European Culture ~

A Survey of European Culture● 1.A. Contributions to Western civilization of Greeks:Art and architecture - collected Greek statues and made large numbers of copies, classical art and architecture has been imitated and adapted especially Renaissance.Poetry - the first great epic poem, poetic rhythms and verse forms, many poets have been influenced by the subject matter as well as the form of Greek poetry.Theatre - the origins of the theatre in the western world, the first permanent theaters, the idea of the play itself developed from songs and dances performed at an annual festival in honor of the God Dionysus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes, Anouilh, Beckett, Goethe, Ibsen, Racine, Shaw, Shakespeare.The novel - The Greek writer Longus is seen by many as the first true novelist, gave detailed descriptions of the surroundings, feelings of his characters, and why they acted as they did, rather than telling simply telling a story.History - there was a tendency to gloss over defeats and simply to list the successes, Herodotus was one of the first to record all the facts accurately, and to see them as a sequence of linked events. he is known as “the father of history”. Other Greek historians include Thucydides, Xenophon and Polybius.Biography - one of the earliest biographers Plutarch.Politics - invented the system of government knowns as democracy, which forms the basis for the political systems of many countries today, everybody has a vote.Medicine - modern medicine owes a great deal to the high standards of professional conduct first set by doctors in Ancient Greece.Travel and trade - Greek ships carried traders all over the Mediterranean, and colonists established themselves in the Greek islands and on the coast of Asia Minor.Philosophy - Philosophy has come to mean the study of human life and the nature of the Universe. However to the Greeks it meant the study of all knowledge and so included biology, mathematics, astronomy and geography. Many of the most fundamental ideas in western philosophy are based on the teachings of early Greek philosophers such as Aristotle, Plato and Socrates.B. Contributions to Western civilization of Rome:Economics - empire overextended/ defending borders, tax evasion, inflation.Moral entropy - break up of family life, greed and corruption, rampant sexuality, bloodthirsty/ “bread and circuses” for mob.Authoritarianism - oppressive control, serfdom increased.Barbarian invasions ( northern tribes)- land uncultivated, mercenary army, stagnant society, no law of succession.C. Contributions to Western civilization of Jesus:The teaching of Jesus: Message of love, peace, salvation for all, forgiveness, not aggression; taught through parables and example.● 2.✓ A. Socrates: A famous ancient Greek philosopher. His personality is distinct, andhe has an unique way of teaching, used for education and debate. Socrates, attached importance to ethics, is the first one who put forward to use reason and thinking in ancient Greece to find universal moral person. Also, he is the founder of moral philosophy and he emphasized that morality is guided by the rational and "virtue is knowledge, evil is due to ignorance”. In the history of European philosophy, he first suggested idealism of Skopos Theory, thinking that everything is created by god and arrangement, which embodies the wisdom and the purpose of god. Putting forward the proposition of "self ignorance", he believed that those who gives up exploring the nature and admits his ignorance is a wise man. God is the one who has the most knowledge and knowledge is ultimately comes from god, so the true knowledge is the obedience to god. In logic, Socrates had epagoge, finding out arguments from the specific practical and paying attention to the general definition method, which makes a precise explanation to the specific concept.✓ B. Euclid: father of geometry✓ C. Archimedes: inventions e.g. catapult, water screw, discovered specific gravity, calculated value of pi (π).✓ D. Herodotus: father of history - 1st systematic histories written presented both sides impartially.✓ E. Julius Caesar: Julius Caesar was a really important person in Rome history. He was history's grates generals and key ruler of the Roman Empire. In 45 B.C he was named dictator of Rome "for life".✓ F. Virgil: He gave Rome its epic poem and his masterpiece is the Aeneid. His georgics and eclogues also rank with the best.✓G. Augustus: the founder of the Roman Empire and its first Emperor✓H. Constantine: The first Christian emperor of Rome. He establish Christianity and encourage the development of the teaching of many policies, makes Christianity from a religious persecution to the dominant religion in Europe played a major role.He rebuilt and large-scale expansion of the ancient city of Byzantium, put it renamed Constantinople, and make it the capital. Constantinople was one of the biggest cities in the world, still is the capital of the eastern Roman empire until 1453.✓I. Abraham: A prophet in Judaism, Christianity and Islam, who is chosen from living beings on the earth by god to bless them. He was called by God to be the father of the nation who would bring forth the seed that was promised to Eve to save man. He obeys God, God made promises with him. Abraham was known for his great faith. His faith is composed of three things: knowledge, conviction, and trust. He is also a legend in the Hebrew nation and the Arab nation common ancestor.✓J. Jacob: He spent a lot of time in the tents studying his ancestors' teachings. And eventually, like Abraham and Isaac before him, reached the level of prophecy, in which God spoke to him and promised his protection.✓K. Moses: the Bible says that he led the Hebrew people out of captivity in Egypt and also received the Ten Commandments from God.✓L. David: He killed Goliath with a stone from his sling. He is the brave hero who rises to greatness by single-handedly defeating the big man. He is remembered for his wisdom, and revered among Jews for building the first great Temple in Jerusalem.✓M. Paul: He is one of the most influential early Christian missionaries and the first generation leaders of Christians as an apostle of the gentiles. In many to participate in the activities of the Christian faith spread of the apostles and missionaries, Paul is often considered one of the most important person in the entire history of the Christian history, and is one of the greatest religious leader.He was known as the first apostles or first holy apostles. He spread throughout the Roman empire in the early Christian community in the Gospel of Christ. From the 30s to 50s, he created several churches in Asia minor, set up at least three in Europe, including the Collins church.● 3.Greek: Greek mythology - this traditional cultural had an irreplaceable influence on English language, which cannot be ignored, it is the source of the ancient Greek literature and art. It is one of the important sources of Europe and the United States culture, greatly richen English Language vocabularies. Of all the Greek poet Homer's famous epics Iliad and Odyssey, which are the present resource for people to know about ancient Greek myth. The former epic mainly describes the Trojan War (Mauritius War) and the latter epic talked about that the various adventures on the way the Greek hero Odysseus went home after the Trojan War. From these descriptions many English place names were produced.They not only inherited Greek myth’s spirits, but also develop the Greek’s words through English Language.Greek example: "Europe"The word came from a Greek god who lived in the Saturnian Europa, and she is the King - Phoenicia’s daughter. Once she had defloration on the beach, and godof the gods Zeus fell in love with her. So, he became a white bull, tricking Europa to ride on him, riding to the other side of the sea. After that, the territory she was taken to was called Europa, which later evolved into Europe.Rome: Roman mythologies were under the influence of Greek mythologies. The story Sections were similar to Greek mythologies, and the only differences are names of people, so Greek mythologies are always linked with Roman mythologies, being categorized the same system. Ancient Greek and Roman mythologies are like the source of western gods’ stories. And those words in the story, nourishes the English vocabularies, producing so many moving and wonderful vocabulary stories, which makes English language more lively.Rome example: Take one of the most two famous men for example, Adonis, who is said to be a King’s son. His handsome makes the most beautiful goddess Aphrodite fell in love with him. After that, in the English language, we commonly use his name- Aphrodite to refer to handsome man.● 4. The word Passover refers to God passing over the Israelite homes as He smote the Egyptian firstborn. Passover is where Moses rescued the Jews who had been enslaved by the Egyptian pharaoh. Jews find it important because that was the start of a new beginning for them and they had gained their freedom. Passover is important since in it we relive the Exodus from Egypt and our birth asa nation, both of which were preparations for receiving the Torah from God.● 5. Christianity and the Bible are the core of western civilization. Hebrew’s “Bible”, the most profound, thoroughgoing and glamorous book all over the world, the scripture of Christianity, is the literary and artistic heritage of the world. Till now, people still use Christian Civilization to symbolize western civilization. Fromthe middle age, it becomes the pillar of western’s cultural and spiritual civilization, deeply infiltrated into all fields of superstructure: literature, art, history, law, philosophy, etc. The religion doctrine and ideology gradually become the foundation stone of western culture and ideology.● 6. (1) He thought that was either end of consciousness, like a long sleep or change/ migration of soul.(2) He wanted to find true judges.(3) He wanted to converse with past great people.(4) He wanted to continue searching for truth - find out who is truly wise.(5) don’t put a man to death for asking questions in next world.●7. The importance of this astounding series of victories was immense. Not only was Greek culture saved, but it confirmed the Greek’s confidence in their own abilities, and their belief in their way of life. In Athens it confirmed their faith in democracy.●8. It means the die have already landed and that he cannot change the outcome. Said by Julius Caesar when crossing the river Rubicon with his legions on 10 January, 49 BC, thus beginning the civil war with the forces of Pompey.●9. Built with curves so it looks straight and symmetrical.●10. Oculus is denotes a circular opening in the center of a dome or in a wall. From Latin oculus: eye.●11. Because after Rome attacked and occupied Greek, Rome develop its culture at the basis of Greek’s culture. Many of Rome’s achievements are the Greek’s cultural prototype.●12. Set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy (Ilium) bya coalition of Greek states, it tells of the battles and events during the weeks of a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles.It's important to the Greek's because it was a great achievement to them. It was a great defining moment for them. It was also the focal point for Greek values. The values and customs of the Greeks who lived when the epics were composed.● A. the Pont du Gard is among the grandest surviving aqueducts and a monument to the blessings of the long Augustan peace. It took years to build. It was raised up high on an arched bridge and the blocks of stone fit so tightly no mortar was used to bold them together. Some blocks weigh over 5 tonnes and were raised into position by cranes powered by slaves on treadmills. Most aqueducts were constructed underground, as this made them safer from attack and diminished the danger of contamination by dead animals, etc.● B. Colosseum. They had high side walls and a wall at the back of the stage which often had statues and columns. There was also a wooden roof over the stage.● C. Capitoline Wolf and the twins.The origins of the Capitoline Wolf are wrapped up in the tale of the two young twins, Romulus and Remus and their foster-mother, the Wolf. The legend also descends into shame and treachery when Remus is murdered by his brother followed later by the rape of the Sabine women which are the two most discreditable features of the ancient lore. In T.J. Cornell’s exhaustive history on the early and ancient roots of Rome, entitled “The Beginnings of Rome“, he thoroughly outlines the depth of this legend by adding that, “all of them (aspects of the legend) were at various times exploited by Rome’s enemies and byChristian critics of her pagan traditions.”(Cornell, pg. 60) The early tales of Rome surely did speak of pagan mythology, as well as the violence that was credited to its beginning, but the fable nonetheless has persevered over two millenniums and continues to be the favored interpretation of Rome’s foundation due to its drama to explain its existence and founding.● D. Keystone arch● E. Groined vault● F. Corinthian●G. Barrel vault●H. Doric●J. Ionic●K. Its name is Ichthus. Using our alphabet, the word is spelt, “ichthus,” but in the Greek there were only five letters: iota, chi, theta, upsilon and sigma. Maybe Peter, or at least those who wanted to honor him, did have some influence with this choice, but what’s interesting about this word is that it creates an acrostic with each letter referring to one of the names or titles for Jesus: Jesus, Christ, God, Son, Savior. The fish was an early symbol of Christianity, since the Greek word for fish, ichthus, is an acronym( the first letter of each word) for the Greek phrase lesous, Christos, Theou, Huios, Soter.。