens,peer-group friendships may_____from parents as the major influence on you.A take controlB take placeC take upD take overParents often faced the___between doing what they felt was good for the development of the child and what they could stand by way of undisciplined noise and destructiveness.A paradoxB junctionC premiseD dilemmaThere have been demonstrations on the streets____the recent terrorist attack.A in the wake ofB in the course ofC in the context ofD in the light of8.Thousands of Medicare patients with chronic medical conditions have been wrongly_____access to necessary care.A grudgedB deniedC negatedD invalidatedIt has been proposed by many linguists that human language______,our biologically programmed abilit\to use language,is still not well defined and understood.A potentialityB perceptionC facultyD acquisition10.Western medicine,_______science and practiced by people with academic internationally accepted medical degrees,is only one of many systems of healing.A rooted inB originated fromC trapped inD indulged in11.When I asked if a black politician could win in France,however,he responded_____:”No,conditions are different here.”A ambiguouslyB implicitlyC unhesitatinglyD optimistically12.The development of staff cohesion and a sense of team effort in the workplace can be effectively_______by the use of humor.A acquaintedB installedC regulatedD facilitated13.In both America and Europe,it is_____to tip the waiter or waitress anywhere from10% to20%.A elementaryB temporaryC voluntaryD customary14.Such an approach forces managers to communicate with one another and helps______rigid departmental bo X ndaries.A pass overB stand forC break down Dset off15.As a teenager,I was_____by a blind passion for a slim star I would never meet in my life.A pursuedB seducedC consumedD guaranteed16.His originality as a composer is____by the following group of songs.A exemplifiedB createdC performedD realized17.They are going to London,but their______destination is Rome.A ultimateB primeC nextD cardinal18.The poor old man was_____with diabetes and without proper treatment he would lose his eyesight and become crippled very soon.A sufferedB afflictedC inducedD infected19.The bribe and the bridegroom were overwhelmed in happiness when their family offered to take them to Rome to_______the marriage.A terminateB initiateC consummateD separate20.Jo K n said that the richer countries of the world should make a_____effort to help the poorer countries.A futileB glitteringC franticD concentrated21.The problem is inherent and_______in any democracy,but it has been more severe in ours during the past quarter-century because of the near universal denigration of government,politics and politicians.A perishableB periodicalC perverseD perennial22.As is known to all,____commodities will definitely do harm to our life sooner or later.A counterfeitB fakeC imitativeD fraudulent23.It would be_____to think that this could solve all the area’s problems straight away.A subtleB feebleC nastyD naïveIt is surprising that such an innocent-looking man should have____such a crime.A confirmedB clarifiedC committedD conveyed25.Hummans are___,which enables them to make dicisions even when they can’t justify why.A rationalB reasonableC hesitantD intuitive26.More than100____cats that used to roam the streets in a Chinese province have now been collected and organized into a tram to fight rodents that are destroying crops.A looseB tamedC wildD stary27.To say that his resignation was a shock would be an______-------it caused pani F.A excuseB indulgenceC exaggerationD understatement28.Here the burden of his thought is that the philosopher,aiming at truth,must not____the seduction of trying to write beautifully.A subject toB carry onC yield toD aim at29.I found the subject very difficult,and at one time thought I should have to give it up,but you directions are so clear and____that I have succeeded in getting a picture we all think pretty,though wanting in the tender grace of yours.A on the pointB off the pointC to the pointD up to a point30.They both watched as the crime scene technicians took samples of various fibers and bagged them,dusted for fingerprints,took pictures and tried to_____what could have happened.A rehearseB reiterateC reinforceD reenactPart II Reading Comprehension(40%)Directions:There are four reading passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished sentences.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.(1)In1896a Georgia couple suing for damages in the accidental death of their two year old was told that since the child had made no real economic contribution to the family,there was no liability for damages.In contrast,lessthan a century later,in1979,the parents of a three year old sued in New York for accidental-death damages and won an award of$750,000.The transformation in social values implicit in juxta-posing these two incidents is the subject of Viviana Zelizer's excellent book,Pricing the Priceless Child.During the nineteenth century, she argues,the concept of the"useful"child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the"useless"child who,though producing no income for,and indeed extremely costly to,its parents,is yet considered emotionally "priceless."Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800's,this new view of childhood spread through-out society in the O ate-nineteenth DQG early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the assumption that a child's emotional value made child labor taboo.For Zelizer the origins of this transformation were many and complex.The gradual erosion of children's productive value in a maturing industrial economy,the decline in birth and death rates,especially in child mortality,and the development of the companionate family(a family in which members were united by explicit bonds of love rather than duty)were all factors critical in changing the assessment of children's worth.Yet "expulsion of children from the'cash nexus,'……although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic,occupational,and family structures,"Zelizer maintains."was also part of a cultural process'of sacral-ization'of children's lives."Protecting children from the crass business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans,she suggests;this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace.In stressing the cultural determinants of a child's worth.Zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new"sociological economics,"who have analyzed such tradi-tionally sociological topics as crime,marriage,educa-tion,and health solely in terms of their economic deter-minants.Allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the form of individual "preferences,"these sociologists tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain.Zelizer is highly critical of this approach,and emphasizes instead the opposite phenomenon:the power of social values to transform price. As children became more valuable in emotional terms,she argues,their"exchange"or" sur-render"value on the market,that is,the conversion of their intangible worth into cash terms,became much greater.31.It can be inferred from the passage that accidental-death damage awards in america during the nineteenth century tended to be based principally on theA.earnings of the person at time of deathB.wealth of the party causing the deathC.degree of culpability of the party causing the deathD.amount of money that had been spent on the person killed32 ,t can be inferred from the passage that in the early1800's children were generally regarded by their families as individuals whoA.needed enormous amounts of security and affectionB.required constant supervision while workingC.present the central thesis a recent bookD.refute a traditional explanation of a social phenomenon33which of the following alternative explanations of the change in the cash value of children would be most likely to be put forward by sociological economists as they are described in the passage?A.The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because paraents began to increase their emotional investment in the upbringing of their children.B.The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because their expected earning over the course of a lifetime increased greatly.C.The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because the spread of human L tiarian ideals resulted in a whole VF ale reappraisal of the worth of an individual.D.The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because compulsory education laws reduced the supply,and thus raised thd costs,of available child labor.34 7he prima U\purpose of the passage is toA.review the literature in a new academic subfieldB.present the central thesis of a recent bookC.contrast two approaches to analyzing historical changeD.refute a traditional explanation of a V ocial phenomenon35=elizer refers to all of the following as important influences in changing the assessment of children's worth except changes inA.the mortality rateB.the nature of industryC.the nature of the familyD.attitudes toward reform movements(2)A stout old lady was walking with her basket down the middle of a street in Petrograd to the great confusion of the traffic and with no small peril to herself.It was pointed out to her that the pavement was the place for pedestrians,but she replied:'I'm going to walk where I like. We've got liberty now.'It did not occur to the dear old lady that if liberty entitled the pedestrian to walk down the middle of the road,then the end of such liberty would be universal chaos.Everybody would be getting in everybody else's way and nobody would get anywhere.Individual liberty would have become social anarchy.There is a danger of the world getting liberty-drunk in these days like the old lady with the basket,and it is just as well to remind ourselves of what the rule of the road means.It means that in order that the liberties of all may be preserved,the liberties of everybody must be curtailed.When the policeman,say,at Piccadilly Circus steps into the middle of the road and puts out his hand,he is the symbol not of tyranny,but of liberty.You may not think so.You may,being in a hurry, and seeing your car pulled up by this insolence of office,feel that your liberty has been outraged.How dare this fellow interfere with your free use of the public highway?Then,if you are a reasonable person,you will reflect that if he did not interfere with you,he would interfere with no one,and the result would be that Piccadilly Circus would be a maelstrom that you would never cross at all.You have submitted to a curtailment of private liberty in order that you may enjoy a social order which makes your liberty a reality.Liberty is not a personal affair only,but a social contract.It is an accommodation of interests.In matters which do not touch anybody else's liberty,of course,I may be as free as I like.If I choose to go down the road in a dressing-gown who shall say me nay?You have liberty to laugh at me, but I have liberty to be indifferent to you.And ifI have a fancy for dyeing my hair,or waxing my moustache(which heaven forbid),or wearing an overcoat and sandals,or going to bedlate or getting up early,I shall follow my fancy and ask no man's permission.I shall not inquire of you whether I may eat mustard with my mutton.And you will not ask me whether you may follow this religion or that,whether you may prefer Ella Wheeler Wilcox to Wordsworth,or champagne to shandy.In all these and a thousand other details you and I please ourselves and ask no one's leave.We have a whole kingdom in which we rule alone, can do what we choose,be wise or ridiculous,harsh or easy,conventional or odd.But directly we step out of that kingdom,our personal liberty of action becomes qualified by other people's liberty.I might like to practice on the trombone from midnight till three in the morning.If I went on to the top of Everest to do it,I couldplease myself,but ifI doitinmybedroommyfamilywillobject,andif Idoitoutinthestreets theneighborswill remind me that my liberty to blow the trombone mustnot interfere with their liberty to sleep in quiet.There are a lot of people in the world,and I have to accommodate my liberty to their liberties.We are all liable to forget this,and unfortunately we are much more conscious of the imperfections of others in this respect than of our own.A reasonable consideration for the rights or feelings of others is the foundation of social conduct.It is in the small matters of conduct,in the observance of the rule of the road,that we pass judgment upon ourselves,and declare that we are civilized or uncivilized.The great moments of heroism and sacrifice are rare.It is the little habits of commonplace intercoursethat make up the great sum of life and sweeten or make bitter the journey.36.The author might have stated his‘rule of the road’asA.do not walk in the middle of the roadB.follow the orders of policemenC.do not behave inconsiderately in publicD.do what you like in private37.The author’s attitude to the old lady in paragraph one isA.condescendingB.intolerantC.objectiveD.supportive38Asituationanalogous to the‘insolence of office’described inparagraph2would beA.a teacher correcting grammar errorsB.an editor shortening the text of an articleC.a tax inspector demanding to see someone’s accountsD.an army office giving orders to a soldier39The author assumes that he may be as free as he likes inA.all matters of dress and foodB.any situation which does not interfere with the liberty of othersC.anything that is not against the lawD.his own home40In the sentence‘We are all liable....’the author isA.pointing out a general weaknessB.emphasizing his main pointC.countering a general misconceptionD.suggesting a remedy(3)The name of Florence Nightingale lives in the memory of the world by virtue of the heroic adventure of the Crimea.Had she died-as she nearly did-upon her return to England,her reputation would hardly have been different;her legend would have come down to us almost as we know it today-that gentle vision of female virtue which first took shape before the adoring eyes of the sick soldiers at Scutari.Yet,as a matter of fact,she lived for more than half a century after the Crimean War;and during the greater part of that long period all the energy and all the devotion of her extraordinary nature were working at their highest pitch. What she accomplished in those years of unknown labor could,indeed,hardly have been more glorious than her Crimean triumphs;but it was certainly more important.The true history was far stranger even than the myth.In Miss Nightingale's own eyes the adventure of the Crimea was a mere incident-scarcely more than a useful stepping-stone in her career.It was the fulcrum with which she hoped to move the world;but it was only the fulcrum.For more than a generation she was to sit in secret,working her lever:and her real life began at the very moment when,in popular imagination,it had ended.She arrived in England in a shattered state of health.The hardships and the ceaseless efforts of the last two years had undermined her nervous system;her heart was affected;she suffered constantly from fainting-fits and terrible attacks of utter physical prostration.The doctors declared that one thing alone would save her-a complete and prolonged rest.But that was also the one thing with which she would have nothing to do.She had never been in the habit of resting;why should she begin now?Now,when her opportunity had come at last;now,when the iron was hot,and it was time to strike?No;she had work to do;and,come what might,she would do it. The doctors protested in vain;in vain her family lamented and entreated,in vain her friends pointed out to her the madness of such a course.Madness?Mad-possessed-perhaps she was.A frenzy had seized upon her.As she lay upon her sofa,gasping,she devoured blue-books, dictated letters,and,in the intervals of her palpitations,cracked jokes.For months at a stretchshe never lefther bed.But she would not rest.At this rate,the doctors assuredher,even if she did not die,she would become an invalid for life.She could not help that;there was work to be done;and,as for rest,very likely she might rest...when she had done it.Wherever she went,to London or in the country,in the hills of Derbyshire,or among the rhododendrons at Embley,she was haunted by a ghost.It was the specter of Scutari-the hideous vision of the organization of a military hospital.She would lay that phantom,or she would perish.The whole system of the Army Medical Department,the education of the Medical Officer,the regulations of hospital procedure...rest?How could she rest while these things were as they were,while,if the like necessity were to arise again,the like results would follow?And,even in peace and at home,what was the sanitary condition of the Army?The mortality in the barracks,was,she found,nearly double the mortality in civil life.'You might as well take1, 100men every year out upon Salisbury Plain and shoot them,'she said.After inspecting the hospitals at Chatham,she smiled grimly.'Yes,this is one more symptom of the system which, in the Crimea,put to death16,000men.'Scutari had given her knowledge;and it had given her power too:her enormous reputation was at her back-an incalculable force.Other work, other duties,might lie before her;but the most urgent,the most obvious,of all was to look to the health of theArmy.41.According to the author,the work done during the last fifty years of Florence Nightingale's life was,when compared with her work in the Crimea,all of the following exceptA.less dramaticB.less demandingC.less well-known to the publicD.more important42Paragraph two paints a picture of a woman who isA.mentally shatteredB.stubborn and querulousC.physically weak but mentally indomitableD.purposeful yet tiresome43.The primary purpose of paragraph3is toA.account for conditions in the armyB.show the need for hospital reformC.explain Miss Nightingale's main concernsD.argue that peace time conditions were worse than wartime conditions44The author's attitude to his material isA.disinterested reporting of biographical detailsB.over-inflation of a reputationC.debunking a mythD.interpretation as well as narration45In her statement Miss Nightingale intended toA.criticize the conditions in hospitalsB.highlight the unhealthy conditions under which ordinary soldiers were livingC.prove that conditions in the barracks were as bad as those in a military hospitalD.ridicule the dangers of army life(4)How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems?This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions.In many ways,our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship.Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the1930s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners,when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence,and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market.Increasing affluence,the riseof families with morethan one wage earner,the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed,and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness.Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship.Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level,the overwhelming majority are from multiple-earner,relatively affluent families. Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force,so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship.The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty.Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support.Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month,those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment,even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer.For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies,there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work,or else outside the laborforce but wanting a job.Finally,income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly,disabled,and dependent,neglecting the needs of the working poor,so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected.As a result of such contradictory evidence,itis uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions,and,hence,whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by job creation and economic stimulus. There is only one area of agreement in this debate—that the existing poverty,employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one their primary applications,measuring the consequences of labor market problems.46Which of the following is the principal topic of the passage?A.What causes labor market pathologies that resultin sufferingB.Why income measures are imprecise in measuring degrees of povertyC.Where the areas of agreement are among poverty,employment,and earnings figuresD.How social statistics give an unclear picture of the degree of hardship caused by low wages and insufficient employment opportunities47The author uses“labor market problems”in lines1-2to refer to which of the following?A.The overall causes of povertyB.Deficiencies in the training of the work forceC.Trade relationships among producers of goodsD.Shortages of jobs providing adequate income48Which of the following proposals best responds to the issues raised by the author?A.Innovative programs using multiple approaches should be set up to reduce the level of unemployment.B.A compromise should be found between the positions of those who view joblessness as an evil greater than economic control and those who hold the opposite view.C.New statistical indices should be developed to measure the degree to which unemployment and inadequately paid employment cause suffering.D.Consideration should be given to the ways in which statistics can act as partial causes of the phenomena that they purport to measure.49The author states that the mitigating effect of social programs involving income transfers on the income level of low-income people is often not felt byA.the employed poorB.dependent children in single-earner familiesC.workers who become disabledD.retired workers50According to the passage,one factor that causes unemployment and earnings figures to overpredict the amount of economic hardship is theA.recurrence of periods of unemployment for a group of low-wage workersB.possibility that earnings may be received from more than one job per workerC.fact that unemployment counts do not include those who work for low wages and remain poorD.establishment of a system of record-keeping that makes it possible to compile poverty statisticsPaper TwoPartⅢCloze(10%)Directions:Fill in each of the following blanks with ONE word to complete the meaning of the passage.Write your answer on Answer SheetⅡ.As children we start__ ___a natural curiosity about everything around us,and during the maturation process this curiosity can be stimulated,buffered or severely attenuated by our environment and experience.The future success of research in science and engineering depends_ __oursociety recognizing the crucial role played by stimylation of mental processes early in life.Pattern recognition,analytical thinking and similar abilities need to be stimulated from birth onward.To destroy this natural curiosity or to attenuate the joy of discovery is the greatest disservice we do____to the developing person.For those who reach maturity with their natural curiosity intact and enhanced by education,the joy of discovery is a strong driver of success.But why are so__ ___of our capable students pursuing the level of education required for a successful research career?Is it___ ___we have dampaned their curiosity?Have we failed to let them experience the joy of discovery?is it because too many of us currently involved___ __the research enterprise have become disenchanted with our circumstances and therefore paint a bleak future for potential scienctists and engineers?Perhaps entirely different factors are__ __play in the decision to not become scientists and engineers.We have too frequently portrayed science and engineering as professions that are all-encompassing.We have portrayed research as a profession that requires long and grueling hours in the laboratory to achieve success.We have__ __to promote the excitement and exhilaration of discovery.We have not promoted the fact that it is not only very common__ __very reasonable to have a successful research career and an exciting and normal personal life.PartⅣTranslation(20%)Directions:Put the following passage into English.Write your English version on Answer SheetⅡ.由小学到中学，所修习的无非是一些普通的基本知识。
2012年中山大学考博英语试题及答案
2012年中山大学考博英语试题回忆中山大学2012年博士入学考试于3月10日11日两天结束。
一直比较懒，现在看到群里在讨论，整理如下。
根据考场，大体估计有三千来人参加考试。
你有心的话，就去看看官网上排的考场吧。
我看大约一百多个。
考试地点在海珠校区一号教学楼和逸夫楼。
提醒各位，如果要报的话，在那两天想住的好点就要定房的。
大体介绍题型：一。
阅读理解，共30分，六篇，每篇5个小题，每个小题1分。
难度低于六级。
有两篇考研真题。
二。
完型填空，共10分，二十个空，而且是不带选择项的。
每空0.5分。
难度一般。
三。
排序题，共15分，十个选项(a-j)中选出五个来，每个3分。
有些难。
内容是关于剑桥大学。
四。
英译汉,共15分，从一段文章中划出五句话来，每句话3分。
难度一般。
五。
汉译英，共10分，一小段，大约有连着的五句话。
国内政治方面的内容。
内容记住的一点点是：关于社会稳定，人民生活水平提高了，收入差距拉大，但是，仍然没有造成大的社会不稳定，也是由于穷人的生活水平也相应提高了。
(这是大意，不是原句子，有心的可以去网上找找有没有相关内容。
)六。
作文，共20分。
有两个话题，只能选一个回答。
今年的是views contradict .第二个话题的，没怎么懂意思。
根据我的理解是和自己看法一致的意见容易接受，看法不一致的不容易接受。
你同意哪种观点。
(我没看懂。
)下面，把自己还能记住的，还有在群里收集到的相关内容贴出来。
我的大脑不是硬盘，总会记忆有出入，如果给各位造成了误导，请尊重下我整理资料的辛苦。
同时，如果今年参加考试的战友，欢迎帮我改正。
下面是在群里看到大家找的回忆版：现贴出来：阅读理解的(没有按试卷题号排)阅读1：When global warming finally came, it stuck with a vengeance (异乎寻常地). In some regions, temperatures rose several degrees in less than a century. Sea levels shot up nearly 400 feet, flooding coastal settlements and forcing people to migrate inland. Deserts spread throughout the world as vegetation shifted drastically in North America, Europe and Asia. After driving many of the animals around them to near extinction, people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy that resulted in widespread starvation and disease. The adaptation was farming: the global-warming crisis that gave rise to it happened more than 10,000 years ago.As environmentalists convene in Rio de Janeiro this week to ponder the global climate of the future, earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how climate has changedin the past—and how those changes have transformed human existence. Researchers have begun to piece together an illuminating picture of the powerful geological and astronomical forces that have combined to change the planet’s environment from hot to cold, wet to dry and back again over a time period stretching back hundreds of millions of years.Most importantly, scientists are beginning to realize that the climatic changes have had a major impact on the evolution of the human species. New research now suggests that climate shifts have played a key role in nearly every significant turning point in human evolution: from the dawn of primates (灵长目动物) some 65 million years ago to human ancestors rising up to walk on two legs, from the huge expansion of the human brain to the rise of agriculture. Indeed, the human history has not been merely touched by global climate change, some scientists argue, it has in some instances been driven by it.The new research has profound implications for the environmental summit in Rio. Among other things, the findings demonstrate that dramatic climate change is nothing new for planet Earth. The benign (宜人的) global environment that has existed over the past 10,000 years—during which agriculture, writing, cities and most other features of civilization appeared—is a mere bright spot in a much larger pattern of widely varying climate over the ages. In fact, the pattern of climate change in the past reveals that Earth‟s climate will almost certainly go through dramatic changes in the future—even without the influence of human activity.1. Farming emerged as a survival strategy because man had been obliged ________.A) to give up his former way of lifeB) to leave the coastal areasC) to follow the ever-shifting vegetationD) to abandon his original settlement2. Earth scientists have come to understand that climate ________.A) is going through a fundamental changeB) has been getting warmer for 10,000 yearsC) will eventually change from hot to coldD) has gone through periodical changes3. Scientists believe that human evolution ________.A) has seldom been accompanied by climatic changesB) has exerted little influence on climatic changesC) has largely been effected by climatic changesD) has had a major impact on climatic changes4. Evidence of past climatic changes indicates that ________.A) human activities have accelerated changes of Earth‟s environmentB) Earth‟s environment will remain mild despite human interferenceC) Earth‟s climate is bound to change significantly in the futureD) Earth‟s climate is unlikely to undergo substantial changes in the future5. The message the author wishes to convey in the passage is that ________.A) human civilization remains glorious though it is affected by climatic changesB) mankind is virtually helpless in the face of the dramatic changes of climateC) man has to limit his activities to slow down the global warming processD) human civilization will continue to develop in spite of the changes of nature阅读2(这个是考研题)American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing. The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr.McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees gradual disappearance of “whom” ,for example, to be natural and no more regranttable than the loss of the case-endings of Old EnglishBut the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing”, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas .He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms-he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china”.A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.1. According to Mc Whorter, the decline of formal English[A]. is inevitable in radical education reforms.[B]. is but all too natural in language development.[C]. has caused the controversy over the counter-culture.[D]. brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s.2. The word “talking” (Linge6, paragraph3) denotes[A]. modesty.[B]. personality.[C]. liveliness.[D]. informality.3. To which of the following statements would Mc Whorter most likely agree?[A]. Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.[B]. Black English can be more expressive than standard English.[C]. Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.[D]. Of all the varieties, standard English Can best convey complex ideas.4. The description of Russians' love of memorizing poetry shows the author's[A]. interest in their language.[B]. appreciation of their efforts.[C]. admiration for their memory.[D]. contempt for their old-fashionedness.5. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as[A]. “temporary” is to “permanent”.[B]. “radical” is to “conservative”.[C]. “functional” is to “artistic”.[D]. “humble” is to “noble”难句解析：①In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing. The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.该句子的主干是John McWhorte sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline。
2012考研英语（二）真题及答案解析
2012考研英语（二）真题及答案解析2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语二真题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that‘s not how it used to be .To the men and women who 1 in World War II and the people they liberated, the GI. was the 2 man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who 3 all the burdens of battle ,who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the 4 of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid, 5 an average guy ,up 6 the best trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries.His name is not much. GI. is just a military abbreviation 7 Government Issue ,and it was on all of the article 8 to soldiers .And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9) it to the top .Joe Blow, Joe Magrac …a working class name. The United States has 10) had a president or vice president or secretary of state Joe.GI .Joe had a 11 career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character, or a 12 of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of GI. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle 13 portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle wasfamous for covering the 14 side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow –and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were 15 or what towns were captured or liberated, His reports 16 the ―willie‖ cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men 17 the dirt and exhaustion of war, the 18 of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. 19 Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G.I. Joe was any American soldier, 20 the most important person in their lives.1.[A] performed [B]served [C]rebelled [D]betrayed2.[A] actual [B]common [C]special [D]normal3.[A]bore [B]cased [C]removed [D]loaded4.[A]necessities [B]facilities [C]commodities [D]properties5.[A]and [B]nor [C]but [D]hence6.[A]for [B]into [C] form [D]against7.[A]meaning [B]implying [C]symbolizing [D]claiming8.[A]handed out [B]turn over [C]brought back [D]passed down9.[A]pushed [B]got [C]made [D]managed10.[A]ever [B]never [C]either [D]neither11.[A]disguised [B]disturbed [C]disputed [D]distinguished12.[A]company [B]collection [C]community [D]colony13.[A]employed [B]appointed [C]interviewed [D]questioned14.[A]ethical [B]military [C]political [D]human15.[A]ruined [B]commuted [C]patrolled [D]gained16.[A]paralleled [B]counteracted [C]duplicated[D]contradicted17.[A]neglected [B]avoided [C]emphasized [D]admired18.[A]stages [B]illusions [C]fragments [D]advances19.[A]With [B]To [C]Among [D]Beyond20.[A]on the contrary [B] by this means [C]from the outset[D]at that point答案解析：1.【答案】B【解析】从空后的句子―他们解放的人们‖可以看出，空前的句子表示的应该是参加了第二次大战的男人和女人。
中国科学院2006年10月博士研究生入学考试英语试题_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
中国科学院2006年10月博士研究生入学考试英语试题(总分100, 做题时间180分钟)PAPER ONEPART Ⅰ VOCABULARY(15 minutes,10 points,0.5 point each) Directions:Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement,and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.SSS_SIMPLE_SIND该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5SSS_SIMPLE_SIND该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5SSS_SIMPLE_SIND该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5SSS_SIMPLE_SIND该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5SSS_SIMPLE_SIND该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5Directions:For each blank in the following passage,choose the best answer from the four choices given below.Mark the correspondingletter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets onB C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SINB C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SINB C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1Section A(60 minutes,30 points)Directions:Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements.Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A,B,C,and D.Read each passage carefully,and then select the choice that best answers tee,question or completes the statement.Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring AnswerB C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SINB C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SINB C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SINB C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:ASSS_SIMPLE_SINB C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SINB C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SINB C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1Directions:In each of the following passages,five sentences have been removed from the original text.They are listed from A to F and put below the passage.Choose the most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks (numbered 66 to 75).For each passage,there is one sentence that does not fit in any of the blanksMark yourSSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D E F该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1A B C D E F该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:ESSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D E F 该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1A B C D E F 该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1A B C D E F 该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1A B C D E F 该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1A B C D E F 该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1A B C D E F 该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D E F该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SIN75.A B C D E F该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1PART Ⅳ TRANSLATION(30 minutes,15 points)Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Write your pieces of Chinese versionSSS_TEXT_QUSTI该问题分值: 3该问题分值: 3该问题分值: 3该问题分值: 3该问题分值: 3PART Ⅴ WRITING (40 minutes,20 points)1.Directions:Write an essay of no less than 200 words on the topic答案:。
2012年硕士研究生入学考试英语真题及答案
2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题SectionⅠ Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C]or [D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices became an important issue recently. The court cannot__1___ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law___2___ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that__3___ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justices Antonin Scalia and Samuel Alito Jr., for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be__4__ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not ___5__ by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself____6___ to the code of conduct that __7____to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other cases ___8___the question of whether there is still a ___9__ between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law__10__ having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions __11__ they would be free to __12__those in power and have no need to__13___ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely __14___.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social ___15___like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it __16___is inescapably political — which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily ___17__ as unjust.The justices must __18___doubts about the court’s legitim acy by making themselves __19___to the code of conduct. That would make their rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, __20___, convincing as law.1. [A] emphasize [B] maintain [C] modify [D] recognize2. [A] when [B] best [C] before [D] unless3. [A] restored [B] weakened [C] established [D] eliminated4. [A] challenged [B] compromised [C] suspected [D] accepted5. [A] advanced [B] caught [C] bound [D] founded6. [A] resistant [B] subject [C] immune [D] prone7. [A] resorts [B] sticks [C] leads [D] applies8. [A] evade [B] raise [C] deny [D] settle9. [A] line [B] barrier [C] similarity [D] conflict10. [A] by [B] as [C] through [D] towards11. [A] so [B] since [C] provided [D] though12. [A] serve [B] satisfy [C] upset [D] replace13. [A] confirm [B] express [C] cultivate [D] offer14. [A] guarded [B] followed [C] studied [D] tied15. [A] concepts [B] theories [C] divisions [D] convenience16. [A] excludes [B] questions [C] shapes [D] controls17. [A] dismissed [B] released [C] ranked [D] distorted18. [A] suppress [B] exploit [C] address [D] ignore19. [A] accessible [B] amiable [C] agreeable [D] accountable20. [A] by all means [B] at all costs [C] in a word [D] as a resultSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or[D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understan ding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure. But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed. There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous d irections. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate ef fort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground p ipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years.But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works itthrough the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credib le discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D] scientific work calls for a critical mind.35. Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B] Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When H offa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in theprivate sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been a ssociated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out tha t much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fo ught against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B] appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41) _____________________________________________________The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42) _____________________________________________________ I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43) _______________________________________ ______________For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44) __________ ___________________________________________Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45) _____________________________________________________What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to behuman. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyonddownloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creativeways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embedit in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading -between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced byanother in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of theworld's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G] The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtfuldownloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton's laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything — a single generative equation for all we see. It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the proliferation of dimensions and universes that it might entail. Nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered to be forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world's languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behaviour arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who postulated that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages. (50) Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions: Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address (10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题一答案Section I: Use of English (10 points)1. [B] maintain2. [A] when3. [B] weakened4. [D] accepted5. [C] bound6. [B] subject7. [D] applies8. [B] raise9. [A] line10. [B] as 11. [A] so12. [C] upset13. [C] cultivate14. [D] tied15. [A] concepts 16. [C] shapes17. [A] dismissed18. [C] address19. [D] accountable20. [D] as a resultSection II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)21. DBACC CDADA 31. ADBDD CDBAAPart B (10 points)41. CDAFGPart C (10 points)46. 在物理学上，一种方法是将这种冲动完美发挥到极点并且导找到一种万能的理论---一条我们都可以看的见，明白的普遍公式。
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2012年10月中国科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．John made______keys for the house: one for his wife and one for himself.A．facilitatedB．sophisticatedC．duplicateD．intricate正确答案：C解析：本题考查形容词的语义，同时也是一道语境题。
A便利的；B老于世故的，复杂的、精密的；C复制的，完全一样的；D错综复杂的。
该句的大意为：约翰配了两把完全一样的家里钥匙：一把给他太太；另一把他自己留着。
2．It’s difficult to be great without being ______: a doctor should never belittle a patient’s concerns, regardless of how trivial they may seem to the doctor.A．patheticB．compassionateC．fussyD．sentimental正确答案：B解析：本题考查形容词的语义。
A引起怜悯的，可怜的；B有同情心的；C 易激怒的，爱挑剔的；D感情用事的。
该句的大意为：伟大的人都具有同情心：医生绝不应该轻视病人所担心的事，不管他们担心的事在医生看来有多么的不重要。
3．Marriage is based upon the complete willingness of the two parties. Neither party shall use ______and no third party is allowed to interfere.A．collisionB．compensationC．compulsionD．collaboration正确答案：C解析：本题考查题干中两句话的逻辑关系和名词语义，是一道语境题。
A碰撞、互撞，冲突、抵触；B补偿物，补偿金；C强制，强制力；D合作，协作。
原文的大意为：婚姻建立在双方完全自愿的基础之上。
任何一方都不应强迫对方，任何第三方也不得干涉。
4．They would be______buying a product if it had not been tested on animals.A．deterred fromB．derived fromC．dismissed fromD．deserted from正确答案：A解析：本题考查动词短语的语义和句子的逻辑关系。
A威慑住……不……，阻止……不……；B从……中提取，从……中得到；C(从头脑中)去除，不再考虑；D擅离(职守)，开小差。
该句的大意为：他们不会购买未进行动物实验的产品。
5．As long as students can form a sound personality and______future well-being, the university has served its purpose.A．persevere inB．convert intoC．live throughD．strive for正确答案：D解析：本题考查动词短语的语义。
A坚持；B转变，使皈依，兑换；C经历过……，经受住……；D为……而奋斗；争取；谋求。
该句的大意为：只要学生们能够形成良好的性格，并能够为未来的美好生活而努力奋斗，那么他们的大学就起到了作用。
6．This is a______misconception in many people’s minds —that love like merchandise can be “stolen.A．populatedB．prevalentC．plaguedD．pretentious正确答案：B解析：本题考查句子的逻辑关系和形容词语义辨析，是一道语境题。
A人口密集的；B流行的，盛行的，普遍的；C令人痛苦的，令人烦恼的；D矫饰的，做作的。
该句的大意为：许多人都持有一种普遍的错误观点，认为爱情和商品一样会被“偷走”。
7．Language may be______of as a process which arises from social interaction.A．comprisedB．conceivedC．disposedD．deprived正确答案：B解析：本题考查动词的语义。
A由……构成，由……组成；B认为；C处理、处置，安排；D夺去，剥夺。
该句的大意为：语言可以被视为在社会交往中出现的一种过程。
8．Some companies are making______efforts to increase the proportion of women at all levels of employment.A．solitaryB．statisticalC．susceptibleD．strenuous正确答案：D解析：本题考查形容词与名词的搭配。
A单独的，独自的；B统计的，统计学的；C易受感动的，易受影响的；D劲头十足的；紧张的，艰苦的；费劲的，费力的。
该句的大意为：一些公司正在竭尽全力地提高女性在各个岗位上的受聘比例。
9．______, Mr. Hall admits that he pushed too hard, and ultimately his efforts failed.A．In retrospectB．In due courseC．In vainD．In essence正确答案：A解析：本题考查介词与名词构成的固定短语。
A回想起来，回顾往事；B到时候，在今后适当的时候；C徒然，白费力；D本质上，实质上，基本上。
该句的大意为：回想起来，霍尔先生承认他当时推得过猛，最终他的努力失败了。
10．The final______cry comes when he complains about her selling their story to a newspaper; she was endangering his future and freedom.A．patientB．patrioticC．patheticD．prominent正确答案：C解析：本题考查形容词的形近词词义辨析。
A有耐心的，忍耐的，容忍的；B爱国的；C引起怜悯的，可怜的；D突起的；突出的，杰出的。
该句的大意为：当他抱怨她把他们俩的事情卖给了一家报纸，使得他的未来和自由陷人了困境时，听者发出了怜悯的一声长叹。
11．When a failing plant began to ______, she believed it was her good work that somehow brought about good results.A．perishB．shootC．witherD．thrive正确答案：D解析：本题考查动词的语义，也是一道语境题。
A丧生，凋谢；B射中；C 凋谢，枯萎；D茁壮成长，茂盛生长。
该句的大意为：濒临枯萎的植物重新茂盛生长时，她相信这是自己的努力得到了回报。
12．As rumor is ungrounded, it can’t spread ______; a person is speechless when justice is not on his side.A．by and largeB．far and wideC．back and forthD．hot and cold正确答案：B解析：本题考查固定短语。
A大体上，总的说来，一般地说；B到处，各处，广泛地；C来回地，反复地；D(旅馆等的)冷热水；忽冷忽热。
该句的大意为：无凭无据的谣言传不远，无情无义的人们难自圆。
13．Japanese firms in the late 1980s used shady accounting practices to ______ financial problems.A．concludeB．compromiseC．concealD．contaminate正确答案：C解析：本题考查动词的形近词辨析。
A推断出，推论出；B通过互让解决(争执、分歧等)，妥协；C隐藏，掩盖，隐瞒；D弄脏，污染。
该句的大意为：20世纪80年代末期的一些日本公司运用隐蔽的会计手段来掩盖他们的财务问题。
14．Most earthquakes are in remote areas; but every now and then a quake may______volcanic eruptions or drown the coastlines with tsunamis, death-dealing tidal waves.A．yieldB．triggerC．transmitD．evolve正确答案：B解析：本题考查动词与名词的搭配。
A出产，产生；B扣扳机开(枪)，触发；C传送，输送，传递；D使逐步形成，进化。
该句的大意为：大多数的地震都发生在偏僻的地区；但是时不时地，地震可能会激发火山爆发或以极其危险的海浪——海啸淹没海岸线。
15．However, very interesting dynamics regarding the competition and market structure are______.A．seeing the lightB．shedding lightC．bringing to lightD．coming to light正确答案：D解析：本题考查与名词light有关的动词短语。
A明白过来，领悟，同意；B 使某事显得非常清楚，一般后接介词on；C揭露，暴露，揭示；D显露，为大家所周知，出现。
该句的大意为：但是，与竞争及市场结构相关的非常有趣的动态模型显现出来了。
16．The politicians also______a mixture of tactics in a campaign to defend the Prime Minister.A．employedB．mobilizedC．endeavoredD．experienced正确答案：A解析：本题考查动词与名词的搭配。
A雇用，利用、使用；B动员，调动；C努力，尽力，尝试；D经历，体验。
该句的大意为：政客们同样调动了各种各样的策略来保护首相。