贵州省委党校2016年在职研究生英语复习资料(完整版)

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One of the many things we take for granted in the twentieth century is the speedy collection and delivery of letters to and from all parts of the world at astonishingly cheap rates. A husband away ona business trip can write home to his wife two thousand miles away knowing that the letter will reach her in a few days. His special air-letter may cost him less than a loaf Of bread or his own bus fare to work.. This service, however, is a blessing of comparatively recent establishment Until modern times the cost of sending letters privately was so great that the arrival of a letter was a considerable event And might even cost financial hardship to the receiver Who had to bear the charges. There were, indeed, from the Middle Ages onwards, special messengers who run state correspondence, and other messengers employed to carried with news between the great monasteries or the great merchants houses, but for centuries there was no public post service by which private letters could be sent. It was not until 1840 that the official organization known as the Penny Post was established in Great Britain and gave ordinary people cheap and efficient postal deliveries. The postal services since then have given us many obvious advantages. But there has been one result which makes us sometimes regret the passing of the bad old days. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the arrival of a letter was a great occasion, and the letter writer knew it. He did not limit himself to brief information about his own health and ask about his correspondent’s, but he would mention the things he had heard or the things that happened around.

我们以第二十个世纪的许多事情是理所当然的信件和来自世界各地的惊人的低利率的快速收集和传递。一个丈夫出差回家，他知道这封信将在几天内到达她二千英里以外的地方写回家给他妻子。他特别的信可能会使他损失一个面包或他自己的公共汽车费。然而，这项服务是最近建立的一个祝福。直到现代的私人信件的成本是如此之大，一封信的到来是一个相当大的事件，甚至可能会花费财政困难的接收器谁必须承担的费用。事实上，从中世纪开始，特殊的信使们携带了国家通讯，以及其他的信使，在大修道院或大商人的房子里去，并返回消息，但几个世纪以来，没有公开的邮政服务，可以发送私人信件。直到1840，正式组织被称为“便士邮报”成立于英国，并给了普通百姓廉价和高效的邮政递送。此后的邮政服务给我们许多明显的优势。但有一个结果，这使我们有时会后悔过去的坏旧天。在第十七和第十八世纪，一封信的到来是一个伟大的时刻，写信人知道它。他并没有限制自己的健康和询问他的记者的信息，但他会提到他所听到的事情或发生的事情。

Ha ve you ever seen a movie in which a building was burned down or a bridge was destroyed? Have you seen films in which a train crashed or a ship sank into the ocean? If so, you may have wondered how these things could happen without harming the people in the film.

The man who knows the answer is the “special-effect” man. He has one of the most important jobs in the film industry. He may be ordered to create a flood or to make a battlefield explode. And he may also be asked to create a special effect which is much less exciting, though just as important to the success of the film.

In a scene for one movie there was a big glass box filled with water in which small fish were swimming. The director of the movie wanted the fish to stop swimming suddenly while they seemed to stare at an actor. Then the director wanted the fish to stop staring and swim away. But fish can't be ordered to do anything. It was quite a problem.

The special-effect man thought about this problem for a long time. Then there occured an idea for controlling the fish with a harmless use of electricity. First he used electricity to the fish bowl, causing the fish to be completely still. Then he rapidly reduced the amount of electricity, allowing the fish to swim away. Thus he got the humorous effect that the director wanted.

你有没有看过一部电影，一座建筑物被烧毁或桥被摧毁？你看了一列火车是在哪一列火车还是一艘船沉入海底？如果是这样的话，你可能会想知道，这些事情是怎么发生的，而不会伤害到电影中的人。

知道答案的人是“特殊效果”的人。他在电影业中有一个最重要的工作。他可能会下令制造一个洪水或使战场爆炸。他也可能被要求创造一个特别的效果，这是非常令人兴奋的，但同样重要的是电影的成功。

在一个场景中有一个大的玻璃盒子里装满了水，小鱼儿在里面游泳。这部电影的导演想让鱼突然停下来，而他们似乎盯着一个演员。导演想让鱼停下来，然后游去。但是鱼不能做任何事。这是相当一个问题。

特殊效果的人很长时间思考这个问题。然后发生了一个想法，用于控制的鱼，用无害的电力。首先他用电的鱼碗，导致鱼完全静止。然后他迅速减少了电量，让鱼游了。因此他得到了导演想要的幽默效果。

From childrood to old age, we all use language as a mesa of broadening our knowledge of ourselves and the world about us. When humans first evolved，they were like newborn children, unable to use this valuable tool. Yet once language developed, the possibilities for human kind’s future attainments and cultural growth increased.

Many linguists believe that evolution is available for our ability to produce and use language. They claim that our highly evolved brain provides us with an innate language ability not found in organisms. Supporters of this innateness theory say that our potential for language is inborn, but that language inself develops gradually, as a function of the growth of the brain during childbood. Therefore there are critical psychological times for language development.

Current reviews of innateness theory are mixed; however, evidence supporting the existence of someinnate abilities is undeniable. Indeed, more and more schools are discovering that foreign languages are best taught in the lower grades. Young children often can learn several languages by being to them, while adults have a much harder time learning another language once the rules of their first language have become firmly fixed.

Although Some aspects of language are undeniably innate, language does not develop automatically in a vacuum. Children who have been isolated from other beings do not possess language. This demonstrates that interaction with other human beings is necessary for proper language. Some linguists believe that this is even more basic to human language acquisition than any innate capacities. These theorists view language as imitative, learned behavior.In other words , children learn language from their parents by imitating them. Parents gradually shape their child’s language skills by positively reinforcing precise imitations and negatively reinforcing imprecise ones.

从童年到老年，我们都用语言来扩大我们对自己和世界的认识，当人类第一次进化时，他们就像新生的孩子一样，无法使用这个有价值的工具，但一旦语言发展，人类的可能性是什么？未来的成就和文化的增长增加。

许多语言学家认为，进化是负责我们的生产和使用语言的能力，他们声称，我们高度进化的大脑为我们提供了一种与生俱来的语言能力，而不是发现在较低的生物。这种天赋理论的支持者认为，我们对语言的能力是与生俱来的，但语言本身也在逐渐发展，作为一个童年时期大脑发育的功能。因此，语言发展的关键生物时代。

目前的天赋理论的评价褒贬不一，但是支持某些天生能力的证据是不可否认的。事实上，越来越多的学校发现外语是最好的，在低年级的孩子们经常能接触到他们的语言，而成年人有一个更难的时间学习另一种语言的规则，他们的第一语言已经成为坚定的。

虽然语言的某些方面是天生的，语言并不是在真空中自动发展。谁被其他人孤立的儿童不具有语言。这表明，与其他人有适当的语言发展。一些语言学家认为这是比任何天生的能力人类语言习得更为基本。这些理论家认为语言的模仿、学习行为。换句话说，儿童学习语言从通过模仿父母。父母逐渐塑造自己的孩子的语言能力通过积极加强精确模仿和改正不正确的。

Mars is not, it appears, the dry old

planet we once belived it to be, Astronauts who are expected to go there in the nexe decade may find plenty to water to slake their thirse.

And with water present the chances of finding some sort of life on Mars are much brighter. This is the view of 40 geologises who have been analyzing thousand of pictures and other scientific information obtained by robot explorers in the sixties and seventies.

To begin with scientists thought the Red Planet was a lifeless as the Moon with dust storms swirling over vast sandy deserts. But now the picture is very different with mountains and valleys carved by mighty glaciers and torrential rivers rushing and rumbling deep underground. In a report on the analysis of the Martian pictures Dr Micheal Car of the U.S. Geological Survey comments：“I am convinced there’re lots of water on Mars”Any surface water will be in the form of ice. But it could save explorers having to take so much water with them.

The report says that Mars probably had a warmer climate in ages past due to its axis having been more steeply tilted towards the Sun.

No Convincing signs of plant or animal life have been detected by instruments soft landed on Mars, although only the immediate vicinity of landing vehicles could be examined.

火星是没有的，它的出现，干老星球的我们曾经相信的那样，宇航员将在下一年去那里可以找到足够的水来满足他们太渴了难以忍受。

有了水，火星上找到某种生活的机会更为明亮。这是看40 geologises曾对千幅照片和其他科学信息的机器人探测器在60年代和70年代了。

开始与科学家认为，红色的行星是一个没有生命的月亮与沙尘暴在广阔的沙漠沙漠。但现在的图片是非常不同的山脉和山谷冰川雕刻的强大和奔流的江河奔腾着隆隆的地下深处。在对火星图片Micheal 车博士美国地质调查局的评论分析报告：“我确信这是火星上的任何表面的水会以冰的形式大量的水。但它可以拯救探险家们必须带这么多的水与他们。

报告说，火星可能有一个较温暖的气候在过去由于其轴线更陡倾斜向太阳。

没有令人信服的迹象，植物或动物的生命已经被检测仪器软着陆在火星上，虽然只有附近的着陆车辆可以检查。

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Aging is the process of growing old.It occurs eventually in every living thing provided,of course,that an illness or accident does not kill it prematurely.The most familiar outward signs of aging may be seen in old people,such as the garay ing of the hair and the wringkling of the skin.Signs of aging in a pet dog or cat include loss of energy ,a decline in hearing and eyesight,or even a slight graying of the coat.Plants age too,but the signs are much harder to detect.

Most body parts grow bigger and stronger, and function more efficiently during childhood.They reach theri peak at the time of maturity, or early adulthood.After that ,they begin to decline. Bones,for example,gradually become lighter and more brittle.In the aged,the joints between the bones also become tigid and more inflexible. This can make moving very painful.

All the major organs of the body show signs of aging.The brain,for example,works less efficiently,and even gets smaller in size.Thinking process of all sorts are slowed down.Old people often have trouble in remembering the recent events.One of the most serious changes of old age occurs in the arteries, the blood vessels that lead from the heart.They become thickened and constricted,allowing less blood to flow to the rest of the body.This condition caccounts,directly or indirectly,for many of the diseases of the aged.It may ,for example,result in heart attack.

Aging is not a uniform process.Different parts of the body wear out at different rates.There are great differences among people in their rate of aging.Even the cells of the body differ in the way they age.The majority of cells are capable of reproducing themselves many times during the course of a lifetime. Nerve cells and muscle fibers can never be replaced once they wear out.

Gerontologists - scientists who study the process of aging -believe the wearing out of the body is controlled by a build-in biological time-clock.They are trying to discover how this clock works so that they can slow down the process.This could give man a longer life and more productive years.

衰老是逐渐变老的过程。它最终发生在生活的每一件事，当然，没有因疾病或事故过早地杀死它。老年化最常见的外部症状可见于老年人，如头发的加雷和皮肤的wringkling在宠物。狗或猫的老化迹象包括损失的能量，在听力和视力下降，甚至轻微graying外套。植物的年龄太大，但迹象很难检测。

大多数部位变得更强大和更有效地运作，在童年，在到期时达到其峰值，或成年早期。之后，他们开始下降。骨头，例如，逐渐变得更轻、更脆。在老年，关节之间的骨头也成为tigid更灵活。这会使移动很痛苦。

所有的迹象表明，老化的身体器官，比如大脑，，效率低下，甚至更小的大小。各种思维过程减慢。老年人常有回忆起最近发生的事件的麻烦。老年人的一个最严重的变化发生在动脉的血管从心脏。他们变得增厚和收缩，使较少的血液流到身体的其他部分。这种情况caccounts，直接或间接地，许多老年人的疾病。它可能，例如，心脏病发作的结果。

衰老并不是一个统一的过程，身体的不同部位在不同的情况下会出现不同的变化，人们在衰老的速度上有很大的不同，即使是身体的细胞也不同于他们的年龄，大多数细胞都能在一生的时间里繁殖很多次。神经细胞和肌肉纤维一旦磨损就永远无法取代。

医学家-科学家研究衰老过程认为穿着是一个建立在生物time-clock.they试图发现这个时钟工作让他们慢下来的过程控制。这会给人一种更长的寿命和更年。

Now and again I have had horrible dreams,but not enough of them to make me lose my delight in dreams.To begin with ,I like the idea of dreaming,of going to bed and lying still and then,by some queer magic,wandering into another kind of existence.As a child I could never understand why grownups took dreaming so calmly when they could make such a fuss about any holiday.This still puzzles me .I am mystified by people who say they never dream and appear to haveno interest in the subject,It is much more astonishing than if they said they never went out for a walk.Most people do not seem to accept dreaming as part of their lives.They appear to see it as an irritating habit,like sneezing or yawning.I have never understand this.My dream life ,if only because there is far less of it ,but to me it is important.As if there were at least two extra continents added to the world,and lighting excursions running to them at any moment between midnight and breakfast.

Then again,the dream life,though queer and bewildering and unsatisfactory in many aspects,has its own advantages.The dead is there,**iling and talking.The past is there,sometimes all broken and confused but occasionally as fresh as daisy.And perhaps ,the future is ther too ,winking at us.This dream life is often overshadowed by huge mysterious anxieties,with luggage that cannot be packed and trains that refuse to be caught;and both persons and scenes ther are not as dependable and solid as they are in waking life,so that Brown and Smith merge into one person while Bob split into two,and there are thick woods outside the bathroom door and dinning-room is somehow part of a theatre balcony;and there are moments of desolation or terror in the dream world that are worse than anyting we have known under the sun.Yetthis other life has its interests,its gaieties,its satisfactions,and,at certain rare intervals,a serene glow or a sudden ecstasy,like glimpes of anther form of existence altogether,that we can not match with open eyes.Daft or wise,terrible or exquisite,it is a further helping of experience,a bonus after dark,another slice of life cut differentiy for which,it seems to me,we are never sufficientiy grateful.Only a dream!Why only?It was there ,and you had it."If there were dreams to sell",you may inquires,"what would you buy?"I cannnot say offhand,but certainly rather than I can afford.

我时常做恶梦.但这并不足以使我失去从梦中得到的乐趣.首先,我喜欢做梦的念头,喜欢上床静静地躺着,然后魔术般地漫步进入另一种生活境界.小时候我就不明白为什么大人们对做梦如此冷淡,而对随便一个什么假日却那样狂热.这至今仍使我迷惑不解.那些说他们从不做梦且对梦没有兴趣的人使我感到困惑,这比他们说自己从不出去散步还要令我吃惊得多.多数人,至少是多数西欧人,好像并不把做梦当成他们生活的一个部分,而似乎把它看成是一个令人烦恼的、无所谓的习惯,就像打喷嚏或打呵欠一样.对这一点我一直没能理解.我梦中的生活似乎不如醒着时重要,那仅仅是因为梦中的生活少得多,但对我却是重要的.好像这个世界至少另外增加了两个大陆,在午夜与早餐之间的任何时候都可到那里去进行闪电式的旅游.虽然梦中生活在许多方面是离奇、混乱和不能令人满足的,但却有它的益处.死者会出现在梦中,谈笑风生.过去会出现在梦中,虽然有时支离破碎且混乱不堪,但偶尔也栩栩如生.也许未来也会出现在梦中,向我们招手致意.这种梦中的生活常常被一些强烈而神秘的焦虑并蒙上一层阴影,有时是总也捆扎不住的行李和总也赶不上的火车；有时梦境中的人和场景都不像在现实生活中那样可靠和完整,以致布朗和史密斯合为一人而罗宾逊又分为两人；浴室的门外会出现茂密的森林,而餐室又不知怎么成了剧院楼座的一部分.梦中世界里会有现实生活中闻所未闻的悲哀或恐惧,然而这另一种生活也有它的趣味、欢乐和满足,并间或有一种宁静的喜悦或一阵突然的兴奋,就像一种完全不同的生活形式的闪现,与我们睁眼见到的东西是不一致的.不管愚蠢还是聪明,可怕还是愉悦,梦中的生活都是更深一层的另一份体验,是天黑以后才有的另一种欢乐,是另一个生活侧面.照我看来,我们对此从没有表现出足够的感激之情.仅仅是一个梦!为什么仅仅?做过一个梦,你就是做过梦了.“如果有梦出售的话”,贝多斯问道,“你要买什么梦?”我无法马上说出买什么,但肯定会多得我买不起.

阅读理解

Let us ask what were the preparation and training Abraham Lincoln had for oratory, whether political or forensic.

让我们问什么是训练亚伯拉罕林肯准备了演讲，无论是政治或法律。

Born in rude and abject poverty, he never had any education, except what he gave himself, till he was approaching manhood. Not even books wherewith to inform. and train his mind were within his reach. No school, no university, no legal faculty had any part in training his powers. When he became a lawyer and a politician, the years most favourable to continuous study had already passed, and the opportunities he found for reading were very scanty. He knew but few authors in general literature, though he knew those few thoroughly. He taught himself a little mathematics, but he could read no language save his own, and can have had only the faintest acquaintance with European history or with any branch of philosophy.

出世在粗鲁和贫穷，他从未有过任何教育，除了他，直到他接近成年。没有书就通知。和训练自己的思想是在他到达的。没有学校，没有大学，没有法律系已经在训练他的权力的任何部分。当他成为一个律师和政治家，多年来最有利的不断研究，已经过去了，他发现阅读的机会是很少的。他知道，但一般文学的几个作家，虽然他知道那几个彻底。他自学了一点数学，但他可以读语言不救自己，并能与欧洲的历史和哲学的任何分支只有微弱的熟人。

The want of regular education was not made up for by the persons among whom his lot was cast. Till he was a grown man, he never moved in any society from which he could learn those things with which the mind of an orator to be stored. Even after he had gained some legal practice, there was for many years no one for him to mix with except the petty practitioners of a petty town, men nearly all of whom knew little more than he did himself.

缺乏正规教育并不是由人其中他的很多是演员。直到他长大了，他从来没有在任何社会中，他可以学习这些东西，演说家要存放的心灵。即使在他获得了一定的法律实践，有很多年没有一个为他和除了一个小城镇的小医生，几乎所有人都知道没有人比他自己。

Schools gave him nothing, and society gave him nothing. But he had a powerful intellect and a resolute will. Isolation fostered not only self-reliance but the habit of reflection, and indeed, of prolonged and intense reflection. He made all that he knew a part of himself. His convictions were his own—clear and coherent. He was not positive or opinionated and he did not deny that at certain moments he pondered and hesitated long before he decided on his course. But though he could keep a policy in suspense, waiting for events to guide him, he did not waver. He paused and reconsidered, but it was never his way to go back on a decision once more or to waste time in vain regrets that all he had expected had not been attained. He took advice readily and left many things to his ministers; but he did not lean on his advisers. Without vanity or ostentation, he was always independent, self-contained, prepared to take full responsibility for his acts.

学校没有给他，社会没有给他。但他有一个强大的智慧和坚强的意志。隔离不但培养自立而反射，习惯，事实上，长期和激烈的反映。他做了所有他知道的自己的一部分。他的信念是他自己的明确和一致的。他不正或固执己见的人，他并不否认在某些时刻他思考和犹豫了很长时间才决定在他的课。虽然他可以保持政策的悬念，等待事件来引导他，他不动摇。他停下来，重新考虑，但它从来没有自己的方式去决定一次或浪费时间徒劳的遗憾，他没有达到预期的。他建议容易留下很多大臣；但是他不依靠他的顾问。不虚荣或炫耀，他总是独立的，自足的，准备为他的行为负全部责任。

Opinion polls are now beginning to show a reluctant consensus that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shah have to find ways of sharing the available employment more widely.

But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future of work. Should we continue to treat employment as the norm? Should we not rather encourage many other ways for serf-respecting people to work? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer? Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighbourhood, as well as the factory and the office, as centres of production and work?

The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people's work has taken the form. of jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a daunting thought. But, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future of work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic freedom.

Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people's homes. Later, as transport improved, first by rail and then by road, people commuted longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many people's work lost all connection with their home lives and the places in which they lived.

Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. In preindustrial times, men and women had shared the productive work of the household and village community. Now it became customary for the husband to go out to pay employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wife. Tax and benefit regulations still assume this norm today, and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes.

It was not only women whose work status suffered. As employment became the dominant form. of work, young people and old people were excluded -- a problem now, as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want to live active lives.

All this may now have to change. The time has certainly come to switch some effort and re sources away from the utopian goal of creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full times jobs.

民意测验现在开始表现出一个不情愿的共识：无论是谁，无论现在发生什么，高失业率很可能在这里停留。这意味着我们该找到共享可用的就业更广泛的方式。

但我们需要进一步。我们必须问一些关于未来工作的基本问题。我们应该继续把就业作为常态吗？难道我们不应该鼓励自我尊重人以许多其他的方式工作？我们不应该创造条件，我们中的许多人都可以为自己而工作，而不是为雇主工作？我们不应该为了复兴家庭和邻里，以及工厂和办公室，作为生产和工作的中心吗？

工业时代是人类历史上最为人所采取的一段时期的历史。乔布斯。工业时代现在可能要结束了，一些在工作模式上的变化可能会被逆转。这似乎是一个令人畏缩的想法。但事实上，它可以提供一个更好的未来的工作前景。普遍就业，正如它的历史表明，并不意味着经济自由。

在第十七、第十八个世纪的圈地使许多人依赖于有偿工作的同时，他们也使许多人丧失了土地的使用，从而为他们自己提供了生活的手段。然后，工厂系统摧毁了山寨产业，并从人们的家中拆除了工作。后来，随着交通的发展，首先是通过铁路通过的路，人改判更远的地方就业等，最终，许多人的工作都失去了与他们的家庭生活和居住的地方。

同时，就业妇女处于劣势。在前工业化时代，男人和女人一起分担家庭工作和社区工作。现在它成了习惯，为丈夫出去支付就业，离开家庭和家庭的未付工作的妻子。税收和福利条例仍然假设今天的规范，并限制在男女之间的工作角色更灵活的共享。

这不仅是妇女的工作地位遭受。作为就业成为主导形式。工作，年轻人和老年人被排除在外--一个问题，现在，随着越来越多的青少年变得沮丧，在学校和更多的退休人士想活的生活。

所有这些可能现在必须改变。时代已经到来，在创造就业机会的乌托邦式的目标之外，一定会有一些努力和资源，来帮助许多人来管理，而不需要完全的工作。

A child who has once been pleased with a tale (传说，故事) likes, as a rule, to have it retold exactly in the same words. But this should not make parents treat fairy tales (神话故事) as texts . It is always much better to tell a story than to read it out of a book and, if a parent can produce an improvement on the printed text, so much the better.

Some people who are against fairy tales say that they harm the child by frightening him. As to fears, there are, I think, wellproved examples of children being dangerously frightened by some fairy tales. Often, however, this comes from the child having been told the story only once. If a child is familiar with the story by repeating it, the pain of fear will be turned into the pleasure of a fear.

There are also people who are against fairy tales on the ground that they are not at all true, that genies( 妖怪) , two-headed dragons ( 龙) and so on , do not exist; and that instead of spending his time reading fairy tales, the child should be taught how to face the reality (现实) by studying history and science. I find such people, I must say, so strange that I don't know how to reason with them. If their ideas were sound, the world should be full of mad men trying to fly from New York to Paris on a broom or covering a telephone with kisses in the belief that it was their girl friends.

No fairy tales ever declares to be a description ( 描述) of our living world and no normal child has ever believed that it was true.

通常，孩子们一旦喜欢上一个童话故事，就会要求一遍遍的复述。但这不意味着家长们要把童话当成课本来看待。如果家长能做出适当的改进，那么讲故事要比念课文好得多。

有人反对童话故事，认为其中恐怖的东西会吓到孩子。对于恐惧，我想确实有足够多的列子可以证明神话故事会吓到孩子。但是，那是因为孩子们仅仅只听了一遍这样的故事。如果一个孩子反反复复的听到一个故事，那么对害怕的痛苦最终会变为一种乐趣。

还有一些人反对童话故事，认为不应该花大把时间读那些根本不存在的妖怪、双头龙的童话，应该教孩子们通过学习历史和科学来面对现实社会。如果他们的想法是合理的，那么这个世界应该是充满了一群骑着扫帚从纽约飞往巴黎，或者抱着一部电话就认为是亲到女友的疯子。

童话确实从未描述过我们真实的生活，但是也没有哪个正常的孩子认为那就是真实的世界。

Until recently, economic history has been written mainly from the standpoint of those countries in Western Europe and North America that, in the 19th and 20th centuries, achieved relatively high per capita incomes as a result of industrialization. The rest of the world was seen as a source of raw materials and as a market for manufactured goods.Since World War II a great change has become a matter of international concern.

The less developed countries will undoubtedly become of growing significance in the closing decades of the 20th century. Political independence has not enabled them to industrialize rapidly nor to adapt inherited structures to the modernization of their societies. It has failed to break their economic dependence on a world market dominated by the advanced capitalist countries in which they must sell a small number of specialized primary products. For more rapid growth a number of conditions have to be satisfied. Industrialization-the means to rising incomes-requires capital either domestically generated or obtained from the more advanced countries. Agricultural output has to be increased to feed a growing population, and masses of the rural unemployed and underemployed must be provided with more productive work. Population increase must be controlled. Education has to be improved and technical skills disseminated on a wide scale. Markets for the produce of these countries have to expand, and a place has to be found on the world market for growing exports of manufactured goods if their industrialization is to succeed.

As the developing countries have found out, such objectives are not easy to achieve. They require programs and plans; they are opposed not only by the old property-owning classes and tradition, but also by those of the bourgeoisie that are satisfied with the existing relationship with foreign capital. Thus, more rapid change may require a social revolution, but the fear of social revolution frightens off foreign capital. The problems of development, therefore, arebasically political problems.

直到最近，经济史写的主要是从这些国家在西欧和北美国，在第十九个和第二十个世纪的角度来看，取得了相对较高的人均收入作为工业化的结果。世界其他部分被视为原材料的来源，是制造业商品的市场，自从第二次世界大战以来，一个巨大的变化已成为国际社会关注的问题。

在第二十个世纪的最后几十年，欠发达国家的发展无疑将变得越来越重要。政治上的独立并没有使他们快速工业化和传统结构去适应社会的现代化。它没有打破他们的经济依赖于世界市场上占主导地位的先进的资本主义国家，他们必须出售少量的专门的初级产品。为了更快速的增长，一些条件必须满足。产业化的手段，不断增长的收入，需要资金，无论是从国内产生或获得更先进的国家。农业产量必须增加来养活不断增长的人口和农村的失业和半失业群众必须提供更具生产性的工作。必须控制人口增长。教育必须在一个广泛的范围内传播，提高和传播的技术技能。这些国家的生产市场必须扩大，如果他们的工业化是成功的，世界市场上的产品出口必须在世界市场上找到。

由于发展中国家已经发现，这样的目标是不容易实现的。他们要求的计划和计划；他们反对不仅由旧的财产拥有阶级和传统，但也由资产阶级，满足与现有的与外国资本的关系。因此，更快速的变化可能需要一场社会革命，但社会革命的恐惧吓走外资。发展的问题，因此，基本上都是政治问题。