Chapter 11 Shipment
国际贸易实务Chapter 10 import and export procedure
1.5 Document examination and payment
When L/C is used, bank will be responsible to check documents and make sure they are acceptable. When D/A or D/P are used, the buyer must check the documents to make sure they are acceptable before making shipment.
2.8 Documentation and payment(1)
Note: Types of documents, number of originals and copies, items of the documents; accuracy, clarity (without mistakes, not even spelling), completeness, in time.
1.8 Settlement of Disputes
In case of claim, friendly negotiation, arbitration, lawsuit will be applicable.
2. Export procedures
Export license Sales contract Getting goods ready for shipment L/C Export declaration and customs clearance Shipment Insurance Documentation and payment
1.2 Sales contract(4)
国际商务谈判翻译句子
国际商务谈判翻译句子Chapter 1(1)你的立场有磋商的余地吗,Are you negotiable?(2)我肯定还有商量的余地。
I'm sure there is some room for negotiation. (3)在我们开始谈判之前，你要先出个价才行。
Before we have anything to negotiate, you have to make me an offer.(4)我们可以把它也列入议程。
We could add it to the agenda.(5)在我们开始之前，有人想要什么饮料吗,Would anyone like something to drink before we begin? (6)看看我还能尽些什么力。
See what I can do.(7)要是我能做到的话，我一定会做。
I would if I could.(8)我知道我可以拜托你。
I know I can count on you.(9)这次会议的结果我们都会是赢家。
We'll come out from this meeting as winners. (10)我会尽量使你满意。
I'll try to make you happy.Chapter 2(1)我们的新产品市场需求很大。
There’s a great demand for our new product.(2)这种产品的前景很是看好。
This product has good prospects.(3)我们需要讨论一下基本的交易条件。
We need to talk about the basic terms of the transaction. (4)如你方价格公道，质量令人满意，我们将大量定货。
If your prices are reasonable and the quality is satisfactory, we shall place substantial orderswith you.(5)双方坚持各自的价格是不明智的，我们可否都作些让步,It’s unwise for both of us to insist on his own price. Can we each make some concession?(6)如果你方不肯降价，我方只好放弃这笔交易。
商函Chapter 1 Written__ Communication
Part of Business Letters
B. The optional parts
(1) the references (2) the special markings (3) the subject line (4) the carbon copy notation (5) the enclosure
Avoid formality or familiarity
2. Be courteous and considerate
Reply promptly to all communications-answer on the same day if possible. If you cannot answer immediately, write a brief note and explain why. This will create goodwill. Understand and respect the recipient’s point of view. Resist the temptation to reply as if your correspondent is wrong.
Contents
Chapter 7 Terms of Payment
Chapter 8 Letter of Credit
Chapter 9 Packing & Shipment
Chapter 10 Insurance
Chapter 11 Complaints & Claim
Chapter 12 Agency
Examples:
We are in the market for silk blouses and should be pleased if you could kindly quote us your keenest prices for the goods below Offer quotation order counteroffer letter of credit CIF FOB YL11/11RVD S/C123 L/CUNRCV PLSRUSH
Chapter-9-Packing-and-Shipment解析
货物用适于海运的木箱包装。
局部常见的包装表达法
in… 用某种容器包装
The goods are packed in seaworthy wooden cases.
保险公司要求这类商品用特殊坚固的箱子包装。
The insurance company requires that this class of merchandise should be packed in extra strong boxes.
Container 集装箱 Packing n. 包装；包装物 Packing charges 包装费用 Packing extra 额外包装 Packing cost 包装本钱〔费〕 Packing industry 包装工业 Packing paper 包装纸 Packing machine 包装机器 Packing mark 包装标志 Packing press 打包机器 Packing service 包装效劳 Packing credit 打包信贷 Packing material 包装材料
Neutral packing 它是在商品包装上既不注明生产国别、地名和厂名，也不注明原有商标和牌号的包装。 中性包装分无牌中性包装和定牌中性包装。其目的是为了打破进口国所实施的关税与非关税壁垒或为了满足买方的特殊需求而实行的措施。
Key Words & Expressions
pack packing requirements shipping instructions shipping marks shipping advice modes of transportation time of shipment destination partial shipment transshipment
国际贸易实务试题
Chapter 21.Choose the right answer from each of the following.1) Incoterms are a standard set of terms and abbreviations developed by _______.A. the International Law AssociationB. the International Chamber of CommerceC. the United Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentD. American commercial groups2) In the international trade practices regarding trade terms, which of the following is the most influential and widely used _______.A. Hague RulesB. Warsaw-Oxford Rules 1932C. Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941D. Incoterms3) INCOTERMS2010 includes _________ trade terms.A.11B. 12 C 13 D.144) As far as risks taken by the seller are concerned,A. CIF is bigger than CFR.B. CIF is as the same as CFR.C. CFR is bigger than CIF.D. FOB is bigger than CFR.5) The term FOB should be followed by:A. point of originB. port of importationC. port of destinationD. port of shipment6) Under the trade term CFR, the _______ must contract for the cargo transport insurance.A. buyerB. sellerC. consignorD. carrier7)FOB, CIF and CFR terms should only be used for ________transport.A. sea and inland waterwayB. railC. airD. road8) Under term______, the buyer bears the loading cost.A. FOB Free InB. FOB TrimmedC. FOB StowedD. FOB Liner Terms9) Under term______, the buyer clears the goods for export.A. EXWB. FOBC. DAPD. DDP10) Which of the following prices quoted is correct?D1000 per M/T CIF USAB. USD 200 per ton CIFC3 New YorkC. USD150 per case CIFD. USD 100 per dozen CIFC3 New York2. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1) Under CFR, the seller must pay the usual freight rate and any additional costs that arise en route. ( )2) The terms FOB, CFR and CIF are applicable to all modes of transport. ( )3) Each term has a “liability point”, which means that costs and risks are all moved over to another party from that very point. ( )4) EXW contract is called "physical delivery" while CFR is “symbolic delivery”.( )5）Under CIF the seller also has to procure marine insurance against the buyer’s risk of lossof or damage to the goods during the carriage. ( )Chapter 31. Review and Discussion Questions1)How is packing of goods classified in international trade? What are some of themajor functions of each type of packing?2)Please describe the standardized form of shipping mark suggested by ISO?3)What is neutral packing? Why is it used in international trade?2. Choose the right answer from each of the following.1）________ , usually made of jute, are suitable for transporting such cargoes as cement, fertilizer, flour, animal feeding products, chemicals, etc.A. BalesB. SacksC. CartonsD. Cases2)________ are a kind of portable platforms intended for handling, storing, or movingmaterials and packages;A. Flexible containersB. Large metal containersC. Corrugated boxesD. Pallets3) ______ acts as “a silent salesman”.A. Shipping packingB. Shipping markC. Sales packingD. Neutral packing4) Neutral packing is chiefly used for _______different limitations and politicaldiscriminations of importing countries and regions.A. openingB. setting upC. setting asideD. breaking through5) _______ is composed of a specific geometric figure, abbreviations of consignee, the port ofdestination and the package number.A. Shipping markB. Indicative markC. Warning markD. No mark6) _______ , also called dangerous cargo marks, are used to remind the cargohandlers to take necessary safety measures.A. Indicative marksB. Warning marksC. Shipping marksD. Sales packing7) ________ are mainly used for transport packing of hazardous goods.A. Warning marksB. Shipping marksC. Indicative marksD. Subsidiary marks8) _______ should clearly stipulate the packing material, manner of packing, packing specification, packing expenses to be borne, shipping marks and so on.A. Quality clauseB. Quantity clauseC. Shipment clauseD. Packing clause9) According to international trade practice, shipping marks are usually designated by _________ and it is not necessary to specify them in the contract.A. the importerB. the exporterC. the carrierD. the forwarder3. Decide whether the following statements are true or false1) The primary function of sales packaging is to protect the product . ( )2) Transport packing is not only adopted as a form of protection to reduce the risks of goods being damaged in transit and prevent pilferage, but also used for the propose of promoting sales. ( )3) UPC and EAN are the two main bar codes used internationally. ( )4) Neutral packing is a kind of packing which only shows the origin of country and doesn’t show the name and address of the manufacturer. ( )5) Shipping marks are not only stenciled on the transport packing of cargoes but also appear on the commercial documents such as invoices, insurance policy or certificate, bills of lading, etc. ( )6) ISO has suggested a standardized form of shipping mark, which is composed of a specific geometric figure, abbreviations or initials of a consignee, the port of destination and the package number. ( )7) Requirements for shipping marks for road, railway and air transport are the same as those for ocean transport. ( )8) Generally speaking, the packing expenses are included in the price, and shall be borne by the exporter. ( )9) In international sales of goods, “seaworthy packing”, “customary packing” and “seller’s usual packi ng” are commonly used in the packing clause. They are favorable for the seller. ( )Chapter 41. Review and Discussion Questions1) What are the major types of transportation in international cargo transport?2) What are the characteristics of liner transport?3) What are the differences between voyage charter and time charter?4) What are the main functions of B/L?5) What main points are included in the clause of shipment2. Choose the right answer from each of the following.1) If items marked with “AD Val.”, the freight is to be calculated on the basis of _______ of the cargo concerned.A. weightB. price or valueC. measurementD. volume2) Freight under liner transportation _______.A. needs to stipulate demurrage and dispatch money between the shipper and the carrierB. does not include loading and unloading costC. consists of basic charges and additional chargesD. is collected based on gross weight of the goods3) Airway bill is NOT________.A. a transport contract between the consignor and the carrierB. a document for customs clearanceC. a document for bank negotiationD. a document of title4) ________is the most commonly used transportation mode, which occupies 2/3 of international transportationA. Railway transportationB. Maritime transportationC. Air transportationD. Parcel transportation5) In international trade, the importer often does not require_______.A. shipped B/LB. clean B/LC. blank B/LD. order B/L6) _______ can be transferred after endorsement.A. straight B/LB. blank B/LC. order B/LD. through B/L7) Multi-modal transport operator is responsible for _________.A. the first voyageB. the whole voyageC. the ocean transport C. the last voyage8) Under ______ character, the ship-owner only rents the charterer the boat.A. demiseB. timeC. voyageD. booking9) _____is suitable for conveying fresh, emergent and seasonal goods.A. scheduled airlinesB. chartered carrierC. consolidated consignmentD. liners10) ______ can be freely bought and sold just like commodities.A. Railway billB. Airway billC. Shipping adviceD. Ocean bill of lading11)Under time charter，the charterer is not liable for costs such as_______.A．fuel expenses B．crew wages C．port charges D．loading and unloading expenses12) When applying to CIF，the expression of ocean bill of lading freight is ____.A. freight prepaidB. freight collectC. freight paidD. freight unpaid13)The person to whom the goods are shipped is called _______.A.the consignorB.the consigneeC.the shipperD.the manufacturer14)When one of the original bills of lading was surrendered to the carrier, the others become_______.A．valid B．validity C．invalid D．invalidity15)_______ are those covering shipment between direct ports of loading and discharge. A．Sipped bills of lading B．Clean bills of ladingC．Straight bills of lading D．Direct bills of lading16)When the goods arrive at the port of destination, _____ issue an Arrival Notice to inform the Notify Party about the cargo discharge point and other information.A. shipperB. carrierC. receiverD. ship owner17)In the following expressions，________ are not the proper ways of stipulating time of shipment.A. Shipment on or about June 20，2005B. Shipment not later than July 31st ，2005C. Shipment on June 20，2005D. Shipment to be made immediately18)As a consolidator, the forwarder will provide the service in his own name and issuea _______. .A.master bill of ladingB.house bill of ladingC.straight bill of ladingD.sea waybill19)Which of the following costs are payable by the charterer under a time charter party. _______. A． bunker costs and demurrageB．hull insurance and port chargesC．port charges and bunker costsD．wages of crew and hull insurance20)Which of the following charter party forms is used in a voyage charter. _______ A．GENCON B．BALTIME C．NYPE D．BARECON21)Piggyback is a system of unitized multimodal land transport by _______.A．road and sea B．road and rail C．road and air D．road and road22)Laytime and demurrage clause normally appeared in the _______Charter Party.A. TimeB. VoyageC. BareboatD. TCT23)Which of the following terms on the B/L shows that the Bill of Lading is clean B/L? _______A. insufficient packingB. one carton shortC. in apparent good order and conditionD. missing safety seal24) Which of the following modes of container transport may not be FCL/FCL_______A.CY/CYB.DOOR/DOORC.DOOR/CYD.CFS/CFS25) The terms under which the shipowner is not responsible for loading and discharging stowage and trimming costs is_______A. FOBSTB. FIOSTC. FIOSD. FIO26)The_______is the most important document for air cargo transportation.A.B/LB.AWBC.SWBD.L/C3. Decide whether the following statements are true or false1) The loading and unloading charges are included in the freight of the liners. ( )2) In order to clarify who will bear the loading and unloading charges in voyage charter transportation, the clause “Free in and out”is set forth in the Voyage Charter Party. This means the charterer shall be responsible for both loading and unloading charges.( )3) Dispatch money is a fine imposed on the charterer for the delay in the loading andunloading of the goods. ( )4) Straight B/L can be transferred through endorsement. ( )5) A bill of lading is both a receipt for merchandise and an evidence of contract for carriage. ( )6) Advantages of containerization include less handling of cargo, more protection against pilferage, reduced cost of transportation.( )7) Order B/L can be transferred with or without endorsement. ( )8) In international multi-modal transportation, a multi-modal transport operator will issue a combined transport document and be responsible for the safe carriage of the whole voyage. ( )9)The port charges are payable by shipowner during the period of voyage charter. （）10)LCL/LCL denotes the container service where the shipper is responsible for stuffing and the carrier is responsible for stripping. （）11)When traders set the time for shipment in a contract，the exporter should consider whether he can get the goods ready before the shipment date and whether the ship is available if the goods are ready. （）12) The date marked on the B/L is the date on which the carrier takes delivery of the goods. （）13)Tramp service is a carrier who operates a regular scheduled service. The vessels are usually chartered at negotiated rates，particularly when the quantity of cargo is large.（）14)The Voyage chartering party includes the payment of dispatch and demurrage. （）15)Normally tramp rates fluctuate with market conditions of supply and demand.( )16)Under the voyage chartering, the shipowner is responsible for the fixed running expenses as well as for the voyage expenses.( )17)Specific Commodity Rates are normally lower than General Cargo Rates in air cargo transportation.( )18)Time of Shipment refers to the time limit for loading the goods at the port of shipment.19)Time chartering means that the charterer hires the vessel for a period of time without crew. （）20)The V oyage Charter means that the vessel is put at the disposal of the Charterer for a certain period employment without any crew. )21)Straight Bill of Lading are not negotiable and cannot be transferred to third parties.( )22)One of the advantages in multimodal transport is to minimize time loss at transshipment point.( )23)Usually, an Air Way bill is non-negotiable, that is, the goods must be sent to the consignee titled in the Air Waybill.( )Chapter 51.Choose the right answer from each of the following.1）This bid is ______ your reply reaching us within 15 working days from today.A up toB subject toC subjecting toD subjected to2）Our offer can only be left______ for five days, so you’d better e-mail us your acceptance.A acceptanceB correctC definiteD open3）Please reply to our inquiry ______ your earliest convenience.A byB uponC forD at4)Please note that our offer remains valid ______ July 15 for your acceptance.A. forB. onC. inD. until5) We find your quotation ______ men's shirts much too high.A. onB. forC. atD. to6）Bob is _______ the market for your new product, why don’t you call him right now?A atB inC seekingD entering7）a definite offer will be _______ on the offerer if the offer is accepted by the offeree.A. boundB. bindedC. boundedD. binding2. Decide whether the following statements are true or false1）It is a widely accepted rule in international trade that silence and inactivity on the part of offeree constitute acceptance( )2）If an offer does not indicate the offerer’s clear reservation about the validity, then the offer shall be regarded as a definite offer3）According to the Convention, an offer becomes valid as soon as it is dispatch.4）According to Convention, an offer should not be regarded as a definite offer unless it expressly indicates all the details relating to the transaction, including the validity for acceptance and the phrase to indicate finality.5）According to Convention, under no circumstances can an offer be revoked once it is made by the offerer.( )6）When accepting an offer, there should be no any material modification, addition or restriction in the acceptance. Otherwise such an offer would be regarded as a rejection of the offer and constitutes a counteroffer.()Chapter 61. Review and Discussion Questions1) What payment instruments are used in international trade?2) What is the difference between a bill of exchange and a promissory note?3) Describe the types of remittance and their advantages and disadvantages.4) What is the difference between clean collection and documentary collection?5) Describe the types of documentary collection.6) What is L/C? Which type of L/C is commonly used?7) What is the relationship between the L/C and the sales contract?2.Choose the right answer from each of the following.1) A draft is like a check that can be endorsed but it isn't a title to goods, like ______.A. a bill of ladingB. an inspection certificateC. a certificate of originD. an insurance certificate2) Documentary credit seeks ______ from the bank.A. guaranteeB. no guaranteeC. no protectionD. insurance3) The most common and safest payment method for international sales transactions is__________.A. Cash in AdvanceB. RemittanceC. CollectionD. L/C4) A bank informs the beneficiary that another bank has opened a letter of credit in his favor.The bank informing the beneficiary does not add its engagement. This bank is acting as________.A. an advising bankB. a confirming bankC. an issuing bankD. a negotiation bank5) A collecting bank is employed by ______．A．the principalB．the remitting bankC．the drawerD．the drawee6) The documentary collection provides the seller with a greater degree of protection than shipping on ______A．Open accountB．Banker’s letter of guaranteeC．Banker’s draftD．Documentary credit7) In what circumstances would the beneficiary of a confirmed documentary credit not receive payment? ______．A．Failure of the applicantB．Failure of the issuing bankC．Failure to fulfill the credit termsD．Failure to fulfill the commercial contract8)In a documentary credit transaction, payment is made in exchange for:A. goodsB. shipping documentsC. commercial invoiceD. bill of exchange9)These are four main methods of securing payment in international trade:(1) payment under documentary credit(2) open account(3) collection, that is document against payment or acceptance of a bill of exchange(4) payment in advanceFrom an exporter's point of view, the order of preference is ______.A. (4) , (2) , (3) , (1)B. (4) , (1) , (3) , (2)C. (4) , (3) , (1) , (2)D. (2) , (4) , (1) , (3)11) In terms of the risk for the exporter to get payment, the risk of the paymentmethods from the highest to the least is:A. L/C, D/P, D/A, and OAB. OA, D/A, D/P and L/CC. L/C, D/A, D/P and OAD. L/C, OA, D/A and D/P12) Under _________, the importer borrows the shipping documents from the collectingbank and takes the goods. When the draft matures, he effects payment.A. D/P at sightB. D/P after sightC. D/AD. D/D13) According to UCP600, which of the following documents must be issued /drawn bythe beneficiary unless otherwise stipulated by the Credit?A. draftB. B/LC. inspection certificateD. insurance policy14) If a buyer has goods delivered to him in installments at specified intervals, ________is often used so as to simplify formalities and reduce expensesA. a back-to-back L/CB. a revolving L/CC. a standby L/CD. a deferred payment L/C3.Decide whether the following statements are true or false1) In export business, the exporter generally chooses soft currency and in import, hetries to use hard currency. ( )2) Most of the promissory notes in use today are issued by individuals rather than bybanks. ( )3) A draft involves three parties: the drawer, the drawee and the payee. ( )4) The letter of credit is usually forwarded to the exporter by the importer. ( )5) Of the three types of remittance, T/T is most commonly used because of the fast speed.( )6) Remittance belongs to commercial credit while collection and letter of credit belong tobanker’s credit. ( )7) A clean L/C is favoured by the importers in international trade, because if it is used,the importers run no risks. ( )8)The exporter will run more risks to adopt D/A at 30 days sight than D/P at 30 days aftersight. ( )9) A standby L/C is different from a documentary L/C because under the documentary L/C,the issuing bank holds itself responsible for the payment of the goods, but under a standby L/C, the issuing bank holds itself responsible only after the applicant has not fulfilled its obligations. ( )10) In the context of international trade, the drawer and payer is usually the seller and thedrawee and payee is usually the buyer.( )11) A check is always paid upon presentation. ( )Chapter 71. Review and Discussion Questions.1) What are the fundamental principles of insurance?2) What are the major types of risks in marine cargo transport?3) What’s the difference between General Average and Particular Average？4) What are the major types of basic risks coverage and additional risks coverage?5) Explain the scope of coverage of F.P.A. and W.P.A.?6) What is W/W Clause?7) What is the difference between the insurance policy and insurance certificate?8) How to choose the right insurance coverage？2. Choose the right answer from each of the following.1) ________is defined as loss arising in the consequence of extraordinary and intentionalsacrifice made, or expenses incurred, for the common safety of the ship and cargo.A．Particular average B．General averageC．Without average D．With average2）Which of the following risks is not covered by the All Risks coverage of marine cargo transport insurance_______.A. delayB. floodC. lightningD. heavy weather3）WPA is one of the ______.A. basic risksB. additional risksC. special additional risksD. general additional risks4）Which of the following risks is not covered by the AR coverage of marine cargo transport insurance?A. marine perilsB. strandingC. pilferageD. inherent vice5) The insurer is not responsible for partial loss of or damage to cargo caused by natural calamities under the( )A.W AB.FPAC. All RisksD.Institute Cargo Clauses (A)6) In insurance, the party who insures others against possible loss or damage and promises to effect payment in case of loss or damage is called the _______A. insuredB. consigneeC. insurerD. consignor7) The All Risks of marine cargo transport insurance covers risks of__________.A. war and strikeB. general averageC. inherent vice of goodsD. stranding of ship8) Under the trade term CFR, the _______ must contract for the cargo transport insurance.A. buyerB. sellerC. consignorD. carrier9) General perils refer to natural ________and fortuitous accidents.A. calamitiesB. damagesC. lossesD. franchises10) Which of the following insurance coverage does not cover total loss of to cargo caused by earthquake or lightning? ( )A. W AB.FPAC. Institute Cargo Clause(B)D. Institute Cargo Clause(C)11)Which of the following risks are covered by the All Risks coverage of PICC Ocean Marine Cargo Clauses？A. war and fireB. strike and delayC. aflatoxin and on deckD. heavy weather and fire3.Decide whether the following statements are true or false1) An insurance contract is essentially a contract between the insurer and the insured. ( )2) The amount of money the insurer agrees to cover by insurance against the subject matter is the insured amount, which is normally 110% of CIF value of the consignment. ( )3) Under CIF term, the seller has to procure insurance against the buyer’s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. ( )4) FPA coverage does not include total losses resulting from specific accidents, like an earthquake. ( )5) Special additional coverage such as war risks, strikes and so on must be taken out together with F.P.A. .W.A. or A.R. ( )6) General average and salvage charges are covered both in FPA and WA coverage. ( )7) A.R. does not cover risks of war and special additional risks but cover the general additional risks. ( )8) Three types of risks are covered by ocean marine insurance, namely the perils of the sea, the extraneous risks and the force majeure. ( )9) If you have insured your goods against A.R., you will get compensated whatever risks occurs to your goods. ( )10) A.R. covers all losses and damages to the goods caused by perils of the sea and extraneous risks.11)Ocean marine insurance covers two types of losses, partial loss and total loss. ( )12)Partial loss or damage is never recoverable with W A. ( )13)In ocean marine insurance, general average is to be borne by the carrier, who may, upon presentation of evidence of the loss, recover the loss from the underwriter. ( )14)In ocean marine insurance, the assured can recover more than actual loss provided that he can provide evidence of further losses contingent on the actual loss. ( )Chapter 81. Review and Discussion Questions1) Why must there be the inspection clause in international trade contracts? What does the inspection clause generally include?2) Please explain the three major ways of stipulating the place and time of inspection.3) How disputes are settled in international trade？4) What are some of the major characteristics of a force majeure event?5) Please give examples of three ways to set the scope of force majeure.6) Why is arbitration a commonly used settlement of disputes in international trade?2.Choose the right answer from each of the following.1. The necessary precondition of settling disputes by arbitration is that_______.A. there must be a sales contract between the disputing partiesB. there must be an arbitration agreement between the disputing partiesC. there must be mediation taking place firstD. there must be litigation taking place first2) Which of the following statements is not true about a force majeure event?A. A force majeure event may occur before the conclusion of the contractB. A force majeure event may lead to cancellation of the contract or delayed performance of the contractC. A force majeure event can be caused by natural forcesD. A force majeure event can be caused by social forces3) The most widely used way of stipulating the place and time of inspection in the contract is _______.A. shipping quality and weightB. landed quality and weightC. inspection at the port of shipment and re-inspection at the port of destinationD. shipping quantity and landed quality4) The award of arbitration is usually ______.A. finalB. not binding on all partiesC. amendableD. rejective5) Which of the following events is usually stipulated in the contract as force majeure?A. warB. rise of priceC. manufacturer’s refusal to supply to the sellerD. late delivery6) Generally, there is/are _____ way(s) to stipulate “force majeure” clauses.A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 47) Which of the following is governmental inspection body? _______A. Underwriter’s LaboratoryB. Lloyd’s SurveyorC. Food and Drugs AdministrationD. Societe General De Surveillance8) Which of the following is not true about the features of arbitration? _____A. The litigants should submit themselves voluntarily to an arbitrator.B. An arbitration agreement in written form between the parties concerned is prerequisite for arbitration.C. The aware is final and binding on both parties.D. Once the arbitration body is chosen, there is no need to stipulate the rule of arbitration procedure in the arbitration agreement because the rule of the arbitration body is applicable3. Decide whether the following statements are true or false1) For one contract, only one method and one standard should be used to ensure consistency in inspection. ( )2) Arbitration can be used to settle criminal cases as well as civil cases. ( )3) Usually an arbitration tribunal can consist of one, two or three arbitrators. ( )4) An arbitration award must be in written form with or without explanations or reasons. ( ) 7) When the departure term (EXW) is used, the commodity should be inspected at the factory or warehouse where the delivery is made. ( )8) If shipping quality is used in inspection, the inspection must be conducted at the seller’s factory only. ( )9) The party who suffers a force majeure event can decide to terminate the contract without notice to the other party. ( )。
制造工程与技术(热加工)11[1].2
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5. Alternative to investment, shellmold, and green-sand casting
6. Relatively low cost
Permanent-Mold Casting
• Called hard-mold casting • Two halves of a mold are made from such as iron, steel,
• Term investment derives from the fact that the pattern is invested with the refractory material
• Need careful handling because they are not strong enough to withstand the forces involved in mold making
Pressure Casting
(a) The bottom-pressure casting process utilizes graphite molds for the productin of steel railroad wheels. (b) Gravity pouring method of casting a railroad wheel. Note that the pouring basin also serves as a riser.
国际贸易实务名词解释整理+部分课后题
International TradeDefinition of important terms:1. Trade bloc 贸易集团▪ An intergovernmental association of a large free trade area formed by one or more tax, tariff, and trade agreements, which manages and promotes trade activities for ▪specific region of the world.▪ Freely, or cheaply for members ▪ Barriers against non-members2. Non-tariff barrier 非关税壁垒A non-tariff barrier to import is any policy used by the government to reduce imports, other than a simple tariff on imports.3. CommodityCommodity is the article of commerce of any kind that is for sale – goods, merchandise or product.4. CIF/CFR/FOB 到岸价/ 成本+运费/ 离岸价CIF: Cost Insurance and Freight (named port of destination)CFR: Cost and Freight (named port of destination)FOB: Free On Board (named port of shipment)5. L/C见176. F.A.Q. 平均良好品质(Fair Average Quality) not particular quality specification but average quality of the current group, recent shipment.7. General average共同海损Loss or damage to a ship or its cargo that is shared among the shipowner and all the cargo owners.8. Constructive total loss（推定全损）may occur if the cargo is NOT actually lost, but is so seriously damaged as to make the goods no longer useful for the purpose for which they were originally intended.9. Neutral packing 中性包装Do not mention the name of the country producing the goods and the name of the manufacturer on the commodity and on the outer and inner packages.10. Liner 班轮The liners run fixed schedules, follow fixed routes and charge standard rates called conference rates.11. Break-even Point 收支平衡点(BEP) is the point where revenues from sales equal all costs.12. Dumping 倾销Dumping is the practice of selling products in foreign country at lower prices than those charged in the producing country13. Bill of Exchange (Draft) 汇票a written order to pay a sum of money to a particular person on a particular date. Drafts are negotiable and may be sold.14. Remittance 汇付Transfer of funds from one party to another among different countries through banks.15. D/P 付款交单Documents Against PaymentUnder D/P, the buyer can receive the shipping documents only after he has duly made the payment of the goods.16. D/A 承兑交单Documents Against AcceptanceUnder D/A, the buyer can receive the shipping documents from the collecting bank after he has duly accepted the draft.17. Letter of Credita letter from a bank that allows you to get a particular amount of money from another bank18. Collection 托收Presentation for payment of an obligation and the payment thereof19. Force Majeure 不可抗力unexpected circumstances, such as war, that can be used as an excuse when they prevent sb from doing sth that is written in a contract20. Arbitration 仲裁Arbitration is the judging of a dispute between people or groups by someone who is not involved.21. Counter-offer 还盘A counter-offer is an offer that someone makes, for example, for a house or business, in response to an offer by another person or group.22. Pro forma Invoice 形式发票A document provided prior to or with a shipment of goods (as for export) that describes the items and terms of sale but dose not have the function of a real invoice.23. Forwarder (Shipping agency) 货代A person or organization that dispatches or delivers goodsOne that forwards; especially an agent who performs services (as receiving, transshipping, or delivering) designed to move goods to their destination.Chapter5 选择A. 单选1. The term CIF should be followed by .a. point of originb. port of shipmentc. port of destinationd. port of exportation2. The term FOB should be followed by .a. point of originb. port of importationc. port of discharged. port of exportation3. The term EXW should be followed by .a. point of originb. port of shipmentc. port of importationd. port of exportation4. The term DAT should be followed by .a. point of originb. port of loadingc. port of destinationd. port of shipment5. The term FAS should be followed by .a. point of originb. port of destinationc. port of shipmentd. port of exportation6. The term CFR should be followed by .a. point of originb. port of shipmentc. port of destinationd. port of exportation7. The term DDP should be followed by .a. point of originb. port of shipmentc. port of premised. place of destination8. The term DAP should be followed by .a. point of originb. place of importationc. port of exportationd. port of shipment9. The term FCA should be followed by .a. seller's railway stationb. point of originc. seller's place of shipmentd. buyer's railway stationB. 多选Which of the following are included in the quoted price?1. The quoted price for 3 red zoom roadsters is US $ 6,000 Ex-works, Beijing.a. 3 red zoom roadstersb. freight to dockc. loading chargesd. ocean freightere. marine insurancef. unloading2. The quoted price for 12 “Butterfly” sewing machines is US $ 700 FAS, Dalian.a. 12 “Butterfly” sewing machinesb. freight to dockc. loading chargesd. ocean freighte. marine insurancef. unloading3. The quoted price for 1,000 “Panda” radios is US $10,000 CFR, Tianjin.a.1,000 “Panda” radiosb. freight to dockc. loading chargesd. ocean freighte. marine insurancef. unloading4. The quoted price for 100 pairs of shoes is US $3,000 FOB, Shanghai.a.100 pairs of shoesb. freight to dockc. loadingd. unloadinge. import duties5. The quoted price for 1 tractor is $ 5,000 CIF, Hong Kong.a.1 tractorb. transportation to dockc. loadingd. export chargese. ocean freightf. marine insuranceg. unloadingh. import dutiesChapter 6（B）mineral ore A. sample（C）ordinary garments B. manual（D）fish C. F.A.Q（E）Haier washing machines D. G.M.Q（G）medical apparatus E. famous brand（A）wheat F. specification（H）calligraphic works G. inspection（F）power plant generator H. drawing or diagramChapter 7 判断1. Under FOB, the seller must give the buyer prompt shipping advice as the goods are shipped on board the vessel.2. Demurrage is the extra charges a shipper pays for detaining a freight car or ship beyond time permitted for loading or unloading.3. Dispatch money is a fine imposed on the charter for the delay in the loading and unloading of the goods.4. Unclean B/L can be negotiated and accepted by the buyer and bank.5. A bill of lading is both a receipt for merchandise and a contract to deliver it as freight.6. Order B/L can be transferred with or without endorsement.Chapter 8判断1. In ocean marine insurance, the assured can recover more than actual loss provided that he can provide evidence of further losses contingent on the actual loss.2. In ocean marine insurance, general average is to be borne by the carrier, who may, upon presentation of evidence of the loss,' recover the loss from the insurance underwriter.3. Partial loss or damage is never recoverable with FPA.4. Special additional coverages such as war risk, strikes and so on must be taken out together with FPA and WPA.5. In essence, open policy is the same as the insurance certificate.6. Ocean marine insurance covers ships and their cargo only on the high seas and not on inland waterways.7. Without insurance, international trade is simply impossible to take place.8. Three types of risks are covered by ocean marine insurance, namely the perils of sea, the extraneous risks and the force majeure.9. Ocean marine insurance covers two types of losses, partial loss and total loss.Chapter 10Suppose a contract for the amount of US $ 845, 000 was approved for buyer' s credit up to 80% of the said amount. After disbursement, Bank of China, Head Office, Beijing would issue apromissory note on July 2, 2003 specifying that it is payable at 3 years after the above stated date to the order of Bank of Oslo, Oslo, Norway the sum of 80% of US $ 845, 000 (refundment of loan). Please make a promissory note by filling in the blanks of the following form.Promissory NoteIssued in Beijing the 2nd day of July, 2003On the 2nd day of July, 2006 fixed.We promise to pay against this Promissory Note to the order of Bank of Oslo，Norway the sum of USD 676000 (say Six Hundred and Seventy Six Thousand only). Payable in Oslo,Norway.For Bank of ChinaSignatureChapter 11ExampleEnquiry: 询盘Oct. 08th, 2015 (Enquiry)Dear Sir/Madam, we're interested in TV set model XXX. Please send us a firm offer at a favarable price.Offer: 发盘Oct 10th, 2015 (Firm Offer)Thanks for your inquiry dated Oct. 8th. We offer subject to your reply reaching us by Oct. 20th as follows: TV set model XXX, 1000 sets, packed in export cartons of one set each, shipped in 1X20' container, USD150 per set CFR Karachi, shipment before Dec. 31, 2015, Payment by Irrevocable Sight Credit.Counter-offer: 还盘Oct 13th, 2015 (Counter-offer)Referring to your e-mail of Oct. 10th, we regret to note that the price you offered is too high. We counter-offer USD130 per set CFR Karachi.Oct 16th, 2015 (Counter-offer of counter-offer)Your e-mail of 13th to hand. The best we can do is USD140 subject to your reply to us Oct. 22nd.Acceptance:Oct 16th, 2015 (Counter-offer of counter-offer)Your e-mail of 13th to hand. The best we can do is USD140 subject to your reply to us Oct. 22nd.。
supply chain management review
Chapter 10 Cycle inventoryLot or order (batch) size: quantity that a SC stage either produces or orders at a given time Cycle inventory: avg. inventory that builds up in the SC because a SC stage either produces or purchases in lots that are larger than those demanded by the customerCycle inventory = Q/2 (depends directly on lot size)Avg. flow time = Avg. inventory / Avg. flow rate (I=DT) The average amount of time a unit spends in the SC Avg. flow time from cycle inventory = Q/(2D)What are the three situations of exploiting the fixed cost?– 1. Lot sizing for a single product (EOQ)– 2. Aggregating multiple products in a single order– 3. Lot sizing with multiple products or customersWhat are the two types of quantity discounts?– All‐unit quantity discounts– Marginal unit quantity discount (optional)As a buyer, what is the optimal ordering decision in consideration of quantity discounts?The objective for the buyer (say, a retailer) is to decide on Q that will minimize the sum of material, order, and holding costs (maximize profits)As a supplier, when and why quantity discounts must be offered? How to offer?Two main drivers (reasons) for quantity discounts:– 1. Improved coordination to increase the total SC profits– 1a. Quantity discounts for commodity products– 1b. Quantity discounts for products when the firm has market power– 2. Extraction of surplus through price discriminationWhat is trade promotion?Trade promotions =price discounts OVER a limited period of timeWhat is the impact of trade promotion on forward buying of retailer (buyer)?Retailer has two primary responses to a promotion:– Pass through some or all of the promotion to customers to spur sales–Pass through very little of the promotion to customers but purchase in greater quantity during the promotion period to exploit the temporary reduction in priceChapter 11 Safety inventorySafety Inventory (or Safety Stock): inventory carried to satisfy demand that exceeds the forecasted amount for a given period What must be considered when determining the level of safety inventory?– Supply or demand uncertainty– Desired level of product availabilityHow to measure demand/supply uncertainty and product availability?An observed demand has a systematic component (Sc) and a random component (Rc)The estimate of the Rc is the measure of demand uncertaintyRc is usually estimated by the standard deviation of demandProduct availability: a firm’s ability to fill a customer’s order out of available inventoryures are listed below:– Product fill rate (fr): fraction of demand that is satisfied from product in inventory– Order fill rate: fraction of orders that are filled from available inventory–Cycle service level (CSL): fraction of replenishment cycles that end with all customer demand being metWhat are the two replenishment policies?Replenishment policy: decisions regarding when to reorder and how much to reorderTwo common types:– Continuous review: inventory is continuously monitored and an order of size Q is placed when the inventory level reaches the reorder point (ROP)– Periodic review (optional): inventory is checked at regular (periodic) intervals and an order is placed to raise the inventory to a specified threshold (the “order‐up‐to” level or OUL) How to determine safety inventory using continuous review policy?Using a continuous review policy, we will discuss the following– Evaluating CSL and fr– Evaluating safety inventory given desired CSL or fr– Impact of required product availability and uncertainty on safety inventory– Impact of supply uncertainty on safety inventory– Impact of aggregation on safety inventoryChapter 12 Product availabilityOptimal level of product availability is one that maximizes supply chain profitability. What factors must be consider when determining the level of product availability? Cost of overstocking (C0): the loss incurred for each unsold unit at the end of selling season Cost of understocking (Cu): the margin lost for each lost sale due to stockoutAssume that retail price per unit = p, cost per unit = c, salvage value per unit = s, so– C0 per unit (loss per unit unsold) = c – s– Cu per unit (profit per unit sold) = p – cHow to improve SC profitability? Managerial Levers to Improve Supply Chain Profitability“Explicit” managerial actions to increase profitability: – Increase the salvage value (s) of each unit – Selling to outlet stores so that the unsold units are not merely discarded– Decrease the margin lost (p – c) from a stockout – Arranging backup sourcing (may be more costly) so customers are not lost forever Another action is to reduce the demand uncertainty by: – 1. Improved forecasting: make use of market intelligence and collaboration– 2. Quick response: reduce replenishment lead time– 3. Postponement: postpone product differentiation until closer to the point of sale – 4. Tailored sourcing: use a short lead time, but a more costly supplier as a backup for a low ‐cost but long lead time supplier Chapter 13 Transportation What is the role of transportation? It refers to the movement of product from one location to another. It is an important SC driver as products are rarely produced and consumed in the same location only. Since international trade is becoming a bigger part of the world’s economic activity, transportation is even moresignificant in global SCs What are the parties that affect the effectiveness of transportation?Four parties affect the effectiveness of transportation:– Shippers – Carriers– Owners and operators of transportation infrastructure– The bodies that set transportation policy worldwideWhat are the strengths and weaknesses of different modes of transportation? Truckload (TL)——In last decade, trucks moved about 70%of US commercial freight by valueand about 60% by weight – Door-to-door shipment – Short delivery time – No transfer between pickup and delivery– Low fixed and variable costs (esp. largershipments)– Travelling distances are relatively short – Backhaul problem (travels without any load) – Utilization rate is not always satisfactorily high Less Than Truckload (LTL)—Priced to encourage shipments in small lots (< half a TL) Advantages:– Low variable costs (due to consolidation) – Suitable to shipments with size larger than small packages but less than half a TL – More cost-effective among a high density of pickup and delivery pointsDisadvantages:– Higher fixed costs (consolidation centers)– Longer time as multiple pickup and drop-off points Rail ——In last decade, rail carried about 3% of US shipments by value, 10% by weight, and over 30% of total ton milesAdvantages:– Cost-effective to carry large, heavy, low-value, or high density products over long distances – Motivated to keep locomotives and crews well utilizedDisadvantages:– High fixed cost, trip-related labor cost, and fuel cost– Long delivery time – Long transition time leading to frequent delaysAir ——The goods moved by air in US were valued the highest among all modes (~$75k per ton) in last decade Advantages: – Fast transit time – Relatively low variable costs – Cost-effective to carry small, high-value, or urgent shipments over long distances Disadvantages: – High fixed cost in infrastructure and equipment– Challenge of cargo security and increasing fuel costPackage Carriers ——Companies like FedEx, UPS, USPS, that carry small packages (fromletters to shipments weighing about 70kg) using air, truck, and rail. Preferred mode for e-businesses (e.g., Amazon, Dell)Advantages: – Rapid and reliable delivery – Cost-effective to carry small and time-sensitive shipments– Door-to-door shipment– Motivated to provide value-added services (e.g. tracking, JIT, etc)Disadvantages:– Expensive – Consolidation of shipment is a keyWater——Over $700 billion per year of merchandise trade was moved between US and foreign seaports in last decadeAdvantages:– Cost-effective to carry very large loads– The dominant mode in global trade (e.g. cars, grain, apparel)Disadvantage:– Slowest speed– Limited to certain geographic areas– Subject to significant delays at ports and terminalsPipeline——Primarily for transporting crude petroleum, refined petroleum products, and natural gas. In US, pipeline accounted for 16% of total ton-miles in last decade Advantages:– Best for stable (predictable) and large flows– Cost-effective of getting crude oil to a port or refineryDisadvantages:– High fixed cost in setup (pipeline and related infrastructure)– Utilization is optimized only at 80-90% of capacityWhat are the different transportation network design option? What are the trade-offs in network design?1. Trade-off between Transportation and Inventory cost– Choice of transportation mode – Inventory aggregation2. Trade-off between Transportation cost and ResponsivenessChapter 14 SourcingWhat is the role of sourcing in a supply chain?Sourcing encompasses all processes required for a firm to purchase goods from suppliers. Over the past two decades, manufacturing firms have increased the fraction of purchased parts. Effective sourcing decisions thus have a significant impact on financial performance. Good sourcing decisions can improve supply chain performance by aggregating orders, making procurement transactions more efficient, achieving design collaboration with suppliers, facilitating coordinated forecasting and planning with suppliers, designing supply chain contracts that increase profitability while minimizing information distortion, and decreasing the purchase price through increased competition among suppliers.What factors affect the decision to outsource a supply chain function?A supply chain function should be outsourced if the third party can increase the supply chain surplus without significant risk. A third party may increase the surplus by aggregating capacity, inventory, warehousing, transportation, information, receivables, and other factors to a higher level than the firm can on its own. Outsourcing generally makes sense if a firm’s needs are small and highly uncertain and can be served using resources that can serve other firms as well.What dimensions of supplier performance affect total cost?In addition to the supplier price, the total cost of using a supplier is affected by the supplier terms; delivery costs; inventory costs; warehousing costs; quality costs; costs of management effort and administrative support; impact on reputation; supplier capabilities, such as replenishment lead time, on-time performance, and flexibility; and other costs such as exchange rate trends, taxes, and duties. These factors must be evaluated when comparing different supplier to get a real measure of their effectiveness.How do you structure successful auctions and negotiations?Buyers may use sealed-bid first price, Dutch, English, or second-price (Vickrey) auctions. Successful auctions minimize the cost for the buyer and result in the lowest-cost supplier winning the bid. Under many circumstances, open English auctions achieve this outcome. When running an auction, buyers must work to avoid collusion among bidders. Successful negotiations are most likely when both parti es are well informed about each other’s positions and have multiple dimensions they can use to increase the size of the pie, resulting in a win-win outcome.What is the impact of risk sharing on supplier performance and information distortion? Supply contracts must take into account the desired objective of the buyer and supplier and the resulting impact on supply chain performance. Contracts can be designed to increase product availability, coordinate supply chain costs, increase agent effort, and induce performance improvement from the supplier. Contracts to increase productavailabilityinclude buyback, revenue-sharing, and quantity flexibility contracts. They are designed tocounter the problem of double marginalization. Buyback and revenue-sharing contractsincrease information distortion relative to quantity flexibility contracts. Quantity discountscoordinate supply chain costs when the supplier has significant fixed costs per lot. Quantitydiscounts increase information distortion because of order batching. Two-part tariffs andthreshold contracts are designed to increase agent effort. Threshold contracts cansignificantly increase information distortion and are best implemented over a rolling horizon.Shared savings contracts are most effective when a buyer wants the supplier to improveperformance along dimensions such as lead time and quality.What are different categories of purchased products and services?Direct materials are components that are used to make the finished product. Indirectmaterials and services are used to support the main production process. Direct materialscan be further categorized into bulk purchase, critical, and strategic items, based on thevalue of the item and how critical it is for the buyer. Procurement should focus on aggregatingthe appending and reducing transaction costs when purchasing indirect materials. For bulkpurchase items, procurement should focus on the value-assed service provided andperformance along other dimensions that affect total cost. For critical items, procurementshould focus on improving coordination of forecasting and fulfillment with the supplier. Forstrategic items, procurement should focus on improving design and manufacturingcollaboration with the supplier.Chapter 16: information technologyWhat is the importance of information and IT in the supply chain? Information is essential to making good supply chain decisions because it provides the broadview needed to make optimal decisions. IT provides the tools to gather this information and analyze it to make the best supply chain decisions. How does each supply chain driver use information?Each of the supply chain drivers that we have discussed in previous chapters (facilities,inventory, transportation, sourcing, and pricing) requires information for decisions to be made.Information is the factual component on which decisions about each of the other drivers arebased. In essence, information is the glue that holds the entire supply chain together andallows it to function, making information the most important supply chain driver. What are the major applications of supply chain IT and what processes do they enable?A company’s supply chain proc esses can be grouped into three main macro processes. CRM includes processes that enable interaction between an enterprise and its customers. ISCM includes processes focused on the internal operations of an enterprise. SRM includes processes that enable interaction between an enterprise and its suppliers. IT enables theseprocesses as well as the integration across these processes. Good IT systems allow not only the collection of data across the supply chain, but also the analysis of decisions thatmaximize supply chain profitability.Chapter 17 coordinationWhat are supply chain coordination and the bullwhip effect, and what are their effectson supply chain performance? Supply chain coordination requires all stages to take actions that maximize total supply chain profits. A lack of coordination results if different stages focus on optimizing their local objective or if information is distorted as it moves across the supply chain. The phenomenon that fluctuation in orders increases as one moves up the supply chain from retailers to wholesalers to manufacturers to suppliers is referred to as the bullwhip effect. The bullwhip effect results in an increase in all costs in the supply chain and a decrease in customer service levels. The bullwhip effect moves all parties in the supply chain away from the efficient frontier and results in decrease if both customer satisfaction and profitability within the supply chain. What are obstacles to coordination in the supply chain? A key obstacles to coordination in the supply chain is misaligned incentives that result in different stages optimizing local objective instead of total supply chain profits. Other obstacles include lack of information sharing, operational inefficiencies leading to large replenishment lead times and large lots, sales force incentives that encourage forward buying, rationing schemes that encourage inflation of orders, promotions that encourage forward buying, and a lack of trust that makes any effort toward coordination difficult. What are the managerial levers that help achieve coordination in the supply chain? Managers can help achieve coordination in the supply chain by aligning and incentives across different functions and stages of the supply chain. Other actions that managers can take to achieve coordination include sharing of sales information and collaborative forecasting and planning, implementation of single-point control of replenishment, improving operations to reduce lead times and lot sizes, EDLP and other stratifies that limit forwardbuying, and the building of trust and strategic partnerships within the supply chain. What are actions that facilitate the building of strategic partnerships and trust in the supply chain?A manager can help build trust and strategic partnerships by designing a relationship in which the mutual benefit to both sides is clear, both parties are mutually interdependent, contracts are allowed to evolve over time, and conflicts re resolved effectively. When managing the relationship, flexibility, information sharing, visibility of effort and performance of each party, and fairness from the stronger party when distributing costs and benefits help foster trust and facilitate coordination in the supply chain.What are the different forms of CPFR available in a supply chain? Partners may set CPFR relationships to collaborate on store events, DC replenishment, store replenishment, or assortment planning. DC replenishment collaboration is often the easiest to implement because it requires aggregate-level data. Store replenishment collaboration requires a higher level of investment in technology and data sharing to be successful.。
chapter8(第一讲)
Introduction
After making shipment, the seller should promptly advise the buyer of its effectuation, no matter whether the transaction is concluded on FOB, CFR or CIF basis. For FOB and CFR transactions, the buyer will have to effect insurance on the shipment upon receipt of shipping advice from the seller. It has been a customary practice that in the case of FOB transactions, the seller, before shipping, should ask the buyer to name the vessel on which the goods are to be shipped unless otherwise specified in the contract or L/C.
Introduction
Letters regarding shipment are usually written for the following purposes: to urge an early shipment; to amend shipping terms; to give shipping advice; to dispatch shipping documents and so on. Taking advantage of the occasion to advise the buyer of the shipment, the seller may also review the course of the transaction and express the desire for further development of business.
国际贸易英文版教材
作者、书名、出版社、出版年份、目录Thomas A．Pugel. International Economics(15th). Renmin University of China p ress. 2012-12CONTENTSChapter 1 International Economics Is DifferentFour ControversiesEconomics and the Nation-StateThe Scheme of This BookPART ONE THE THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADEChapter 2 The Basic Theory Using Demand and SupplyFour Questions about TradeA Look AheadDemand and SupplyCase Study Trade Is ImportantGlobal Crisis The Trade Mini-Collapse of 2009Two National Markets and the Opening of TradeChapter 3 Why Everybody Trades: Comparative Advantage 33Adam Smith’s Theory of Absolute AdvantageCase Study Mercantilism: Older Than Smith—and Alive TodayRicardo’s Theory of Comparative AdvantageRicardo’s Constant Costs and the Producti on-Possibility CurveFocus on Labor Absolute Advantage Does MatterExtension What If Trade Doesn’t Balance?Chapter 4 Trade: Factor Availability and Factor Proportions Are KeyProduction with Increasing Marginal CostsCommunity Indifference CurvesProduction and Consumption TogetherFocus on China The Opening of Trade and China’s Shift Out of AgricultureThe Gains from TradeTrade Affects Production and ConsumptionWhat Determines the Trade Pattern?The Heckscher–Ohlin (H–O) TheoryChapter 5 Who Gains and Who Loses from Trade?Who Gains and Who Loses within a CountryThree Implications of the H–O TheoryExtension A Factor-Ratio ParadoxDoes Heckscher–Ohlin Explain Actual Trade Patterns?Case Study The Leontief ParadoxWhat Are the Export-Oriented and Import-Competing Factors?Focus on China China’s Exports and ImportsDo Factor Prices Equalize Internationally?Focus on Labor U.S. Jobs and Foreign Trade 86Chapter 6 Scale Economies, Imperfect Competition, and TradeScale EconomiesIntra-Industry TradeMonopolistic Competition and TradeExtension The Individual Firm in MonopolisticOligopoly and TradeExtension The Gravity Model of TradeChapter 7 Growth and TradeBalanced versus Biased GrowthGrowth in Only One FactorChanges in the Country’s Willingness to TradeCase Study The Dutch Disease and DeindustrializationEffects on the Country’s Terms of TradeTechnology and TradeFocus on Labor Trade, Technology, and U.S. WagesPART TWO TRADE POLICYChapter 8 Analysis of a TariffGlobal Governance WTO and GATT: Tariff SuccessA Preview of ConclusionsThe Effect of a Tariff on Domestic ProducersThe Effect of a Tariff on Domestic ConsumersThe Tariff as Government RevenueThe Net National Loss from a TariffExtension The Effective Rate of ProtectionCase Study They Tax Exports, TooThe Terms-of-Trade Effect and a Nationally Optimal TariffChapter 9 Nontariff Barriers to ImportsTypes of Nontariff Barriers to ImportsThe Import QuotaGlobal Governance The WTO: Beyond TariffsGlobal Crisis Dodging ProtectionismExtension A Domestic Monopoly Prefers a QuotaVoluntary Export Restraints (VERs)Other Nontariff BarriersCase Study VERs: Two ExamplesCase Study Carrots Are Fruit, Snails Are Fish, and X-Men Are Not HumansHow Big Are the Costs of Protection?International Trade DisputesFocus on China China’s First Decade in the WTOChapter 10 Arguments for and against ProtectionThe Ideal World of First BestThe Realistic World of Second BestPromoting Domestic Production or EmploymentThe Infant Industry ArgumentFocus on Labor How Much Does It Cost to Protect a Job?The Dying Industry Argument and Adjustment AssistanceThe Developing Government (Public Revenue) ArgumentOther Arguments for Protection: Non=economic ObjectivesThe Politics of Protection The Basic Elements of the Political-Economic Analysis Case Study How Sweet It Is (or Isn’t)Chapter 11 Pushing ExportsDumpingReacting to Dumping: What Should a Dumpee Think?Actual Antidumping Policies: What Is Unfair?Case Study Antidumping in ActionProposals for ReformExport SubsidiesWTO Rules on SubsidiesShould the Importing Country Impose Countervailing Duties?Case Study Agriculture Is AmazingStrategic Export Subsidies Could Be GoodGlobal Governance Dogfight at the WTOChapter 12 Trade Blocs and Trade BlocksTypes of Economic BlocsIs Trade Discrimination Good or Bad?The Basic Theory of Trade Blocs: Trade Creation and Trade DiversionOther Possible Gains from a Trade BlocThe EU ExperienceCase Study Postwar Trade Integration in EuropeNorth America Becomes a BlocTrade Blocs among Developing CountriesTrade EmbargoesChapter 13 Trade and the EnvironmentIs Free Trade Anti-Environment?Is the WTO Anti-Environment?Global Governance Dolphins, Turtles, and the WTOThe Specificity Rule AgainA Preview of Policy PrescriptionsTrade and Domestic PollutionTrans-border PollutionGlobal Environmental ChallengesChapter 14 Trade Policies for Developing CountriesWhich Trade Policy for Developing Countries?Are the Long-Run Price Trends against Primary Producers?Case Study Special Challenges of TransitionInternational Cartels to Raise Primary-Product PricesImport-Substituting Industrialization (ISI)Exports of Manufactures to Industrial CountriesChapter 15 Multinationals and Migration: International Factor MovementsForeign Direct InvestmentMultinational EnterprisesFDI: History and Current PatternsWhy Do Multinational Enterprises Exist?Taxation of Mul tinational Enterprises’ProfitsCase Study CEMEX: A Model Multinational from an Unusual PlaceMNEs and International TradeShould the Home Country Restrict FDI Outflows?Should the Host Country Restrict FDI Inflows?Focus on China China as a Host CountryMigrationHow Migration Affects Labor MarketsShould the Sending Country Restrict Emigration?Should the Receiving Country Restrict Immigration?Case Study Are Immigrants a Fiscal Burden?APPENDIXESA The Web and the Library: International Numbers and Other InformationB Deriving Production-Possibility CurvesC Offer CurvesD The Nationally Optimal Tariff周瑞琪. International Trade Practice. University of International Business and Economics press. 2011.9CONTENTSChapter One General Introduction（第一章导论）1.1 Reasons for International Trade （国际间贸易的起因）1.2 Differences between International Trade and Domestic Trade （国际贸易与国内贸易的差异）1.3 Classification of International Trade（国际贸易的分类）1.4 Export and Import Procedures（进出口贸易的程序）1.5 Overview of This Book （本书的基本内容）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Two International Trade Terms（第二章国际贸易术语）2.1 Three Sets of Rules （三种贸易术语的解释规则）2.2 Basics of Incoterms 2010 （2010年国际贸易术语解释通则基本概念）2.3 Application Issues（贸易术语在使用中应注意的问题）2.4 Determinants of Choice of Trade Terms （贸易术语选用的决定因素）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Chapter Three Export Price（第三章出口商品的价格）3.1 Expression of Export Price（出口价格的表达）3.2 Pricing Considerations（影响定价的因素）3.3 Calculation of Price（价格的计算）3.4 Understanding the Price（价格的评估）3.5 Communication of Price（价格的沟通）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Chapter Four Terms of Commodity（第四章商品条款）4.1 Name of Commodity （商品的名称）4.2 Specifying Quality（商品的品质）4.3 Measuring Quantity（商品的数量）4.4 Packing and Marking（商品的包装及标志）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Chapter Five Cargo Transportation（第五章国际货物运输）5.1 Ocean Transportation （海洋运输）5.2 Other Modes of Transportation （其他运输方式）5.3 Transportation Documents（运输单据）5.4 Shipment Clause in the Sales Contract（销售合同中的装运条款）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Six Cargo Transportation Insurance（第六章货物运输保险）6.1 Fundamental Principles of Cargo Insurance（货物保险的基本原则）6.2 Marine Risks and Losses（海上风险和损失）6.3 Coverage of Marine Cargo Insurance of CIC（我国海上货物保险范围）6.4 Coverage of Marine Cargo Insurance of ICC（协会货物保险范围）6.5 Other Types of Cargo Insurance（其他货物保险的种类）6.6 Procedures of Cargo Insurance（货物保险程序）6.7 Insurance Terms in the Sales Contract（销售合同中的保险条款）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Seven International Payments（第七章国际货款支付）7.1 Issues in Concern（影响支付条件的因素）7.2 Paying Instruments（支付工具）7.3 Remittance（汇付）7.4 Collection（托收）7.5 Basics of Letter of Credit（信用证基础知识）7.6 Types of Documentary Credit（跟单信用证的种类）7.7 Letter of Guarantee（L/G）（保函）7.8 Export Financing（出口融资）7.9 Payment Problems（支付中出现的问题）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Eight Export Documentation（第八章出口单证）8.1 Significance of Documentation（单证的重要性）8.2 Basic Requirements for Documentation（单证的基本要求）8.3 Prerequisites of Documentation（制单的依据）8.4 Export Documents（出口单证的种类）8.5 Clause Concerning Documents in the Sales Contract（销售合同中有关单证的条款）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Nine Inspection, Claim, Force Majeure and Arbitration（第九章商检、索赔、不可抗力和仲裁）9.1 Commodity Inspection（商品检验）9.2 Disputes and Claims（争议和索赔）9.3 Force Majeure（不可抗力）9.4 Arbitration（仲裁）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Key to Exercises（练习答案）Glossary（词汇表）Appendix 1INCOTERMS 2010 （FOB, CFR, CIF）（附录12010年国际贸易术语解释通则（FOB，CFR，CIF））Appendix 2CISG 1980 （Part II）（附录2联合国国际货物销售合同公约1980（第二部分）) References （参考书目）帅建林. International Trade Practice. University of International Business and Economics press. 2007.9CONTENTSPart 1 OverviewChapter 1 Introduction to International TradeChapter 2 International Trade PolicyChapter 3 Trade Bloc and Trade BlockChapter 4 WTO :A Navigation GuidePart 2 Terms of International TradeChapter 5 International Trade TermsChapter Terms of CommodityChapter International Cargo TransportChapter 8 Cargo InsuranceChapter 9 Terms of PriceChapter 10 International Payment and SettlementChapter 11 Claims, Force Majeure and ArbitrationPart 3 International Trade ProcedureChapter 12 Launching a Profitable TransactionChapter 13 Business Negotiation and Establishment of ContractChapter 14 Exporting ElementsChapter 15 Importing ElementsChapter 16 DocumentationPart 4 Trade FormsChapter 17 Agency, Distribution and ConsignmentChapter 18 TendersChapter 19 Counter TradeChapter 20 Futures TradingChapter 21 E-CommerceAppendix Glossary of International Trade Terms with English-Chinese InterpretationsBibliographyPaul R.Krugman & Maurice Obstfeld. International Economics:Theory andPolicy,8E. Tsinghua University press. 2011-11Contents前言第1章绪论第1部分国际贸易理论第2章世界贸易：概览第3章劳动生产率和比较优势：李嘉图模型第4章资源、比较优势和收入分配第5章标准贸易模型第6章规模经济、不完全竞争和国际贸易第7章国际要素流动第2部分国际贸易政策第8章贸易政策工具第9章贸易政策中的政治经济学第10章发展中国家的贸易政策第11章贸易政策中的争论数学附录第4章附录要素比例模型第5章附录贸易下的世界经济第6章附录垄断竞争模模型张素芳，International trade: theory and practice. University of International Business & Economics Press, Beijing, 2010contentsSection I. International Trade Theory and PolicyCHAPTER 1.INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE1.The Reasons for International Trade1.1. Resources reasons1.2. Economic reasons1.3. Other reasons2. The Differences between International Trade and Domestic Trade'.'2.1. More plex context2.2. More difficult and risky2.3. Higher skills required3.Basic Concepts Relating to International Trade3.1. Visible trade and invisible trade3.2. Favorable balance of trade and unfavorable balance oft rade3.3. General trade system and special trade system3.4. Volume of international trade and quantum of international trade3.5. Commodity position of international trade3.6. Geographical position of international trade3.7. Degree of dependence on foreign tradeCHAPTER 2.CLASSICAL TRADE THEORIES1.Mercantilism1.1. The development of mercantilist thought1.2. The mercantilist economic system1.3. Economic policies pursued by the mercantilists1.4. Discussions2.David Hume's Challenge to Mercantilism2.1. Assumptions of price-specie=flow mechanism2.2. The price-specie-flow mechanism3.Adam Smith's Theory of Absolute Advantage3.1. Assumptions of Adam Smith's theory of absolute advantage3.2. Challenge to Mercantilism3.3. Example4.David Ricardo's Theory of Comparative Advantage4.1. The concept of parative advantage4.2. Example4.3. Analysis of the theory of parative advantage by using modemtools. CHAPTER 3.NEOCLASSICAL TRADE THEORIES.1.Gains from Trade in Neoclassical Trade Theory1.1. Increasing opportunity costs on the PPF1.2. General equilibrium and gains in autarky1.3. General equilibrium and gains after the introduction of international trade ...2.Reciprocal Demand Theory2.1. A country's offer curve2.2. Trading equilibrium2.3. Measurement of terms of trade3.Factor Endowment Theory3.1. Factor intensity in production3.2. Factor endowments, factor prices, and parative advantage3.3. Assumptions of the factor proportions theory.,3.4. The Heckscher-Ohlin theorem.:3.5. An example to illustrate H-O theorem.3.6. The factor price equalization theorem:3.7. The Stolper-Samuelson theorem4.The Leontief Paradox——An Empirical Test of the Factor Proportions Theory 4.1. The Leontief paradox.-4.2. Suggested explanations for the Leontief Paradox and related theories CHAPTER 4.POST-HECKSHER-OHLIN THEORIES OF TRADE1.The Product Cycle Theory1.1. The imitation lag hypothesis1.2. The product cycle theory2.The Linder Theory2.1. Assumptions of the Linder theory2.2. Trade es in the overlapping ranges of products ophistication.:3.Intra-Industry Trade Theory3.1. Explanations of intra-industry trade3.2. Measurement of intra-industry tradeCHAPTER 5.IMPORT PROTECTION POLICY: TARIFFS1.Types of Import Tariffs1.1. In terms of the means of collection1.2. In terms of the different tariff rates applied1.3. In terms of special purposes for collection2.The Effects of Import Tariffs2.1. Concepts of consumer surplus and producer surplus2.2. The welfare effects of import tariffs3.Measurement of Import Tariffs3.1. The 'height' of import tariffs3.2. Nominal versus effective tariff ratesCHAPTER 6.IMPORT PROTECTION POLICY: NON-TARIFF BARRIERS''1.Forms of Non-tariff Barriers.1.1. Quantity control measures1.2. Price control measures1.3. Para-tariff measures1.4. Finance measures1.5. Anti-petitive measures.,.1.6. Miscellaneous measures2.Effects of Non-tariff Barriers2.1. The effects of an import quota2.2. The effects of a subsidy to an import-peting industryCHAPTER 7.EXPORT PROMOTION AND OTHER POLICIES1.Export Subsidy and Production Subsidy1.1. Export subsidy and its effects1.2. Production subsidy and its effects.2.Other Export Promotion Policies2.1. Devaluation of home currency.2.2. Commodity dumping2.3. Bonded warehouse2.4. Special trade zone2.5. Export promotion programs3.Export Restrictions and Import Promotion Policies3.1. Export restrictions policies3.2. Import promotion policies4.Trade Sanctions4.1. Introduction to trade sanctions4.2. Effectiveness of trade sanctionsCHAPTER 8.ARGUMENTS AGAINST FREE TRADE1.Traditional Arguments against Free Trade1.1. Infant industry argument.1.2. Terms of trade argument1.3. Balance of trade argument1.4. Tariff to reduce aggregate unemployment argument1.5. Fair petition argument1.6. National security argument2.New Protectionism2.1. Tariff to extract foreign monopoly profit2.2. Export subsidy in duopoly3.The Political Economy of Trade Policy3.1. Median voter model3.2. Collective action theory.3.3. Contribution in political campaignsCHAPTER 9.REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATIONof Regional Economic Integration1.1. Preferential tariff arrangement1.2. Free trade area1.3. Customs union1.4. Common market.1.5. Economic union2.The Static and Dynamic Effects of Regional Economic Integration2.1. Static effects of regional economic integration2.2. Dynamic effects of regional economic integration3.Economic Integration in Europe, North America and Asia3.1. Economic integration in Europe……………………………………Chapter 10 International Cargo Transportation InsuranceChapter 11 International Trade PaymentChapter 12 Inspection,Claim,Force Majeure and ArbitrationChapter 13 Trade Negotiation and Formation of the ContractChapter 14 Implementation of the Contract丹尼斯·R·阿普尔亚德 & 小艾尔弗雷德·J·菲尔德 & 史蒂文·L·科布.国际贸易.中国人民大学出版社. 2012-7第1章国际经济学的世界第一部分古典贸易理论第2章早期的国际贸易理论：由重商主义向大卫·李嘉图的古典贸易理论的演进第3章大卫·李嘉图的古典贸易理论和比较优势第4章对古典贸易模型的扩充及验证第二部分新贸易理论第5章新古典贸易理论——基本分析工具的介绍第6章新古典贸易理论中的贸易利得第7章贸易提供曲线和贸易条件第8章贸易的基础：要素禀赋理论和赫克歇尔俄林模型第9章要素禀赋理论的实证分析第三部分贸易理论的扩展第10章后赫克歇尔俄林贸易理论与产业内贸易第11章经济增长与国际贸易第12章国际要素流动第四部分贸易政策第13章贸易政策工具第14章贸易政策的影响第15章对干涉主义贸易政策的争论第16章经济的政治因素与美国的对外贸易政策第17章经济一体化第18章国际贸易与发展中国家参考文献当我被上帝造出来时，上帝问我想在人间当一个怎样的人，我不假思索的说，我要做一个伟大的世人皆知的人。