语言学概论问答题重点提示
语言学概论问答题重点提示
7日上课所提示的重点，请同学们务必自行整理和复习（我近日甚忙，没时间帮大家整理）；再把《期末复习指导》小书上的各章自测题答案认真复习一遍。
以下是本次考试的占40分的重点问答题估测，答案全部在《期末复习指导》小书上，请自行整理和复习。
问答题：
1、语言的作用（或功能）是什么？举例说明。
（《期末复习指导》P62）
2、语言有没有阶级性？（P64）
3、为什么说语言是人类最重要的交际工具？（P64）
4、为什么说语言是一种特殊的社会现象？（P65）
5、为什么说语言符号的形式和意义之间没有本质联系？（P69）
6、为什么说语言符号在所有符号中是最重要、最复杂的一种？（P70）
7、语言符号的系统性表现在那些方面？（P70）
8、举例说明什么是组合关系，什么是聚合关系？（P70）
9、元音和辅音有哪些方面的区别？（P75）
10、举例说明孤立语的主要特点。
（P80）
11、举例说明基本词的特点，并说明这些相互之间的影响。
（P84）
12、词义为什么会有模糊性的特点？词义的模糊性会不会影响交际？（P84）
13、简要说明书面语和口语的关系。
（P90）
14、为什么语言发展会有渐变性特点？（P93）
15、语言发展的不平衡性具体体现在哪些方面？（P94）
16、什么是基础方言？什么样的方言可作为基础方言？（P95）
17、语言融合要哪些条件？（P98）
18、简要说明洋泾浜和混合语的异同。
（P98）
19、为什么说意译词不是外来词？（P98）
20、为什么词汇发展中会有新词的产生和旧词的消亡现象，请举例说明。
（P103）。
6语言学概论.简答题复习题库
6语言学概论.简答题复习题库简答题：语言的本质部分1.“狼孩子”的故事说明了什么？2.与语言相对，言语具有什么特点？3.为什么人类语言具有灵巧的构造？参考答案：o 1.“狼孩子”的故事说明了什么？【参考答案】A.语言是人类社会特有的现象。
（２分）B.离开人类社会就没有语言。
（２分）C.孩提时期是学会语言.掌握语言的一个重要的阶段。
（２分）D.如果错过了这个最好的时机，?就很难学会一种语言。
（1分）2.与语言相对，言语具有什么特点？【参考答案】言语的具体性、个人性、临时性、无限性、多变性、物质性等特点。
（每小点1分，表述1分）3.为什么人类语言具有灵巧的构造？【参考答案】A.任意性；B.离散性；C. 层级性。
（每一小点２分，表述1分）简答题：语音学部分1.指出汉语普通话/a/音位的几个条件变体，描述其发音特点和出现条件。
2.指出汉语普通话/e音位的几个条件变体，描述其发音特点和出现条件。
3.语音的四要素是什么？在语言中各有什么作用？4.音质的不同取决于哪些条件？举例说明。
5.什么是音位的区别特征？普通话音位/p/的区别特征主要有哪些？6.什么是音位？划分音位的主要原则是什么？举例说明。
7.举例说明音位的条件变体和自由变体有什么不同？在普通话中[p]和[b]是不是音位变体？是什么变体？8.举例说明舌面元音的三维特点。
参考答案：1. 指出汉语普通话a 音位的几个条件变体，描述其发音特点和出现条件。
【参考答案】A./ａ/ 音位的条件变体有四个：[ａ]、[￠]、[ɑ]、[E]（１分）B. 发音特点（３分）[ａ] 前、低、不圆唇舌面元音[ ] 央、低、不圆唇舌面元音[ɑ] 后、低、不圆唇舌面元音[E] 前、半低、不圆唇舌面元音C. 出现条件（３分）[ａ] 在韵尾[ｉ]、[ｎ]之前[￠] 无韵尾[ɑ] 在韵尾[ｕ]、[ ]之前[E ] 在韵头[ｉ]或[ｙ]同韵尾[ｎ]之间2.指出汉语普通话e 音位的几个条件变体，描述其发音特点和出现条件。
语言学概论复习超级重点
语言学概论复习超级重点语言学概论复习第一章语言是什么第一节语言是一种声音一、语言是一种声音二、这种声音是人有意识地从发音器官发出的三、这种声音能代表一定的客观现象四、这种声音能分解和组合，这些分解和组合是有规律可寻的第二节语言与说话一、语言不等于说话二、语言是说话所用的材料和规则，语言是抽象的，是全社会一致的三、说话也叫“言语”。
言语是对材料和规则的具体运用，是可感知的，是因人而异的四、语言是通过一定的可感知形式来传递一定信息的符号系统┌听觉语符——音符（语音）┌可感知形式——语符┤│└视觉语符——文字（？）语言┤│┌语汇（词汇）└信息（内容）——语义┤└语法传统上语音、词汇、语法合称语言三要素。
第三节语言的功能一、语言是人类最重要的交际工具（一）人类有多种交际工具：（二）这些都比不上语言重要。
二、语言是人类最重要的思维工具（一）人类左半脑掌管与语言有关的抽象思维；右半脑掌管与语言无关的形象思维（二）抽象思维是否一定要语言参与（三）语言只是一种符号，是一种替代品，人们能利用语言进行思维，也应该可以利用其它的替代品进行思维。
（四）人类有了语言之后主要依靠语言进行思维第四节语言是符号系统一、什么是符号（一）符号就是用一种东西（甲）来代替另外一种东西（乙），通常是用具体的、浅显的、通俗的来代替抽象的、深奥的、孤僻的。
（二）语言也是一种符号，是听觉符号（三）语言符号的特点１．约定俗成（任意性）２．线性（四）符号与客观二、语言的层级体系（一）层级体系的构成（二）语言层级体系的特点：三、组合关系和聚合关系（一）组合关系（二）聚合关系第五节语言系统是人类特有的一、语言能力需要具备的条件（一）生理条件：一定的大脑容量，使之具备抽象、概括能力（二）心理条件：听觉系统和发音器官（三）社会条件：即到了有什么非说不可的地步二、其它动物不具备语言条件第二章语言学第一节什么是语言学语言学是以语言为研究对象的一门科学。
第二节语言学的简要历史一、人类早期关于语言的神话传说二、语言学问题的哲学探讨三、语言研究的语文学阶段（一）中国的语文学研究（二）印度的语文学研究（三）古希腊罗马的语文学研究四、传统语言学五、现代语言学（一）历史比较语言学（二）结构主义语言学（三）转换－生成语言学第三节语言学的分类一、微观语言学和宏观语言学（一）微观语言学研究语言本身。
语言学概论各章节复习重点
引言、第一章语言的本质学习要点1.古代语文研究主要有哪三个国家地区？它们各有怎样的成果（著作、人物、时间）和擅长？中国古代语文研究的三个分支是什么？代表性著作（《尔雅》《方言》《切韵》《广韵》《说文解字》）、人物、年代？2.历史语言学的主要研究方法和成果是什么？代表性人物？“语文学”和“语言学”区别是什么？3.现代语言学的代表人物（索绪尔、布龙菲尔德、乔姆斯基）、著作、时间、流派？4.解释并举例说明：语言/言语、组合关系/聚合关系、共时语言学/历时语言学5.为什么说语言具有符号属性？语言符号由哪两个要素组成？试证明语言符号的任意性、线条性、稳定性。
6.语言的要素有哪些？如何理解？7.为什么说语言是最重要的交际工具？8.为什么说语言具有社会属性（生理、心理、个人）？怎样理解语言是全民的交际工具？9.语言的定义是怎样界定语言的？第二章语音和音位学：1.复述语音的四个物理要素，举例说明其辨义作用。
2.画出舌面元音舌位图，标出8个正则元音。
3.元音和辅音的区别在哪里？能够描写8个正则元音及普通话中的元音辅音，能够用宽式国际音标记录普通话。
4.复述并举例说明：音素、音节、复元音、复辅音、开音节、闭音节；音节和音素的关系。
5.举例说明语流音变：同化、异化、弱化、脱落、增音。
6.复述并举例说明：音位和音位变体、分布、对立、自由、互补、宽式记音与严式记音、音位系统。
7.举例说明如何归并音位，说明音素和音位的关系。
了解普通话的声韵配合。
8.什么是非音质音位？举例说明调位和重位。
9.什么是音位的区别性特征？举例说明。
10.现代汉语语音有哪些特点？第三章语义复习1.语义单位有哪些？2.举例说明义素（语义特征）分析的过程。
3.语言中为什么存在大量同音词？汉语同音词主要有哪些来源？多义词和同音词有怎样的异同？4.什么是语义场？上下位词、义类词指什么？语义场对语言研究有怎样的价值？第四章复习1.举例说明概念：词法、句法、语法、语素、词、词组、句子、单纯词、合成词、复合词、派生词、词根、词缀、词干、词尾、形态、句法结构、语法形式、语法意义、语法手段、语法范畴。
语言学概论复习考试重点题目(附答案!!)
Linguistics:I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets1. ( ) The study of language as a whole is often called __________ linguistics.A. particularB. generalC. ordinaryD. generative2. ( ) __________ can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language.A. PhonesB. SoundsC. PhonemesD. Speech sounds3. ( ) The two clauses in a __________ sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence.A. simpleB. completeC. complexD. coordinate4. ( ) The goal of __________ is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among avariety of speech communities and indifferent social situations.A. psycholinguisticsB. sociolinguisticsC. historical linguisticsD. general linguistics5. ( ) A __________ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highestposition.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle6. ( ) The open, back and long vowel is __________.A.［ɑ：］B.［ɔ：］C.［ə：］D.［u:］7. ( ) Language change is universal, continuous and, to a considerable extent __________.A. regular but not systematicB. irregular and systematicC. regular and systematicD. irregular but systematic8. ( ) A scientific study of language is based on the __________ investigation of language data.A. symbolicB. systemicC. systematicD. system9. ( ) __________ are sometimes called “semivowels”.A. vowelsB. fricativeC. glidesD. nasals10. ( ) __________ is a typical tone language.A. EnglishB. ChineseC. FrenchD. American English11. ( ) A sentence is considered __________ when it conforms to the grammatical knowledge in the mind ofnative speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical12. ( ) The number of the lexical items in the minor lexical categories is __________ and no new membersare allowed for.A. largeB. smallC. limitlessD. fixed13. ( ) Human beings are the only species that learns and acquires language__________ explicit instruction.A. withB. withoutC. withinD. through14. ( ) According to F. de Saussure, __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. language15. ( ) Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the __________ properties of the stream of sounds which aspeaker issues.A. oralB. mentalC. physicalD. recorded16. ( ) __________ is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's languages.A. PhonologyB. PhoneticsC. MorphologyD. Phonemics17. ( ) __________ transcription is really the transcription required and used by the phoneticians in theirstudy of speech sounds.A. BroadB. DetailedC. WideD. Narrow18. ( ) The word “motel”is formed via word formation rule of __________.A. clippingB. blendingC. acronymD. coinage19. ( ) If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct”behavior, i.e., to tell people what theyshould say and what they should not say, it is said to be __________.A. productiveB. arbitraryC. prescriptiveD. creative20. ( ) __________, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second elementreceives secondary stress.A. OrthographicallyB. PhoneticallyC. SemanticallyD. Syntactically21. ( ) __________ is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. LexicologyD. Coordination22. ( ) __________ is a kind of abbreviation of otherwise longer words or phrases.A. AbbreviationB. AcronymC. ClippingD. Blending23. ( ) Those that affect the syntactic category and the meaning of the root as well are __________.A. stemsB. affixesC. suffixesD. prefixes.24. ( ) __________ refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to theroots, stems, or words.A. DerivationB. CompoundingC. BlendingD. Back formation25. ( ) Since the phonetic contrast between /k/ in the word “kill”and /k/ in the word “coal”is not adistinctive one, the two /k/-s are only __________.A. phonemesB. phonesC. segmentsD. allophones26. ( ) When /p/ and /b/ occur in the same environments and distinguish meaning, they are in __________.A. minimal pairB. minimal setC. phonemic contrastD. complementary distribution27. ( ) __________ at the end of stems can modify the meaning of the original word and in many caseschange its part of speech.A. RootsB. PrefixesC. SuffixesD. Free morphemes28. ( ) As /k/ in the word “came”and /g/ in the word “game”are said to form a distinctive opposition inEnglish, they are __________.A. soundsB. phonemesC. allophonesD. varieties29. ( ) The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are __________ sounds.A. consonantalB. voicedC. vowelD. voiceless30. ( ) __________ are added to an existing form to create a word, which is a very common way to createnew words in English.A. Inflectional affixesB. Free morphemeC. Derivational affixesD. Stems31. ( ) __________ is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires anew, sometimes related meaning.A. Semantic narrowingB. Semantic broadeningC. Semantic borrowingD. Semantic shift32. ( ) __________ studies how sounds are put together to convey meaning in communication.A. PhonologyB. MorphologyC. LexicologyD. Phonetics33. ( ) Stress in English is used to __________ semantically important words.A. signalB. stand outC. identifyD. single34. ( ) __________ refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another.A. Sound assimilationB. Internal borrowingC. ElaborationD. Rule simplification35. ( ) A compound word consists of __________.A. two or more than two wordsB. two morphemesC. two root morphemesD. two or more morphemes36. ( ) Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords37. ( ) “alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above38. ( )The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. morphemicD. semanticII. Directions: Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.1. English is an i__________ language.2. The affixes occurring at the beginning of a word are called p__________.3. IPA stands for International Phonetic A__________.4. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called s__________ features.5. C__________ is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.6. P__________ studies language in relation to the mind.7. Human capacity for language has a g______ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.8. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d__________.9. P__________ is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language.10. F__________ morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.11. B__________ is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.12. An English speaker and Chinese speaker are both able to use a language, but they are not mutuallyintelligible. This is a case of c__________ transmission.13. C__________ distribution means that the allophones of the same phoneme always occur in differentphonetic environments.14. Affixes like “im-”, “il-”, “un-”, “-tion”, “-or”, “-hood”, are called d______ affixes.15. The two clauses in a complex sentence hold unequal status, one s__________ the other.16. Modern linguistics gives priority to the s__________ form of language.17. A bound r__________ can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.18. Language is p_____ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.19. P_________ occur at the beginning of a word and suffixes at the end.20. Historical linguists are concerned with the historical d__________ of languages and the processes involvedin language change.21. Linguistics is generally defined as the s__________ study of language.22. D__________ means that language can be used to refer to things which present or not present, real orimagined matters in the past, present , or future, or in faraway places.23. The sequential order of words in a sentence suggests that the structure of a sentence is l__________.24. Lying across the glottis are the v__________ cords, which are not really cords or strings as the nameindicates, but two membranes.25. S_________ is the sub-discipline of linguistics that studies the social significance of language variation andlanguage use in different speech communities including regional, ethnic and social groups.26 I__________ affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number,degree, and case.27. A d__________ study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.28. In terms of morphemic analysis, c__________ can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes morethan two words to create new words.29. An acronym is a word created by combining the i__________ letters of a number of words.30 The description of a language as it changes through time is a d__________ study.31. The study of all these social aspects of language and its relation with society is known as s__________.32. O__________, a compound can be written as one word with or without a hyphen in between, or as twoseparate words.33. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they arecollectively known as i__________.34. The long vowels are all t__________ vowels and the short vowels are l__________ vowels.35. A s__________ community is a group of people who form a community and share the same language or aparticular variety of language.36. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in thesame place in the strings, the two words are said to form a m__________ pair.37. Language is a system of a__________ vocal symbols used for human communication.38. Normally a sentence consists of at least a subject and its predicate which contains a f__________ verb or averb phrase.39. Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k__________ of the rules of his language.40. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______________ .41. M_____________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules bywhich words are formed.42. S________ can be defined as the study of meaning.43. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.44. R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.45. Words that are close in meaning are called s________.46. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h__________.47.R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.48. A s________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.49. A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement.1. ( ) Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive, but sometimes prescriptive.2. ( ) Distinctive features are the same to any language.3. ( ) One of the clauses in a coordinate sentence is subordinate to the other.4. ( ) In English and many other languages, the subject usually follows the verb and the direct object usuallyprecedes the verb.5. ( ) The most vigorous and on going change in the historical development of a language is the change in itsvocabulary.6. ( ) SLA stands for second language acquisition.7. ( ) The writing system of any language is always a later invention, used to record the speech.8. ( ) Both phonology and phonetics are studies of speech sounds.9. ( ) The root of a word is the smallest meaningful unit of language.10. ( ) Historical linguistics studies language change.11. ( ) Language is a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings.12. ( ) A synchronic study of language is a historical study.13. ( ) The structure of words is not governed by rules.14. ( ) Epenthesis is a change that involves the insertion of a consonant or a vowel sound to the middle of aword.15. ( ) Language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages.16 ( ) Phonology is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all thesounds that occur in the world's languages.17. ( ) Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress andsentence stress.18. ( ) WH movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.19. ( ) Morphology and syntax study the same aspect of language.20. ( ) Stress is a relative notion; only words with two or more syllables can be said to have word stress, andmonosyllabic words can not be said to have word stress.21. ( ) Free morphemes are the same as bound morphemes.22. ( ) Language change is different from the change in the grammar.23. ( ) An acronym is a shortened form of a word or phrase which represents the complete form.24. ( ) Some languages are more challenging to acquire as a native language.25. ( ) The ultimate objective of language is to create grammatically well formed sentences.26. ( ) Suffixes, in contrast with prefixes, are added to the end of stems.27. ( ) Sound assimilation refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another.28. ( ) It is the property of arbitrariness that provides speakers with an opportunity to talk about a wide rangeof things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and place.29. ( ) When language users use it to convey information, thoughts and feelings from one person to anotheror as an attempt to control each other's behavior, we think that language is now functioning as a means of intrapersonal communication.30. ( ) A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.31. ( ) The location of one of the suprasegmental features in English —stress does distinguish meaning.32. ( ) Most English words are closed categories because the number of the lexical items in these categoriesis fixed and no new members are allowed for, so they are known as major lexical categories.33. ( ) Language as the most important tool for human communication is both an open system and a closedsystem as well. It is closed because its forms in terms of sentences are regular, stable and context free.It is open because of its being variable, and context sensitive.34. ( ) What any individual speaker says within the same speech community is known as idiolect.35. ( ) A coordinate sentence contains two clauses which hold unequal status, that is, with one subordinatingthe other.36. ( ) It seems that with the help of language people may “think”better, and here it is believed thatlanguage is exerting its function of interpersonal communication.37. ( ) General linguistics studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicablein any linguistic study.38. ( ) Languages vary in the order of the subject, the verb and the object.39. ( ) The distinction between Saussure's langue and Chomsky's competence lies in that the former is amatter of social conventions while the latter emphasizes the property of the mind of each individual.40. ( ) Words are the smallest unit of language that can not be broken down into even smaller components.41. ( ) Blending is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.42. ( ) Phonetics deals with how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning.43. ( ) Linguistic performance is essentially a social phenomenon but not a context dependent behavior.44. ( ) There are actually many other communicative systems rather than human language that are also rulegoverned.45. ( ) Morphology is divided into three sub-branches: inflectional morphology, lexical morphology andderivational morphology.46. ( ) In some sense we may use the term diachronic linguistics instead of historical linguistics.47. ( ) The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the oral cavity.48. ( ) Both phonology and phonetics are studies of sound though they have different emphases.49. ( ) Generally speaking, the standard language is more effective in expressing ideas than any other dialectcoexisting with it.50. ( ) Major lexical categories are open categories.51. ( ) The most dramatic morphological loss concerns the loss of gender markings only.52. ( ) In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spokenform for a number of reasons.53. ( ) Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.54. ( ) The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning ofa compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.55. ( ) Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English andAmerican English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.56. ( ) Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic worldof experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.57. ( ) Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.58. ( ) In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physicalworld of experience.IV. Explain the following terms briefly:1. Design feature: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication, such as arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, cultural transmission, etc.2. Synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.3. Diachronic: study of a language is carried through the course of its history.4. Prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be, i.e. laying down rules for language use.5. Descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.6. Arbitrariness: one design feature of human language, which refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.7. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.8. Displacement: one design feature of human language, which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present in time and space, at the moment of communication.9. Creativity(创造性): one design feature of human language ,by creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its reccursiveness.10.C ompetence: competence means the language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.11. Performance: according to Chomsky, performance means the actual use of language in concrete situations.12. Langue: According to Saussure, langue refers to the linguistic competence of the speaker.13. Parole: According to Saussure, parole refers to the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances).14. Consonant: Consonants are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.15．Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speech sounds.16．Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved.. Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation. 17．Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription; while, the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.18. P hone: the speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. It’s a phonetic unit or segment.19. Phoneme: A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of a word from another in a given language is a phoneme. It’s a basic unit in phonological analysis. It is not any particular sound, but an abstract segment. In actual speech, a phoneme is realized phonetically as a certain phone. (the sound type in the mind) The phoneme is the smallest meaning-distinguishing unit.20. Allophone: the phones which are versions of one phoneme are referred to as the allophones of that phoneme.21. Minimal pairs: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment, which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair.22. V owel: are sound segments produced without such obstruction, so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.23. Complementary distribution: the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same environment. Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution.24. Assimilation: a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound. There are two possibilities of assimilation: if a following sound is influencing a preceding sound, we call it regressive assimilation; the converse process, in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, is know as progressive assimilation.25. Phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's languages. What it studies includes the organs of speech, transcription, classification of speech sounds etc.26. Intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English, which has four basic types of intonation known as the four tones: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone and the rise-fall tone.27. Suprasegmental: aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principle suprasegmental features are syllable, stress, tone, and intonation.28. Morpheme: The smallest meaningful components at the lowest level of a word are called morphemes, such as “man”, “-ly”, “teach” “-er”, “dark”, and “-en” in “manly”, “teacher” and “darken”. The meaning morphemes convey may be of two kinds: lexical meaning such as “man”, “-ly”, “teach”, “-er” and grammatical meaning such as “-e s”, “-ed”, and “-ing” in “teaches” “ played” and “raining”.29. Grammatical words: words expressing grammatical meanings, such conjunction, prepositions, articles and pronouns.30. Open-class: a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and many adverbs.31. Affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).32. Root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.33. Compounds: Compounds are compound morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes, such as classroom, blackboard, snow-white, etc.34. Bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is added to, e.g. the plural morpheme in “dog’s”35. Blending: a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words. 36. Loanword: a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation, in some cases, to the phonological system of the new language that they enter.37. Syntax is the study of how words combine to form sentences and the rules which govern the formation of sentences.38. Constituent: a term used in structural analysis for every linguistic unit, which is a part of a larger linguistic unit.39. Immediate constituent analysis: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups(or phrases),which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.40. Endocentric construction: one construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole. Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction.41. Eexocentric construction: a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any to any of its constituents.42. Category: parts of speech and function, such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech, the identification of terms of parts of speech, the identification of functions of words in term of subject, predicate, etc.43. Semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.44. Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de -contextualised.45. Reference:Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience46. Synonymy : Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.V. Questions:1. What are the major functions of language?Language function means the use of language to communicate, to think, etc. Language functions include informative function, interpersonal function, performative function, interpersonal function, performative function, emotive function, phatic communion, recreational function and metalingual function.2. Describe the four design features of language with examples.3. State briefly how consonants are classified.Three parameters are involved in classifying a consonant/ Consonants are classified according to the following three parameters:①place of articulation: place in the mouth where obstruction occurs: bi-labial, labio-dental, alveolar, etc②manners of articulation: ways in which articulation can be accomplished: plosive, fricative, nasal, etc③state of vocal cords: if the vocal cords vibrate or not: voiced and voiceless consonants.3. How are simple vowels classified?There are four ways to classify simple vowels:① According to the height of tongue raising: high, middle, low②According to the position of the highest part of the tongue: front, central, back③According to the shape of the lips (the degree of lip-rounding): rounded, unrounded。
《语言学概论》知识点复习重点汇总
《语言学概论》知识点复习重点汇总【选择题】1、语言符号的任意性是指语言符号的物质实体和所表示的意义之间没有必然的理据关系，语言符号的声音和意义之间没有必然联系，它们的关系是约定俗成的，是任意的。
2、复合构词：就是词根语素加上词根语素构成一个新词。
复合构词的分类：陈述式复合词、偏正式复合词、支配式复合词、并列式复合词、补充式复合词。
3、表音文字的字符，或者说字母，只跟语言单位的语音发生联系，情况比较简单，不论是音节文字还是辅音文字，还是音位文字，根据是与语言单位的语义还是语音相联系的标准来归类，都是表音文字。
4、语音对应关系：语音对应关系是指不同语言的同义或意义上有联系的一系列语言成分间有语音上的对应。
5、口语和书面语是语言的两种存在形式。
语言首先是以口语的形式存在，文字产生以后，在口语的基础上产生了书面语。
口语是第一性的，书面语是第二性的。
同时，书面语是经过加工、提炼和发展了的口语的书面形式，既不是口语绝对忠实的记录，也不是口语机械的复制品。
6、附加构词（派生词）：就是词根语素加上词缀语素构成一个新词。
7、地域方言和亲属方言各自的含义：（1）地域方言的含义：同一种语言由于语音、语汇和语法等方面的差异而在不同的地区形成的地域分支或变体就叫“地域方言”。
（2）亲属方言的含义：同一种语言中分化出来的各个语言，叫做“亲属语言”。
8、歧义：歧义是指同一形式的语言符号序列可能表达不同意义的现象。
歧义以语言符号序列的同形为前提条件。
组合歧义的类型：语法结构歧义、语义结构歧义。
9、语言发展演变的原因：社会活动的需要是语言产生、存在和发展的基本条件；社会的进步；社会的分化和统一；社会之间的接触。
10、语素的各种类型归类：“成语语素”和“不成语语素”、“自由语素”和“不自由语素”、“定位语素”和“不定位语素”、“实义语素”和“虚义语素”。
11、非基本语汇包括：新造词、古语词、方言词、外来词。
12、划分词类的标准：形态标准、意义标准、分布标准。
语言学简答题问答题答案
"语言学概论"名词解释历史语言学：主要用历史的方法研究*种语言的短期的和长期的变化规律，如汉语史、英语史。
共时语言学：研究语言在*一时期的相对静止的情况，如现代汉语。
普通语言学：研究对象是人类语言，着重从理论上探讨语言的共同特点和一般规律，也叫一般语言学。
隐性意义：指隐藏在显性意义后面的各种语法关系，通常表现为施事与动作，动作与受事的关系等。
隐性形式：从微观角度看，句法构造的外部形式具有层次性。
这种层次性不能从外表一眼看出来，需要我们从小到大或从大到小地分析。
显性形式：从宏观上看，句法构造外部形式是线条性，我们把它叫显性形式。
语言学：是研究语言的科学。
语言学家研究的只是经过语言学家主观概括和不同程度上理想化和简单化了的语言。
符号：指的是根据社会的约定俗成使用*种特定的物质实体来表示*种特定的意义而形成的这种实体和意义的结合体。
"符号〞必然包括有任何情况下永远不可分割的两个方面，一个方面是物质的实体，另一个方面是约定俗成的意义。
"能指〞：是索绪尔给语言符号的物质实体创制的一个专门的术语。
也就是能够指称*种意义的成分。
"所指〞：是索绪尔给符号所指的意义容创制的一个专门术语，也就是"能指成分〞，即特定的物质实体，所指的意义容。
语音：虽是一种声音，但又与一般的声音有着本质的区别。
它是由人的发音器官发出的，负载着一定的意义，并作为语言符号系统载体的声音。
音素：是从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位。
根据音质的不同，对一串语音不断加以切分，直到不能切分为止，这样得到的语音就是"音素〞。
标写语音的书面符号叫做"音标〞。
"音位〞：就是从社会功能的角度划分出来的语音单位，它是特定语言或方言中具有区别意义作用的最小的语音单位。
"音质音位〞和"非音质音位〞：音位从构成材料上看，可以分为音质音位和非音质音位。
以音素为材料，通过音质的差异来起辨义作用的音位叫"音质音位〞。
自考《语言学概论》318条必考知识点重点知识汇总
1.只有人类才有语言，人类语言与其他动物鸣叫系统的区别：内容更多，用处更大，能够创造。
2.人类具有语言能力，是人类跟其他动物区别的最重要的标志。
3.语言和民族、国家的关系。
确定不同的语言，涉及许多复杂的因素，其中首先涉及的就是语言和民族和国家的关系。
应该说在大多数情况下确定是一个民族使用一种语言。
例如，汉族使用汉语，蒙古族使用蒙古语等，从不同语言的名称就可以看出，语言是民族的重要标志，或者说语言就是根据民族来划分的。
换一个角度看一种语言好像跟一个国家也有关系。
例如，德国人说德语，法国人说法语，从不同语言的名称可以看出，语言很大程度上又是根据国家来划分的。
不过这样来划分“语言”就还需要区别不同时代的“民族”和不同历史时期的“国家”。
不少西方学者把“相互能够听懂”作为确定语言的标准，而这样确定的“语言”又是识别“民族”甚至“国家”的标准。
其实这种“民族、国家、语言”的概念是结合着欧洲“新兴民族国家”的历史特点说的。
西方这种“一个民族、一种语言、一个国家”的定义对欧洲以外的国家就不完全适用，对于历史悠久、幅员辽阔的国家则可能根本不适用。
只有全面了解从古到今的“语言”和“民族”之间、“民族”和“国家”之间错综复杂的情况，才有可能对“语言、民族、国家”三者之间的关系做出更加符合客观事实的结论。
4、语言的谱系分类：是从语言“历时”演变解度来划分不同的语言，即根据各种语言在语音、语汇、语法等方面是否有共同的来源和相似性的大小对语言进行的分类，也叫作“语言的亲属关系分类”。
5、语言的谱系分类是一个层级系统，从大到小通常分别叫作：“语系—语族—（语支）—语言—方言—次方言（土语）”。
其中最大的类叫“语系”，属于同一个语系的语言都有古老的共同来源。
6、语言的形态分类：是从语言“共时”状态角度来划分不同的语言，也叫作“语言的结构类型分类”。
7、“形态语”和“综合性语言”：是语言的形态分类的一种分类结果，指通过词的形态变化来体现各种结构意义的语言。
语言学概论题库参考答案
语言学概论题库（含答案）第一次作业导言、第一章、第二章一、名词解释（10分，每小题2分）1．语言学是以人类语言作为研究对象的学科，研究人类语言的性质、结构、发展等。
2．语言是人类最重要的交际工具，同时也是思维工具。
3．符号就是指代某种事物的标记，记号，它是由一个社会的全体成员共同约定用来表示某种意义的标记和记号。
4．组合关系就是两个同一性质的结构单位（如音位与音位、词与词等等）按照线性的顺序组合起来的关系。
5聚合关系就是语言结构某一位置上能够互相替换的具有某种相同作用的单位（如音位、词）之间的关系，简单说就是符号与符号之间替换关系。
二、填空（20分，每空0.5分）1．（中国）、（印度）、（古罗马－希腊）具有悠久的历史文化传统，是语言学的三大发源地。
2．（文言）是我国古代的书面语，用它写成的文章称为（文言文）。
3．结构主义语言学内部又分（哥本哈根学派）、（布拉格学派）、（美国描写主义学派）三大学派，其中（美国描写主义学派）的代表人物是布龙菲尔德，其著作（语言论）是这一学派的奠基性著作。
4．（历史比较语言学）语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。
5．（索绪尔）被称为现代语言学之父，他的代表性著作是《普通语言学教程》。
6．语言是人类社会的（交际工具），而且也是思维的（工具），这是语言的两大功能。
7．人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的（左）半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性（直观思维）。
8．汉语的“哥哥”、“弟弟”，英语用（brother）表示，汉语的“舅舅、姨父、姑父、叔叔、伯伯”，英语（uncle）表示。
9．英语可以直接用数词修饰名词，汉语数词修饰名词一般要加上一个（量词）。
10．儿童最早的智力活动就是学习（语言）。
11．任何符号，都是由（形式）和（内容）两个方面构成的。
12．一个符号，如果没有（内容），就失去了存在的必要，如果没有（形式），我们就无法感知，符号也就失去了存在的物质基础。
语言学概论考试重点难点,DOC
语言学概论滕慧群老师期末复习重点详解版导言无问答题记细节题（单选填空判断名词解释）名词解释：理论语言学：普通语言学的一个部分，与应用语言学相对，主要以语言系统的描写、语言运用机制、语言能力以及语言发展的历史为研究对象，是综合各种语言的基本研究的成果，归纳成语言的一般规律的语言学科。
应用语言学：广义：泛指语言学理论的各种实际应用，包括语言文字教学、词典编撰、文字制定、文学作品的翻译和语言分析、病理语言学、人工智能、机器翻译等的新语言学科。
狭义：专指把语言理论应用于语言教学，（包括本族语教学和外语教学）。
语文学：又叫传统语言学，指19世纪历史比较语言学产生之前的语言研究，这时的语言研究尚未独立，语言学作为其他学科的附庸而存在，语言研究的主要目的是为了阅读古籍和语言教学，从而为统治者治理国家或为其他学科的研究服务。
小学：中国传统的语文学，包括分析字形的文字学、研究字音的音韵学、解释字义的训诂学，围绕阐释和解读先秦典籍来展开研究，因此又被人们称为经学的附庸。
其他：1.普通语言学的奠基人是（索绪尔）和洪堡特。
前者所著的（《普通语言学教程》）在语言学发展史起到了划时代的作用。
2.结构主义语言学派可以分为三派。
它们是（布拉格学派）、（哥本哈根学派）、（美国学派）。
3.（古代印度）、（中国）、（古希腊-罗马）是语言学的三大发源地。
4.现代语言学一百多年发展，经历了三个时期：历史比较语言学、结构主义语言学、转换生成语言学。
5.（ppt填空题：）我国传统语文学包括（文字学）、（音韵学）、（训诂学）等三门分支学科，合称“小学”。
6.在19世纪逐步发展和完善起来的（欧洲历史比较语言学）不但宣告语言学的真正独立，而且为普通语言学的研究奠定了基础。
7.（书后习题：）语言交际过程可以分为编码-发送-传递-接收-解码五个阶段。
8.印度最早的经典所使用的语言是梵语。
9.错：语言学主要是研究古代的口语和书面语。
10.错：语言有自身结构的独立性，与系统之外的社会环境没有关系。
语言学概论各章思考题及答案
第一章绪论第一节思考与练习1.什么是语言学？概述语言学在现代科学体系中的地位和作用。
语言学是以语言作为专门研究对象的一门社会科学。
其任务和目的，就是描述和分析客观存在的语言事实，通过这种事实的描述和分析，探讨并揭示语言的发展规律，以此指导人们的语言实践，使人们更好地掌握和使用语言，让语言在人类生活的各个方面产生更大的效益。
语言学在现代科学体系中的领先学科和关键学科的重要地位。
（一）语言学与人文社会科学语言的活动范围相当广泛，社会的一切文化、生活、风俗、习惯等在历史发展中大都由语言反映出来。
同时，语言又是一种社会现象。
语言的这些特点决定了语言学和许多其他社会科学，例如文学、社会学、历史学、人类学、考古学、民族学、教育学、哲学、心理学、逻辑学等有着极其密切的联系。
社会学、历史学、考古学、人类学等总是把语言事实当作提供社会历史信息的重要源泉，而语言学对于语言历史演变的研究，又为这些学科的研究提供了有用的素材和重要的参证依据，使语言这块“活化石”发挥了它应有的重要作用。
语言学和心理学要共同研究言语生成和言语理解的心理机制，这两门科学相互渗透形成的心理语言学，着重研究人类大脑的语言机制；语言是音义结合的符号系统，符号学把语言作为符号系统之一，研究语言的一般符号性质。
在科学体系中，语言学不仅受到其他人文社会科学的影响，而且也影响了其他人文社会科学。
例如，19世纪历史比较语言学运用的比较研究法，为后来建立的比较文学、比较宗教学、比较法学等提供了方法的借鉴。
（二）语言学与现代自然科学语言不但具有社会属性，同时它还具有自然属性，与自然科学相关联。
在现代科学体系中，语言学是最接近自然科学的社会科学之一。
由于机器翻译、自动控制、人机对话等方面对语言研究提出了迫切的需要，就使得语言学同数学、数理逻辑、物理学、信息论、控制论、概率论、计算机科学等建立了密切的联系。
这是语言学自身发展的结果，也是社会和科学技术发展的需要决定的。