工业产品设计外文翻译参考文献
工业产品设计外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)Design Without DesignersI will always remember my first introduction to the power of good product design.I was newly arrived at Apple, still learning the ways of business, when I was visited by a member of Apple's Industrial Design team. He showed me a foam mockup of a proposed product. "Wow," I said, "I want one! What is it?"That experience brought home the power of design: I was excited and enthusiastic even before I knew what it was. This type of visceral "wow" response requires creative designers. It is subjective, personal. Uh oh, this is not what engineers like to hear. If you can't put a number to it, it's not important. As a result, there is a trend to eliminate designers. Who needs them when we can simply test our way to success? The excitement of powerful, captivating design is defined as irrelevant. Worse, the nature of design is in danger.Don't believe me? Consider Google. In a well-publicized move, a senior designer at Google recently quit, stating that Google had no interest in or understanding of design. Google, it seems, relies primarily upon test results, not human skill or judgment. Want to know whether a design is effective? Try it out. Google can quickly submit samples to millions of people in well-controlled trials, pitting one design against another, selecting the winner based upon number of clicks, or sales, or whatever objective measure they wish. Which color of blue is best? Test. Item placement? Test. Web page layout? Test.This procedure is hardly unique to Google. has long followed this practice. Years ago I was proudly informed that they no longer have debates about which design is best: they simply test them and use the data to decide. And this, of course, is the approach used by the human-centered iterative design approach: prototype, test, revise.Is this the future of design? Certainly there are many who believe so. This is a hot topic on the talk and seminar circuit. After all, the proponents ask reasonably, who could object to making decisions based upon data?Two Types of Innovation: Incremental Improvements and New ConceptsIn design—and almost all innovation, for that matter—there are at least two distinct forms. One is incremental improvement. In the manufacturing of products, companies assume that unit costs will continually decrease through continual, incremental improvements. A steady chain of incremental innovation enhances operations, the sourcing of parts and supply-chain management. The product design is continually tinkered with, adjusting the interface, adding new features, changing small things here and there. New products are announced yearly that are simply small modifications to the existing platform by a different constellation of features. Sometimes features are removed to enable a new, low-cost line. Sometimes features are enhanced or added. In incremental improvement, the basic platform is unchanged. Incremental design and innovation is less glamorous than the development of new concepts and ideas, but it is both far more frequent and far more important. Most of these innovations are small, but most are quite successful. This is what companies call "their cash cow": a product line that requires very little new development cost while being profitable year after year.The second form of design is what is generally taught in design, engineering and MBA courses on "breakthrough product innovation." Here is where new concepts get invented, new products defined, and new businesses formed. This is the fun part of innovation. As a result, it is the arena that most designers and inventors wish to inhabit. But the risks are great: most new innovations fail. Successful innovations can take decades to become accepted. As a result, the people who create the innovation are not necessarily the people who profit from it.In my Apple example, the designers were devising a new conception. In the case of Google and Amazon, the companies are practicing incremental enhancement. They are two different activities. Note that the Apple product, like most new innovations, failed. Why? I return to this example later.Both forms of innovation are necessary. The fight over data-driven design is misleading in that it uses the power of one method to deny the importance of the second. Data-driven design through testing is indeed effective at improving existing products. But where did the idea for the product come from in the first place? From someone's creative mind. Testing is effective at enhancing an idea, but creative designers and inventors are required to come up with the idea.Why Testing Is Both Essential and IncompleteData-driven design is "hill-climbing," a well-known algorithm for optimization. Imagine standing in the dark in an unknown, hilly terrain. How do you get to the top of the hill when you can't see? Test the immediate surroundings to determine which direction goes up the most steeply and take a step that way. Repeat until every direction leads to a lower level.But what if the terrain has many hills? How would you know whether you are on the highest? Answer: you can't know. This is called the "local maximum" problem: you can't tell if you are on highest hill (a global maximum) or just at the top of a small one.When a computer does hill climbing on a mathematical space, it tries to avoid the problem of local maxima by initiating climbs from numerous, different parts of the space being explored, selecting the highest of the separate attempts. This doesn't guarantee the very highest peak, but it can avoid being stuck on a low-ranking one. This strategy is seldom available to a designer: it is difficult enough to come up with a single starting point, let alone multiple, different ones. So, refinement through testing in the world of design is usually only capable of reaching the local maximum. Is there a far better solution (that is, is there a different hill which yields far superior results)? Testing will never tell us.Here is where creative people come in. Breakthroughs occur when a person restructures the problem, thereby recognizing that one is exploring the wrong space. This is the creative side of design and invention. Incremental enhancements will not get us there.Barriers to Great InnovationDramatic new innovation has some fundamental characteristics that make it inappropriate for judgment through testing. People resist novelty. Behavior tends to be conservative. New technologies and new methods of doing things usually take decades to be accepted - sometimes multiple decades. But the testing methods allassume that one can make a change, try it out, and immediately determine if it is better than what is currently available.There is no known way to tell if a radical new idea will eventually be successful. Here is where great leadership and courage is required. History tells us of many people who persevered for long periods in the face of repeated rejection before their idea was accepted, often to the point that after success, people could not imagine how they got along without it before. History also tells us of many people who persevered yet never were able to succeed. It is proper to be skeptical of radical new ideas.In the early years of an idea, it might not be accepted because the technology isn't ready, or because there is a lot more optimization still to be done, or because the audience isn't ready. Or because it is a bad idea. It is difficult to determine which of those reasons dominates. The task only becomes easy in hindsight, long after it becomes established.These long periods between formation and initial implementation of a novel idea and its eventual determination of success or failure in the marketplace is what defeats those who wish to use evidence as a decision criterion for following a new direction. Even if a superior way of doing something has been found, the automated test process will probably reject it, not because the idea is inferior, but because it cannot wait decades for the answer. Those who look only at test results will miss the large payoff.Of course there are sound business reasons why ignoring potentially superior approaches might be a wise decision. After all, if the audience is not ready for the new approach, it would initially fail in the marketplace. That is true, in the short run. But to prosper in the future, the best approach would be to develop and commercialize the new idea to get marketplace experience, to begin the optimization process, and to develop the customer base. At the same time one is preparing the company for the day when the method takes off. Sure, keep doing the old, but get ready for the new. If the company fails to recognize the newly emerging method, its competitors will take over. Quite often these competitors will be a startup that existing companies ignored because what they were doing was not well accepted, and in any event did not appear to challenge the existing business: see "The innovator's dilemma."Gestural, multi-touch interfaces for screen-driven devices and computer games are good examples. Are these a brilliant new innovation? Brilliant? Yes. New? Absolutely not. Multi-touch devices were in research labs for almost three decades before the first successful mass-produced products. I saw gestures demonstrated over two decades ago. New ideas take considerable time to reach success in the marketplace. If an idea is commercialized too soon, the result is usually failure (and a large loss of money).This is precisely what the Apple designer of my opening paragraph had done. What I was shown was a portable computer designed for schoolchildren with a form factor unlike anything I had ever seen before. It was wonderful, and even to my normally critical eye, it looked like a perfect fit for the purpose and audience. Alas, the product got caught in a political fight between warring Apple divisions. Although it was eventually released into the marketplace, the fight crippled its integrity and it was badly executed, badly supported, and badly marketed.The resistance of a company to new innovations is well founded. It is expensive to develop a new product line with unknown profitability. Moreover, existing product divisions will be concerned that the new product will disrupt existing sales (this is called "cannibalization"). These fears are often correct. This is a classic case of what is good for the company being bad for an existing division, which means bad for the promotion and reward opportunities for the existing division. Is it a wonder companies resist? The data clearly show that although a few new innovations are dramatically successful, most fail, often at great expense. It is no wonder that companies are hesitant - resistant - to innovation no matter what their press releases and annual reports claim. To be conservative is to be sensible.The FutureAutomated data-driven processes will slowly make more and more inroads into the space now occupied by human designers. New approaches to computer-generated creativity such as genetic algorithms, knowledge-intensive systems, and others will start taking over the creative aspect of design. This is happening in many other fields, whether it be medical diagnosis or engineering design.We will get more design without designers, but primarily of the enhancement, refinement, and optimization of existing concepts. Even where new creative artificial systems are developed, whether by neural networks, genetic algorithms, or some yet undiscovered method, any new concept will still face the hurdle of overcoming the slow adoption rate of people and of overcoming the complex psychological, social, and political needs of people. To do this, we need creative designers, creative business people, and risk takers willing to push the boundaries. New ideas will be resisted. Great innovations will come at the cost of multiple great failures.Design without designers? Those who dislike the ambiguity and uncertainty of human judgments, with its uncertain track record and contradictory statements will try to abolish the human element in favor of the certainty that numbers and data appear to offer. But those who want the big gains that creative judgment can produce will follow their own judgment. The first case will bring about the small, continual improvements that have contributed greatly to the increased productivity and lowering of costs of our technologies. The second case will be rewarded with greatfailures and occasional great success. But those great successes will transform the world.不需要设计师的设计唐·诺曼我永远也不会忘记我第一次向人们介绍优秀产品设计的魅力的经历，那时候我刚刚到苹果公司，还在逐渐的学习工作上的事务。
工业设计英语范文
工业设计英语范文Industrial DesignIndustrial designers are responsible for the entire product development process, from conceptualization to production. They work closely with engineers and manufacturers to ensure that the product is feasible and cost-effective. They also collaborate with marketing and sales teams to understand consumer needs and preferences.One of the key aspects of industrial design is the emphasis on user-centered design. Designers focus on creating products that are intuitive and easy to use. They consider factors such as ergonomics, accessibility, and safety to ensure that the product meets the needs of a wide range of users. By doing so, they strive to create products that are not only visually attractive, but also functional and efficient.After the concept is finalized, designers move on to the prototyping stage. This involves creating physical or digital prototypes to test and evaluate the product's functionality, aesthetics, and ergonomics. Feedback from user testing and simulations is used to make further refinements.Once the prototype is approved, designers work closely with engineers to optimize the product for manufacturing. They consider factors such as material selection, productionprocesses, and cost constraints. Designers also create detailed specifications and documentation to guide the production process.。
产品设计英文论文
产品设计英⽂论⽂THE HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY THE UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK – WARWICK MANUFACTURING GROUP INTEGRATED GRADUATEDEVELOPMENT SCHEMEPost Module Assignment PRODUCT DESIGN & DEVELOPMENTMANAGEMENTName: YU XI RUIStudent ID: 10406342012/6/7CONTENT(Total 3,351 Words)PART AQUESTION THREE 3 1INTRODUCTION 31.1 Understanding of question 31.2 Scope of My Answer 3 2GREEN DESIGN 42.1 Objectives for Green Design 42.2 Main Contents of Green Design 42.3 Green Design Procedures 53 SYSTEMS THINKING 63.1 Modular Design 63.2 Cycle Design 64 SOME GREEN DESIGN METHODS AND TOOLS 75 CONCLUSION 11PART B 13 1STRENGTHS 13 2WEAKNESS 14 3LEARNING POINTS 14 REFERENCES 15PART AQuestion 3During the module you have been introduced to many management techniques and influencing considerations to the effective management of design.There are many different drivers for new product development. In some circumstances more of a‘push’management technique may be used, such as designing green products or health/lifestyle choices –Select one such area and discuss how these considerations can be captured in a product development process.1INTRODUCTION1.1Understanding of the questionNowadays, more and more diverse drivers for new product development occurred. ‘Push’management technique is no longer a best choice for companies. Designing green products reflects rethinking of environment ecological damage caused by modern science and technology, and also reflects the return of the designer ethics and social responsibility.How the environment considerations can be captured in a product development process is becoming the first priority for designers and managers. Green design is not only a kind of design methods but also a philosophy for every area in the life.1.2Scope of my answer1. A brief introduction of green design.1)Objectives for green design2)Main contents of green design3)Green design procedures2.Two major systems thinking3.Introduce various methods and tools for green design and the different functionsof various methods.2GREEN DESIGN2.1Objectives for Green DesignIn the long river of human history, the industrial design created the modern living environment and style, while at the same time it speeds up the depletion of energy and materials and brings great damages to ecological balance.The green design is the design to fully consider the impact on resources and the environment the whole process of product life cycle, and also to consider the product's features, quality, cycle time and cost, while optimizing all relevant factors in order to minimize the overall negative impact on the environment during the product and its manufacturing process, to make the indicators of the product stay in line with the requirements of the green products.Important consideration for environmental attributes throughout the life cycle of the product (disassembly, recyclability, maintainability, reuse, etc.) should be approached.2.2Main contents of Green DesignGreen product design include green material selection design, green manufacturing process design, product recyclability design, product design for disassembly, green packaging design, green logistics design, green service design, and green recycle design.1.Green material selection and management.The so-called green materials refer to renewable, recyclable, and low environmental pollution, low energy and materials resume. Therefore, good environmental compatibility materials and parts, non-toxic, harmless and non-radioactive materials should be preferred first. The used materials should be easy to reuse, recycling, remanufacturing or easily degraded in order to improve resource utilization and achieve sustainable development.2.Recyclability of the products design.During design process designers should take full account of the possibility of product parts recycling, recycling methods, cost recovery and other issues to save material, conserve energy, and minimize environmental pollution.Recyclable design includes diverse aspects.1)The recyclable material identification and marking.2)Recycling process methods.3)Structural design of recyclability.4)The economic analysis and evaluation of recyclability.3.Assembly and disassembly of the product design.Under the premise of meeting the functional requirements and operation requirements, structure and shape and types of parts and material composition of should be minimized as little as possible in order to reduce assembly and disassembly cost. And easy disassembly linking methods should be used and the number of demolition of parts of the fastener should be minimized.4.Description and modeling of green products.Accurate and comprehensive description of green products, the establishment of green product evaluation model is the key to green design.5.Cost analysis of green products.Green products cost analysis should consider the cost of dealing with pollutants, the cost of disassembly, reuse costs in order to achieve the win-win purpose of economic benefits and environmental quality.2.3Green Design Procedures1.Market research.Network-based survey, supplemented by field trips is used to collect customers' requirements and creativity by the form of a questionnaire or design contest, and grasp the approximate price of the target object. Collecting information about science, technology and law from patents and news is conducive to product material selection, process and structure design, and investigating the corporate culture, production capacity, equipment, and green degree.2.The raw material selection.The green material is a kind of material owns good environmental compatibility under the premise of the general functional requirements satisfaction. Green material ownsmaximum utilization of resources and minimal environmental impact in various stages of preparation, use and disposal life cycle.In order to facilitate the effective recycling of the product, it is necessary to minimize the types of materials in the product and consider the compatibility between the materials. Good compatibility between the materials which means that these materials can be recycled together can greatly reduce the workload of the demolition and classification.The designers should maximize the use of natural materials for production material, extensive use of waste, garbage, waste and other waste. Selecting abandoned materials as much as possible could reduce the pressure of the landfill.Purchase of locally produced materials, and reflect the design of provincialism. Avoid the use of the material that may the release pollutants. Maximize the use of renewable materials, and minimum use of non-renewable materials.3.Environment consideration in design.Structure design should use the principle of ergonomics to make users feel comfortable and happy, no sense of oppression; should also avoid hazards of electromagnetic radiation, noise, toxic gases, irritant gases and liquids. Environmental performance of products must also be taken into account; Regarding environmental performance as the design objective is one of the main features of green design which is different from traditional designs.As different products have different environmental performance, the design should meet the requirement separately based on product characteristics and the using environment.Extended life of the product can play a role in environmental protection, the designer on the basis of analysis of product features and economy, use a variety of advanced design theory and tools in order to make products designed to meet current and future market demand for a long time.The environment consideration should aim at improving ecological environment and upgrades the living equality. Multiple functional products could better meet the requirement of environment consideration.Reducing redundant design in the design process can help control the damage to environment, such as less of a box, less a difficult recovery of nylon rope or metal edge, and less the color of the design work.4.Production.Green design in production concludes green manufacturing process design, product recyclability design, product design for disassembly, green packaging design, and green logistics design and so on.1)Green manufacturing process designUsing low energy consumption and zero-damage environment technology during the consumption is quite necessary. Highly toxic materials such as formaldehyde, halide solvents or aromatic hydrocarbons may not be used in product formulation and production process; product shall not contain mercury and its compounds, pigments and additives.2)Product recyclability designIn modeling stage of the product design, its internal structure design should be as simplistic, miniaturization and standardization as possible.Simplifying the surface technology of the product is another way of product recyclability design. At present, for the aesthetic needs some of the products use plating, painting and other process on its surface. Emissions of toxic gases bring a great impact on the environment, and the damage to the human body is staggering. 3)Green packaging designGreen packaging materials should be first priority. Advocated biodegradable plastic bags are a good representative, which is made of biodegradable and degradable materials and buried underground in a disused become the food of microorganisms in the soil and degrade quickly which helps solving "white pollution "problem. Simplify the packaging, putting multiple products of the same class into one box, which also reduce the number of the released product specifications.For example, in 2008, Hewlett-Packard Company reduces 97% of the raw material usage and space occupy in laptop computer package, thus reducing the loading volume of the box and transportation costs.5.After sale service.Improving transport efficiency and moderate expansion of production networks could be best way in transportation; immediately remove the packaging and shipped back to re-use after delivery.Modular production components, coupled with the structure easy to demolish, maintenance and services throughout the network, and create excellent service for consumers.Recycling - give priority to reuse of recycled parts, to maximize the utilization of materials recycling, innovative waste treatment process in order to diminish its impact on the environment.3SYSTEMS THINKINGIn the future "Green Design", the modular design and Cycle design will bring further benefits on the basis of currently use. 3.1Modular DesignThe modular design means that for the products with the same functionality but with different specifications or different functions designing a set of common functional modules.Through the selection and combination of modules different products can be constituted to meet different needs. The modular design could both solve the contradiction between the production cycle and cost and be convenient for maintenance, thus contributing to demolition and recycling of waste products and reduce pollution and finally provide the necessary conditions to enhance the competitiveness of their products.3.2Cycle DesignCycle design known as recycling design (Design for Recovering Recycling), that is, means or method of generalized recovery.During product design, giving full consideration to the possibility of recycling of product parts and materials, the recovery value, the recycling method of recycling thestructural technical is one of ways to take effective and adequate use of parts and material resource and energy in order to minimize environmental pollution.The cycle design is associated with the modular design; it mainly means that during the product design designers should fully take a series of related problems in the recycling of parts and materials into account.4SOME GREEN DESIGN METHODS AND TOOLS1)Quality Function Deployment.Quality Function Deployment is a tool of converting customer requirements into product design specifications.The implementation of this method depends on marketing, design engineering, manufacturing and other functional departments combined into inter-departmental working group.QFD has two major functions.Expand the quality: converting the customer requirements into product design. Function deployment: converting the design requirements into the appropriate parts, process and production requirements.2)PUGH concept convergence.PUGH concept convergence is a method to convert all initial concepts into final concept, and assess every concept value according to different requirements and conditions. Using PUGH concept convergence can help3)Design V alidation and Optimization.Design V alidation and Optimization is a tool for direct analysis of thin-walled parts of the CAD solid model which brings a significant decrease in model preparation time. The time savings give more in-depth analysis for more design iterations as well as perform. A lot of tools and software can be used to achieve Design V alidation and Optimization.4)Environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Main applications of Environmental Life Cycle Assessment are to assess the environmental load caused by a product, process and production activity through thequantitative research of energy and material use and waste emissions.LCA is a kind of evaluation method of assessing the impact of energy materials use and waste emissions as well as evaluating the environment improvements.There are three steps in LCA. First, to identify and quantify energy and material consumption and environmental releases throughout the life cycle stages, and then to evaluate the consumption and release of the environmental impact, the final thing is identification and evaluation of the opportunity to reduce these impacts. Environmental Life Cycle Assessment focuses on the environmental impact of ecological health, human health and resource consumption areas.5)Cycle logistics systemCycle logistics system is a circulatory system of the space and time location mobile of objects and their derivatives.The flow systems include two different channels: one is production - distribution - consumption, to meet the needs of consumers, which is the main channel of the logistics flows, known as forward logistics or arterial logistics; the other is the logistics flow for reasonable disposal of derivative material, such as recycling, sorting, purification, purification, returned to the business or maintenance, packaging, reprocessing, reuse and waste disposal, etc.6)Mass balance analysisIn the general large-scale production, mass balance analysis is used for detailed records of energy consume and materials consume and flow of materials. Then analyze the recorded figures in order to find major problems during the production. Ideally, mass balance is based on measurement of inventory, outflow and inflow of materials.7)Green IndicesHow to evaluate the total environmental impacts of numerous elements? How to recognize the major factors damaged environment? Green indices are ranking systems that attempt to convert all aspects of environmental impacts into one scale. Green indices are widely used all over the world which bring great benefits to both enterprises and government. Economic has increased with improving of green indices.5CONCLUSIONDuring whole product life cycle taking full consideration on product function, equality, development cycle and costs as well as environment impact could be the first priority to minimize the damage to the environment.Green design is a scientific design style which considers the ecological balance relationship between human and environment.The objective of green design is to take better consideration on environment factors during whole product life cycle and to bring better management philosophy to the modern companies and even to bring new life philosophy to people.Five main aspects of green design have been summarized previously, Green material selection and management, Recyclability of the products design, Assembly and disassembly of the product design, Description and modeling of green products, and Cost analysis of green products. In order to achieve the green design products, designers and engineers should focus on these five aspects of green design.Green design procedures are about some major steps to achieve green design products. First, comprehensive market research on customers’requirement, relative technology and laws would be the first thing to do. Secondly, the raw material selection should be considerable. Third, environment consideration in design period is the vital thing in green design. Fourth,some green consideration in production period is quite necessary. Last, improving after sale service to be more green design style is also important.Two different systems thinking of green design include modular design and cycle design.Seven relate tools and methods have been stated previously, Quality Function Deployment, PUGH concept convergence, Design V alidation and Optimization,Environmental Life Cycle Assessment, Cycle logistics system, Mass balance analysis, and Green Indices.In conclusion, there are several ways to improve the product equality and environmental friendly level. Green design is not only a design method but also a life style.The develop trends of green design:1)Standardized;2)Integrated, parallel, intelligent;3)Basic research and support tools development for green design;4)The development of the emerging industry related to green design.5)Green design and manufacturing has become the trend of industrial developmentin the world, gradually showing their own unique advantages.Green manufacturing is a complex process, in the coming days, there are several aspects of the technology need further study.(1) Life cycle of electronic product is short and is difficult to recycle. Therefore, the recycling problems require further study.(2) An improvement must be made to strengthen the monitoring of the dangerous materials and process engineering.(3) Further develop material recycling processes and more effective waste management systems in order to improve recycling and reduce the remaining amount.(4) Much efforts need to be made to enhance public awareness about the risk, technology and the environment. The government needs to play a role of master to take the implementation of green column.PART BI am one of the members in Group F during the final case study. At the beginning of the case study, our group did not find an appropriate market gap that both realistic and creative. But after revision of our methods, our group found the best way for designing. Finally our group decided to design the hiking sticks with camera holding equipments for younger, the result is quite good.Strengths:1.Rational process management. Proceeding step by step may bring great benefitsfor both efficiency and effectiveness. First of all, the finding the reasonable market gap is the first priority. At the beginning, the brainstorming tool has been used in our group. Then the more reasonable ones were chosen for further consideration. Only one of it was selected for conceptual design and then five detail conceptual designs was chosen for PUGH concept convergence. Finally, the final concept came out from the integration of five concepts. The design process management in our group is under control, we followed the steps all the time during the case study. The rational process management reduces the probability of appearing early error in design process.2.Clear roles and responsibility. Every people in our group work on their own jobquite well. The people in our group were divided into three different parts based on personal background, conceptual design panel, data compilation panel, technical Support panel.3.Great internal communication. There is a summarizing discussion every time eachpanel finishes their own job. Therefore the communication inside the group is efficient, and everybody knows the progress and could contribute to the group.4.Knowledge management. The tools like PUGH concept convergence, QualityFunction Deployment, lean NPI, and Design V alidation and Optimization, has been used during new product development process.5.Good detail design. Our group make a great effort on detail design. We try ourbest to figure out the minimal detail of the hiking stick.Weaknesses:1.Bad time management.In the beginning, our group spent much time doing brainstorming and conceptual design. At last we do not have enough time to evaluate every concept design carefully, the final concept can be considered more detailed./doc/e663b9e480eb6294dd886cac.html ck of knowledge in customer requirement capture and market value.At the beginning of market gap finding, majority of our findings is not reasonable.Some problems in market cannot be solved without technology improvement, and some of them have perfect solutions which are difficult to make some revolutions, thereby the total progress has been delayed.Learning points:1.The NPI and Lean NPI tools are learned to use in real situation.2.Quality Function Deployment are learned to use in the product developmentprocess.3.PUGH concept convergence should displayed twice for organizing the conceptand create a final concept.4.Customer requirements should drive the design process. Market oriented andcustomer requirementsREFERENCES1.Ken Y eang, Arthur Spector: Green design: from theory to practice.2009.2.Tom Dixon: Green design: creative, sustainable designs for thetwenty-first century. 20093.Dorothy Mackenzie: Green design: design for the environment. 19914.Paul Burall: Green design. 19915.Green Products by Design: Choices for a Cleaner Environment. OTAProject, OTA-E-54.6.Johannes Behrisch, Mariano Ramirez, Damien Giurco: Representationof Ecodesign Practice: International Comparison of Industrial Design Consultancies. ISSN 2071-10507.Regional: Mainstreaming Environmental Considerations in Economicand Development Planning Processes in Selected Pacific Developing Member Country. Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report,Project Number: 38031.8.Environmental Impact of Products: Analysis of the life cycleenvironmental impacts related to the final consumption of the EU-25 Main report. IPTS/ESTO project, EUR 22284 EN。
工业设计专业英语(第三版部分翻译
艺术装饰风格被宣告是“唯一一个总体设计”，艺术装饰必然是在众多消费者中间找到观众的最高产的设计之一。
虽然它起源于19世纪20年代高度专有的法国手工裁剪装潢艺术，但它通过利用廉价的新金属材料，塑料和玻璃而发展迅速，找到了便宜，短期利用，并可以大批生产的装饰用品，如香烟盒，香水瓶，家庭用的陶瓷和玻璃，流行纺织品及各种装饰物，还有可以像鸡尾般甩动的物品。
作为一种装饰风格它可以运用于无数物品的形状和表面装饰，因而赋予它们全部以相同质量的瞬间的现代性和时尚性。
就像许多这个世纪其它的流行风格一样，艺术装饰风格扎根于高雅文化，例如，立体主义、俄国芭蕾、美洲印第安风格和欧洲纯粹主义，但是相对其他文化而言，艺术装饰风格取长补短，装饰特征表现得更为折衷一些。
结合艺术装饰风格在1930年代流行的因素，大规模批量生产使用新材料是商品价格相对低廉的必要条件。
但这些是远远不够的，更深层次的原因是艺术装饰风格具有典型的适应性。
在那段经济萧条的时期，豪华奢侈的装饰风格所带来的美感让当时的消费者有了逃避现实的放松心情。
艺术装饰风格的宣传方式也促进了它的流行，艺术风格被好莱坞应用于多种流行电影中。
通过影片媒体使大量观众接触到装饰风格，除此之外，艺术装饰风格也运用在广告和包装上，使其有效的影响了大量的环境之外，艺术装饰风格也影响到了建筑领域，许多新场所也运用了这种风格，美化建筑的外表，那些新商业的娱乐楼房，例如商场电影院，工厂，甚至于新的豪华游轮，它也被利用于在1933年芝加哥展览之中。
艺术装饰风格开始象征着高效率的现代化生活和新的生活理念，这种动人的方式随着人们对时尚性和社会地位的追求与渴望，艺术装饰风格得到了大量消费者的高度喜爱地位。
艺术装饰的大量应用伴随着消费产品的需求。
但是，从不好的方而来看，艺术装饰风格只是作为一种中档的艺术手法，来装饰非常廉价的商品甚至留有一种杂乱的感觉。
在英国有一群针对低端市场开发产品的地毯制造商，他们意识到了这个新潮流里的商业潜力。
介绍工业设计英文作文
介绍工业设计英文作文英文回答：Industrial design is a field that combines art, engineering, and business to create products that are both functional and aesthetically pleasing. Industrial designers work in a wide variety of industries, from consumer electronics to medical devices to furniture.The goal of industrial design is to create productsthat are easy to use, efficient, and safe. Industrial designers must also consider the environmental impact of their products and how they will be manufactured.Industrial design is a complex and challenging field, but it is also a rewarding one. Industrial designers have the opportunity to make a real difference in the world by creating products that improve people's lives.中文回答：工业设计是一个结合艺术、工程和商业来创造既实用又美观的产品的领域。
工业设计师在从消费电子产品到医疗设备再到家具的各个行业都有工作。
工业设计的目标是创造易于使用、高效和安全的產品。
工业设计师还必须考虑其产品的环境影响及其制造方式。
外文翻译原文及译文-基于51单片机的电子秤设计
外文文献翻译译稿1基于电阻应变式称重传感器的高精度和低容量电子秤开发Baoxiang He,Guirong Lu ,Kaibin Chu ,Guoqiang Ma摘要：基于称重传感器的应变计优化设计中除了一些先进的稳定技术比如温度的影响之外，静态超载和计算机模式识别（CRT）技术也被用来进行动态模拟与分析。
这种多谐振荡的压力释放方法是在生产中创造性的使用了压力传感器，由于这种技术，量程30G的压力传感器才能做到高精度，高稳定性。
由于使用了这种压力传感器，使得基于传感器的电子秤拥有300,00种分类和小于0.2mg的精度。
这种压力传感器的量程和精度远远高于市场上的同类产品，而其价格却远低于电磁压力传感器。
因此，这种压力传感器的商业前景是十分广阔的。
关键词：设计；电阻应变式称重传感器；精度；电子秤1.介绍众所周知，压力传感器的精度是决定一个的电子秤精度的关键。
目前，用于高精度称重的传感器主要是电磁平衡式称重传感器。
低成本电阻应变式称重传感器仅能用于使低精度的称量。
主要影响精度应变式称重传感器的误差是蠕变和温度漂移，特别是对于低负荷的传感器来说。
一般来说，高精度传感器的负载能力最低是300克。
称重传感器的最大分配平衡只有50K，最小分辨率是不小于0.01克。
总而言之，对于超低容量称重传感器来说设计和制造技术是很难被应用到敏感的称重传感器的加工和生产中的。
因此很难做出足够好的高精度平衡的称重传感器。
使得低量程和高精度的传感器始终是全世界的热门话题。
本文将分析应力释放及补偿技术，探索低量程高精度应变式称重传感器的制造技术。
2．原理与方法A. 残余应力的释放制作压力传感器主要部件的材料是铝棒。
为了获得更好的综合性能，铝条会在挤压后进行淬火。
由于淬火的残余应力不能被自然老化而得到充分释放，此外，机械加工和固化过程中也会造成很大的残余应力，特别是对于超低容量称重传感器来说，如果这个压力不及时释放，可能就会在压力传感器被测试或者是最终使用的时候释放出来。
工业设计外文翻译
The Design Response to a Wash of Green: Whole Systems and Life Cycle Thinking, by Simon LockreyThe Keep Cup, a reusable cup for the takeaway espresso market.What a great idea: a 'green' product to make a difference, make one happy, and assist in performing the menial tasks that litter an otherwise hectic day. Or is it? Consumer decision-making is beginning to follow a distinctly 'green' trend, which is fantastic in principle but often contrived in reality. What does this mean for the designer who imagines, designs and creates these goods that cater for growing consumer demand in 'sustainability?' There lies the contradiction between designing for the consumption obsessed market and designing to the core principles of sustainability, where environmental, economic and social aspects are somewhat detached from a consumer driven market.According to Ezio Manzini, design theorist from the famed Politecnico di Milano, we have a crisis of the commons (common areas, goods, etc), a lack of contemplative time (a time poor existence, longer hours at work, etc), and most relevant to designers, a proliferation of remedial goods (Manzini 2003). The latter sees products solving every perceived problem imaginable. Whether it is a toothbrush that oscillates the plaque off in half the time, or a breakfast bar filling the five-minute bus ride, we have become increasingly, unconsciously used to products feeding our increasing wants, without a thought as to how that consumption impacts the environment. Last century, the raw materials consumed by one person in the US increased five fold (Matos and Wagner 1998). This looks more ominous when combined with the fact that only around 15-20 % of the world is highly developed to a US or western style of consumption (UN, 2009). One approach is for design to lower the user's consumption, without degrading the consumer's experience. The question is whether the new breed of 'eco' products adds to the crisis, or makes a real difference.They may be adding to the crisis if the design method follows the 'rules of thumb' for that infiltrated the design community in last two decades. The reality is that these techniques do have potential to make a difference, but are often ineffective. Take design for disassembly. A designer in an appliance company designs a product for disassembly although there is no effective product stewardship scheme to collect the parts from reclaimed models. The design driven benefit is not delivered, rendering the methodology a waste of time. It is also well and good to reduce the weight of components and thus the embodied energy of the same appliance, however if the bulk of the impacts are generated during use from electricity (like an electric kettle), then the strategy most likely has negligible benefit in reducing environmental load. Likewise by making parts from commonised, recyclable materials, the likelihood is that there is no post consumer recycling stream or infrastructure in place to handle the majority of parts and materials, due to the commercial reality of recycling. This design for environment mentality has long been detached from the benefit it has aimed to deliver upon.There is a light at the end of this tunnel. There are ways to make a difference, and there is evidence these methods are filtering through the design world. Life cycle thinking or applying a 'whole systems' approach can make 'paradigm shifts' in the reduction of environmental impacts of a product or service, without reducing perceived quality, or increasing cost.As these ideas infiltrate design methodology, certain products shine as considered, sustainable shifts in the current 'wash of green'.Cheviot Bridge's sustainable wine packaging.Cheviot BridgeThe romantics among us would never have thought Shiraz would prosper in a Tetra Pak, a packaging form traditionally reserved for juice and milk. However some producers such as have, with a reduced packaging weight of almost 10 times a conventional bottle (unfilled). This dematerialisation enables huge embodied energy, carbon and water use reductions on the packaging, not to mention reduced haulage impact after filling (particularly for export, 1.05 kg rather than 1.5 kg per unit), and a smart palletisation shape for shipping and storage. The decision to move to a paper board packaging mode derived from extensive life cycle research, cost comparison and product testing (which funnily enough, contrary to some stigma, highlighted longer shelf life) to measure the potential benefits. The weight reduction, combined with an additional 250 mL of wine to the customer(the product is delivered in 1 L), delivers a quality driven outcome, with a raft of environmental and economic benefits due to life cycle thinking.Dyson's Airblade.DysonJames Dyson didn't go places by creating a better bag, he decided to create a cyclonic vacuum cleaner based on a saw mill, and the rest is history. This whole systems approach led Dyson to design highly efficient, miniature digital motors for the appliance market around ten years ago. The use life cycle impacts of an electrical appliance generally dwarf the respective material and manufacture impacts. This relates back to the energy, fuels and raw materials consumed in operation of an appliance. By identifying the original motor as a major contributor to inefficiency within the product system, an opportunity for a technology leap was found. Carbon producing, large, heavy,inefficient, failure-prone, brushed motors were replaced by highly efficient, light, fast, small, digital ones.Last year saw the latest Dyson products incorporate a tiny Dyson Digital Motor (DDM) V2 resulting in substantial dematerialisation coupled with ergonomic weight benefits. Handheld vacuums were launchedwith the DDM, replacing the traditional carbon brushed motor. The cost difference between base models is negligible, while functional and environmental credentials have improved markedly. The new models are smaller and lighter, and remain almost half the weight of competitor machines. The DDM V2 size allows for high speed rotation, not achievable in larger, heavier motors. This produces around twice the power output at around half the weight of traditional motors, the new base model handheld pulling the same suction power as the previous model, using two less batteries.The Dyson Airblade™, which incorporates the first iteration of the DDM, is the first hand dryer to earn the coveted Carbon Reduction Label from the UK Carbon Trust. This achievement relates back to efficiency and whole systems design. By reverting to a polymer chassis compared to aluminium on the first Airblade™ release, Dyson cut carbon emissions in raw material, product manufacture and transport by over half, however thi s is not the preeminent story. Airblade™ 'strips' the water off the hands, rather than heating air up and 'evaporating' water like a conventional warm air hand dryer. Airblade™ drops the drying time to around 10 seconds, as opposed to up to 30 seconds with competitors which use inefficient carbon brush motors and heated air. Things start to look substantially thrifty without even crunching the numbers. In a press release, the comparison is up to 80% less energy used compared to traditional warm hand dryers (Carbon Trust 2010), which directly relates to carbon emission reductions. This giant gap in energy consumption, combined with product longevity, and a product stewardship scheme, delivers environmental benefits that directly reduce impacts in new Dyson models.The Keep Cup and its many color combinations.Keep Cup: An LCA Case StudyWhilst operating a chain of cafés in Melbourne, Abigail and Jamie Forsyth saw a need and responsibility to address disposable packaging waste generated both to reduce environmental impacts and costs. They estimated that in Australia at least 500 million disposable cups are used and discarded each year with large numbers of adults in urban communities consuming a disposable coffee on a daily basis (National Coffee Association of America found that in 2007, 14% of adults in the United States drank gourmet coffee daily). Although disposable cups are a low margin, the wider impacts of the daily 'take away coffee set' seemed one problem that did not justify the convenience. Others have attempted to either incorporate Post Consumer Recycled (PCR) content or sell reusable products such as 'travel mugs' designed to keep coffee hot for hours. The former has issues with food regulations; the latter is cumbersome and impractical for the savvy, on-the-go consumer, not designed to fit the needs of quality café baristas. The duo engaged industrial design consultancy Niche, with government funding, to create a solution dropping environmental impacts without reducing the consumer's experience.The result was KeepCup, a reusable cup for the takeaway espresso market. It is the world's first barista standard reusable cup, consisting Polyethylene (PE) lid, Polypropylene (PP) cup, Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) plug, and Silicone ring. It mimics the core geometry and functions of disposable paper cups, including coffee machine modularity, waterproofing, sip slot, lid,individual coffee detailing, and adds hand insulation (avoiding double cupping), steam plug, branding, and most importantly ergonomics to allow for convenience ie light weight, bag storable, etc. The concept has gained momentum, the cup used all over the Melbourne CBD, Australia, and now globally. 300,000 KeepCups have been sold in twelve months of trading, as adoption of the KeepCup by end users has generated revenue and costs savings for café owners. But is it really making a difference?We did some research here at RMIT Centre for Design. Disposable paper cups (combined with a PE film) have little post consumer demand from reprocessors, and generally end up in Australian landfill. Although the KeepCup promotes recyclability, the fact still remains that the same system is more likely going to spit the various polymers it is made from to landfill, even if the components are separated by the consumer. With this in mind we modeled the 8 oz KeepCup (it is available in various sizes) against a comparable disposable paper cup using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology in a streamlined fashion. The functional unit was 1 take away coffee per day delivered to the consumer over a year, with the cups disposed of to landfill over or at the end of that period. We used raw material, manufacturing, transport, and end of life data from the Australian Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) 2009 and European Ecoinvent 2.0 database. Regional transport routes were considered (shipping from Asia for the disposable cup, lid, and the ring from the KeepCup, trucking from port to consumer), as well as tertiary packaging, and a wash cycle per use for the KeepCup, ranging from a quick rinse with warm water, a fully loaded dishwasher, half loaded dishwasher, and sink washing, the latter three with detergent. We also modeled coffee cultivation, production and brewing in Spain from a study out of Switzerland (Humbert, Loerincik et al. 2009) to see what bearing the KeepCup had in context to the 'whole productThe results were determined using the LCA Australian Impact Method. The KeepCup compared to the disposable paper cup (not including the coffee) depending upon the wash type (the sink seeing the smallest through to quick rinse seeing the biggest environmental impact reductions), sees a 71-92% reduction in global warming potential, a 71-95% reduction in water use, and a 95-96% reduction in landfill waste over the year. Although the 'take away latté set' consumer will still purchase the coffee whether in a disposable or reusable option, it is interesting to see how the previously stated savings compare when included with the impacts relating to coffee, which would in general dilute the savings of the container on its own. The KeepCup compared to disposable paper cup (including coffee) sees a 36-47% reduction in global warming, a 64-85% reduction in water use, and a 91-92% reduction in landfill waste annually.Although these are streamlined results using existing LCI data (a full LCAs may be more accurate, although often results are of a similar quantum), the figures indicate Keepcup would drastically reduce environmental impacts of consumers in drinking coffee, although in the grand scheme of things this would account for a very small proportion of a consumers overall impacts annually. This just seems like common sense, reusing rather than disposing, although this begs the question how the Keepcup strategy could apply to more resource intensive services such as heating, cooling, cooking, food, housing, and transport; if social rituals adapt. The KeepCup aesthetics are clean, and functionally it is thoughtfully designed, evident in the now global appeal. Although KeepCup is most likely not going to be recycled in the Australian context, the shift from disposable to reusable adds environmental credibility, significantly reduces waste, cuts the economics down to size, and enables a social shift, a welcome change for a society now used to throwaway culture.Paris VélibWide spread change in avoiding behaviours that embody high consumption may be some way off. Design has been instrumental in delivering some of the first tentative steps in facilitating individual and community action in this respect. Take the Paris Vélib, a bike share program introduced in 2007 to promote cycling as opposed to other transport modes throughout Paris for short journeys. By diverting investment traditionally earmarked for carbon intensive transport modes, like more roads, a highly design oriented system delivers the low consumption alternative. If success is measured in use alone, 42 million rentals by 2009 speak loudly. The system works as a whole, with infrastructure, communications and servicing the key in delivering this success, producing a product that would continue to be used and reduce impacts inherent in other transport modes.The bikes, stands and 1451 bike stations (one every 300 meters) designed by JC Decaux stay true to core design principles of 'form follows function' and user centred methodology. Stations release only functioning bikes to users, a smart system alerting well resourced and mobile service staff of faults through diagnostic checks when bikes 'check-in'. This computer monitoring system is also used to monitor bike location for potential theft and station overloading, with bikes actively moved too and from understocked and overloaded stations. Locks guarantee integrated bike and station security. Bespoke components and economic deterrents dissuade potential thieves; with credit cards debited a deposit on a user's non return of a bike. Economic incentives also drive timely travel, with free bike use in the first half hour. Compared to short trip alternatives such as cars or public transport, this product driven system delivers substantial dematerialisation through lower embodied energy and shared amenities, as well as massive comparative drops in fuel and electricity use. Social interaction is generally inherent in the cycling fraternity; however this is also aided through infrastructure design. Finally, the Vélib negates the problem of storage required when a bike is owned in a bustling city. Like any public system, there have been problems with vandalism and theft; however the success of the Vélib is evident as use patterns remain high and similar bike sharing schemes flourish across Europe, and are proliferating globally.Paris Vélib bicycle rental system. Picture by austineven.Vélib is an elegantly integrate d, cost effective design solution allowing users to enact behaviours needed if environmental impacts are to be reigned in, as well as reinvigorating the social fabric of the city. Vélib rejects the remedial with long lasting functional infrastructure, clai ms back the common in a shared public service, and provides amenities that go some way in reducing congestionand providing a convenient, communal conveyance that gifts back the free time Manzini believes we have long being lacking in our fast paced, consumer oriented urban existence.People are not going to stop consuming any time soon; however behavior will eventually need to shift if society is serious about being truly sustainable. In the interim, analyse the bigger picture, both as a designer and a consumer. So often designers get caught up in the details, but now stepping back and taking a life cycle and whole systems approach facilitates a future in delivering functional 'paradigm shift' benefits for a product, service, client, and the environment. Ecological parameters are 'locked in' at the design stage, so designers can reduce impacts through materials, efficiency, or in some cases the grander scenario of changing consumer behavior. Designing for low consumption, without increasing price or reducing quality is achievable, and presents a powerful and bright design landscape. To achieve this, designers will have to draw upon their ability to combine technical skills in research, conceptualization, prototyping, and testing, with their greatest weapon, their creativity, because that's what they have done, and will always do best.Acknowledgments to Thomas Blower (Dyson, UK), Hugh Cuthbertson (Cheviot Bridge), Abigail Forsyth (KeepCup), Andrew Carre (CfD), and Stephen Clune (CfD)Simon Lockrey is a Research Fellow at RMIT Centre for Design in Melbourne设计对绿色风潮的响应：整体系统和生命周期思想作者西蒙·洛克雷一个伟大的想法，“绿色”产品使情况与众不同，让人们感到快乐，并且帮助人们执行重要的任务以避免人们被忙碌的生活搅乱。
工业设计专业英语(第3版)lesson26文章翻译
How Much Do We Need? ——Materials KnowledgeThe information superhighway has paved the way to a wealth of information for designers. Computerized databases, the Internet and the availability of“virtual libraries”on-line provide resources once available to only the largest corporations.But while technology has changed the way designers work, many still rely on old habits; especially in the selection of materials and processing technology. Material specifications are almost an afterthought or“someone else’s task,”in part because we prefer to work on the intangible qualities of a product.The marketplace demands more. Today, the material often becomes the product. We know that materials can help to differentiate our product’s character, add value, enhance performance and make the difference between success and failure. In a world where new processes and new materials keep appearing in a sea of acronyms coined to define endless combinations, we need to constantly challenge ourselves. We need to take more risks, do more research, explore more alternatives and learn how to optimize our selections.We know what we want, we just have trouble asking the right questions to find the correct answers and resources. Take the following examples:“What’s so great about this material, and why is it so gummy?”I remember an industrial designer asking this question as he proceeded to explain that he required a material that was both stiff and flexible in certain circumstances.“Can you help specify a material without modifying our design?”A well-known design company insisted on modeling a computer housing with zero draft on all four sides, regardless of cost. Needless to say, the manufacturer eventually discontinued the project because of its bad economics.“We need a material that has a medium to high level of comfort.”This request came from a furniture designer for a new office chair. The project required categorizing levels of comfort“by the seat”of this designer’s parts.The role of education in this“knowledge gap”cannot be discounted. Design curricula have dome little to foster the exploration of materials and production methods. On a recent tour of the Bayer facility, a design student asked me the difference between a polymer and a monomer. Although this and similar questions reflect an appalling ignorance of materials, they also show an encouraging interest among students as well as professionals.To address this interest, IDSA has created a Materials and Processes Special Interest Section. Our goals are to spark and nurture the natural curiosity of designers with regard to manufacturing processes; cultivate a better understanding of the differences, and demonstrate how we can apply them to the success of our products. We strongly believe that a basic understanding of materials and processes should be a fundamental part of a designer’s entry-level education, and we will work with IDSA’s Eudcation Committee to define the minimum requirements of such know-how a design student should possess upon graduation.The section also has formalized an alliance with the Society of the Plastics Industry(SPI)Structural Plastics Division(SPD) to share communication and programs. To that end, we’ve agreed to host our spring meeting at the annual SPI conference, scheduled for Atlanta thisyear. We have expanded our activity there to include a full day’s preconference. We’re also working similar relationships with the Society of Plastics Engineers’Product Design and Development Division and the American and Iron and Steel Institute.Within IDSA, the section has established a strong working relationship with the Environmental Responsibility Section including archiving speaker presentations on video as a resource for IDSA members and benefit for those not able to attend, We will host a section Web page at the IDSA Chicago Chapter site and enhance our communication by posting section activities, reference information and a list of member“key contacts”and their field of expertise.Many section members share an enthusiasm for materials and production methods and feel a sense of responsibility to share their expertise. With this type of networking members of IDSA gain not only resource recommendations, but also the benefit of another member’s experience in that area. It’s designers talking with other designers to find the solutions.Today, we do not need a vast working knowledge of material and processes. All we need is to know how to find that knowledge. And most of it exists within the framework of IDSA, through the experiences of its members, their personal contacts and resources. The networking, programs and education of IDSA’s special Interest Section on Materials and Processed tap this knowledge base and put the information we need literally at our fingertips.我们需要多少钱？——材料知识信息高速公路为设计师提供了丰富的信息。
工业设计专业英语翻译1
1、AALTO，ALVAR（1898——1976）Finish architect and designer. Aalto studied architecture at the Polytechnic in Helsinki from 1918 to 1921. He established himself as an architect in 1923，and his Sanatorium at Paimio (1929——1933）is a classic of International Modern architecture. At the same time he began to design plywood chairs，and in 1935 set up a firm，Artek，to market his simple and successful furniture. Some of his plywood is cantilevered like Bauhaus tubular steel，but clearly softer in finish. His furniture was successful in England and in America and prompted other experiments in that direction，notably by Jack Pritchard. From 1937 he designed glass for Iittala，using asymmetrical shapes and subtle curves. Though part of the International Modern movement，Aalto was always sensitive to brick as a material，and he was one of the gentler exponents Modern forms.阿尔瓦尔，阿尔托（1898——1976）芬兰建筑师和设计者。
开题报告及外文翻译---壳体零件的加工工艺规程及夹具设计
毕业设计开题报告（含文献综述、外文翻译）题目壳体零件的加工工艺规程及夹具设计开题报告1. 选题的背景和意义1.1选题的背景研究协会的统计表明，目前中、小批多品种生产的工件品种已占工件种类总数的85％左右。
现代生产要求企业所制造的产品品种经常更新换代，以适应市场的需求与竞争。
然而，一般企业都仍习惯于大量采用传统的专用夹具，一般在具有中等生产能力的工厂，里约拥有数千甚至近万套专用夹具；另一方面，在多品种生产的企业中，每隔3~4年就要更新50~80％左右专用夹具，而夹具的实际磨损量仅为10~20％左右。
1.2选题意义对夹具创新设计的研究，对国内机械制造有着重要意义：（1）保证加工精度采用夹具安装，可以准确地确定工件与机床、刀具之间的相互位置，工件的位置精度由夹具保证，不受工人技术水平的影响，其加工精度高而且稳定。
（2）提高生产率、降低成本用夹具装夹工件，无需找正便能使工件迅速地定位和夹紧，显著地减少了辅助工时；用夹具装夹工件提高了工件的刚性，因此可加大切削用量；可以使用多件、多工位夹具装夹工件，并采用高效夹紧机构，这些因素均有利于提高劳动生产率。
另外，采用夹具后，产品质量稳定，废品率下降，可以安排技术等级较低的工人，明显地降低了生产成本。
（3）扩大机床的工艺范围使用专用夹具可以改变原机床的用途和扩大机床的使用范围，实现一机多能。
例如，在车床或摇臂钻床上安装镗模夹具后，就可以对箱体孔系进行镗削加工；通过专用夹具还可将车床改为拉床使用，以充分发挥通用机床的作用。
（4）减轻工人的劳动强度用夹具装夹工件方便、快速，当采用气动、液压等夹紧装置时，可减轻工人的劳动强度。
2．设计内容2.1 主要设计内容1）完成壳体零件的三维造型2）完成壳体零件的工艺规程及工序卡片3）完成壳体上一副钻夹具的设计任务4）完成壳体上一副铣夹具的设计任务5）完成夹具全部零件的三维造型及装配2.2 拟解决的关键问题（1）对于壳体零件的定位基准不好选择。
工业设计手机界面设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
外文文献翻译移动应用的用户界面设计模式摘要：在本文中，我们目前针对移动应用的用户界面设计模式的集合。
在收集的模式是分成的问题，进一步分为三个主要问题领域的地区设置。
经过预先发送这个问题的结构，我们目前在一些细节上发现了一些模式。
然后，我们目前从一些有关的研究结果验证模式集合。
该验证表明，两种模式的集合和个人模式和混合背景的可用性专业人士的相关有用。
最后，我们讨论了使用记录设计知识，相关的工作和今后的研究的一个模式格式的利弊。
介绍在本影和FLAMINCO项目中，我们已经开发了一套设计准则，以帮助发展中国家更多的用户友好的应用程序在移动设备（掌上电脑/智能手机），如何解决移动设备的用户界面设计时出现的各种问题给予实际的意见。
这些准则设计的主要部分是的移动应用程序的用户界面设计模式的集合。
每个问题提出了关于设计模式的格式(参见文献[4])。
模式集合在处理问题的“来源”是本影和FLAMINCO项目的重新要求引出的阶段，并实践光学经验，在开发和利用项目的合作伙伴之间的移动应用中发现的问题。
主要问题领域设计模式的指导方针是按照给定的结构在模式集合中提出来的。
在顶层，他们被分成三个主要的问题领域。
在这三个主要问题的每2个问题里，少数问题领域是被定义的。
在每个这些问题的地方，一部分问题是不确定的。
如表1所示，在表列出了一些确定的26个问题，与他们连接问题领域（用户界面设计模式）。
表1 用户界面设计模式和问题领域的连接主要问题领域问题区域个人问题/界面设计模式屏幕空间的利用一般的屏幕空间提出元素列表原则和机制的分组信息机制包装信息用户界面的灵活应用处理对话框当软件键盘显示/隐藏支持肖像和风景模式之间切换不同屏幕尺寸设备的用户界面互动机制处理输入输入文字的机制输入数字数据的机制多态模式输入不使用麦粒肿LUS 不使用LUS的应用程序交互在不使用键盘的情况下检索数据库数据大型物体设计准则自动产生的标准特点结合品牌，美学，和屏幕空间难以了解的方面在同步过程中的用户交互长期业务的用户交互背景在没有键盘的PDA，一个共同的解决办法是输入文字显示软件键盘上，用户可以在使用EN- TER文本手写笔在屏幕的底部。