A Generic Virtual Reality Interaction System and its Extensions Using the Common Object Req

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Silicon Labs Bluetooth Low Energy 5.3产品简介说明书

Bluetooth Low EnergyProduct Brief v2.0OverviewBluetooth version 4.0 introduced Bluetooth with low energy functionality. Bluetooth low energy technology allows for short bursts of long-range radio connections, making it ideal for applications that depend on long battery life and don’t need high throughput streaming data. Developers are now able to create sensors that can run on coin-cell batteries for months and even years. Bluetooth low energy technology is built on an entirely new development framework using GATT (Generic Attributes). Silicon Labs supports the latest version of the Bluetooth® Core Specification, Bluetooth™ LE 5.3. We currently do not support all 5.3 features, but we support all the errata published on 5.2 which is mandatory for 5.3 qualification. This enables customers to claim compliance with the latest Bluetooth spec.Bluetooth Low Energy ArchitectureThe Bluetooth Low Energy architecture components are as follows: Physical Layer: Controls radio transmission/receiving.Link Layer: Defines packet structure, includes the state machine and radio control, and provides link layer-level encryption.HCI: A Host-to-Controller interface (HCI) standardizes communication between the controller and the host.L2CAP: Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol acts as a protocol multiplexer and handles segmentation and reassembly of packets. ATT: Attribute protocol provides means to transmit data between Bluetooth low energy devices.SM: Security Manager provides means for bonding devices, encrypting and decrypting data, and enabling device privacyGAP: Generic Access Profile layer provides means for Bluetooth low energy devices to advertise themselves or other devices, make device discovery, open and manage connections, and broadcast data.GATT: GATT is used to group individual attributes into logical services GATT also provides information about the attributes, that is, how they can be accessed and what security level is needed.Key Features of Silicon Labs Bluetooth Low Energy StackFeature BenefitCore FeaturesDirection finding, Periodic Advertising with Responses (PAwR), Encrypted Advertising Data (EAD),Advertisement Extensions, Periodic Advertising, LE secure connections, 2M PHY , Long Range, AFH, LE Privacy 1.2 (peripheral), LE packet length extensions, Accept List (central side), GATT, & GATT Caching Scalable AoA Scale to AoA to few hundred devices simultaneouslyCertificate Based Authentication and Pairing (CBAP) Use certificates to authenticate devices before provisioning, thus saving cost and time. Also, prevents counterfeit devices from being provisioned into the networkSilicon Labs Bluetooth stack supports three modes:Standalone mode: Bluetooth stack and the application run in an EFR32SoC or moduleNetwork Co-Processor mode: Bluetooth stack runs on the EFR32, and the application runs on a separate host MCU. API is exposed over a serial interface such as UART.Radio Co-Processor mode: Link layer of the Bluetooth stack runs on the EFR32, and the Host Layer of the stack, as well as the application runs on a separate host MCU or PC. Link Layer and Host Layer communicate via HCI.Technical ResourcesBluetooth Low Energy xG24 Technical Library Data Sheets, App Notes, and moreBluetooth Low Energy xG21 Technical Library Data Sheets, App Notes, and moreBluetooth Low Energy xG22 Technical Library Data Sheets, App Notes, and moreBluetooth Low Energy API Documentation Bluetooth Low Energy API documentationSilicon Labs’ Bluetooth Low Energy HW supportHigh Performance device for Bluetooth LE and Bluetooth mesh applications thatrequire advance features and more Flash and RAMIndustry-leading, energyefficient device for Bluetooth LE applicationsOptimized for line-powered devices including LED bulbs, and gateways for Bluetooth LE and Bluetooth mesh• 1536kB Flash • 256kB RAM • TX power 19.5dBm • -105.7dBm @ 125kbps • -97.6dBm @ 1Mbit/s • -94.8dBm @ 2Mbit/s • RX current 4.4mA @ 1Mbps • TX current 5.0mA @ 0dBm • 1.3 µA Sleep current (16kB ) • Robust peripheral set • AI/ML hardware accelerator • Secure Vault High • QFN40 5x5 (26) •QFN48 6x6 (32)• 512kB Flash • 32kB RAM • TX power 6dBm • -106.7dBm @ 125kbps • -98.9dBm @ 1Mbit/s • -96.2dBm @ 2Mbit/s • RX current 3.6mA @ 1Mbps • TX current 4.1mA @ 0dBm • 1.26µA Sleep current (16kB ) • Lowest Power Bluetooth LE • Secure Vault Mid • QFN40 5x5 (26) • QFN32 4x4 (18) •TQFN32 4x4 (18)• 1024kB Flash • 96kB RAM • TX power 20dBm • -104.9dBm @ 125kbps • -97.5dBm @ 1Mbit/s • -94.4dBm @ 2Mbit/s • RX current 8.8mA @ 1Mbps • TX current 9.3mA @ 0dBm • +135 Junction Temperature • Secure Vault High • Line-Powered Bluetooth LE •QFN32 4x4 (20)Bluetooth LE Target Applications• ESL • Medical• Direction Finding • Smart Home • Smart Tags • Sensors • Switches• Building Automation • HVACBluetooth LE Software / ToolsSilicon Labs Bluetooth Low Energy SDK helps you build smooth, reliable, and secure wireless connectivity for your IoT applications. Software and Tools features • Supports Bluetooth™ LE 5.3 • Wi-Fi Coexistence • Simplicity Studio IDE • GATT Configurator • Network Analyzer• Direction Finding Tool suite • Bluetooth NCP Commander • Proprietary Radio Configurator • Energy Profiler• Tool Chain – GCC and IARLinks: Bluetooth Low Energy SDKLearning CenterReady for Bluetooth 5.4?Learn more about the latest specification Bluetooth Direction FindingBluetooth Location Services: AoA/AoD Why EFR?Silicon Labs EFR32 FeaturesSilicon Labs Secure Vault accreditations Product security certificationsBluetooth SoC and Module Selector Guide Bluetooth Low Energy Selector Guide Case Study: Rethinking Epilepsy Management EFR32 Portable Medical DeviceBluetooth BeaconsBluetooth Beacons and AdvertisingSilicon Labs’ Bluetooth LE Development KitsSilicon Labs’ Bluetooth development kits are divided into three categories based on your development need:• Rapid Prototyping • Proof of Concept• Advanced RF DevelopmentFor more information on the portfolio, check the link: https:///bluetooth-kitsBG22BG21BG24Disclaimer: Silicon Labs intends to provide customers with the latest, accurate, and in-depth documentation of all peripherals and modules available forsystem and software implementers using or intending to use the Silicon Labs products. Characterization data, available modules and peripherals, memory sizes and memory addresses refer to each specific device, and “Ty pical ” parameters provided can and do vary in different applications. Application examples described herein are for illustrative purposes only. Silicon Labs reserves the right to make changes without further notice to the product information, specifications, and descriptions herein, and does not give warranties as to the accuracy or completeness of the included information. Without prior notification, Silicon Labs may update product firmware during the manufacturing process for security or reliability reasons. Such changes will not alter the specifications or the performance of the product. Silicon Labs shall have no liability for the consequences of use of the information supplied in this document. This document does not imply or expressly grant any license to design or fabricate any integrated circuits. The products are not designed or authorized to be used within any FDA Class III devices, applications for which FDA premarket approval is required or Life Support Systems without the specific written consent of Silicon Labs. A “L ife Support System ” is any product or system intended to support or sustain life and/or health, which, if it fails, can be reasonably expected to result in significant personal injury or death. Silicon Labs products are not designed or authorized for military applications. Silicon Labs products shall under no circumstances be used in weapons of mass destruction including (but not limited to) nuclear, biological or chemical weapons, or missiles capable of delivering such weapons. Silicon Labs disclaims all express and implied warranties and shall not be responsible or liable for any injuries or damages related to use of a Silicon Labs product in such unauthorized applications. Note: This content may contain offensive terminology that is now obsolete. Silicon Labs is replacing these terms with inclusive language wherever possible. For more information, visit /about-us/inclusive-lexicon-projectTrademark InformationSilicon Laboratories Inc.®, Silicon Laboratories ®, Silicon Labs ®, SiLabs ® and the Silicon Labs logo ®, Bluegiga ®, Bluegiga Logo ®, EFM ®, EFM32®, EFR, Ember ®, Energy Micro, Energy Micro logo and combinations thereof, “the world ’s most energy friendly microcontroller s”, Redpine Signals ®, WiSeConnect , n-Link, ThreadArch ®, EZLink ®, EZRadio ®, EZRadioPRO ®, Gecko ®, Gecko OS, Gecko OS Studio, Precision32®, Simplicity Studio ®, Telegesis, the Telegesis Logo ®, USBXpress ® , Zentri, the Zentri logo and Zentri DMS, Z-Wave ®, and others are trademarks or registered trademarks of Silicon Labs. ARM, CORTEX, Cortex-M3 and THUMB are trademarks or registered trademarks of ARM Holdings. Keil is a registered trademark of ARM Limited. Wi-Fi is a registered trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance. All other products or brand names mentioned herein are trademarks of their respective holders.Silicon Laboratories Inc. 400 West Cesar Chavez Austin, TX 78701IoT PortfolioQualitySupport & Community/products/quality/community。

IMC定义

Marketing Communication:Creating, delivering, managing, and evaluating brand messages which are the information and experiences that impact how a brand is perceived.IMC Media: The means by which the various types of marketing communication messages are sent and receivedStakeholders:are individuals or groups who can affect, or be affected by ,an organization: employees ,customers, investors, suppliers, distribution channel members ,the community the media, special interest and activist groups ,and government regulatory agencies.MC mix:i s for the selection of MC functions used at a given time as part of a marketing program.Synergy:is an interaction of individual parts that results in the whole being greater than the sum of those parts.Internal marketing:is an ongoing program that promotes the customer-focus philosophy and keeps employees informed of important marketing activities that affect both them and the company’s custimers.Corporate culture :It is the pattern of shared values that structure the way an organization’s employee work and interact with each other and with stakeholders. IMC Concept: A process for managing the customer relationships that drive brand valueBrand: A perception resulting from experiences with, and information about, a company or line of productsGeneric products: goods that are not labeled with a traditional brand name. Logos: Distinctive graphic designs used to communicate a product, company, or organization identityBrand equity: The intangible value of a company beyond its physical net assets Brand loyalty: is a measure of the attachment that a customer has to a brand.Brand image:is an impression created by brand messages and experiences and assimilated into a perception through information processing.Brand managers/product managers:those who manage a brand or product line Cross-functional planing:is planing that involves multiple departments and functions.Brand extensions: is the application of an established brand name to new product offerings.Multi-tier branding: is when two or more brands (all owned by the same company) are used in the identification of a product.Co-branding: uses two brand names owned by separate companies.Ingredient branding:means using a brand name of a product component or ingredient, in the promotion of a product.Brand licensing:means the company owning the brand can continue use it while collecting a fee for the brand’s use another company.Customer RelationshipManagement (CRM):The optimization of all customer contacts through the distribution and application of customer information. Simply stated, it is your promise,that no matter how your customers interact with you, you will always recognize who they areFull-service agencies:agencies that provide all or most of the services needed in their area of specialization.Agency networks:two or more agencies are merged and each agency remains a separate profit center.Media buying services: agencies that specialize in buying time and space. Commission: A payment that represents a percentag e of a client’s total media spendingMedia partners:provide the vehicles through which marketing communication messages are carried to (and from) the target audiences.Long-term focus: Keep team members in place for an extended period rather than assembling them for ad hoc projectsConstant contact: Frequent meetings are important; however, members can also keep in constant contact via emailWork space: Assigning a cross-functional team its own work space helps keep team members informedSupport from the top: Top management must support the idea of cross-functional planning by providing adequate resourcesCommunication:Creating and sending a message to an individual or organization Sender: the source of the messages-the company of the agency.Receiver: the target audience-the customer, potential customer, or other stakeholder. Encoding:the process of putting message into words, pictures, and/or sounds that convey the sender’s intended meaning.Decoding:the process that the receiver goes through to understand a message by interpreting what the words, pictures, and/or sounds in the message mean. Message: the information being transmitted from source to receiver.Media (Channel)Medium: a means by which a message can be transmitted. Noise: all the interferences and distractions that can negatively affect a message and its transmission.Feedback: a response to a message that is conveyed back to the source.Brand messages:are all of the messages customers and other stakeholders receive from and about a brand.Brand Contact Point: every brand-related, information-bearing interaction that a customer or potential customer has with a brand.Brand created: which arethe result of specific communication efforts by the companyIntrinsic:which are the contacts that automatically take place during the buying and using of a product.Customer created:which are customer-initiated contacts.Purposeful dialogue:is communication that is mutually beneficial for the customer and the company.Interactive Media: media that offer two-way communication, making it possible to both send and receive messages, such as telephone and internet.High-involvement:products for which customers perceive differences among brands and are willing to invest prepurchase decision-making energy.Low-involvement:products bought on impulse or without much consideration. Prospects:Those who have not bought the brand but who might be interested in it Customers:Those who have purchased the brand at least once within a designated period.Needs:the biological and psychological motivations that drive impulses and actions. Attention:the conscious narrowing of mental and emotional focus.Selective perception:the process used to decide what is worthy of attention. Awareness:getting a message past senses-the point of initial exposure-and into the consciousness.Brand knowledge:acquiring an understanding of the brand and its benefits. Central route:followed when the customer is highly involved and the product is highly relevant.Peripheral route: followed when the customer is less involved and the product has a lower level of personal relevance.Cognitive response:involves reasoning, judgment, or knowledge.Affective response: involves emotional processing and results in preferring (or not preferring) a brand and developing a conviction about it.Attitude:dispositions regarding objects, people, and ideas associated with a brand. Belief: a conclusion based on information and/or experiences with a brand. Strategic planning: a process of developing and maintaining a fit between the organization’s goals and capabilities and changing marketing opportunities. Business plan:states the company’s financial objectives and strategies for achieving those objectives.Marketing plan: a set of objectives, strategies, and tactics or orchestrating all of the organization’s marketing activities designed to help the company achieve its financial objectives.Campaign: a set of various brand messages designed with a common theme to meet marketing communication objectives.Zero-based planning:A process that determines objectives and strategies based on current brand and marketplace conditionsSituation analysis: an analysis of marketplace conditions.SWOT analysis: a structured evaluation of internal situations (strength and weaknesses) and external situations (opportunities and threats) that can help and hurt a brand.Budget: a fixed amount of money for a fixed period of time.Pro forma: a breakdown of forecast sales on a per case basis.A critical responsibility of marketing:Interpreting the needs of the customer and the marketplace and bringing that information to all departments.Mass marketing: An attempt to sell the same thing to a wide range of customers Segmenting: Grouping customers or prospects according to common characteristics Mass customization: A manufacturing process that is programmed to choose ingredients/parts to produce custom designed goodsTargeting:The process used to identify which segments MC messages should be designed to reach and to determine how much MC spending should be used to reach each segment.One-to-one marketing:customizing products and marketing communication for an individual person or company according to individual needs.Behavioral segmenting:is awidely used practice;it involves segmenting a market according to product usage.Benefit segmenting:means segmenting a market according to the benefits customers seek as the result of using a brand.Lifestyle:refers to the way people live their lives as well as how they choose to spend their money,time,and energy.Life stages:refers to the different periods in life of an individual or family.Creative Brief:A statement that summarizes the research and the insights for the creative team, and which helps the team identify the direction and focus for their creative (and media) ideasCustomer insight: gained by looking below the surface of what customers say they want and need in regards to a brand and product category.Big idea: a creative concept that translates the strategy into a catchy umbrella theme that unites all the various brand messages and contributes consistency to the brand image.Creative process:A formal procedure for increasing productivity and innovative output by an individual or a groupDisplay copy: copy in a type size that is larger than the body copyBody copy: the text of the brand messageTone: describes a general atmosphere or a manner of expressionStyle: describes a manner of expressionArt direction:The process of selecting photos, illustrations, filming, logos, and so on—anything that has to do with the look of the brand messageVisualization: The first step in turning the creative concept into a visual. Corporate image:Layout: an orderly arrangement of the elements marking up an MC message: visuals, headlines, subheads, body copy, captions, trademarks, slogans, and signatures. Storyboard: a sheet preprinted with a series of blank windows (frames) in the shape of television screens.Classified ads:are small-space ,words-only ads presented in a clearly labeled section with no editorial content.Display ads:ads that generally contain more graphics and white space than copy and appear next to editorial content.Supplement inserts:are inserts that are preprinted by an advertiser and enclosed with the newspaper.Paid-circulation publications:magazines that sell subscriptions .Controlled-circulation publications:are trade ,industrial ,and organizational magazines that are distributed free to those working in a given subject area or affiliated with a given organization.Rating point:is 1 percent of a communication vehicle's coverage area that has been exposed to a broadcast program.Product placement:is when branded products or brand names are featured visibly in a movie or television program.The “media”:The umbrella term that includes all types of print and electronic communicationAddressable Media: Carry messages to identifiable customers or prospects Interactive Media: Allow both companies and customers to send and receive messagesCirculation: the number of individuals who receive a publication through either subscription or store purchase, or through controlled distribution.Readership: multiplying the readers per copy by the circulation of an average issue. Out-of-home media: Communication vehicles that the target audience sees or uses away from homeMedia planning:A process for determining the most cost-effective mix of media for achieving a set of media objectivesCoverage: The potential audience that might receive the message through the vehicle. CDI category development index:which is a numerical indicator of the relative consumption rate in a particular market for a particular product category.BDI brand development index:is a numerical indicator of the relative development of a particular brand within a market.Reach - The actual number of individual audience members reached at least once by the vehicle in a given period of time.Frequency:The average number of times those who are reached have an opportunity to be exposed to a brand message within a specified time periodGross Rating Points (GRPs):The combined measure of reach and frequency indicating the weight of a media planCost per thousand (CPM):What a communication vehicle charges to deliver a message to 1,000 members of its audienceContinuity: placing media throughout the year with equal weight in each month. Flighting: a scheduling strategy in which planned messages run in intermittent periods.Pulsing:a combination of flighting and continuous strategies that prvides a “floor” of media support throughout the year with periodic increases.Mass Media Advertising:consists of nonpersonal, one-way, planned messages paid for by an identified sponsor and disseminated to a board audience in order to influence their attitudes and behavior.Merchandising:means extending a brand image through promotional activities at the retail level.Public Relations:the management function which evaluates public attitudes, identifies the policies and procedures of an organization with the public interest, and executes a program of action (and communication) to earn public understanding and acceptance.Publicity:the generation of news about a person, product, services, or organizationthat appears in broadcast or print media.Corporate advertising:is designed to promote the firm overall, by enhancing its image, assuming a position on a social issue or cause, or seeking direct involvement in something.Sales promotion:An MC function that offers a tangible added-value designed to motivate and accelerate a response.Push strategies:are marketing communication efforts targeted at members of the distribution channels.Pull strategies;are marketing communication efforts targeted at end users. Coupon:is a certificate with a state value for a price reduction on a specified item. Premium:is an item offered free or at a bargain price to encourage some type of response.Specialties:incentives give free to customers and other stakeholders to help keep a brand's name top-of-mind.Sampling:offering prospects the opportunity to try a product before making a buying decision.Contest:is a brand-sponsored competition that involves some form of skill and effort. Sweepstakes:is a form of sales promotion that offers prizes based on a chance drawing of entrants' names.Game:is a sales promotion tool that has the chance element of a sweepstakes but is conducted over a longer time.。

openwrt各软件包对应功能

NAME TITLEacx Driver for TI ACX1xx chipset Acx-mac80211ACX111 Mac80211 driver admswconfig ADM5120 Switch configuration toolapex Boot loader for NSLU2, FSG3, NAS100Dand othersar7-atm AR7 ADSL driver arptables ARP firewalling softwareAvila-wdt GPIO hardware watchdog driver for modified Avila boardsBase-files Base filesystem for OpenWrt Block-extroot root filesystem on secondary storageBlock-mountBlock device mounting and checking,Automount and autocheck blockdevicesbr2684ctl ATM Ethernet bridging configuration utility Bridge-utils Ethernet bridging configuration utility broadcom-57xx Broadcom 57xx ethernet support Broadcom-diag Driver for router LEDs and ButtonsBroadcom-sdhc MMHC/SDHC card driver - LinksysWRT54G/GS/GLBroadcom-wl1.Kernel driver for BCM43xx chipsets2.Kernel driver for BCM43xx chipsets3. wl driver setup utility4.Proprietary Broadcom wl driver config utility5.ProprietaryBroadcom WPA/WPA2 authenticatorbusybox Core utilities for embedded Linux Button-hotplug Button Hotplug driver carl9170Driver for Atheros AR9170 USB stickscomgt Option/Vodafone 3G/GPRS control toolcompcache Driver for compressed ram swap device crda Central Regulatory Domain Agent (CRDA) cyassl CyaSSL librarydnsmasq A lightweight DNS and DHCP server dropbear Small SSH2 client/servere2fsprogs1.Ext2/3/4 filesystem utilities2.DCE compatible Universally Unique Identifier librarymand line utility to create a new UUID value4.block device id library5.ext2/3/4 filesystem library6.Ext2 Filesystem tune utility7.Ext2 Filesystem resize utility8.Ext2 Filesystem badblocks utilitymand-line utility tolocate/print block device attributesead Emergency Access Daemonebtables 1.Ethernet bridge firewall administration utility 2.ebtables save/restore utilitiesep80579-drivers Intel EP80579 ethernet driver fconfig RedBoot configuration editor feedsfirewall OpenWrt firewallfuse 1.FUSE 2.FUSE utilities 3.kernel module4.librarygdb 1.GNU Debugger 2.Remote server forGNU DebuggerGoldfish-qemu A modified version of the Google AndroidEmulatorgpioctl Tool for controlling gpio pins grub GRand Unified Bootloaderhostapd 1.IEEE 802.1x Authenticator 2.WPA-PSKonly 3.utils 4.IEEE 802.1xAuthenticator/Supplicant 5.WPASupplicant (minimal version) 6.WPA Supplicant (minimal version)Hostap-driver1.Host AP support for Prism2/2.5/32.Host AP driver for PCMCIA adaptors3.Host AP driver for PCI adaptors4.Host AP driver for PLX9052 based PCI adaptorsHostap-utils Host AP driver utility programshotplug2Version 1.0 Dynamic device management subsystem for embedded systemsI2c-gpio-custom Custom GPIO-based I2C deviceifenslave A utility to manipulate kernel ethernetbonding devicesIfxmips-dsl-api DSL CPE API driverifxmips-dsl-control DSL CPE control application ifxos Lantiq OS abstraction libraryIfx-tapi Lantiq TAPI subsystem Ifx-tapidemo TAPIdemo application for Lantiq boards Ifx-vmmc TAPI LL driver for Voice Macroiproute21.Routing control utility 2.Traffic control utility 3.General netlink utility frontendipset IPset administration utilityiptables 1.IPv4 firewall administration tool 2.Basicconnection tracking extensions 3.Extra connection tracking extensions 4.Content inspection extensions 5.IMQ support 6.IP/Packet option extensions 7.IPsec extensions 8.IPset iptables extensions 9.Basic NAT extensions 10.Extra NAT extensions er-space packet logging12.IP range extension 13.Other extra iptables extensions 14.iptables save and restore utilities 15.IPv6 firewall administration tool 16.ip6tables save and restore utilities 17.IPv4/IPv6 firewall -shared libiptc library 18.IPv4/IPv6 firewall - shared xtables libraryiw cfg80211 interface configuration utility Ixp4xx-microcode Microcode for the IXP4xx network engines kernel Virtual kernel packageKexec-tools Kernel boots kernellibipfix IP Flow Information Export Librarylibnl netlink socket library Libnl-tiny netlink socket librarylibpcap Low-level packet capture librarylibreadline Command lines edition librarylibtool A generic dynamic object loading libraryLinux-atm 1.Linux ATM library 2.Linux ATM tools lua Lua programming languagemac802111.cfg80211 - wireless configuration API2.Linux 802.11 Wireless Networking Stack3.Prism54 Drivers4.Ralink Drivers forRT2x00 cards 5.Realtek Drivers for RTL818x devices 6.Zydas ZD1211 support 7.Atheros common driver part 8.Atheros5xxx wireless cards support 9.Atheros 802.11n wireless cards support 10.Marvell 88W8015 Wireless Driver 11.Atheros AR9170 802.11n USB support12.mac80211 HW simulation device13.Intel IPW2100 driver and so on. (providing support to each types of router)madwifi Driver for Atheros wireless chipsets mmc_over_gpio MMC/SD card over GPIO support mountd OpenWrt automount daemonmtd Update utility for trx firmware images ncurses Terminal handling librarynozomi Option Globetrotter HSDPA drivernvram Userspace port of the Broadcom NVRAMmanipulation toolCf-cryto-headers OCF-Linux cryptodev headeropenssl Open source SSL toolkitopkg opkg package management system Pcmcia-cs PCMCIA/Cardbus management utilitiesppp1.PPP daemon2.PPPoA plugin3.PPPoE plugin4.RADIUS plugin5.Establish conversation with a modem6.Read PPP record file7.Report PPPstatisticspptp PPTP clientps3-utils PS3 Linux Utilitiespx5g Standalone X.509 certificate generator Qos-scripts QoS scriptsr8101RealTek RTL-8101E PCIe Fast Ethernet Adapter kernel supportrobocfg BCM5325E/536x switch configuration utilityrt2570Driver for Ralink RT2570 usb wirelesschipsetsRtc-rv5c386a Driver for RTC RV5C386A (used in WL-700gE and WL-HDD)siit Stateless IP ICMP Translation Algorithm spidev_test SPI testing utilitySpi-ks8995Micrel/Kendin KS8995 Ethernet switchcontrolswconfig Switch configuration utilityswitch Switch driversUboot-envtools read/modify U-Boot bootloader environment Uboot-ifxmips U-Boot for Infineon MIPS boards Uboot-lantiq U-Boot for Lantiq reference boards ubsec_ssb BCM5365P IPSec Core driveruci1.C library for the Unified Configuration Interface (UCI)2.Utility for the Unified Configuration Interface (UCI)3.Automatic triggers for applying system config changes4.Lua plugin for UCIudev Dynamic device management subsystemudevtrigger Small utility to request kernel devices events for coldpluguhttpd uHTTPd - tiny, single threaded HTTP serverUtil-linux-ng1.Partition table manipulation utility2.Partition table manipulation utility3.Partition table manipulation utility (Command-line)4.Loopback devicessetup and control utility 5.Devices mount/unmounting utilities 6.Swap space management utilities 7.Utilities for managing the hardware clock 8.Manage file locks from shell scripts 9.Tool forsetting terminal attributesvsc73x5-ucodew1-gpio-custom Custom GPIO-based 1-wire deviceWireless-tools 1.Tools for manipulating Linux Wireless Extensions 2.Library for manipulating Linux Wireless Extensionswprobe1.Wireless driver probe infrastructure2.Wireless measurement utility3.Wirelessmeasurement data exporterwrt55agv2-spidevs WRT55AG v2 SPI devices support yamonenv YAMON configuration utilityzlib Library implementing the deflate compression methodDESCRIPTIONThis package contains a driver for TI ACX1xx 802.11a/b/g chipsets.Driver for acx111 cards (Mac80211 version)A program to configure the internal ethernet switch of an ADM5120 processor.You need the corresponding driver for the switch in the kernel.With this program you can configure which ports of the switch belongto the different ethernet devices.The AR7 ADSL driver for Annex A (ADSL over POTS) and Annex B (ADSL over ISDN) This package contains a base filesystem and system scripts for OpenWrt.Based on the moduluarized preinit and firstboot, adds the option to havethe root filesystem on storage other than the jffs or the boot root device.For a squashfs image this package must be installed into the image, not asa package to add later.Scripts used to mount and check block devices (filesystems and swap),Scripts used to automaticallycheck and mount filesystem and/or swapManage ethernet bridging: a way to connect networks together to form a larger network.Driver for Linksys WRT54G/GS/GL MM/SD card modification.S upports standard and high capacity cards.M ay work for other broadcom based routers (Buffalo, etc).1.This package contains the proprietary wireless driver for the Broadcom BCM43xx chipset.2.Thispackage contains a wrapper module, that provides Wireless Extensionsupport for the proprietary Broadcom wl module. 3.This package contains an utility for initializing the proprietary Broadcom wl driver. 4. This package contains the proprietary utility (wl) for configuring the proprietary Broadcom wl driver. 5.This package contains the proprietary WPA/WPA2 authenticator(nas) for the proprietary Broadcom wl driver.The Swiss Army Knife of embedded Linux. It slices, it dices, it makes Julian Fries.Kernel module to generate button hotplug eventsThis package contains a driver for Atheros AR9170 USB sticks using the free firmwarecomgt is a scripting language interpreter useful for establishing communications on serial lines and through PCMCIA modems as well as GPRS and 3G datacards.This is the Central Regulatory Domain Agent for Linux. It serves one purpose: tell Linux kernel what to enforce. In essence it is a udev helper for communication between the kernel and userspace. You only need to run this manually for debugging purposes. For manual changing of regulatory domains use iw (iw reg set) or wpa_supplicant (feature yet to be added).CyaSSL is an SSL library optimized for small footprint, both on disk and for memory use.It is intended to provide coupled DNS and DHCP service to a LAN.A small SSH2 server/client designed for small memory environments.1.This package contains essential ext2 filesystem utilities which consists of e2fsck, mke2fs, debugfs, dumpe2fs, tune2fs, and most of the other core ext2 filesystem utilities.2.Library for generating DCE compatible Universally Unique Identifiers.3.uuidgen program creates a new universally unique identifier (UUID) using the libuuid library. The new UUID can reasonably be considered unique among all UUIDs created on the local system, and among UUIDs created on other systems in the past and in the future.4.The blkid library which allows system programs like fsck and mount to quickly and easily find block devices by filesystem UUID and LABEL.5.libext2fs is a library which can access ext2, ext3and ext4 filesystems.Provides remote access to your device even if IP and firewall configuration settings are defunct1.The ebtables program is a filtering tool for a bridging firewall. The filtering is focussed on the LinkLayer Ethernet frame fields. Apart from filtering, it also gives the ability to alter the Ethernet MACaddresses and implement a brouter.displays and (if writable) also edits the RedBoot configuration.uci based firewall for openwrt1.FUSE (Filesystem in UserSpacE)1.GDB, the GNU Project debugger, allows you to see what is going on `inside' .another program while itexecutes -- or what another program was doing at the moment it crashed. 2.GDBSERVER is a program that allows you to run GDB on a different machine than the one which is running the programbeing debugged.Tool for controlling gpio pinsThis package contains a full featured IEEE 802.1x/WPA/EAP/RADIUS Authenticator.1.This package contains the base Host AP driver code that is shared by different hardware models. Youwill also need to enable support for PLX/PCI/CS version of the driver to actually use the driver.2.This package contains the Host AP driver for Prism2/2.5/3 PC cards.3.This package contains theHost AP driver for Prism2.5 PCI adaptors. 4.This package contains the Host AP driver forPrism2/2.5/3 in PLX9052 based PCI adaptors.Hotplug2 is a trivial replacement of some of the UDev functionality in a tiny pack, intended for Linux early userspace: Init RAM FS and InitRD.This is an implementation of Hotplug2-1.0-betaKernel module for register a custom i2c-gpio platform device.ifenslave is needed to add/remove interfaces to/from ethernet bond devices.Infineon DSL CPE API for Amazon SE, Danube and Vinax.This package contains the DSL CPE API driver for Amazon SE &Danube.This package was kindly contributed to openwrt by Infineon/Lantiq Infineon DSL CPE API for Amazon SE, Danube and Vinax. This package contains the DSL CPE controlapplication for Amazon SE & Danube.Voice Subsystem Telephony API High Level DriverVoice Access mini-PBX Demo ApplicationVoice Subsystem Low Level Driver for Danube, AR9, VR9 device families1.IPv4 firewall administration tool.Includes support for:comment,limit,LOG,mac,multiport,REJECT,TCPMSS 2.Basic iptables extensions for connection tracking. 3.Extra iptables extensions for connection tracking. 4.iptables extensions for packet content inspection. 5.iptables extension for IMQ support. 6.iptables extensions for matching/changing IPpacket options.This package contains the microcode needed to use the network engines in IXP4xx CPUs kexec is a set of systems call that allows you to load another kernel from the currently executing Linuxkernel.This package contains a library for applications dealing with netlink socketsThis package contains a stripped down version of libnlThis package contains a system-independent library for user-level network packet The Readline library provides a set of functions for use by applications that allow users to edit command lines as they are typed in.Both Emacs and vi editing modes are available. The Readline library includes additional functions to maintain a list of previously-entered command lines, to recall and perhaps reedit those lines, and perform csh-like history expansion on previous commands.1.This package contains a library for accessing the Linux ATM subsystem.2.This package containsthe Linux ATM tools.Lua is a powerful light-weight programming language designed for extending applications. Lua is also frequently used as a general-purpose, standalone language. Lua is free software.1.cfg80211 is the Linux wireless LAN (802.11) configuration API. 2.Generic IEEE 802.11 Networking Stack (mac80211)3.Kernel module for Prism54 chipsets (mac80211) 7.This module contains some common parts needed by Atheros Wireless drivers. 8.This module adds support for wireless adapters based on Atheros 5xxx chipset. 9.This module adds support for wireless adapters based on Atheros IEEE 802.11n AR5008 and AR9001 family of chipsets. 11.This is a driver for the Atheros "otus"802.11n USB devices. 12.Hardware independent IEEE 802.11 networking stack for ipw2100 andipw2200.This package contains a driver for Atheros 802.11a/b/g chipsets.Support for driving an MMC/SD card over GPIO pins via SPI.openwrt automount daemonThis package contains an utility useful to upgrade from other firmware or older OpenWrt releases. This package contains an utility to manipulate NVRAM on Broadcom based devices.It works on both brcm-2.4 and bcm47xx (Linux 2.6) without using the kernel api.The OpenSSL Project is a collaborative effort to develop a robust,commercial-grade, full-featured, and Open Source toolkit implementing the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL v2/v3) and Transport Layer Security (TLS v1) protocols as well as a full-strength general purpose cryptography library. Lightweight package management system opkg is the opkg Package Management System, for handling installation and removal of packages on a system. It can recursively follow dependencies and download all packages necessary to install a particular package. opkg knows how to install both .ipk and .debpackages.1.This package contains the PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) daemon.2.This package contains a PPPoA (PPP over ATM) plugin for ppp.3.This package contains a PPPoE (PPP over Ethernet) plugin for ppp.4.This package contains a RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service)plugin for ppp.5.This package contains an utility to establish conversation with other PPP servers(via a modem).6.This package contains an utility to read PPP record file.7.This package contains an utility to reportPPP statistics.This package contains a PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) client.The ps3-utils package is a set of system administration utilites for the PS3 game console.Px5g is a tiny standalone X.509 certificate generator.It suitable to create key files and certificates in DER and PEM format for use with stunnel, uhttpd and others.A set of scripts that abstract QoS configuration into a simple configuration file supporting stanzas thatspecify any number of QoS entries.Kernel modules for RealTek RTL-8101E PCI-Express Fast Ethernet adapters.This package contains an utility for configuring the Broadcom BCM5325E/536x based switches.This package contains a driver for Ralink RT2570 usb chipsets.Stateless IP ICMP Translation AlgorithmSPI testing utility.Kernel module for Micrel/Kendin KS8995 ethernet switchThis package contains switch drivers for ADM6996L and BCM53XX RoboSwitch.This package includes tools to read and modify U-Boot bootloader environment.This package contains the OCF driver for the BCM5365p IPSec Coreudev allows Linux users to have a dynamic /dev directory and it provides the ability to have persistentdevice names.uHTTPd is a tiny single threaded HTTP server with TLS, CGI and Lua support. It is intended as a drop-in replacement for the Busybox HTTP daemon.1.This package contains a utility for managing disk partition tables.2.This package contains a utility for managing disk partition tables.3.This package contains a utility for managing disk partition tables using command-line only.4.This package contains a utility for managing loopback devices.5.This package contains utilities to mount/unmount devices.6. This package contains a collection of tools for managing swap space: mkswap,swapon,swapoff7.This package contains a utility for managing the hardware clock.8.This package contains a utility for managing file locks from shell scripts.9.This package contains a utility for setting terminal attributesThis package contains the Atheros AP83 board specific microcode for the Vitesse VSC7385 andVSC7395 ethernet switch.Kernel module to register a custom w1-gpio platform device.1.This package contains a collection of tools for configuring wireless adapters implementing the "LinuxWireless Extensions". 2.This package contains a library for manipulating "Linux WirelessExtensions".1.A module that exports measurement data from wireless driver to user space2.wprobe-util uses the wprobe kernel module to query wireless driver measurement data from an interface3.wprobe-export uses the wprobe kernel module to export wireless driver measurement data via the IPFIX protocol Kernel module for the SPI devices on the WRT55AG v2 board.。

wpfprism加载独立模块实例

wpfprism加载独⽴模块实例⼀、⾸先看看⽂件的组织架构

module1 module2⽣成dll某块。Shell来显⽰管理模块⼆，看看关键bootstrapper类using System;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Linq;using System.Text;using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace wpfPrismTest{ using System.ComponentModel.Composition; using Microsoft.Practices.Prism.MefExtensions; using System.Windows; using Microsoft.Practices.Prism.Modularity; using System.ComponentModel.Composition.Hosting; using System.IO; class QuickStartBootstrapper:MefBootstrapper { protected override DependencyObject CreateShell() { return this.Container.GetExportedValue(); }

protected override void InitializeShell() { base.InitializeShell();

Application.Current.MainWindow = (Shell)this.Shell; Application.Current.MainWindow.Show(); } protected override void ConfigureContainer() { base.ConfigureContainer(); AggregateCatalog.Catalogs.Add(new AssemblyCatalog(this.GetType().Assembly));

Bluetooth 5.4 低功耗技术产品简介说明书

Bluetooth Low EnergyProduct Brief v2.0OverviewBluetooth version 4.0 introduced Bluetooth with low energy functionality. Bluetooth low energy technology allows for short bursts of long-range radio connections, making it ideal for applications that depend on long battery life and don’t need high throughput streaming data. Developers are now able to create sensors that can run on coin-cell batteries for months and even years. Bluetooth low energy technology is built on an entirely new development framework using GATT (Generic Attributes). Silicon Labs supports the latest version of the Bluetooth ® Core Specification, Bluetooth™ LE 5.4. This enables customers to claim compliance with the latest Bluetooth spec.Bluetooth Low Energy ArchitectureThe Bluetooth Low Energy architecture components are as follows: Physical Layer: Controls radio transmission/receiving.Link Layer: Defines packet structure, includes the state machine and radio control, and provides link layer-level encryption.HCI: A Host-to-Controller interface (HCI) standardizes communication between the controller and the host.L2CAP: Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol acts as a protocol multiplexer and handles segmentation and reassembly of packets. ATT: Attribute protocol provides means to transmit data between Bluetooth low energy devices.SM: Security Manager provides means for bonding devices, encrypting and decrypting data, and enabling device privacyGAP: Generic Access Profile layer provides means for Bluetooth low energy devices to advertise themselves or other devices, make device discovery, open and manage connections, and broadcast data.GATT: GATT is used to group individual attributes into logical services GATT also provides information about the attributes, that is, how they can be accessed and what security level is needed.Key Features of Silicon Labs Bluetooth Low Energy StackFeature BenefitCore FeaturesDirection finding, Periodic Advertising with Responses (PAwR), Encrypted Advertising Data (EAD),Advertisement Extensions, Periodic Advertising, LE secure connections, 2M PHY , Long Range, AFH, LE Privacy 1.2 (peripheral), LE packet length extensions, Accept List (central side), GATT, & GATT Caching Scalable AoA Scale to AoA to few hundred devices simultaneouslyCertificate Based Authentication and Pairing (CBAP) Use certificates to authenticate devices before provisioning, thus saving cost and time. Also, prevents counterfeit devices from being provisioned into the networkSilicon Labs Bluetooth stack supports three modes:Standalone mode: Bluetooth stack and the application run in an EFR32SoC or moduleNetwork Co-Processor mode: Bluetooth stack runs on the EFR32, and the application runs on a separate host MCU. API is exposed over a serial interface such as UART.Radio Co-Processor mode: Link layer of the Bluetooth stack runs on the EFR32, and the Host Layer of the stack, as well as the application runs on a separate host MCU or PC. Link Layer and Host Layer communicate via HCI.Technical ResourcesBluetooth Low Energy xG24 Technical Library Data Sheets, App Notes, and moreBluetooth Low Energy xG21 Technical Library Data Sheets, App Notes, and moreBluetooth Low Energy xG22 Technical Library Data Sheets, App Notes, and moreBluetooth Low Energy xG27 Data ShortBluetooth Low Energy API Documentation Bluetooth Low Energy API documentationSilicon Labs’ Bluetooth Low Energy HW supportHigh Performance device for Bluetooth LE and Bluetooth mesh applications thatrequire advance features and more Flash and RAMIndustry-leading, energyefficient device for Bluetooth LE applicationsOptimized for line-powered devices including LED bulbs, and gateways for Bluetooth LE and Bluetooth meshMost Battery Versatile SoC for Connected Health, Smart Home, Portable Products1536kB Flash 256kB RAM TX power 19.5dBm -105.7dBm @ 125kbps -97.6dBm @ 1Mbit/s -94.8dBm @ 2Mbit/s RX current 4.4mA @ 1MbpsTX current 5.0mA @ 0dBm1.3 µA Sleep current (16kB )Robust peripheral set AI/ML hardware accelerator Secure Vault High QFN40 5x5 (26) QFN48 6x6 (32)512kB Flash 32kB RAM TX power 6dBm -106.7dBm @ 125kbps -98.9dBm @ 1Mbit/s -96.2dBm @ 2Mbit/s RX current 3.6mA @ 1MbpsTX current 4.1mA @ 0dBm1.26µA Sleep current (16kB )Lowest Power Bluetooth LESecure Vault Mid QFN40 5x5 (26) QFN32 4x4 (18) TQFN32 4x4 (18)1024kB Flash 96kB RAM TX power 20dBm -104.9dBm @ 125kbps -97.5dBm @ 1Mbit/s -94.4dBm @ 2Mbit/s RX current 8.8mA @ 1MbpsTX current 9.3mA @ 0dBm+135 Junc. Temperature Secure Vault High Line-Powered Bluetooth LE QFN32 4x4 (20)768kB Flash 64kB RAM TX power 8dBm -106.9dBm @ 125kbps -99.2dBm @ 1Mbit/s -96.3dBm @ 2Mbit/s RX current 3.6mA @ 1Mbps TX current 4.1mA @ 0dBm 1.26µA Sleep current (16kB ) Secure Vault Mid QFN40 5x5 (26) QFN32 4x4 (18) TQFN32 4x4 (18)Bluetooth LE Target Applications• ESL • Medical• Direction Finding • Smart Home • Smart Tags • Sensors • Switches• Building Automation • HVACBluetooth LE Software / ToolsSilicon Labs Bluetooth Low Energy SDK helps you build smooth, reliable, and secure wireless connectivity for your IoT applications. Software and Tools features • Supports Bluetooth™ LE 5.4 • Wi-Fi Coexistence • Simplicity Studio IDE • GATT Configurator • Network Analyzer • Direction Finding Tool Suite • Bluetooth NCP Commander • Proprietary Radio Configurator • Energy Profiler • Tool Chain – GCC and IARLinks: Bluetooth Low Energy SDKLearning CenterReady for Bluetooth 5.4?Learn more about the latest specification Bluetooth Direction FindingBluetooth Location Services: AoA/AoD Why EFR?Silicon Labs EFR32 FeaturesSilicon Labs Secure Vault accreditations Product security certificationsBluetooth SoC and Module Selector Guide Bluetooth Low Energy Selector Guide Case Study: Rethinking Epilepsy Management EFR32 Portable Medical DeviceBluetooth BeaconsBluetooth Beacons and AdvertisingSilicon Labs’ Bluetooth LE Development KitsSilicon Labs’ Bluetooth development kits are divided into three categories based on your development need:• Rapid Prototyping • Proof of Concept• Advanced RF DevelopmentFor more information on the portfolio, check the link: https:///bluetooth-kitsBG22 BG21 BG24 BG27Disclaimer: Silicon Labs intends to provide customers with the latest, accurate, and in-depth documentation of all peripherals and modules available forsystem and software implementers using or intending to use the Silicon Labs products. Characterization data, available modules and peripherals, memory sizes and memory addresses refer to each specific device, and “Ty pical ” parameters provided can and do vary in different applications. Application examples described herein are for illustrative purposes only. Silicon Labs reserves the right to make changes without further notice to the product information, specifications, and descriptions herein, and does not give warranties as to the accuracy or completeness of the included information. Without prior notification, Silicon Labs may update product firmware during the manufacturing process for security or reliability reasons. Such changes will not alter the specifications or the performance of the product. Silicon Labs shall have no liability for the consequences of use of the information supplied in this document. This document does not imply or expressly grant any license to design or fabricate any integrated circuits. The products are not designed or authorized to be used within any FDA Class III devices, applications for which FDA premarket approval is required or Life Support Systems without the specific written consent of Silicon Labs. A “L ife Support System ” is any product or system intended to support or sustain life and/or health, which, if it fails, can be reasonably expected to result in significant personal injury or death. Silicon Labs products are not designed or authorized for military applications. Silicon Labs products shall under no circumstances be used in weapons of mass destruction including (but not limited to) nuclear, biological or chemical weapons, or missiles capable of delivering such weapons. Silicon Labs disclaims all express and implied warranties and shall not be responsible or liable for any injuries or damages related to use of a Silicon Labs product in such unauthorized applications. Note: This content may contain offensive terminology that is now obsolete. Silicon Labs is replacing these terms with inclusive language wherever possible. For more information, visit /about-us/inclusive-lexicon-projectTrademark InformationSilicon Laboratories Inc.®, Silicon Laboratories ®, Silicon Labs ®, SiLabs ® and the Silicon Labs logo ®, Bluegiga ®, Bluegiga Logo ®, EFM ®, EFM32®, EFR, Ember ®, Energy Micro, Energy Micro logo and combinations thereof, “the world ’s most energy friendly microcontroller s”, Redpine Signals ®, WiSeConnect , n-Link, ThreadArch ®, EZLink ®, EZRadio ®, EZRadioPRO ®, Gecko ®, Gecko OS, Gecko OS Studio, Precision32®, Simplicity Studio ®, Telegesis, the Telegesis Logo ®,USBXpress ®, Zentri, the Zentri logo and Zentri DMS, Z-Wave ®, and others are trademarks or registered trademarks of Silicon Labs. ARM, CORTEX, Cortex-M3 and THUMB are trademarks or registered trademarks of ARM Holdings. Keil is a registered trademark of ARM Limited. Wi-Fi is a registered trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance. All other products or brand names mentioned herein are trademarks of their respective holders.Silicon Laboratories Inc. 400 West Cesar Chavez Austin, TX 78701IoT PortfolioQualitySupport & Community/products/quality/community。

TOGAF-Reference Models

Communications Infrastructure
•
provides the basic services to interconnect systems and provides the basic mechanisms for opaque transfer of data Contains hardware and software elements which make up the networking and physical communications links used by a system Internet as basis
Foundation Architecture : Technical Reference Model
© 2006 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice
− Taxonomy : Defines terminology, coherent component descriptions, conceptual structure of information system − TRM graphic: provides visual representation of taxonomy as an aid to understanding
Qቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱalities
•
Are applicable across the components
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TRM components sit on a backplane of qualities

高级商务英语 Unit 5

Background reading
Notes: 1. equity 资产 2. intangible asset 无形财产 a business asset that has no
physical existence 3. association 联想association mental connection between
What is the main idea of news item two?
Basketball sensation Yao Ming has filed suit against soft drink giant Coca-Cola for its using his image illegally. The problem is that Yao is a spokesman for Coca-Cola rival, Pepsi.
Answer to comprehension questions
1. The brand can add significant value when it is well recognized and has positive associations in the mind of the consumer. This concept is referred to as brand equity.
Unit 5
Brand Equity and Global Brands 品牌资产和全球品牌
Learning objectives
In this unit students will learn words and expressions related to branding.
Students will be able to talk about the historical development and the current situation of global brands.

Unit 4 A Virtual Life

1
prefixes+ n.
cyberculture, cybernut, cyberpet, cyberspace, nethead, Web TV, e-card, e-business, e-cash
2
prefixes+ v.
cybersurf, netsurf, websurf, email
3
(Para. 8)
Part Two —— Multiple Choice
3. Why does the author fight her boyfriend on net sometimes? _______ B A. Because they haven't seen each other for a long time. B. Because their typed dialogue lack emotional cues and she misinterprets them. (Para. 9) C. Because he doesn't love her any longer. D. Because he doesn't send emails to her frequently.
D. All the above.
(Para. 10)
Part Two —— True or False
1. The author tries to at least get to the gym in order to keep fit. ( F )
The author tries to at least get to the gym, so that she may set apart the weekend from the rest of her week.

BPMN 2.0 跨平台互操作性标记：使交流数据中的互操作性问题显现说明书

Interoperability Markers for BPMN 2.0Making Interoperability Issues ExplicitXabier Heguy1, Gregory Zacharewicz2,*, Yves Ducq3 and Said Tazi41University of Bordeaux, IMS, UMR 5218 CNRS, Talence – France and ONETIK, D252, 64240 Macaye – France 2,3University of Bordeaux, IMS, UMR 5218 CNRS, Talence – France4University of Pau, Pau, – France*Corresponding authorAbstract—Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) is being becoming the most used standard for business process modelling. One of the important upgrades of BPMN 2.0 with respect to BPMN 1.2 is the fact that Data Objects are now handling semantic elements. Nevertheless, BPMN doesn't enable the representation of interoperability problems in the exchanged data object, which remains a limitation when using BPMN to express interoperability issues in enterprise processes. We propose to extend the Meta-Object Facility meta-model and the XML Schema Definition of BPMN as well as the notation in order to fill this gap. The extension, named Data Interoperability, is defined using the BPMN Extension Mechanism. This new elements will allow to represent existing interoperability problems as well as interoperability concerns which have been solved. We illustrate the Data Interoperability capabilities with an example from a real industrial case.Keywords-interoperability; BPMN; modelling; CBPI.I NTRODUCTIONThe global economic context requires enterprises to acquire and maintain an efficient information system. An adapted and well-defined ERP is today a sine qua non condition for the success of a company. In addition, exchanges of information between various information systems are increasingly necessary: In particular, information exchanges is growing with customers, suppliers, subcontractors or when the enterprise is bought out and integrated in another company, but also within an internal department. Also, assuming one ERP covering all sectors of the company is not always possible, which entails grafting many heterogeneous ERP or at least modules. The crucial problem of interoperability then arises.Cross-organizational Business Process (CBP) modeling aims to describe the interactions between different organizations [1] but also between different systems within a single organization. Process modeling at the highest level should enable the various partners to understand the articulation of the different processes in a simple and intuitive way. However, defining user needs is not necessarily collaborative. Users rarely understand the differences between inter-organization processes and internal processes.BPMN 2.0 [2] is a de facto standard in the modeling of business processes. BPMN is currently the most used language among process modelers (64% of industry penetration according to P. Harmon's study) [3]. It provides a meta-model and notation for defining and visualizing them. BPMN 2.0 allows the modeling of CBP by clearly identifying independent resources pools and collaborative swim lanes within the same resource group. However, the representation of data in BPMN 2.0 does not reflect the concept of interoperability. Whether data is exchanged within the same information system or between two entities, the representation of the data remains the same. This is a weakness because this model hides the challenge and the difficulty of solving interoperability problems, in particular in the eyes of decision-makers. This lack of visibility can lead to incomprehension between IT technicians and managers and may lead them to underestimate both the impact of the lack of interoperability in the representation of the existing system and to make difficult the evaluation of costs and delays to produce the system to set up.The technical structuring of BPMN is based on the concept of extensible layers around a core set of basic elements. This extensibility makes it possible to define an overlay of elements in order to better represent concepts inherent in the targeted sector of activity. Each new layer is constructed in extension of a lower layer. BPMN extensions are most often used to represent the specific needs of an industry [4]. But they can also be used to fill a general gap. This is the proposition of this paper: Prolonging the BPMN model specification by adding an extension representing the data concerned by interoperability.II.P ROBLEM S TATEMENT AND B ACKGROUNDA.Problem StatementThe problem tackled in this paper is a lack of modeling data in a context of interoperability in BPMN. We propose to fill this gap defining a BPMN 2.0 metamodel extension to represent data interchanges with an interoperability problem. It will allow defining barriers and solved problems.B.CBPs Modeling RequirementsWhether they are interchanges between customers, suppliers or providers, or between different information systems within a company, data interchanges are more and more necessary. In order to ensure a decent implementation of these interchanges, a preliminary model is an essential stage.The goal of CBP modelling is to describe the interactions between different systems [1]. The processes modelling at the higher level must allow to the various partners to understand2nd International Conference on Electrical, Automation and Mechanical Engineering (EAME 2017)the articulation of the processes in a simple and intuitive way. The model has to be easily understandable by all parts, be they managers, processes owners or IT technicians who will have to implement the system. But user-driven requirements are not necessarily collaboration-oriented. Hence, users hardly understand the differences between internal business processes and cross-organizational processes, and thus the difficulties that these last ones represent.For a successful CBP modelling, interoperability points have to be necessarily shown. The managers and the users of the different organizations must be able to represent interaction from a high level business point of view in order to visualize data interchanges with interoperability problem. Thus, they will be able to grasp them. Hence, resolving interoperability problems involves an enhancement of the work.C.BPMN Shortcomings.One of the important upgrades of BPMN 2.0 with respect to BPMN 1.2 is the fact that Data Objects are now semantic elements defined as additional Data Categories aside form swim-lanes, flow objects, connecting objects and artifacts (whereas in the precedent version, they were considered as simple artifacts, simple annotation without any semantic).However, BPMN 2.0 does not distinguish between data with an interoperability issue. In order to represent the exchange of data between different systems, the corridors (swim lanes) [1] are used. However, the notion of interoperability is absent from this representation, because if we distinguish between different systems, there is no indication that the data exchanged can be integrated as such in the target system or that Must undergo pre-treatment. A modeling of CBP carried out using BPMN 2.0 therefore does not allow the different actors to understand the problem of interoperability in the exchange of data.We propose to enrich the BPMN meta-model with the addition of a Data Interoperability object which will mean that a data exchange must take into account interoperability.D.InteroperabilityThe most common definition of interoperability tells us that it is: "the ability of two (or more) systems or components to exchange information and use it" [5]. The InterOp NoE Network of Interoperability (Interoperability) defined interoperability as "the ability of a system to work with another system without effort on the part of the user" [6]. To complement these definitions we can say that interoperability is “the ability of systems, natively independent, to interact in order to build harmonious and intentional collaborative behaviors without deeply modifying their individual structure or behavior” [7]. These definitions demonstrate that interoperability is rapidly becoming complex and that its success depends on the resolution of a number of barriers [8]. rmational Perspective of BPMN 2.0We present here an overview of BPMN's informational perspective. In BPMN, the construct that allows modeling any type of information entity, regardless of its nature (electronic document, paper, etc.) is the Data Object [2]. In BPMN 2.0, Data Objects become first-class elements at the same level as tasks or activities [9]. They are visually represented in the process diagrams. Data can be referenced by DataObjectReference that specifies different states of the same object. The structure of the Data Objects is not visible in the diagrams, but can be defined by the itemDefinition element associated with it by specifying it in an XML schema. The data are represented graphically by the Data Objects as (Figure I).FIGURE I.BPMN DATA OBJECTF.BPMN Extension Mechanism.BPMN has been designed to be extensible. The technical structuring of BPMN is based on the concept of extensible layers around a core of simple elements. Extensibility is used to define an overlay of elements to better represent concepts inherent in the targeted industry. Each new layer is constructedin extension of a lower layer. BPMN provides generic extension elements in the meta-model.The BPMN extension mechanism consists of a set of extension elements that allow the addition of additional elements and attributes for standard and existing BPMN elements. These extension elements are: ExtensionDefinition, ExtensionAttributeDefinition, ExtensionAttributeValue and Extension. The Extension element is used to connect to the BPMN model an extension whose structure is defined using the ExtensionDefinition element. This adds additional attributes used to extend the BPMN model by attaching them to any BPMN element. The definition of each attribute includes the name and type of the attribute; given by the corresponding ExtensionAttributeValue element. In a BPMN extended element, ExtensionAttributeValue is used to assign a value to a extension attribute that was defined in the ExtensionDefinition by using ExtensionAttributeDefinition element.III.R ELATED W ORKSSeveral works treats of the problems of interoperability in data interchange between different Information Systems. Wexin Mu [11] focuses on automatically generate the cartography of collaborative processes. His method consists first in gathering knowledge of partners’ data, then building a repository of partners’ services and finally deducing a collaborative process model that can run and a workflow engine that enables to run it. Among the different modelling languages he uses, we can find BPMN. But he does not represent the problems of interoperability in his models.The approach of Jankovic et. al. [9] relates to ours since they propose an extension of BPMN 2.0 meta-model to represent information requirements in BPMN 2.0. They state that information requirements should be specified in terms of a common, reference ontology. Their methodology is based on the use of reference ontology as an unambiguous and formal representation of a set of business concepts and their relationships for a particular CBP environment. Thus, they exclude technological and organizational barriers. Furthermore,this BPMN extension is directed only to IT technicians and not to managers and processes owners.All mentioned works cover the problems of interoperability in data interchange between different Information Systems. But the goal of these works is to help the job of IT technicians. This is surely useful, but it doesn’t offer a possibility to make these problems visible for all the collaborating business partners (and not only IT technicians). With the extension we define in our work, we offer the possibility of that shared understanding, which is one of the main goals of BPMN.IV.E XTENSIONSPurpose: Our aim is to create a sustainable (conservative) extension of BPMN, which allows representing interoperabilityin data exchanges in the framework of process diagrams. This new extension can be used in very different business contexts, whether in inter-company data exchanges, in web applications, etc. It will make possible to represent explicitly and intuitivelythe exchanges of data presenting an interoperability problem.Framework: In order to explicit interoperability problemsin BPMN data exchanges, we introduce two extensions: dataInteroperabilityBarrier and dataInteroperabilitySolute.The first (dataInteroperabilityBarrier) represents a data exchange with an unresolved interoperability problem. It allows representing this drawback so that all the participants ofthe project (managers, IT technicians, owners of the process, etc.) can realize that there is a problem to solve. Its aim is notto enter into technical considerations. Ideally, it should be used only in existing modeling (AsIs), since the realization of the project should include resolution of the difficulty. But it can be assumed that in some cases, for various reasons (lack of funding or time for example) no solution will be put in place. This extension can thus also be part of the modeling of the future system (ToBe).The second extension (dataInteroperabilitySolute) will be used to represent an overcoming interoperability issue. As such,it should have its place only in the modeling of the project of the future system (ToBe).A.StructureWe used the extension mechanism of BPMN 2.0 to define the extension of the BPMN meta-model. It allows the inclusionof the definition of the interoperability document template. The structure of the proposed element is defined by the ExtensionDefinition and ExtensionAttributeDefinition elements. The structure of BPMN is described using two representations: a Meta-Object Facility (MOF) meta-model that describes the concepts and an XML Schema Definition (XSD) that establishes the format of exchanges [10]. The MOF class diagram of the BPMN meta-model is visible in the specification manual. It is divided into different sections. We will only represent here that which concerns the data objects. The classes corresponding to the extensions we propose are represented in gray in Figure II.This illustration shows that dataInteroperabilityBarrier and dataInteroperabilitySolute extend dataObject. These two classes therefore inherit its attributes and models of association.FIGURE II.BPMN CLASS EXTENSION.No additional attributes are defined. It would have beeninteresting to associate an association constraint with these two extensions: that they can only be linked to tasks belonging to different corridors. Indeed, a problem of interoperability can only exist between different systems, represented by distinct corridors. But in the basic structuring of BPMN, any source task can be linked to any target task. We have respected this flexibility. It is therefore up to the modelers to take account of this flexibility and not to use these extensions properly, that is to say between two tasks belonging to different corridors.V.G RAPHICAL R EPRESENTATIONWe propose to provide the following graphical representations for the interoperability extensions in figure III.(a)(b)FIGURE III. DATAINTEROPERABILITYBARRIER ANDDATAINTEROPERABILITYSOLUTEWe have extended the graphical representation of the Data Object to which we have added two inverse arrows, representing interoperability. The barred means that interoperability is not assured, as presented in Figure III left (a): dataInteroperabilityBarrier, is placed in the BPMN model with the same rules and constraints as the Data Object. In case of dataInteroperabilitySolute extension, Figure III right (b), the representation is similar, except the arrows are not barred, indicating that interoperability is assured.VI.U SE C ASETo illustrate the interest of dataInteroperabilityBarrier and dataInteroperabilitySolute extensions, we will study the case of Onetik SME. This company of the Basque Country manufactures and markets cheeses. It uses the Nodhos ERP. The shipment management module of this ERP does not give it complete satisfaction, and its use is source of errors and therefore, among other things, disputes with customers that are costly for the company. The replacement of the ERP is not envisaged in the short term mainly for financial reasons. The management of Onetik has then decided to graft the shipment management module of another ERP (Integraal Agro).In the framework of this project, two models were carried out using BPMN: one is corresponding to the existing system (AS IS) and the other to the desired system (TO BE). Each model consisted of several models of the various processes. We will represent the (simplified) process of order preparation.This AS IS model (Figure IV) is representing real case proposed by the current organization of the information system in the enterprise. This is to be developed by describing the problem faced by the enterprise and the problem that isengendered by this situation.FIGURE IV.DATAINTEROPERABILITYBARRIER On the TO BE model (Figure V), it can be seen that the BP document must be transmitted from the Nodhos ERP to the Integraal Agro module. The transmitted data is represented by the dataInteroperabilitySolute icon to specify that an interoperability problem among the two tasks has to be solved.FIGURE V.DATAINTEROPERABILITYSOLUTE Similarly, once the package has been weighed, the BP, together with the weight of the package and the batch number of the cheeses used, is transmitted in the opposite direction (from Integraal Agro to Nodhos).VII.P ERSPECTIVES AND I MPLEMENTATION These works are still under development. The next phase will consist in implementing the proposition within a software solution. The SLMToolBox [11] has been selected for its capacity to integrate a Model Driven approach, BPMN 2.0 models and simulation aspects. This extension will be validated and then will be the baseline for representing performance aspects on the BPMN model. We are working now on extending on performance aspects in the process modeling. We will refer to reference works in this domain such as the works of [13] and [14].VIII.C ONCLUSIONThis paper is proposing an extension to BPMN 2.0 in the context of interoperability identification and solving. This extension makes explicit the modeling of interoperability barriers and problem solved thanks to two graphical icons added to the original data item of BPMN. The interest of this approach has been illustrated on a use case from industry. These new features of BPMN allow bringing to light to all participants of a CBP project (managers, IT technicians, processes owners, etc.) the presence of an interoperability barrier and its solution.REFERENCES[1]ATHENA, D.A2.1: Cross-Organisational Business Process requirementsand the State of the Art in Research, Technology and Standards Version2. ATHENA Project No. (507849), 2005[2]OMG, OMG: MDA Guide Version 1.0.1, /mda/ 2003[3]Harmon, The State of Business Process Management 2016. BusinessProcess Trends, 2016[4]Braun R., W. Esswein, Classification of domain-specific bpmnextensions, in: The Practice of Enterprise Modeling, Springer, 2014 [5] A. Geraci, Katki F., McMonegal L., Meyer B., Lane J., Wilson, P.,Radatz J., Yee M., Porteous H., and Springsteel F., IEEE standard computer dictionary: Compilation of IEEE std computer glossaries, 1991 [6] D. Konstantas., Bourrières J. P., Léonard M., and Boudjlida N.,Interoperability of enterprise software and applications, 2005[7]S. Truptil, F. Bénaben, H. Pingaud. A Mediation Information System toHelp to Coordinate the Response to a Crisis. Luis M. Camarinha-Matos;Xavier Boucher; Hamideh Afsarmanesh. Collaborative Networks for a Sustainable World, 336, Springer, pp.173-180, 2010, IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 978-3-642-15960-2.[8] D. Chen, N. Daclin, Framework for Enterprise Interoperability, In book:Interoperability for Enterprise Software and Applications: Proceedings of the Second IFAC/IFIP I-ESA International Conference: EI2N, WSI, IS-TSPQ 2006, pp.77 - 88 2006[9]M. Jankovic, M. Ljubicic, N. Anicic, and Z. Marjanovic, EnhancingBPMN 2.0 Informational Perspective to Support Interoperability for Cross-Organizational Business Processes, 2015[10]M. Cortes-Cornax, S. Dupuy-Chessa, D. Rieu and M. Dumas,Evaluating Choreographies in BPMN 2.0 Using an Extended Quality Framework, 2014[11]H. Bazoun, Y. Bouanan, G. Zacharewicz, Y. Ducq, Hadrien Boye:Business process simulation: transformation of BPMN 2.0 to DEVS models (WIP). SpringSim (TMS-DEVS) 2014: 20[12]W. Mu, Caractérisation et logique d'une situation collaborative, 2012[13] C.J. Pavlovski, J., Zou, (2008). Non-functional requirements in businessprocess modeling. In proceedings of the fifth Asia-Pacific conference on Conceptual Modelling, Vol. 79, pp. 103-112, Australian Comp. Soc., Inc.[14]K. Saeedi, L., Zhao, P., Sampaio, (2010). Extending BPMN forsupporting customer- facing service quality requirements. In Web Services (ICWS’10), pp. 616–623.。

Mutli-user 3D virtual reality interaction system u

专利名称：Mutli-user 3D virtual reality interactionsystem utilizing protocol data units for datacommunication among WWW server andclients发明人：Jiung-Yao Huang,Jia-Lin Chang,Ai-Jye Lee申请号：US09212420申请日：19981216公开号：US06226669B1公开日：20010501专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：Real-time interactivity is provided across a shared multiple-participant three-dimensional (3D) virtual-reality environment on the World Wide Web (WWW), with the purpose of allowing a plurality of users to participate in a 3D virtual-reality world where the participants can share information and interact with each other substantially in real time. Through the use of a Client-Information Manager Program (CIMP) module, which is connected via a Common Gateway Interface (CGI) module to the WWW server, each user is able to interactively communicate with any of the other users participating together in the same 3D virtual-reality world. The shared multiple-participant 3D virtual-reality environment utilizes modified Protocol Data Unit (PDU) formats based on the Distributive tive Interactive Simulation (DIS) protocol for data communication among the WWW server and the various client sites. Moreover, the shared multiple-participant 3D virtual-reality environment utilizes a Dead Reckoning (DR) method with a predetermined optimal mal DR threshold to help reduce the rate of Object-State PDUs that are generated in response sponse to changes in each user's avatar state, so that avatar state updates can be more quickly transmitted to all the other client sites participating in the same 3D virtual-reality world.申请人：HUANG JIUNG-YAO代理机构：Bacon & Thomas, PLLC更多信息请下载全文后查看。

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A Generic Virtual Reality Interaction System and its Extensions Using theCommon Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA)

Michael Rorke, Shaun BangayComputer Science DepartmentRhodes UniversityGrahamstown, 6140South Africa

{mrorke, cssb}@cs.ru.ac.zaABSTRACTThe paper describes the design and implementation ofan immersive Virtual Reality (VR) interaction system.The system aims to provide a flexible mechanism forprogrammers to implement interaction in their VRapplications, making good use of all accepted practicesin the field. The paper further describes how the systemwas extended to a multi-user system using the CORBAmiddleware layer.

Keywords: immersive virtual reality; interaction;CORBA.

INTRODUCTIONImmersive VR places the user inside the applicationenvironment in some way or another. This usuallyinvolves a head mounted display (HMD) and some formof tracking which enables the application to pin-pointthe position and orientation of various importantreference points on the users body (e.g. the hands andhead). The information from the trackers is used togenerate an environment where the user is able tointeract in an intuitive way with the application they aretrying to use. For example, when the user moves theirhead, the picture displayed on the HMD updates to givethe impression that they are looking around inside aroom.

Currently successful virtual reality systems make gooduse of immersion techniques to enable users to explorevirtual worlds. Applications like building walkthroughs,where the user is able to examine the contents of avirtual world, make good use of this technology. On theother hand, applications that allow the user to interactwith their surroundings in VR have not been assuccessful. The reasons for this lack of success whenattempting to allow the user to interact with a virtualenvironment range from lack of haptic feedback (or‘touch’) in VR environments to inaccuracies in trackinghardware [1]. All these factors tend to lower the senseof realism that the user feels when using interactive VRsystems, as well as making the systems difficult andfrustrating to use. Study in the field of immersive,interactive VR has been carried out since the early1980’s and various ideas for overcoming the problemsassociated with this field have been proposed [2,3,4].This research has produced various interactiontechniques which, coupled with current advances inhardware, have paved the way for a usable VRinteraction system.

The CoRgi interaction system builds on this research tocreate a generic VR interaction system with thecapability to implement current and future VRinteraction techniques.

THE CORGI INTERACTION SYSTEMRhodes University is currently involved in variousdifferent forms of VR research, aimed at creating ausable VR programming system. The current version ofthe system (called CoRgi) is the basis around which theinteraction system is built. CoRgi currently runs underIRIX and Linux and provides a framework for easilycreating VR applications. It uses OpenGL and hassupport for a variety of input and output devices, likeHMDs and magnetic trackers.

The CoRgi interaction system uses a simplified dataflow model. A data flow model describes an applicationin terms of input data, which is transformed via variousnodes in the system, until it is finally used to update the

application, producing some form of output. The dataflow model used in the CoRgi interaction system isloosely based on the Virtual Environment DialogueArchitecture (VEDA) [5,6], which is similar to the dataflow model used in the Virtual Environment ModellingLanguage (VRML) 2.0 standard [6]. Additionally, theCoRgi interaction system uses the ideas behind the MRVR toolkit [7] to define the interfaces between thevarious parts of the system.

As an aid to understanding the system it is presentedalong with an example application. The exampleapplication consists of a simple Table Tennis gamewhere the user controls a bat, which they must use to hita ball. In the distributed version of this system(explained in the CORBA section) the user couldcompete against other users. The overall interactionsystem can be broken up into six main parts as detailedin Figure 1. Each of the six parts operates as follows:

• System Component: The system component will

be different for each particular application and theonly thing that we describe about it is how it mustinteract with the other components. The purpose ofthe system component is to implement thesemantics that are unique to the particularapplication it supports. The system component isoften implemented as the overall application,encapsulating the other components and bringingthem all together to form some useful whole. The