语言学第四章课后练习
8. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and in some cases a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each phrases.
a. rich in minerals
AP
Rich in minerals
b. often read detective stories
VP
Qual V NP
A N
Often read detective stories
c. the argument against the proposals
NP
NP PP
Det N P NP
Det N
the argument against the proposals
PP
Qual P NP
Det N
already above the window
9. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.
a. A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution.
Infl P(S)
NP Infl VP
V NP PP
Det AP N None pst
Det N P NP
A
AP N
A
A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution
b. A huge moon hung in the black sky.
Infl P (s)
NP Infl VP
Det AP N V PP
P NP
A
Det AP N
A
A huge moon hung in the black sky
C. The man examined his car carefully yesterday.
Infl P（S）
NP infl VP
Det N pst V NP Adv Adv
Det N
The man examined his car carefully yesterday
d. A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm.
Infl P (S)
NP Infl VP
Det AP N PP V PP
P NP P NP
Det N Det N
A wooden hut neat the lake collapsed in the storm
10. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the
NP ＶＰ
Aux V NP
N
Det A NP
N CON N Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants
or
InflP(=S)
NP ＶＰ
Aux V NP
N
Det A NP
N CON N Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants
b. Helen put on her clothes and went out.
InflP(=S)
NP VP
VP CON VP
VP NP V Adv
V P Det N
Helen put on her clothes and went out
OR
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
pst
VP CON VP
VP NP V Adv
V P Det N
Helen put on her clothes and went out
c. Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.
InflP(=S)
NP VP
VP CON VP
N
VP NP VP NP
V A P N V A P N
Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics OR
InflP(=S)
Infl
NP VP
nonpst
VP CON VP
N
VP NP VP NP
V A P N V A P N Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics
a.You know that I hate war.
S
NP VP
N V CP
C S
NP VP
N
V NP
N
You know that I hate wat
OR
S
NP Infl VP
N Nonpst V CP
C S
NP VP
N
V NP
N
You know that I hate wat b.Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.
S
NP VP
N VP NP
NP CP
V C S
Det N NP VP
N V NP
Gerry believe the fact that Anna flunked the English exam
c.Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.
S
NP VP
N V A CP
C S
NP VP
Det N V NP NP
N Det N
Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce d.The children argued over whether bats had wings.
S
NP VP
Det N VP CP
V P C S
NP VP
N V NP
N
The children argued over whether bats had wings
12.
a. The essay that he wrote was excellent.
Deep structure
CP
C S
NP VP
Det N CP V AP
C S Deg P
NP Infl VP
V NP
N N
The essay he wrote that was too long Surface structure
CP
C S
NP VP
Det N CP V AP
C S Deg P
NP NP Infl VP
V NP
N N N
The was too long
Deep structure
CP
C S
NP VP
N Infl V NP
Det N CP
C S
NP Infl VP
N V NP
N
Hebert bought a house she loved that Surface structure
CP
C S
NP VP
N Infl V NP
Det N CP
C S
NP NP Infl VP
N N V NP
N
Hebert bought a house
c. The girl whom he adores majors in linguistics.
Deep structure
CP
C S
NP VP
Det N CP V PP
C Infl S P NP
NP VP
NP
N V N
The girl he adores whom majors in linguistics
Surface structure
CP
C S
NP VP
Det N CP V PP
C Infl S P NP
NP NP VP
NP
N N V N
The girl whom he adores e majors in linguistics
13.
a. Would you come tomorrow?
Deep structure
CP
C S
NP VP
N Infl V AdvP
Adv
You would come tomorrow
Surface structure
CP
C S
Infl NP VP
N Infl V AdvP
Adv
come tomorrow
b. What did Helen bring to the party?
Deep structure
CP
C S
NP VP
Infl V NP PP
N
N P NP
Det N
Helen did bring what to the party
Surface structure
CP
NP C S
N Infl
NP VP
Infl V NP PP
N
N P NP
Det N
bring e to the party
c. Who broke the window?
Deep structure
语言学-Chapter4-课后练习答案
Chapter 4 Revision Exercises 1. What is syntax? Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. 2. What is phrase structure rule? The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements (i.e. specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule. The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows: NP→(Det) N (PP) ... VP→(Qual) V (NP) ... AP→(Deg) A (PP) ... PP→(Deg) P (NP) ... We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which X stands for the head N, V, A or P. The XP rule: XP→(specifier) X (complement) 3. What is category? How to determine a word’s category? Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution. The most reliable of determining a word’s category is its distribution. 4. What is coordinate structure and what properties does it have? The structure formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction is called coordinate structure. It has four important properties: 1)there is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear prior to the conjunction. 2) a category at any level (a head or an entire XP) can be coordinated. 3)coordinated categories must be of the same type. 4)the category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type of the elements being conjoined. 5. What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element play? A phrase usually contains the following elements: head, specifier and complement. Sometimes it also contains another kind of element termed modifier. The role each element can play:
管理学原理第四章练习题及答案
Chapter Four: Foundations of Decision Making Multiple Choice Questions 1. __________ is not one of the eight steps in the decision making process. a. Identifying the problem b. Analyzing alternative solutions c. Implementing the decision d. Delegating the decision making 2. Which of the following sequences is correct for the decision-making Process? a. Identify decision criteria, analyze alternatives, allocate weights to criteria b. Analyze alternatives, select an alternative, implement the alternative c. Select an alternative, evaluate decision effectiveness, weight the criteria d. Analyze alternatives, develop alternatives, allocate weights to criteria 3. Once a problem is formulated, the next step is to a. Select an alternative b. List all possible Solutions c. Observe a discrepancy d. Decide what is critical in the decision 4. When a manager who is contemplating all the features a new purchase should have prioritizes the most important, he or she is practicing a. selection of criteria b. problem formulation c. weighting of criteria d. analyzing alternatives 5. After implementation has been accomplished a. The decision-making process is complete b. The control function of management become important c. The alternatives are ranked d. The manager must complete written evaluation forms 6. When a plant manager who is trying to reduce turnover of production workers notices that turnover has decreased by 10 percent four months after he instituted a new training program, at which step in the rational decision-making process is this manager? a. Identify the problem. b. Evaluate the decision criteria. c. Analyze the alternatives. d. Evaluate the results. 7. According to the concept of bounded rationality, decision makers are limited by _______. a. less than complete information b. environment c. time d. All of the abov e. 8. __________ is selecting the first minimally acceptable alternative. a. Bounded rationality b. Unbounded rationality c. Satisficing d. Rational decision-making 9. Suppose that you need a math elective to take in order to graduate. There are
(完整版)语言学练习题及答案
练习1 1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is one of the design features of language.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 3. ___ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation .A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 4. __ __ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn’t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 5. ______ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 6. ______ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 7. To say “How are you.” “Hi” to your friends is the ____ __of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 8. “Tell me the result when you finish.” If you want to get your hearer to do something, y ou should use the _____ of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __ ___. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 10. A linguist is interested in ___A. speech sounds only B. all sounds C. vowels only 11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A. [t] B. [m] C. [b] D. [p 12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate? A. [y] B. [t∫] C. [z] D. [dЗ] 13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel? A. [ ? ] B. [ i ] C. [ou] D. [a: ] 14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ? A. [ s ] B. [∫] C. [ l ] D. [θ] 15. In the following sounds, _____ is a voiceless affricative? A. [dЗ] B. [v] C. [t∫] D. [θ] 16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a __ __. A. fricative B. nasal sound C. semi-vowel D. vowel 17. Of the “words” listed below___ is not an English word A. [r∧b ] B. [ l? b ] C. [m?sta:∫] D. [lm?p] 18. ___ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released. A. Back vowels B. Stops C. Fricatives D. Glides 19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in _____. A. 1965 B. 1957 C. 1888 D. 1788 20. ___ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value. A. Phone B. Phoneme C. Allophone D. Sound 1. [ f ] is a dental consonant. F 2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. F 7. The three / p / are allophones. T 3. Phoneme is a phonological unit. T 4. Phone is a phonetic unit. T
管理学基础习题答案 第四章 答案
第四章组织与组织文化 【同步测验】 一、判断正误并说明理由 1.组织在人类社会中普遍存在，社会中的每一个人都在组织中工作或生活。（√） 2.组织必须具有共同目标，组织中必须存在分工与协作。（√） 3.在实践中，正式组织在保持其相对稳定性的同时必须具有较大的灵活性，发现和使用人才，并根据机构、团体环境的变化随时调整正式组织的机构。（√） 4.正式组织一经建立，通常都会维持一段较长的时间，以充分发挥组织的效能。（√） 5.组织结构是组织中正式确定的使工作任务得以分解、组合和协调的框架体系。（√） 6.直线职能型组织结构是在直线型组织结构的基础上另外又设置了一些职 能部门。（√） 7.遵循一定的设计原则并综合考虑影响组织设计的因素就成为管理中履行 组织职能的最初任务。（√） 8.在组织中，某个部门或岗位支配资源越多，职权也就越大，责任大小则视情况而定。（×） 9.一个组织中，高层管理者承担的多是一些非程序性的工作，需要花费大量的时间和精力，他的管理幅度就会较大。（×） 10.组织文化是从最高管理层树立的典范发展而来，它在很大程度上取决于他们的行为方式和管理风格。（√） 二、填空题 1.作为社会实体的组织是人们为了而有意识地形成的 的系统。 实现某一共同目标各种职务或职位 2.作为管理过程的组织，实质上是指管理的职能，是指为了有效地实现，合理地确立组织成员之间的，并对组织资源进行优化配置的过程。
组织共同目标和任务分工与协作关系 3.对非正式组织的研究起源于。 霍桑试验 4.直线型组织结构适用于、的企业。 规模较小生产技术比较简单 5.权力增大，责任就；权利缩小，责任就。 增大减轻 6.当组织规模一定时，管理幅度和管理层次呈关系：管理幅度越大，管理层次；管理幅度越小，管理层次。 反比例越小越大 7.工作环境变化越小，变化越慢，管理幅度会。 越大 8.组织文化是指组织在长期的实践活动中所形成的并且为组织成员普遍认可和遵循的具有本组织特色的、、和的总和。 价值观念团体意识行为规范思维模式 三、单项选择题 1.组织中个体的集合不仅要实现1+1=2还要实现1+1＞2，甚至出现乘法效应，出现以一当十的现象，体现了组织的（ B ）功能。 A.组织的力量凝聚功能 B.组织的力量放大功能 C.组织中个体的互补增值功能 D.生产力发展到一定阶段 2.非正式组织理论则是由（ A ）首次提出并创立的。 A.巴纳德 B.霍桑 C.韦伯 D.法约尔 3.关于非正式组织如下说法中，哪一种是不正确的（ C ）。 A.非正式组织既可对正式组织目标的实现起到积极的作用，也可产生消极影响。 B.非正式组织的积极作用在于可以提供员工在正式组织中很难得到的心理需要满足。 C.非正式组织对正式组织目标的实现有不利的影响，应该取缔。 D.非正式组织的消极作用的一个方面在于非正式组织的压力有时会造成组
Chapter 4 语言学第四章总结
Chapter 4 1.Syntax Syntax is the study of rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentence in a language, or the study of the interrelation between elements in sentence structure. It studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences. Syntax is a brand of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences. Syntactic Relation: a.Positional relation (word order) is a manifestation of one aspect of syntagmatic relation, also called horizontal relation or chain relation b.Relation of substitutability refers to classes or sets of word substitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure. It refers to groups of more than one word which may be jointly substitutable grammatically for a single word of a particular set. It called associative relations, vertical relations, choice relations. c.Relation of co-occurrence 2．Grammatical construction (construct) The boy ate the apple.
部分语言学课后练习答案
II.Give the description of the following sound segments in English. 1. [?] voiceless dental fricative 2. [?]: voiceless postalveolar fricative 3. [?]: velar nasal 4. [d]: voiced alveolar stop 5. [p]: voiceless bilabial stop 6. [k]: voiceless velar stop 7. [l]: alveolar lateral 8. [i]: high front lax unrounded vowel 9. [u:]: high back tense rounded vowel 10. [?]: low back lax rounded vowel III. Give the IPA symbols for the sounds that correspond to the descriptions below. 1.voiceless labiodental fricative: [f] 2.voiced postalveolar fricative: [?] 3.palatal approximant: [j] 4.voiceless glottal fricative: [h] 5.voiceless alveolar stop: [t] 6.high-mid front unrounded vowel: [i] 7.high central rounded vowel: [] 符号里没找到，就是在语音[U]上划一横 8.low front rounded vowel: [?] 9.low-mid back rounded vowel: [?] 10. high back rounded tense vowel: [u:] V. Discuss the following questions. 4) To what extent is phonology related to phonetics and how do they differ? Phonetics is the branch of linguistics studying the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. Phonology is the study of sound systems that occur in a language and the patterns where they fall in. Minimal pairs, phonemes, allophones, free variation, complementary distribution, etc., are all to be investigated by a phonologist. Both are concerned with the same aspect of language----the speech sounds. But they differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; it focuses on chaos. Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. A phonologist studies what he believes are meaningful sounds related with their semantic features, morphological features, and the way they are conceived and printed in the depth of the mind. Phonological knowledge permits a speaker to produce sounds which form meaningful utterances, to recognize a foreign “accent”, to make up new words, to add the appropriate phonetic segments to form plurals and past tenses, to know what is and what is not a sound in one?s language. It focuses on order.
财务管理学课后习题答案第4章说课讲解
第四章财务战略与预算 一、思考题 1．如何认识企业财务战略对企业财务管理的意义？ 答：企业财务战略是主要涉及财务性质的战略，因此它属于企业财务管理的范畴。它主要考虑财务领域全局性、长期性和导向性的重大谋划的问题，并以此与传统意义上的财务管理相区别。企业财务战略通过通盘考虑企业的外部环境和内部条件，对企业财务资源进行长期的优化配置安排，为企业的财务管理工作把握全局、谋划一个长期的方向，来促进整个企业战略的实现和财务管理目标的实现，这对企业的财务管理具有重要的意义。 2．试分析说明企业财务战略的特征和类型。 答：财务战略具有战略的共性和财务特性，其特征有： （1）财务战略属于全局性、长期性和导向性的重大谋划； （2）财务战略涉及企业的外部环境和内部条件环境； （3）财务战略是对企业财务资源的长期优化配置安排； （4）财务战略与企业拥有的财务资源及其配置能力相关； （5）财务战略受到企业文化和价值观的重要影响。 企业财务战略的类型可以从职能财务战略和综合财务战略两个角度来认识。 按财务管理的职能领域分类，财务战略可以分为投资战略、筹资战略、分配战略。 （1）投资战略。投资战略是涉及企业长期、重大投资方向的战略性筹划。企业重大的投资行业、投资企业、投资项目等筹划，属于投资战略问题。 （2）筹资战略。筹资战略是涉及企业重大筹资方向的战略性筹划。企业重大的首次发行股票、增资发行股票、发行大笔债券、与银行建立长期性合作关系等战略性筹划，属于筹资战略问题。 （3）营运战略。营运战略是涉及企业营业资本的战略性筹划。企业重大的营运资本策略、与重要供应厂商和客户建立长期商业信用关系等战略性筹划，属于营运战略问题。 （4）股利战略。股利战略是涉及企业长期、重大分配方向的战略性筹划。企业重大的留存收益方案、股利政策的长期安排等战略性筹划，属于股利战略的
语言学概论-试题及答案
《语言学概论》练习1参考答案 （导言、第一章、第二章） 一、填空 1、语言学的三大发源地是中国、印度和希腊－罗马。 2、现代语言学的标志性著作是瑞士语言学家索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》。 3、印度最早的经典所使用的语言是梵语。 4、文字、音韵、训诂是中国“小学”的主要研究内容。 5、语言的功能包括社会功能和思维功能。 6、语言的社会功能包括信息传递功能和人际互动功能。 7、儿童语言习得一般经过独词句阶段和双词句阶段，这是儿童学话的关键两步。 8、说出的话语句子是无限的，但无限多的句子都是由有限的词和规则组装起来的。 9、符号包括形式和意义两个方面，二者不可分离。 10、语言符号的任意性和线条性，是语言符号的基本性质。 11、心理现实是存在于客观现实和语言符号之间的人脑中的信息存在状态。 12、语言系统二层性的一大特点是形式层的最小单位一定大大少于符号层的最小单位。 13、组合关系和聚合关系是语言系统中的两种根本关系。 14、动物无法掌握人类的语言，从生理基础看是不具有发达的大脑和灵活的发音器官。 二、问答题。 1、为什么说语言学是自然科学和人文科学的桥梁？ 从语言学发展的历史来看，语言学首先深受哲学、逻辑学等历史悠久的人文学科思想方法的影响，后来语言学摆脱对传统人文学科的附庸地位成为独立的学科后，受到许多自然科学研究的影响。比如，19世纪，历史比较语言学的语言观念和研究方法深受生物学的影响；20世纪初的语言结构思想与科学的整体论思想密切相关；生成语言学受数学、逻辑学影响；等等。与此同时，其他学科也开始从语言学理论中汲取有益的思想观念。20世纪的社会学、人类学、文学批评等都深受结构主义语言学的影响。 从19世纪后期开始，现代语言学的研究理念在很大程度上接受了物理学等自然科学的方法论原则，一些学者甚至提出语言学是一门自然科学。但另一方面，语言学又从未割断与传统人文学科的联系。语言学的这一特点在很大程度上源于语言现象的独特性。语言既具有社会属性，又是人类天赋的能力，既是贮存人类已有文明的宝库，又是人类新的精神创造的依托。语言是联系人类主观世界和外在客观世界的中介，是认识人类自身和外在世界的必要途径。所以说，语言学在科学体系中的地位是独特的，它是自然科学和人文科学的桥梁。语言学需要并正在成为一门领先的科学。 2、如何看待语言学研究的意义和价值？ （1）满足文化传承和文化交流的需求； （2）语言研究协同其他学科研究一起，在社会生活中发挥作用； （3）语言学研究为国家语文政策的制定提供支持。 3、语言功能的生理基础是什么，有哪些体现？ 大脑是人体最复杂的器官，是人的各种行为的指挥中枢，也是人类语言思维能力的生理基础。人的大脑有左右两个半球，左半球控制着语言功能及相关的计数、分类、推理等功能。
语言学练习Chapter2 习题
Chapter 2：Phonology I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English. F 2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution. T 3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning. 4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not. 5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. 6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. 7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph. 8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest. 9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing. 10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest. 11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar. 12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels. 13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels. 14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme. 15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning. 16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.
语言学概论第四章
第四章语法 三、分析题 1、用层次分析法分析下列句法结构。 （1）夕阳把远山照得通红 主语谓语 状语中心语 介宾述补 （2）热爱人民的周总理 1）热爱人民的周总理 动宾 定中 2）热爱人民的周总理 定中 动宾 2、变换下列句子，使其具有句法同义关系。 （1）我打破了杯子。 1）我打破了杯子。——我把杯子打破了。——杯子被我打破了。——杯子我打破了。——杯子我把它打破了。——我打破的是杯子。——杯子是我打破的。…… 2）我打破了杯子。——我没有打破杯子。 3）我打破了杯子。——我打破了杯子了么？ （2）我们找到了小王。 1）我们找到了小王。——小王我们找到了。——小王被我们找到了。——我们把小王找到了。——小王是我们找到的。——我们找到的是小王。—2）我们找到了小王。——我们没有找到小王。
3）我们找到了小王。——我们找到了小王了？ 3、用变换方法区分下列句法多义的句子。 （1）关心的是他母亲。 ——被关心的人是他母亲 ——关心人的是他母亲 （2）虚构故事吓坏人 ——虚构故事把人吓坏了 ——虚构的故事用来吓唬坏人 （3）咬死猎人的狗 ——狗咬死了猎人 ——猎人的狗被咬死了 （4）鸡不吃了 ——鸡不吃食物了 ——我们不吃鸡了 5、用变换的方法辨析下列结构之间的差别。 （1）在池子里洗衣服--在池子里养金鱼 *把衣服洗在池子里——把金鱼养在池子里 *洗衣服洗到池子里——养金鱼养到池子里 这说明“池子里”仅仅是“洗衣服”这个行为的处所，但不必然是“衣服”的处所；与此相反，“池子里”既是“养金鱼”的处所，也是“鱼”的处所。 （2）在黑板上写字——在教室里写字——在火车上写字 字写在黑板上——字写在教室里——字写在火车上 （人呆）在黑板上写字——（人呆）在教室里写字——（人呆）在火车上写字 以上变换说明：（1）“黑板上”是“字”的处所，不必然是动作行为发生的处所；（2）“教室里”是“写字”的行为发生的处所，但不必然是“字”的处所；（3）“火车上”既是“写字”行为的处所，也可以是“字”的处所。 五．问答题
语言学课后训练之训练1Language
语言学导论课外补充练习（1） language 1.State the nature of language briefly with examples. 2.Why is it said that the language system is unique to human beings? 3.What are the characteristics of human language? 4.What are the social functions of language? 5.Do animals other than humans have their own languages? 6.Exemplify how animals communicate with each other. 7.Can language be viewed only as a system of communication? Why not? 8.How did language come into being? What is the relationship between the origin of language and the origin of human beings? 9.Rewrite each of the following lists of words into natural order. （1）Five /the /fresh /potatoes （2）Pretty /American /girls /the two （3）Airlines /brand /France-made /new /the two （4）Fashions /Chinese /the /latest /three （5）Beginning /hardworking /two /the /workers 10.Fill in the blanks with the proper words. （1）_______ function means language can be used to “do” things. （2）_______ function means the use of language to reveal something about the feelings and attitudes of the speaker. （3）Most imperative sentences are associated with _______ function. （4）The sentence “What’s it like?” shows ______ function. （5）Greetings shows _______ function. （6）“We are most grateful for this.” shows______ function. （7）Propaganda shows ________ function. （8）________ refers to contexts removed from the immediate of the speaker. （9）For________, reference is not the only, not even the primary goal of communication. （10）Halliday’s metafunctions include ________, ___________, _____________. （11）Linguistics should include at least five parameters:_________ __________ ___________ ____________ _________________. .11.Say the following are true or false. If it is false correct it （1）Language distinguishes us from animals because it is far more sophisticated than any animals communication system. （2）There is not a certain degree of correspondence between the sequence of clauses and the actual happenings. （3）The theories discussed in the textbook about the origins of language are not at most a speculation. （4）The definition,“ Language is a tool for human communication.” has no problem. （5）The definition, “language is a set of rules”, tells nothing about its functions. （6）Hall, like Sapir, treats language as a purely human institution.