语法2
高级英语语法(2)
2.1.3 deSer → deer (单复数同形的名词)
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aircraft → aircraft sheep → sheep series → series 有些名词单复数同形。
Chinese → Chinese deer → deer salmon → salmon
2.1 Countable Nouns (可数名词)
S
Translate the following Chinese sentences into English, and pay attention to the usage of the plural forms.
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1. 你把数据存储到磁盘上了吗？
Have you recorded the data in the disk?
2.1 Countable Nouns (可数名词)
CONTENT
2.1.2 –oS → -es/ -oo → -s/ -sis → -ses ... (不规则名词的复数)
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belief → beliefs
proof → proofs
gulf → gulfs
roof → roofs
个别以-f或-fe结尾的名词只加-s。
2. 这些看法的依据是什么？ What are the bases of such views?
2.1 Countable Nouns (可数名词)
ExercisCeOs NtoTE2N.1T.2
S
Translate the following Chinese sentences into English, and pay attention to the usage of the plural forms.
英语专项 语法 时态 2 一般过去时 讲解+练习+答案 simple past
Past Simple Tense一般过去时主谓模块1：I was 我曾是肯定句否定句一般疑问句及回答Yes, I was. / No, I wasn’t.He was a worker. He was not a worker. Was he a worker?Yes, he was. / No, he was n’t. She was a worker. She was not a worker. Was she a worker?Yes, she was. / No, she was n’t.It was a worker. It was not a worker. Was it a worker?Yes, it was. / No, it was n’t.We were workers. We were not workers. Were you workers?Yes, we were. / No, we were n’t. You were workers. You were not workers. Were you workers?Yes, we were. / No, we were n’t. They were workers. They were not workers. Were they workers?Yes, they were. / No, they were n’t.主谓模块2：I did 我曾做肯定句否定句一般疑问句及回答Yes, I did. / No, I did n’t.He worked. He did n’t work.Did he work?Yes, he did. / No, he did n’t. She worked. She did n’t work. Did she work?Yes, she did. / No, she did n’t. It worked. It did n’t work. Did it work?Yes, it did. / No, it did n’t.We worked. We did n’t work. Did you work?Yes, we did. / No, we did n’t. You worked. You did n’t work.Did you work?Yes, we did. / No, we did n’t. They worked. They did n’t work.Did you work?Yes, they did. / No, they did n’t.标准句子结构●主谓模块1+X+时间模块I was a worker then. 那时我还是一个员工。
八年级下册英语语法 (2)
八年级下册英语语法
八年级下册英语语法主要包括以下内容：
1. 定冠词和不定冠词的用法：a/an和the的区别及用法。
2. 可数名词和不可数名词的区别：可数名词的单数、复数形式及用法，不可数名词的用法和量词的使用。
3. 形容词的比较级和最高级：形容词比较级和最高级的构成形式及用法。
4. 动词的时态和语态：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时以及现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时的构成和用法。
5. 不定代词的用法：包括some/any/no, every/each, either/neither等的用法。
6. 状语从句：时间、原因、条件、结果和方式状语从句的引导词和使用方法。
7. 直接引语和间接引语的转换：直接引语和间接引语的转换规则及转换时的语法变化。
8. 被动语态的构成：被动语态的构成形式以及使用时的注意事项。
9. 定语从句：定语从句的引导词和构成形式，以及定语从句的定位和省略。
这些是八年级下册英语的基础语法内容，掌握了这些语法知识，可以帮助学生更好地理解和运用英语语法。
语法第二讲——词汇和词的构成
后一个语素补充说明前一个语素，两个语素之间 是补充说明和被补充说明的关系，这样的词称为补充 式复合词。例如：
a．动补关系：前一个语素是动词性语素，后一个语素表示 动作或行为的结果，两个语素之间含有因果关系。例如：提高 推翻 立正 合成 压缩 摧毁 推翻 改正 搞活 说明 减少 记住 ||澄清 割断 冲淡 击破 治安 纠正 说服 阐明 b．名量关系：前一个语素是名词性语素，后一个语素是量 词性语素，从数量方面补充说明前一个语素。例如：马匹 花朵 船只 房间 ||纸张 银两 书本 枪支 车辆 人口 稿件 花束
4.固定短语 汉语的词汇单位除了词、语素之外，还包 括固定短语和略语。 固定短语：是词跟词的固定组合，一般不 能任意增减、改换其中词语。包括专名和熟语 两类。
专名：专有名称，国名、人名、地名、单位企
业组织名、书名篇名杂志名、电影电视名……
熟语：成语、惯用语、歇后语
5.略语/缩略语（abbreviation）
复合式叠音词和单纯的叠音词不同： （1）复合式叠音词重叠的两个语素可以分开单用， 而单纯的叠音词分开后各自不能单用。例如：“星星” 可以分开单说，如“一颗星”、“五星”等等，猩猩分 开 后不能单用，不能说成“一只猩”、“五猩”。 （2）复合式叠音词的重叠是语汇上的构词重叠，构 词重叠不产生附加的语法意义；语法上的构形重叠产 生附加的语法意义。例如：“想”重叠成“想想”，“ 家”
注意儿化词：单音节合成词
3.单纯词的类型
（1）单音节（注意儿化韵词） * 花儿 馅儿 味儿 眼儿
（2） 多音节（双音节和双音节以上） 联绵词：双声、叠韵、非双声叠韵 叠音词（注意与合成词的重叠式区别） 姥姥 奶奶 猩猩 潺潺 * 爸爸 姐姐 星星 偏偏 音译外来词：外语词或外族语词 拟声词：哗啦 轰隆 咕哝 呵呵
《基础英语语法(二)》复习资料
《基础英语语法》（二）复习资料1I．Multiple Choice1. ——What do you think has happened to Jack? ——I’ve no idea. I________ fromhim for a long time.IIA. didn’t hearB. don’t hearC. haven’t heardD. hadn’t heard2. I can't afford as _________________________ car as this one.A. expensive aB. an expensiveC. a more expensiveD. a most expensive3. One of the men held the view ________ the book said was right.A. thatB. what thatC. that whatD. whether4. —Wasn’t it Dr. Wang who spoke to you just now?—_________________________.A. I didn’t know he wasB. Yes, it wasC. No, he wasn’tD.Yes, he did5. We produce 5,000 pairs of sports shoes every month, 75% ________ are sold abroad.A. which ofB. of whichC. of themD. of that6. ——Where are you going for your holiday?——I haven’t decided yet. I go to English.A. canB. mayC. mustD. ought to7. It was _________________________he said _________________________disappointedme.A. what; thatB. that; thatC. what; whatD. that; what8. —— Linda, are you going to Barbara’s wedding party tomorrow? —— Of course,I ________ if ________A. am, shall be invitedB. shall, being invitedC. will, I’ll be invitedD. am, I am invited9. The house rent is expensive. I’ve got about half the space I had at home andI’m paying________ here.A. as three times muchB. as much three timesC. much as three timesD. three times as much10. We must not ________ this kind of trick!A. fall inB. fall downC. fall toD. fall for11. They left the door open _________________________ to hear the baby.A.so as for meB. so that meC. in order for meD. and for me12. As a result of this hard work, he was admitted into ________ famous university.A. aB. theC. an成考复习资料D. 不填II Fill in the blanks according to the requirements give below.Part A: Find in each blank with an appropriate adjective according to context. The initial letter of the word has been given in each sentence.1.The teacher favoured my applying for a scholarship. His opinion is f_________.2.There are plenty of apples. The harvest has been p________this year.3.Graduation from the university was a moment of great importance. It was am______ occasion.4.The stolen jewelry was valued at a thousand dollars. It was extremely v_______.5.Andy was always deep in thought. He was a very t ________ boy.Part B: Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing participle or the infinitive.1.Most people prefer ______(spend) money to _______(earn) it.2.Sorry, we don’t allow ________(smoke) in the lecture room.3.This problem demands ______(look into).4.The doctor advised _______(take) exercise.5.I resented ______(be) unjustly accused.III. True OR False1. What made you to think like that? （）2. I want to know that:Has John been here? （）3. I was in last night （）4. Do you have anything more to say? （）5. 4000--- fourty hundred （）6. 174301---a hundred and seventy-four thousand,three hundred and one （）7. Did you say you had been waiting for us? （）8. Two and four made six. （）9. This is a date we are all proud of that （）10. Whom so you wish to speak to? （）Ⅳ. Rewrite the following sentences according to the requirements.Part A: Rephrase the following sentences using anticipatory it.Example: Possibly the Joneses will come to the party as well.→It is possible that the Joneses will come to the party as well.1. Whether they will come or not doesn’t matter very much.2. He is quite likely to let you down.3. You seem to have taken a dislike to him.Part B: Contradict the preceding statement with a cleft or pseudo-cleft sentence according to the “fact” indicated in brackets.Example: (the machine needs repairing.)A: The house needs repairing.B: No. It is the machine that needs repairing.4. (The man treated his wife viciously.)A: The man treated his children viciously.B: No. ___________________________________________5. (She has been studying French only for three months.)A: She has been studying French for years.B: No. __________________1.(Tom went to London on Tuesday.)A: Tom went to New York on Tuesday.B: No. _________________________________Part C: Rewrite the following sentences in such a way as to avoid the dangling participle constructions.Example: Walking in the fields, a snake bit Tom in the heel.→Walking in the fields, Tom was bitten in the heel by a snake.7. When carrying a gun, it should never be pointed at anyone.8.When depressed, a new hat will make a woman feel happier.9.Sitting in the dentist’s chair, an idea suddenly occurred to me.10.Running out of the house, a bike knocked me over.成考复习资料答案I．Multiple Choice1-5 CACBB 6-10 BADDD 11-15 CACCA 16-20CCCACⅡ.Fill in the blanks according to the requirements give below.Part A: Find in each blank with an appropriate adjective according to context.1. favourable2. plentiful3. momentous4.valuable5.thoughtfulPart B: Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing participle or the infinitive.1. spending, earning2. smoking3.to be looked into4. taking5. being Ⅲ. True OR False1-5 FFTTF 6-10 TTTFTⅣ. Rewrite the following sentences according to the requirements.Part A: Rephrase the following sentences using anticipatory it.1.It doesn't matter very much whether they will come or not.2.It is quite likely that he will let you down.3.It seems they you have taken a dislike to him.Part B: Contradict the preceding statement with a cleft or pseudo-cleft sentence according to the “fact” indicated in brackets.4.It was his wife that the man treated viciously.5.It is only for three months that she has been studying French.6.It was to London that Tom went on Tuesday.Part C: Rewrite the following sentences in such a way as to avoid the dangling participle constructions.7.When carrying a gun, you should never point it at anyone.8.When a woman is depressed, a new hat will make her feel happier.9. Sitting in the dentist’s chair, I suddenly thought of an idea.10.Running out of the house, I was knocked over by a bike.《基础英语语法》（二）复习资料2I．Fill in the blanks according to the requirements give below.Part A: Find in each blank with an appropriate adjective according to context. The initial letter of the word has been given in each sentence.1.The flood was a disaster. The loss of the crops was d______.2.You’re always forgetting your assignment. You’re a very f_______ person.3.Don’t place your life in danger. Driving a car when you are tired can bed_______.4. A President’s power is very strong. He is the most p_______ Executive in thenation.5.The country had many mountains. It was very m________.Part B: Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing participle or the infinitive.1. A child can’t learn _____ (spell) without ________(be) helped..2.I don’t regret _______(tell) her what I thought, even if it ups et her.3.She began_____(understand) what he really wanted.4.She always forgetting_____(give) me my letters.5.I dread _____(think) what will happen to her tomorrow.Ⅱ. Cloze.Directions:Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Mark the best choice for each blank on Answer Sheet Two.The Victorians had become addicted to speed and they wanted to go ever faster. Time was money and efficiency became (1)____ important. Although divisions of labor had been (2)____ by Adam Smith and illustrated by a pin factory in The Wealth of Nations in 1776, (3)____ could now become fully realized. This specialization of labor was in (4)____ contrast to the rural means of production, in (5)____ the family was the means of production, consumption and socialization. (6)____ greater speed came a greater need for industries and businesses to make more and make it quicker. Steam made this (7)____ and changed working life forever (8)____ were the days成考复习资料when work was (9)____ by natural forces: steam engines were servant (10)____ neither season nor sunshine. Factories had foremen and life became correspondingly more (11)____. The clocking-on machine was (12)____ in 1885 and time and motion studies to increase efficiency would be introduced only (13)____ twenty years later.(14)____ it was not all bad news. Agricultural incomes depended on variable harvests and weather. Factories provided (15)____ and predictable income, but long hours.Working life was becoming increasingly regulated, and the working (16)____ was reorganized to promote ever-greater efficiency. The old (17)____ St. Monday - when no work was done━was (18)____, work stopped around midday on Saturday and did not resume (19)____ Monday morning. A new division between “work” and “leisure” emerged, and this new block of weekend leisure time coincided with the development of spectator sports like cricket and football, and the (20)____ of music hall entertainment for the new working classes.1.increasingly B. surprisingly C. slowly D. obviously2.contributed B. informed C. spread D. conceived3.he B. it C. these D. those4.clear B. marked C. apparent D. firm5.that B. what C. where D. which6.Upon B. Over C. With D. For7.possible B. practical C. worthwhile D. useful8.Passed B. Lost C. Gone D. Missed9.defined B. controlled C. limited D. dictated10.over B. on C. by D. to11.standard B. controlled C. difficult D. dreadful12.designed B. created C. invented D. bought13.some B. certain C. these D. those14.For B. But C. Consequently D. Accordingly15.safe B. good C. continuous D. secure16.week B. period C. pattern D. practice17.culture B. behaviour C. custom D. habit18.repair B. compensate C. mend D. moderate19.before B. until C. on D. after20.raise B. increase C. trend D. presentⅢ. Combine each pair of simple sentences into one sentence, using subordination.1. Illness kept him away from school. He didn’t get the prize.2. I lost my pen somewhere. The auditorium might be the place.3. You promise to behave yourself. You shall not go to the party this afternoon.4. He came out of the Conference Room. Reporters surrounded him.5. A German is coming to see me. I made his acquaintance in Hamburg last year. Ⅳ. Rewrite the following sentences according to the requirements.Part A: Rephrase the following sentences using anticipatory it.Example: Possibly the Joneses will come to the party as well.→ It is possible that the Joneses will come to the party as well.1. You were so kind to invite us.2. He is quite likely to let you down.3. To be here with you this evening is a great pleasure.Part B: Contradict the preceding statement with a cleft or pseudo-cleft sentence according to the “fact” indicated in brackets.Example: (the machine needs repairing.)A: The house needs repairing.B: No. It is the machine that needs repairing.4.(He has painted the window green.)A: He has painted the window white.B: No. ______________________________5.(He is determined to pass the test.)A: He is determined to buy a new car.B: No. __________________________________6.(He will be flying to Moscow.)A: He will be travelling in China.B: No. ____________________________________Part C: Rewrite the following sentences in such a way as to avoid the dangling成考复习资料participle constructions.Example: Walking in the fields, a snake bit Tom in the heel.→Walking in the fields, Tom was bitten in the heel by a snake.7. When carrying a gun, it should never be pointed at anyone.8. When depressed, a new hat will make a woman feel happier.9. Sitting in the dentist’s chair, an idea suddenly occurred to me.10. Wondering where to go, an advertisement caught her eye.答案I．Fill in the blanks according to the requirements give below.Part A: Find in each blank with an appropriate adjective according to context. 1. disastrous 2. forgetful 3. dangerous 4. powerful 5. mountainousPart B: Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing participle or the infinitive.1.spelling, being2. telling3. to understand4. to give5. to thinkⅡ. Cloze.1-5. ADBBD 6-10.CACDD 11-15.BCABD 16-20.ACCBAⅢ. Combine each pair of simple sentences into one sentence, using subordination.1. Because illness kept him away from school, he didn’t get the prize.2. The auditorium might be the place where I lost my pen.3. Unless you promise to behave yourself, you shall not go to the party this afternoon.4. When/As he came out of the Conference Room, he was surrounded by reporters.5. A German whose acquaintance I made in Hamburg last year is coming to see me. Ⅳ. Rewrite the following sentences according to the requirements.Part A: Rephrase the following sentences using anticipatory it.1. It was so kind of you to invite us.2. It is quite likely that he will let you down.3. It is a great pleasure to be here with you this evening .Part B: Contradict the preceding statement with a cleft or pseudo-cleft sentence according to the “fact” indicated in brackets.4.It is green that he has painted the windows.5.What he is determined to do is to pass the test.6.What he will be doing is flying to Moscow.Part C: Rewrite the following sentences in such a way as to avoid the dangling participle constructions.7. When carrying a gun, you should never point it at anyone.8. When a woman is depressed, a new hat will make her feel happier.9. Sitting in the dentist’s chair, I suddenly thought of an idea.成考复习资料10. As she was w ondering where to go, an advertisement caught her eye.《基础英语语法》（二）复习资料3I．Fill in the blanks according to the requirements give below.Part A: Fill in each blank with an appropriate adjective according to the context.The initial letter of the word has been given in each sentence.1.I’ve been reading a mystery story. Many m______ events took place in it.2.I doubt if you will get your parents’ approval. I’m very d________.3.I wish I could agree with you, but it is difficult to be a______ when you are sostubborn.4.The guard was given a medal for his courage in the face of danger. He was a ____soldier.5.Give me all the details. I need a d_____ description of your experiment.Part B: Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing participle or the infinitive.1.It’s silly _____(risk) ______ (get) your feet wet.2.I hate _______(mention) it, but you owe me some money.3.I wish he would stop _____(pretend) to be an expert on Byzantine Art.4.Training to be a singer means ____(practise) at least two hours every day.5.They encouraged _____(learn) English by radio and television.Ⅱ. Cloze.Directions:Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Mark the best choice for each blank on Answer Sheet Two.Everyone knows that taxation is necessary in a modern state: without it, it (1) ______ not be possible to pay the soldiers and policemen who protect us; (2) ______ the workers in government offices who (3) ______ our health, our food, our water, and all the other things that we cannot do for ourselves. (4) ______ taxation, we pay for things that we need just (5) ______ we need somewhere to live and something to eat. But (6) ______ everyone knows that taxation is necessary, different people have different ideas about (7) ______ taxation should be arranged.In most countries, a direct tax on (8) ___________, which is called income tax,成考复习资料(9) ______. It is arranged in such (10) ______ that the poorest people pay nothing, and the percentage of tax grows (11) ______ as the taxpayer's income grows. In some countries, for example, the tax on the richest people (12) ______ as high as ninety-five percent!(13) ______ countries with taxation nearly (14) ______ have indirect taxation too. Many things imported into the country have to pay taxes or “duties.” Of course, it is the men and women who buy these imported things in the shops (15) ______ really have to pay the duties, in the (16) ___________ of higher prices. In some countries, (17) ______, there is a tax on things sold in the shops. If the most necessary things are taxed, a lot of money is (18) ______ but the poor people suffer most. If unnecessary things (19) ______ jewels and fur coats are taxed, less money is obtained but the tax is (20) ______, as the rich pay it.1. A. can B. may C. could D. would2. A. nor B. neither C. never D. not3. A. look into B. look over C. look after D. look through4. A. In accordance with B. By means of C. With reference to D. On account of5. A. as well as B. as good as C. as such as D. as much as6. A. if B. when C. though D. as7. A. when B.how C.why D.which8. A. persons B. sectors C. communities D. classes9. A. remains B. stays C. exists D. happens10.A. form B. way C. measure D. method11.A. quicker B. speedier C. more D. larger12.A. grows up B. increases up C. goes up D. lifts up13.A. But B. Consequently C. Similarly D. And14.A. periodically B. almost C. often D. always15.A. which B. who C. what D. whom16.A. manner B. form C. means D. way17.A. either B. also C. too D. often18.A. lent B. saved C. borrowed D. collected19.A. alike B. like C. as D. for20.A. heavier B. fairer C. finer D. betterⅢ. Combine each pair of simple sentences into one sentence, using subordination.1.He didn’t get up early enough. He missed the train.2.Any of these problems can be solved by ordinary intelligence and hard work.None of them are too difficult for us.3.The Johnsons were curious about their new neighbors. The Johnsons went andvisited them at the first opportunity.4.You can go out. You promise to be back before eleven.5.The teacher must speak clearly. The students can understand well.IV. Rewrite the following sentences according to the requirements.Part A: Rephrase the following sentences using anticipatory it.Example: Possibly the Joneses will come to the party as well.→It is possible that the Joneses will come to the party as well.1.I think a good idea would be to get up a petition.2.Getting the car on the boat was rather complicated.3.He clearly indicated that he didn’t want to speak to me.Part B: Contradict the preceding statement with a cleft or pseudo-cleft sentence according to the “fact” indicated in brackets.Example: (the machine needs repairing.)A: The house needs repairing.B: No. It is the machine that needs repairing.4.(He could not repair the machine.)A: He could not repair the house.B: No. ___________________________________5.(John bought the car from Henry.)A: John bought the car from Smith.B: No. ____________________________6.(At the station we were met by a man carrying a copy of The Times.)A: At the station we were met by a woman carrying an umbrella.B: No. _____________________________成考复习资料Part C: Rewrite the following sentences in such a way as to avoid the dangling participle constructions.Example: Walking in the fields, a snake bit Tom in the heel.→Walking in the fields, Tom was bitten in the heel by a snake.7.When carrying a gun, it should never be pointed at anyone.8.When depressed, a new hat will make a woman feel happier.9.Sitting in the dentist’s chair, an idea suddenly occurred to me.10.Barking furiously, I led the dog out of the room.答案I．Fill in the blanks according to the requirements give below.Part A: Find in each blank with an appropriate adjective according to context.1. mysterious2. doubtful3. agreeable4. courageous5. detailedPart B: Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing participle or the infinitive.1. to risk, getting2. to mention3. pretending4. practising5. to learn Ⅱ. Cloze.1—5 DACBD 6—10 CBACB 11—15 DCADB 16—20 BCDBBIII. Combine each pair of simple sentences into one sentence, using subordination.1.Because he didn't get up early enough, he missed the train.2.As any of these problems can be solved by ordinary intelligence and hard work,none of them are too difficult for us.3.Curious about their new neighbors, the Johnsons went and visited them at thefirst opportunity. /Because the Johnsons were curious about their new neighbors, they went and visited them at the first opportunity.4.You can go out, as/so long as you promise to be back before eleven.5.The teacher must speak clearly so that the students can understand well. /In orderto let the students understand well, the teacher must speak clearly.IV. Rewrite the following sentences according to the requirements.Part A: Rephrase the following sentences using anticipatory it.1.It would be a good idea to get up a petition./ I think it a good idea to get up apetition.2.It was rather complicated getting the car on the boat.3.It was clearly indicated that he didn’t want to speak to me.Part B: Contradict the preceding statement with a cleft or pseudo-cleft sentence according to the “fact” indicated in brackets.4.It was the machine that he could not repair.5.It was from Henry that John bought the car.6.It was by a man carrying a copy of The Times that we were met at the station. Part C: Rewrite the following sentences in such a way as to avoid the dangling participle constructions.7. When carrying a gun, you should never point it at anyone.成考复习资料8. When a woman is depressed, a new hat will make her feel happier.9. Sitting in the dentist’s chair, I suddenly thought of an idea.10. Barking furiously, the dog was led out of the room.。
2 语法培训-时态
5.1.2 “未完成”指动作或状态从过去某时开始，继续到现在，可能 继续下去。 Eg. He's lived here since 1960.
cigarettes a week.
• 2.2 表示现在时间和将来时间。
2.2.1 want, wonder, think, hope等其后（that）-分句， 表示婉转语气
Eg. A: Did you want me? B: Yes, I wondered if you could give me some help.
It is time we were leaving.
Exercises
1、昨晚我给你打电话时，你正在干什么？ What were you doing when I phoned you last night.
2、他们想知道我们什么时候去上海。
They wanted to know when we were leaving for Shanghai. 3. I don ' t think Jim saw me; he ___ into space. A. just stared B. was just staring C. has just stared BD. had just stared 4.---Hey, look where you are going!
4.2 表示过去某种习惯性的动作：过去某 一阶段暂时性的习惯
Eg. George was getting up at 5 every day that week.
大学英语语法 第二讲数 词
第二讲数词一、基数词1 .基数词中1～12是独立单词, 13～19的基数词以后缀-teen结尾, 20～90八个整十位数词以后缀-ty结尾thir teen , forty2 .表示其他两位数词,十位数与个位数之间需用连字符号“-”twenty- three3 .百位数与十位数之间,在英国要用“and”连接,在美国一般不用3456 three thousand four hundred ( and) fifty-six4 .表示确指数字时, ten, hundred, thousand, million只用单数形式,不能加“s”six hundred students 600名学生下面含有确指数字的复合名词也要用单数:15 five-dollar bills 15张5美元的钞票但在某些表示概数的习语中,如“成百上千,成千上万”等,基数词要加“-s”。
例如:hundreds of soldiers数百名士兵①hundred of, thous and of, million of 被a few, some, several, many 等表示不确定数的词修饰时,用单数形式或复数形式均可。
例如:Several hundred(s)of workers attended the meeting .②表示“多少人组成一排,几个一起”时,基数词要用复数形式。
例如:The students lined in f ives .学生们5人一排。
③“第1名”“第2名”,可用first , second 表示,且可用复数形式,如“几个第1名”→several firsts,“两个第2名”→two seconds。
5 . dozen(12)、score(20)、brace(1对)、head(1头)、yoke(1对牛)、gross(1箩)等表示精确数字时不用复数形式,但在表示不确切数字时要用复数two dozen bottles of beer 24瓶啤酒dozens of times 几十次①可以说a score of times 20次, a score times 20次(较普通) , a score or more 20多(人或物)。
中考语法词性分类2(形容词和副词详解及练习)
A.not so useful as B.less useful than C.the most useful of D.as useful as
3.I think English is _____ Math. Yes, I think so.
A.as much important than B.so important as
比较级连用
1.“比较级+and+（相同）比较级”，表示程度的增加，意思 是“越来越......”。多音节形容词表达这一含义时，应该 用“more and more+原级”。 Your English is getting better and better. Beijing is getting more and more beautiful. 2.“The + 形容词比较级 + ......, the + 形容词比较级 +......”，表示越...就越...。 The more meat you eat,后
形容词作定语时，下面几种情况要后置： 1.修饰由some, any, every, no等构成的复合不定代词时 I have something important to tell you. 2.某些表语形容词如alive, afraid,awake, asleep, along, worth等作定语时 Who is the greatest man alive? 3.表示数量的词组 There is a building six storeys high near my house. 4.形容词短语作定语时 He is a student worthy of praise. 5.else要放在特殊疑问词或复合不定代词之后 Did you see anybody else?
高中英语会考语法复习2-名词
语法复习十五：名词（一）名词的数名词分为可数（有单、复数形式）和不可数名词（只有单数形式）。
1、可数名词单数变复数：①一般加s ：lesson → lessons, pen → pens②以s, x, ss, ch, sh, o结尾的加es ：buses, boxes, classes, watches, brushes, hero → heroes但有些以o结尾的名词，是加s构成复数：kilo → kilos, piano → pianos, radio → radios, ph oto → photos, zoo → zoos③以辅音字母+ y 结尾的改y为i，再加es ：city → cities, story → stories④以f 或fe结尾的，一般将f或fe改为v，再加es ：knife → knives, leaf → leaves但有些以f 结尾的名词，是在f后加s，构成复数形式：belief → beliefs, roof → roofs, safe （保险箱）→ safes, proof（证据）→ proofs, chief → chiefs, handkerchief → handkerchiefs2、有些名词，不按上述规则构成其复数形式，有以下几种情况：①单复数形式相同：Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep, means②不规则变化：man → men, woman → women, goose → geese, foot → feet, tooth → teeth, child → children, mouse → mice, ox → oxen。
但是，German → Germans③复合名词的复数形式：editor-in-chief → editors-in-chief, daughter-in-law → daughters-in-law, grown-up → grown-ups, woman teacher → women teachers, man driver → men drivers3、注意以下几个名词单复数问题①物质名词一般不用复数形式,但有些物质名词要用复数形式来表示不同的类别,如：fishes各种鱼，fruits各种水果，steels各种钢材。
4年级词汇与语法 (2)
Language Focus语言点1.当你打开自己的书包，里面的文具和书是谁的呢？毫无疑问，应该是属于你自己的，你拥有这些东西，你是这些东西的拥有者，这些东西的所有权归你；当你在理书包时，发现了一本陌生的书，是你无意间把别人的书装进了自己的书包，如果你认为这本书属于你，那这个世界就乱套了。
上述两种情况所体现的英语中的两种“有”，前者是“拥有的有”（强调事物的归属）；后者是“存在的有”（强调事物所处的位置）。
e.g. A) I have some books.我有书（我是书的主人）B) There are some books有书in my bag.在我包里（书一定是在我包里，但不一定属于我）句型A是to have句型，大家早就接触过。
句型B是there are句型，there be句型常见的结构是：There be +表数量的词+名词+地点紧跟be动词后的名词如果是单数和不可数，则be动词用is，如果是复数，则be动词用are（就近原则）。
地点大多以介词短语的形式呈现。
2.英语中，普通名词在短语或句子中出现的形式有以下几种：1）原形（可能性最小，多半是不可数名词）e.g. This is milk.2)在名词前加a或ane.g. That is an orange.3)复数e.g. These are shelves.4)在名词前加上表示特指的结构A. The air-conditioner is new.(定冠词)B. My air-conditioner is new.Unit 1课文Life in the city and the countrysideI’m a university student in New York. I come from the countryside. I live in a dorm. There is an air-conditioner and a color TV in it. There are some①②supermarkets, a hospital and a post office beside the university. In the day, the street is busy. At night, there are colourful lights here and there.④I don’t like the city life. It’s noisy. The countryside is beautiful. The air is fresh. There is a river near the woods. There are a lot of fish in the clean water. In the③day, I can go fishing and go swimming. At nigh, I can hear the sounds of insects and frogs.(物主代词)C. This air-conditioner is new. (指示代词)D. Peter’s air-conditioner is new. （人名’s）被特指的名词一般不能紧跟在there be句型的be动词后。
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第二讲现代汉语语法研究的本位观一、―本位‖的意义―本位‖这一术语借自金融术语,指货币制度的基础或货币价值的计算标准。
语法学界借用―本位‖这一术语,主要是想说明一种语法学理论、一种语法体系是以什么为基点建立起来的。
以什么为基点来建立汉语语法体系,这一问题直接影响到对汉语语法特点的认识,以及与此相关的研究的出发点、研究的路子、研究的方法和研究的结果。
提出―本位‖的学者们的出发点主要是：以语法中的某一单位作为研究的基础，通过该基础单位的研究来解释其它各级语法单位。
其它各级语法单位的解释都建立在对基础单位研究的理论基础上。
作为基础研究的单位就取得了研究―本体‖的地位。
作为―本体‖的研究对象，在理论上要求应该尽可能地与其他研究对象保持内部结构的一致性，或者该基础单位的某一属性或功能可以和其它语法单位保持一致，使得其它语法单位能够通过对该基础单位的解释而得到本质上的解释。
不同的学者对―本体‖有不同的选择，这主要取决于学者对现代汉语基本单位的认识角度以及各自不同的理论背景。
二、现代汉语语法研究史上的几种本位观在现代汉语语法学史上，比较有影响的几种本位观及明确提出研究本位理论的代表人物分别是：1）马建忠的―词本位‖；2）黎锦熙的―句本位‖；3）朱德熙的―词组本位‖；4）徐通锵的―字本位‖；5）邢福义的―小句本位‖。
其他语法学家没有提出本位的问题并不代表他们没有自己的本位观，实际上，本位的问题或多或少、或有意识或下意识地存在于语法学家的研究中。
1）马建忠的“词本位”马建忠是中国历史上建立严格意义上的汉语语法理论的第一人。
其《马氏文通》在中国历史上具有划时代的开创中国语法学理论的意义。
称其为中国语法学之父也不为过。
但是，《马氏文通》的理论体系基本上是模仿西方传统语法的理论模式建立起来的。
而西方的传统语法是在研究拉丁语的基础上为适应教学需要而建立起来的一套理论系统。
这一理论系统的基本特征便是词本位。
词本位的观念在西方语言学研究中产生，是相当自然的结果。
拉丁语的基本特征便是，词在形态上有严格的标记或变化标记。
首先所有的词类都可以根据是否有形态变化分为两类，有形态变化的是实词，没有形态变化的是虚词；再在有形态变化的词类中将能够变格的分为一类，将能够变位的分为一类，既能变格又能变位分为一种。
在能够变格的词类中，又可以根据其句法功能，分为名词和形容词。
所有的这些有形态变化的词都有特定的句法功能，它们的句法功能就是通过它自身的形态变化来实现的。
因此，在这些有丰富的形态变化的语言中，只要了解词的形态变化规则，也就能了解它们的句法功能。
所以，在西方传统语法理论中，―词法‖是最为重要的部分。
马建忠的《马氏文通》理论上来源于西方传统语法，因此在马建忠眼里―词类‖就是最为重要的环节，通过各种词类的说明和解释就能够说明汉语语法的规则。
《马氏文通》总共十卷，词法部分占八卷，―正名‖一卷，―句读‖一卷（句法）。
可见词本位在《马氏文通》中的地位。
马建忠在―例言‖中自述:是书本旨,专论句读;而句读集字所成者也。
惟字之在句读也,必有其所,而字字相配,必从其类,类别而后进论夫句读焉。
马建忠认为，句子是由词组成的，每个词在句子中都有它特定的功能，每个词必须能够和句法成分相配，符合它的功能，弄清楚了词的功能和身份，才能讨论句法（句读集字所成者也。
惟字之在句读也必有其所，而字字相配必从其类，类别而后进论夫句读焉）。
这说明―字‖类之别才是―句读‖之基础。
马氏―词类本位‖说的要点是:(1)―字‖(词)是句法结构的基本单位;从字类的分析和描述入手,以词类为基点进行语法分析。
(2)句子观基本上是―主—谓‖模式。
句子是由各类字(词)充当各类词(句子成分)而构成的;根据各类词的句法功能,确定7种句子成分,其中起词(主语)和语词(动词谓语)是句子的主要成分或必有成分;句法分析基本上是句子成分分析。
(3)综合表达和结构两方面的因素,把由词(句子成分)构成的单位分为句、读、顿3种。
2）黎锦熙的“句成分本位”20 世纪初,西方开始转向以句法为纲、为中心,去控制全局。
这一阶段仍然秉承以句子的谓语动词为中心的观念,认为所有的句法成分都可附丽于中心词,因此可以带起全句,上可分解复句篇章,下可解决词组词类之困。
黎锦熙《新著国语文法》(1924) 的―句本位‖就是在这样的背景下产生的。
这就是语法―本位‖的第二阶段。
这两个阶段的观念其实都是西方语言学影响下的产物。
黎锦熙的工作主要是在参考J.C.纳斯菲尔德的《英语语法》和A.里德等人的图解法的基础上进行的，但是他对现代汉语语法研究的―本位‖观作出了不可磨灭的贡献。
黎锦熙先生是继马建忠之后第一位用西方传统语法理论来解释现代汉语白话文语法的学者。
他在1924年出版的《新著国语文法》的―引论‖中说：―诸君知道近来研习文法的新潮么？简单说，就可叫做‗句本位‘的文法。
‖1951年重版序言中，黎锦熙又说：―《新著国语文法》的优点就在于把―句本位‖做中心，把组成句子的六种成分做出发的重点‖。
因此，黎锦熙的―句本位‖实际上是指研究对象以句子为中心，句子作为所有语法研究的核心，对句子分析的结果是能够得到一个句子的成分集，这些句子成分分别和词类挂钩，词类就是根据句子分析的结果―成分‖得到的。
黎锦熙这样就把句子成分和词类挂起钩来，这就是―以句辨品，离句无品‖。
因此可以说，黎锦熙已经离开了西方传统语法原来的那种先有词类后有句法成分的传统。
此外，《新著国语文法》也还没有将对句子成分分析的方法用到短语、词等其它单位上去，作进一步的、深入地分析，将这一理论方法贯穿到语法的各个平面，还没有用它来解释汉语的语法单位问题、短语的内部结构问题以及汉语在句子平面上的各种变化规则。
―句本位‖说的要点可概括如下:(1)从句子的研究入手,以句子为基点进行句法分析,把一切句法分析都附丽在句子的模型上进行。
(2) 句子成分是句法本位所在,句子成分是由词来充当的;根据词充当句子成分的情况定词类。
(3) 根据句子成分构句的作用确定句子的结构模式,认为主语、谓语是句子的主要成分,句子的结构是―主语—谓语‖模式。
在句子成分中,宾语、补语、状语是附属在谓语上的次要成分,定语是附属在主语、宾语上的次要成分。
(4) 语法分析采用句子成分分析。
3）朱德熙的“词组本位”到了20 世纪70 年代,随着直接成分分析法和语素为起点观念的引进,随着言语和语言的界限瓦解,传统的主动宾齐全的标准句子格局在许多现实言语面前的无能为力, 并随着汉语话题型主语的确认,不但导致词组地位的提高,而且导致对动词为中心的分析法的深刻质疑。
朱德熙指出:―在句本位语法体系里,由于词组、句子成分、中心词等基本概念之间,互相不协调,产生了许多矛盾。
‖― ⋯⋯缺乏严谨性,同时也缺乏简明性,实在不能说是一个好的语法体系。
‖朱德熙同时还说:―由于汉语的句子的构造原则跟词组的构造原则基本一致,我们就有可能在词组的基础上来描写句法,建立一种以词组为基点的语法体系。
‖(朱德熙《语法答问》) 朱德熙1982年在《中国语文》第一期上发表论文《语法分析和语法体系》提出了反对―句本位‖的观点，他认为―汉语的句子的构造原则跟词组的构造原则基本一致‖，―句子不过是独立的词组‖，―把各类词组的结构都足够详细地描写清楚了，那么句子的结构实际上也就描写清楚了‖。
同年，朱德熙出版《语法讲义》，这本书实际上就是朱德熙―词组本位‖观念的具体实践，通过―词组本位‖的枢纽核心作用，建立起了一个朱氏语法系统。
朱德熙的思想在中国语法学界产生了深远的影响。
词组本位将句子看作是词组的变化形式，句子的句法核心结构都可以在词组的层面上得到解释。
句子最为基本的词组形式就是―主谓词组‖，在主谓词组的层面上，可以解释各种主谓句。
句子的其它各个部分也都可以通过―偏正结构‖、―动宾结构‖等词组得到解释。
此外，词组的结构规则也可以用来解释合成词的内部结构，后人在此基础上曾经有过不少研究，在合成词的平面上对各种合成词的内部结构作出了类似词组结构的解释。
这样，词组本位在―词、词组、句子‖三级单位之间建立起了结构规则上的联系。
朱德熙运用并修正美国结构主义语言学中的―向心结构‖理论对词组做出了合理的解释，并且还将这一解释扩展到了句子平面和词的平面。
词组本位还根据静态的词组结构确定构成词组的各个成分的聚合类性质，在这一点上，词组本位也接受了美国描写主义语言学的分布操作法。
这一方法克服了―句本位‖中―词无定类‖的缺陷，也避免了过多的―词类转化‖的牵强之说，建立了汉语词类和句法成之间―多对多‖的交叉学说。
这已经成为当今中国语法学界的主流观点。
北京大学中文系陆俭明等不少学者等都是这一思想的重要实践者。
―词组本位‖说的要点:(1)以词组为基点进行句法分析,把句法分析基本上都放在词组平面上。
(2)词组观和句子观:词组是词的组合体,词和词组之间是一种组成关系;句子由词组加上句调而形成,词组和句子之间是一种实现关系。
(3)根据词在词组里的分布定词类;根据形成句子的词组的结构层次和结构关系确定句子的构造;采用层次分析。
词组本位不但已经在汉语研究中广泛使用,而且在中国的少数民族语的研究中也逐渐成为主流分析法，相当多的少数民族语言简志采用了以词组为核心的句法描写。
词组本位的主流地位至今仍是如此。
这是本位论的第三阶段。
4）徐通锵的“字本位”20 世纪90 年代是中国语言学界思想大开放、大活跃的时期。
质疑,创意,不断涌现。
随着前辈权威的陆续谢幕,导入外来理论和追寻汉语自身成为两大潮流。
在相当长的一段时间内,许多人醉心于―本位‖的探寻与构建。
例如有人提议建立翻译中的―段本位‖和―篇本位‖,有人提出在英汉对比范围内建立―语义单位本位‖，等等。
字本位这个概念最早见于郭绍虞写于1938 年的《中国语词的弹性作用》一文,以―字本位‖的书面语与―词本位‖的口头语相对。
徐通锵(2004) 还说,字本位的思想最初于1991 年已经初露端倪,但是还没有正式提出这个名称。
1992 年时才正式有较明确的思想。
徐通锵1994年在《世界汉语教学》上发表了《―字‖和汉语的句法结构》和《―字‖和汉语研究的方法论》明确提出了他的―字本位‖汉语言观。
1996年在《语言文字应用》第1期上发表《加强―字‖的研究，推进中国语言学的发展》，1998年在《语文研究》第3期上发表《说―字‖—附论语言基本结果单位的鉴别标准基本特征和它与语言理论建设的关系》。
1999年在《语言文字应用》第1期上发表《―字‖和汉语语义句法的生成机制》，同年在商务印书馆的《语法研究入门》中发表《―字‖和汉语的语义句法》，并在《语文研究》第4期上发表《汉语的特点与语言共性的研究》。
2000年他在中国社会科学出版社出版的《汉语现状与历史的研究》中发表《说―本位‖——字的研究和语言理论建设》。