第三人称指示语

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语用移情与离情_浅谈日常交际过程中人称指示语的选择_齐超

语用移情与离情_浅谈日常交际过程中人称指示语的选择_齐超

1引言指示现象(deixis)是人类语言的普遍现象,这一语言现象集中体现了语言和语境之间的密切关系,是人们在日常交际过程中理解和传递信息的关键。

指示语通常可分为人称指示语、地点指示语、时间指示语、社交指示语和话语指示语五大类。

本文试对日常交际中人们对人称指示语的选择问题进行研究,将心理因素纳入对人称指示语的研究当中,阐释人称指示语的一些非常规用法,及由此产生的语用移情及离情效果,以便帮助人们更好地理解人称指示语在不同语境中的特定交际含义。

2人称指示语及其非常规用法人称指示语通常指谈话双方用话语来传达信息时的相互称呼。

人称指示语以人称代词为代表,分为第一人称代词,第二人称和第三人称代词。

我们在使用和理解指示语时必须有一个明确的参照点,一般情况下人类语言中一整套指示词语是以说话人为中心组织起来的,在现实的语言交际中,第一人称代词常指代说话者,处于交际的中心地位,第二人称为听话人,是次于主角的角色。

而第三人称则往往指代除说话人和听话人以外的第三方。

然而,在某些特定的语境中,人称指示语会出现一些非常规用法,即“说话人在交际过程中不以自我为中心,把指示中心从自我转到听话人或其他听众身上,以实现说话者预期的人际及语用目的”,莱昂斯(Lyons)把这种现象称为指示语映射现象(deicticprojection)。

3人称指示语映射现象的语用阐释在特定语境下,人称指示语的映射现象往往预设着不同的语用用意、表达不同的人际关系信息,具有特定的人际语用功能。

Head,B.F.曾说过:“人称相互关系的物理性距离,是与信息传递的参与者之间的社会距离和亲密度有关的。

”并指出,第三人称要比第二人称距离远,在个体的判断认识之中,复数可以拉开与单数的间隔距离。

随着距离的增大,亲密度就会减少,心理距离增大。

下面将从语用移情和离情两个方面对人称指示语的映射现象进行阐释。

3.1语用移情“移情”这个概念最早出现于德国的美学研究中,同时它也是个心理学概念。

以礼貌原则分析人称指示语投射现象

以礼貌原则分析人称指示语投射现象

以礼貌原则分析人称指示语投射现象欧静;谭彬【摘要】以人称指示语的语用投射为研究对象,用Leech的礼貌原则对语用投射进行分析。

分析表明:语用投射对礼貌原则的遵守会拉近交际双方的心理距离,产生亲切感;对礼貌原则的违反是由于交际双方的地位和场合不同而引起的,有时还会产生幽默的效果。

%This paper takes person--deictic projection as discussing subject. It analyzes the deictic projection of every kind with Leech's politeness principle. It indicates that the following of politeness principle can shorten the mental distance between speaker and listener,and violation of politeness principle is due to the different social status, social distance and imposition ranking. And violation of politeness principle can create humorous effect.【期刊名称】《山西农业大学学报(社会科学版)》【年(卷),期】2012(011)004【总页数】4页(P417-420)【关键词】人称指示语;人称指示语投射;礼貌原则【作者】欧静;谭彬【作者单位】中北大学外语系,山西太原030051;湖南城市学院外国语学院,湖南益阳413000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】H030指示语(deixis)源于希腊语,指示语就是表达指示信息的词语。

它是语用学研究的一个重要组成部分,主要研究如何运用语言形式来表示语境特征以及如何依靠语境来分析理解话语,它是语言和语境之间关系最明显、最直接的语言反映。

指示语选择的语用视点_语用移情与离情_冉永平

指示语选择的语用视点_语用移情与离情_冉永平

2007年9月第39卷第5期外语教学与研究(外国语文双月刊)F or eign L anguage T eaching and R ese ar ch(bimo nthly)Sept.2007V ol.39N o.5指示语选择的语用视点、语用移情与离情*广东外语外贸大学冉永平提要:本文以互动交际中汉语的人称指示语为对象,探讨其使用与理解的语境依赖性。

文中重点分析它们在人际交往中的语用视点,并在语用移情功能的基础上提出/语用离情0的概念,意在补充类似词语的人际交往功能,进一步揭示语言选择存在的语用理据以及人际关系制约下的适应性与顺应性;同时说明多数条件下它们的出现受制于人际亲疏原则的支配。

关键词:人称指示语、语用视点、语用移情、语用离情[中图分类号]H030[文献标识码]A[文章编号]1000-0429(2007)05-0331-71.引言/有些人0、/人家0、/我们0、/有的地方0、/过来/过去0之类的词语和结构被称为/指示语0(deix is)。

根据交际中的所指信息,人们普遍将其分为人称指示语、时间指示语、地点/空间指示语、社交指示语、话语指示语,并已成为语用学的传统议题(Lev inso n1983;Yule 2000)。

它们的使用与理解具有很强的语境依赖性,包括特定语境信息的摄取,以及百科知识、逻辑知识等的利用,否则难以理解或抉择所指信息。

不仅如此,在特定语境下它们还具有丰富的人际功能,而非仅仅传递信息。

就指示语的信息指示功能而言,中外学者已有较多研究,恕不赘述。

但就人称指示语的语用视点和人际功能进行的专门探索还十分欠缺。

本文以汉语中的人称指示语为对象,重点探讨它们的语用视点和人际功能,尤其是语用移情和语用离情功能,意在凸显它们在人际交往中的情感顺应与人际关系调节,说明言语交际中的词语选择是一个人际关系适应与顺应的过程。

2.交际中的适应与顺应为了探讨交际所涉及的社会心理,诠释制约语言符号与形式、语体风格、策略等的选择及其互动效果的语境过程,G iles等学者提出了言语交际的适应论(acco mm odation theo ry) (C oupla nd1995;Giles&Pow esland1997)。

指示语deixis

指示语deixis

指示语deixis话语中跟语境相联系的表示指示信息的词语,就叫做指示语。

指示是语用研究中一个重要概念,涉及到一些词语,如代词、称谓、时间处所词语等。

这些词语的具体或确切的指称意义,必须结合具体的语境,才能准确理解。

指示语主要有:1、人称指示。

称指示是话语中关于人物人称的指示。

最典型的是人称代词,又分第一人称指示、第二人称指示、第三人称指示。

2、时间指示。

时间指示是话语中关于时间的指示。

时间是一个抽象的概念,人们只能人为地选定一些参照点。

在言语交际中,时间指示是以说话时刻作为参照点来计算和理解的。

3、空间指示。

空间指示是话语中关于处所、方位的指示。

空间指示主要有:表示方位和处所的名词、副词、指示代词,具有位移意义的动词如“来”“去”“走”“离开”“到达”等。

4、话语指示。

话语指示又称语段指示、上下文指示,是用来指明话语中部分与部分之间关系的。

由于言语交际是在一定的时间、空间中展开的,所以话语指示与时间指示、空间指示有密切关系,有些时间指示、空间指示同时也是话语指示。

5、社交指示。

社交指示是用来指明发话人和受话人之间,或发话人跟所谈及的人(第三方、之间的社会关系的词语。

DeixisFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaIn linguistics, deixis refers to the phenomenon wherein understanding the meaning of certain words and phrases in an utterance requires contextual information. Words are deictic if their semantic meaning is fixed but their denotational meaning varies depending on time and/or place. Words or phrases that require contextual information to convey any meaning - for example, English pronouns - are deictic. Deixis is closely related to both indexicality and anaphora, as will be further explained below. Although this article deals primarily with deixis in spoken language, the concepts can apply to written language, gestures, and communication media as well. And even though this article is primarily concerned with English, deixis is believed to be a feature (to some degree) of all natural languages.[1]The term’s origin is Ancient Greek: δεῖξις ""display, demonstration, or reference"", the meaning "point of reference" in contemporary linguistics having been taken over from Chrysippus.[2Types of deixis[edit]Traditional categoriesPossibly the most common categories of contextual information referred to by deixis are those of person, place, and time - what Fillmore calls the “major grammaticalized types” of deixis.[3] [edit]PersonPerson deixis concerns itself with the grammatical persons involved in an utterance, (1) those directly involved (e.g. the speaker, the addressee), (2) those not directly involved (e.g. overhearers—those who hear the utterance but who are not being directly addressed), and (3) those mentioned in the utterance.[4] In English, the distinctions are generally indicated by pronouns. The following examples show how. (The person deictic terms are in italics [a signaling notation that will continue through this article].)I am going to the movies.Would you like to have dinner?They tried to hurt me, but he came to the rescue.GenderIn many languages, that only have male and female, referring to gender neutral subjects has different aspects. Objects , or things have their own gender too between male or female. When referring to a genderless object, it is often referred to as a male, though the object is genderless. In the English language, when referring to any character that has no gender, a self-aware entity, it is referred to a male, or as a "He", such as an "it" is inappropriate when calling the sentient object a thing. In many languages, they would address to people as in male, such as a group mixed with men and women is referred to as a male, such as Ils in French. An example would be :A man is responsible for his own soulas opposed toEach person is responsible for his or her own soulcommon in many religious text referring to people of all genders using only the male gender. This can be understood in context, the male gender being used to signify male or female persons.PlacePlace deixis, also known as space deixis, concerns itself with the spatial locations relevant to an utterance. Similarly to person deixis, the locations may be either those of the speaker and addressee or those of persons or objects being referred to. The most salient English examples are the adverbs“here” and “there”and the demonstratives“this” and “that” - although those are far from being the only deictic words.[3]Some examples:I enjoy living in this city.Here is where we will place the statue.She was sitting over there.Unless otherwise specified, place deictic terms are generally understood to be relative to the location of the speaker, as inThe shop is across the street.where “across the street” is understood to mean “across the street from where I am right now.”[3] It is interesting to note that while “here” and “there” are often used to refer to locations near to and far from the speaker, respectively, “there” can also refer to the location of the addressee, if they are not in the same location as the speaker. So, whileHere is a good spot; it is too sunny over there.exemplifies the former usage,How is the weather there?is an example of the latter.[4]Languages usually show at least a two-way referential distinction in their deictic system: proximal, i.e. near or closer to the speaker, and distal, i.e. far from the speaker and/or closerto the addressee. English exemplifies this with such pairs as this and that, here and there, etc. In other languages, the distinction is three-way: proximal, i.e. near the speaker, medial, i.e. near the addressee, and distal, i.e. far from both. This is the case in a few Romance languages and in Korean, Japanese, Thai, Filipino and Turkish The archaic Englishforms yon and yonder (still preserved in some regional dialects) once represented a distal category which has now been subsumed by the formerly medial "there".[5]TimeTime, or temporal, deixis concerns itself with the various times involved in and referred to inan utterance. This includes time adverbs like "now", "then", "soon", and so forth, and also different tenses. A good example is the word tomorrow, which denotes the consecutive next day after every day. The "tomorrow" of a day last year was a different day than the "tomorrow" of a day next week. Time adverbs can be relative to the time when an utterance is made (what Fillmore calls the "encoding time", or ET) or when the utterance is heard (Fillmore’s "decoding time", or DT).[3] While these are frequently the same time, they can differ, as in the case of prerecorded broadcasts or correspondence. For example, if one were to writeIt is raining out now, but I hope when you read this it will be sunny.the ET and DT would be different, with the former deictic term concerning ET and the latterthe DT.Tenses are generally separated into absolute (deictic) and relative tenses. So, forexample, simple English past tense is absolute, such as inHe went.while the pluperfect is relative to some other deictically specified time, as inHe had gone.Other categoriesThough the traditional categories of deixis are perhaps the most obvious, there are other types of deixis that are similarly pervasive in language use. These categories of deixis were first discussed by Fillmore and Lyons.[4][edit]DiscourseDiscourse deixis, also referred to as text deixis, refers to the use of expressions within an utterance to refer to parts of the discourse that contains the utterance — including the utterance itself. For example, inThis is a great story.“this” refers to an upcoming portion of the discourse, and inThat was an amazing day.that” refers to a prior portion of the discourse.Distinction must be made between discourse deixis and anaphora, which is when an expression makes reference to the same referent as a prior term, as inMatthew is an incredible athlete; he came in first in the race.Lyons points out that it is possible for an expression to be both deictic and anaphoric at the same time. In his exampleI was born in London and I have lived here/there all my life.“here” or “there” function anaphorically in their refe rence to London, and deictically in that the choice between “here” or “there” indicates whether the speaker is or is not currently in London.[1]The rule of thumb to distinguish the two phenomenon is as follows: when an expression refers to another linguistic expression or a piece of discourse, it is discourse deictic. When that expression refers to the same item as a prior linguistic expression, it is anaphoric.[4]Switch reference is a type of discourse deixis, and a grammatical feature found in some languages, which indicates whether the argument of one clause is the same as the argument of the previous clause. In some languages, this is done through same subject markers and different subject markers. In the translated example "John punched Tom, and left-[samesubject marker]," it is John who left, and in "John punched Tom, and left-[different subject marker]," it is Tom who left.[citation needed][edit]SocialSocial deixis concerns the social information that is encoded within various expressions, such as relative social status and familiarity. Two major forms of it are the so-called T-V distinctions and honorifics.Usages of deixisIt is helpful to distinguish between two usages of deixis, gestural and symbolic, as well asnon-deictic usages of frequently deictic words. Gestural deixis refers, broadly, to deictic expressions whose understanding requires some sort of audio-visual information. A simple example is when an object is pointed at and referred to as “this” or “that”. However, the category can include other types of information than pointing, such as direction of gaze, tone of voice, and so on. Symbolic usage, by contrast, requires generally only basic spatio-temporal knowledge of the utterance.[4] So, for exampleI broke this finger.requires being able to see which finger is being held up, whereasI love this city.requires only knowledge of the current location. In a similar vein,I went to this city one time . . .is a non-deictic usage of "this", which does not reference anything specific.Rather, it is used as an indefinite article, much the way "a" could be used inits place.。

第06讲指示信息

第06讲指示信息
2013-12-13 16
汉语表示第一人称的自谦语有十多个:
鄙人、仆、小弟、不侈、不敏、小可、在
下、窃、愚等等。 直接抬高对方的称呼也很多: 您、您老、先生、阁下、师傅、老师、老 板、兄等等。 称自己的妻室为:老婆、贱内、内助; 称对方的妻室为:夫人、太太; 在社交场合以行政职务称呼对方:-科长、处长、-校长、-厅长、-经理、-总 等等。 说话人只有兼顾敬意与情感距离两方面因 素,才能进行成功的交际。 2013-12-13 17

二、指示信息 话语中的典型指示信息是一些指称信息,
包括时间、空间、移动等概念;也指话 语进程、会话双方相互识别及相互关系。 这些指示信息依靠一系列与语境有直接 联系的词语,通过它们的语法特征和意 义表达出来。 指示语具有能指的功能,指示信息具有 所指的作用。 指示信息缺失或不清楚会影响交际。
2013-12-13 19
例2:周总理重病期间,他在南开时的同学、身在 檀香山经营杂货店的黄春谷到北京旅游,写信问 候总理。当时总理已很少活动,这次出乎意料地 接见了他们夫妻俩。为什么破例呢?总理解释说: “本来没打算见黄出谷,看到他写给我的信,叫 我‘翔宇弟’,是老同学的口气,不落俗套,我 很欣赏,决定还是见见他。……如果他的信叫我 ‘总理’,写些恭维话,我就不见了。” 例3:《红高粱家族》中曾外祖母唠唠叨叨的话: “小祖宗哟,你不吃不喝,是成了仙还是化了佛, 你把娘难受死了。”

12
3.第三人称指示语
(1)第三人称借指第一、二人称
例14:你可不要忘记了老同学(我)呀!
例15:宝宝别哭了,奶奶(我)给买糖去。 例16:人家(我)可不是开玩笑的。 例17:有的人又不高兴了。 (2)第三人称指示语泛指 例18:人言可畏。 例19:一个人活着就要有点志气!

英汉人称指示语非常规用法的语用探究

英汉人称指示语非常规用法的语用探究
C ia hn
上述 2个 例句 中的各种人 称 指示 语 ( , 我 我们 , , 你 他
们 ,, u都是 常规所指 , 跟各 自 指对象之 间既存在 既 I o) y 都 所
定 的现实对应关 系 ,而且也都遵守 了一定 的人称数量和质
1 引言
指示语 ( e i) d is是语 用学研究 领域 的一个重要 内容 , x 是 从语言形式 的运用方 面研 究语境特 征进 而研究怎样 根据具
用法应该是 说话 者和听话者对所认可 的、 常的、 同遵 守 惯 共
Ab t a t T e p p r b s d o b n a ts e i c i u t t n , sr c h a e , a e n a u d n p cf l s a i s i l r o a ay e h n o v n in l s g s o e s n d ii n E gih n lz st e u c n e t a a e fp r o ex s i n l o u s a d C i e e e e l h ie t c n e t n b t e n l n u g n h n s ,r v a s t e dr c o n c i e w e a g a e o a d c n e t p o e h p c a rg t fe t i h i al d n o tx , r b st e s e ilp a mai ef c, c sc l c wh e ” mp t y ,e e ae b h n o v n in l u a e o es n e a h " n r td y t e u c n e t a s g f p r o g o d ii. e中老 同学, 他们现在都过得 不错 。

不同类别指示语先用现象的等级区别研究

不同类别指示语先用现象的等级区别研究

不同类别指示语先用现象的等级区别研究作者:夏静来源:《青年文学家》2018年第21期摘要:指示语一直以来都是语用学领域研究的一个重要课题。

而指示语先用现象最初是由Levinson(1983)提出的一个崭新概念。

20世纪90年代,中国学者张权(1994)注意到了这一现象并对其进行了深入的研究。

然而,他们的研究仅限于时间指示语的先用和反先用。

后来,许多学者提出这一现象也可以辐射到其他指示语范畴,但目前很少有论文专门系统论述其他指示语范畴的先用现象。

所以本文选取《绝望的主妇第一季》中的适当例子,分析先用现象在人称、地点以及语篇指示语中的体现,并试图研究人称、地点以及语篇指示语先用现象的等级区别。

关键词:人称代词;地点代词;语篇代词;先用现象作者简介:夏静(1994.3-),女,汉,河南濮阳人,长春理工大学外国语学院硕士研究生,研究方向:外国语言文学。

[中图分类号]:I106 [文献标识码]:A[文章编号]:1002-2139(2018)-21--011.人称指示语的先用现象在人称代词中,第一人称代词指说话人、第二人称指听话人,而第三人称指的则是说话人和听话人所谈论的人或事。

(1)-CARLOS: If you talk to Al Mason at this thing, I want you to casually mention how much I paid for your necklace.在这里,说话者使用第一和第二人称代词,听起来很自然,但是用“If Gabrielle talks to Al Mason at this thing, C arols wants Gabriel to…”,听话者盖泊瑞勒会觉得很奇怪。

会认为克罗斯不是在谈论自己,也许想他有点不对劲。

(2) -Mary Alice:“So? What did Carl say when you confronted him?”-Susan:“You'll love this,he said it doesn't mean anything.”然而,假设苏珊的答案是"You'll love this, Carl said it doesn't mean anything",听话者爱丽丝不会感到困惑。

浅析《呼啸山庄》会话中人称指示语的语用转移

浅析《呼啸山庄》会话中人称指示语的语用转移
离 、 达 不 满 的重 要 语 言 手 段 或 策 略 之 一 。 表
1使用常用 的第一人称代词 系统 , “ ” “ e 、 i ” 、 如 I 、 w ” “i 、 s

m”“ e等; y 、m ”
复数 “ e 不但有包 含听话 人和排 除听话人 的用法 , w” 而 且“ e w ”和 “ s 也有用来指示 单个 的说话人 的情况 。如 : u” 仆 人 Jsp oeh多次用“ h r e S ” T e dh l U. 表示 自己 的强 烈不满 。 p Jsp oeh是个新教徒 , 这听 似祷告 中 的“ S 其 实是指 他 自己。 U” 这一代词系统体现的语用距离较近 。 2 在 自我介绍时 , 、 直接道名姓 ;
第 1 卷 第 5期 1
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南 华 大 学 学 报 ( 会 科 学版 ) 社 Junl f nvri f ot hn (oi c neE io ) ora o U ie t o uhC ia Sca S i c dt n sy S l e i
V0 . 1 1 1 No 5 . O t2 1 c. 0 0
语用距离代 表人 际关系 , 在交 际过程 中被不 断调整 , 洽 商 。因此 , 它直接体现为人称 指示 的转移 , 进而 折射 出交际 双方的思想 、 感情 、 态度 , 亲呢 、 如 喜爱 、 胁、 告 、 刺 、 威 警 讽 挖
苦等言外之力。
在小说开始 ,ok od先生 第一次拜 访 呼啸 山庄 , 一 L cw o 第
征 、 感 倾 向或 认 识 倾 向 , 情 以及 人 际 关 系 的 亲 疏 。人 称 指 示 的转 移 , 现 了语 用 距 离 的调 整 , 于展 示 人 物 关 系 、 达 体 对 表
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2.4时间指示
一.概念
时间指示就是交际中说话双方用话语传递信息时所涉及的时间信息,它常以 说话人的时刻为依据。 1.在具体的交际语境中,有时具有时间所指的不确定性。 a.我们今天的生活很幸福。 b.今天我们有三节课。 c.你今天是球打得最好的一天。
第三人称借指听话人的情况。 谁欺负宝宝(=你)了,叔叔找他说理去。 天快黑了,狗娃(=你)该回家了。 在表示第三人称泛指时,英语中常用one(ones),相当于汉语中的 “人们”、“人人”、“每人”等第三人称指示语。例如: One has to do one's best. 人人都必须尽力而为。 This book gives one the truth of life. 此书可向人们揭示生活的真谛。
二.实际语言中的使用
第三人称指示语多指说话人和听话人以外的第三者,但是在实际的 语言使用中它们的所指关系却并非如此简单。 1.英语中第三人称指示语借指说话人的情况。
当双方不是面对面地进行交谈时,比如打电话、网络交流、广播 等,说话人进行自我介绍时一般不采用第一人称指示语,而是采用第三 人称指示。例如: a.Hello,this is John Smith.
你好,这是约翰·史密斯。 b.John Smith (is) speaking.
这是约翰·史密斯在讲话。
在英语或汉语交际中,无论在面对面或不是面对面的交谈中,对完全 陌生的人,最合适的自我介绍用语通常是这样的话语: a.My name is Jhon Smith.
我的名字叫约翰·史密斯。 b.我名叫李四。/我是李四。 c.我姓李,名四。 另外,英语中的第三人称指示语it在“It's me”[(那)是我]中使用, 但只限于说话人认为对方能根据声音识别自己时才使用。 第三人称借指说话人不一定只限于代词。 咱们(=你)别哭,妈妈(=我)出去就会来。(母亲对孩子) CoCo wants an ice-cream, Mummy. 妈咪,可可想吃冰激淋。(孩子对母亲;可可想......=我想......)
2,主要指说话人和对话人以外的第三者或其他人, 可以单指,也可以复指。比如:英语的he,him,she,her,it,his, they,them,their;汉语中的他,她,它,某件事情,那个人,有人, 人家,他们,她们,它们,其他人,那些人,有些人,有些东西。
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