研究语言学的重要性---The importance of studying linguistics
The importance of studying linguistics
Language is indispensable to human beings, and it is also an important feature of what makes people human.If we pause for a moment to consider some of the following statements about language, you may feel the need to rethink the nature of language and its role in our https://www.360docs.net/doc/f119214294.html,nguage is central to our lives, both as individuals and as social beings, and if we do not fully understand the structure and nature of language, we will remain ignorant of what makes us fundamentally human.
The study of language should not be limited to linguists, for language is a vital resource shared by all https://www.360docs.net/doc/f119214294.html,nguage is a unique way of communication for human beings. It reflects the highly evolved mental ability of human beings on the biological or psychological level, and the progress of human civilization on the social and cultural level. Linguistics is the study of the core instinct of human language ability, through the analysis and research of spoken, written and even sign language, so as to understand the nature of human.
In addition to understanding the nature of human language, linguistic research has many applications. In the aspect of language education, various dictionaries, grammar books and textbooks can be compiled for people to learn languages based on their understanding of the language itself, which also helps to improve their ability to cope with difficulties and mistakes encountered in the process of language learning. In the translation of different languages, linguistic theory has more specific guidance for translation and interpretation, and also helps to use technology to carry out machine translation.
Linguistics is the study of human language, which aims to describe, explain and understand the structure, function and development of human language. The functions and meanings of linguistics are as follows:
Explain the structure and function of language: Through the analysis of language, linguistics can understand the components of language, such as phonemes, words, sentences, etc., and reveal the relationships and rules among them. In addition, linguistics can also explain the functions of language, such as communicating
information and conveying feelings.
Help people better understand and use language: The study of linguistics can help people better understand the structure and rules of language, improve people's language ability, so that they can use language more accurately and fluently.
Provide a foundation for the study of other disciplines: The study of linguistics can provide a foundation for the study of other disciplines, such as psychology, sociology, education, computer science, etc.
Enriching human culture: Language is an important part of human culture, and the study of linguistics helps people better understand and inherit human culture.
Promoting human communication and understanding: Language is a tool for human communication, and the study of linguistics helps to improve communication and mutual understanding between human beings. Through the study of different languages, people can understand the way people think, express and communicate in different cultural backgrounds, so as to reduce misunderstanding and conflict.
To sum up, linguistics is an important discipline whose functions and meanings cover describing, explaining and understanding the structure and function of language, helping people to better understand and use language, providing the basis for the research of other disciplines, enriching human culture, and promoting human communication and understanding.
语言学 2013期末复习
第一章 1.Why study language? (1).Five senses of language: Firstly, language can mean what a person says or said. In this sense, language simply refers to the concrete act of speaking in a given situation, or the expression one uses in speech. Secondly, “language” is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person’s language. In this case, it is an individual’s personal dialect called “idiolect”. Thirdly, “language” also means a particular variety or level of speech or writing. Fourthly, “language” refers t o the abstract system underlying the totality of the speech / writing behavior of a community. It refers to everything in a language system. Finally, there is an even more abstract sense of “language”, referring to the common features of all human languages. It means a defining feature of human language behavior as contrasted with animal systems of communication, or any other artificial language. (2). Significance of studying it:学习语言的重要性 On the academic level, the study of language can provide a deeper understanding of the social studies and humanities. On a personal level, we grow up in a language-rich environment that provides a basis for our psychological development and cultural awareness. 2.What is language?什么是语言 (1).language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 所谓语言是一个系统是指----each language contains two systems, a system of sound and a system of meaning. 所谓语言是任意的，是指-----The relation between expression and content is not natural but conventional（常见的，惯例的）. It is the arbitrariness that makes language creative and it is conventionality that makes the research into the language possible. Language is vocal是指-----The primary medium of language is sound rather than word. Language is symbolic是指----all the sounds people produce and the ideas, concepts, objects, etc. that these sounds can refer to are bounded up by convention. Linguistic units are conventional signs. Language is human-specific------Language is possessed only by human beings, other communication systems as possessed by animals or many other life forms are not languages. Language is for communication------The main and primary function of language is to communicate. 3.Design features of language（语言的甄别特征） （1）Design feature的定义：the defining（最典型的，起决定作用的）properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. （2）Design feature有---------Arbitrariness（任意性），Duality（二层性/二重性），Creativity（创造性/原创性），Displacement（移位性），Cultural transmission（文
学习汉语的重要性The Importance of Learning Chinese
学习汉语的重要性The Importance of Learning Chinese In recent years, learning Chinese has aroused a great attention all over the world.And a new upsurge in learning Chinese is in the making in many foreign countries. As far as I am concerned, as a Chinese, learning Chinese is particularly important. 近年来，学习汉语已经引起了全世界的关注。汉语学习的新高潮正在国外许多国家中兴起。我觉得作为一个中国人，学习汉语是特别重要的。 There are several points accounting for my view. First, Chinese is a great treasure of our nation and learning Chinese well is a basic obligation of every citizen. Second, Chinese has become more and more popular and frequently-used all over the world with the fast development of world. Therefore, a person whose mother language is Chinese has no reason to refuse to learn Chinese. In addition, learning Chinese well is a basic of learning other languages. A large number of people put their all emphasis on learning other languages but cannot get a satisfied result because they neglecting Chinese learning. Therefore, when we are learning another language, we should keep learning Chinese as well. 原因有几点。第一，中国是中华民族的瑰宝，学好汉语是每
英语范文-英语的重要性_The Importance of English
The Importance of English There call be no doubt that English is one of the world＇s most widely used languages. People use a language in one of three ways: as a native language, as a second language, or as a foreign languge. English is spoken as a native language by over three handred million people in the United States, Britain, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, some caribbean countries and South Africa. As a second language, English is often necessary for official business, education, information and other activities in many countries, it is one of the few "working" languages of the United Nations. It is said that English has become the language of international trade and transport. Most pilots in planes travelling from one country to another use it to talk with airports. All ships sailing on the oceans call for help by radio in it. It has been said that 60 percent of the world＇s radio broad casts and 70 percent of the world＇s mail uses English. At international sports meets, and international of scientists English is the language most commonly used and the most widely used. English has in fact become the language of international cooperation is science and technology. The most advanced resuits in space, nuclear and computer research are published in it. A scientist who speaks and writes English is in closer touch with the scientists in other countries than one who doesn＇t
the importance of learning history
题目 2013-5-18 雅思真题作文 要求 Some people think all children learn history in school is important; some others think learning subjects more relevant to life is important. Discuss both views and give your opinion. 【范文】 提纲： School curriculum design has always been a common concern for the authorities, school teachers and parents as well, and history is one of the subjects causing a debate. While some people cannot see its relevance to our current life, I’d like to emphasize its importance in modern society. Those who advocate the elimination of history see things in separate rather than in connection. They presume that history is about everything that happened in the past; therefore has nothing to do with our present life which has changed into a completely different world. Accordingly they claim that studying history is a waste of time and should be removed from school class. However, it is because of the constant change of the world that we need to grasp something unchangeable which can always be found in the study of history. This interpretation of the subject of history is blind to the general principles presented in the past. It is said that there is nothing new in the world, which applies that we can draw on the experience of our ancestors. History helps children to better and deeper understand the changing world and develop sensibility, judgment and adaptability to their personal life and the society. Such qualities help students to avoid many mistakes and better prepare for their successful and rewarding future life. In addition, history is also about culture and tradition due to its regional and racial features. It reminds us of our root and enhances our identity. Children learning history can better appreciate their traditional culture. To sum up, history is a best way for us to see the current world and predict the future. History is especially important for children to learn because it makes them more aware of themselves and the world and provide cultural identity as well. .历史不仅是知识中很有价值的一部分，而且还打开了通向其他许多部分的门径，并为许多科学领域提供了材料。 (I must add, )that history is not only a valuable part of knowledge, but opens the door to many other parts, and affords materials to most of the sciences. --------------[Of The Study Of History] by David Hume
当代语言学导论课后练习第一题答案
当代语言学导论课后练习第一题答案 黎神华桂林电子科技大学 Laｎguａge toucｈeｓeverｙparｔoｆour ｌｉves; it ｇｉvｅs woｒds to用言语表达ouｒthougｈts, voｉce ｔo our ｉｄｅas,and expｒｅssiｏn to ouｒfｅelinｇｓ．Iｔｉｓa rｉch aｎｄｖaｒｉeｄhｕman ability—oｎe that wｅcａn uｓe wｉthouｔevｅｎａｔｈougｈt，that ｃhildren seem to ａcquｉre ａuｔomaｔｉcalｌｙ, and that ｌinｇｕists hａveｆound tｏbe complex yet describａble. 语言贯穿于我们生活的全部，予我们的思维以言辞，予我们的理念以话语,予我们的情感以表述。它是一种人类所拥有的丰富而多样的能力—想用就用,无须思索；天下儿童，自能习得;语言学家知其固然复杂，却可描述。 Lｉnguistics is the stｕdy ofｔｈe nａturｅ, ｓｔructure, and ｖariａｔioｎoｆlaｎguage, ｉncludｉng phonetics, phonｏlogy, morpholｏgｙ，syntax,semａｎtiｃs, and praｇmatics. 语言学是研究语言的本质、结构和变化的科学,包括有语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学。 Liｎguistｉｃkｎｏｗｌedｇe as rｅpｒesented in theｓpeａｋeｒ’s ｍind ｉs cａｌled a gramｍａr. Linｇuｉsticｔheｏry is coｎｃerｎｅｄwiｔh涉及revealiｎg揭示tｈe nature oｆthe mental graｍmaｒ心理语法which represｅntｓsｐｅａkｅrs’knowledｇe of theｉr laｎｇuaｇe． 语言学知识作为说话者大脑里的表述被称为语法。语言学理论是关于揭示表述说话者语言知识的心理语法本质的学说。 Grａmmar as viewｅd herｅis ｄifferｅnt ｆrom the ｕｓｕalｎoｔｉon概念of grammar. 语法在这里被视为不同于通常语法的概念。 Grammａr is the abiliｔｙto use structｕres aｃcurateｌy精确地, mｅanｉngfｕｌly, aｎｄａｐpropｒiatelｙ. 语法是一种精确而富有意义的合适使用语言结构的能力。 Phonetｉcｓ语音学providesｔhe meａns ｆor deｓｃriｂing speech sounｄ语音；phonology音位学ｓtuｄｉeｓthe waｙs in which sｐeeｃh soundｓform sysｔｅｍs and patteｒns in human lａnguage. Ｔhe phｏｎology oｆａlanguage is tｈｅｎthe ｓystem and ｐaｔterｎｏｆｔhｅspeｅcｈsoundｓ. We see ｔｈat ｔhe word phonolo ｇy is tｈｕs uｓed in ｔwoｗａys,ｅitheｒａs ｔhe study oｆsounｄpaｔternｓｉｎlａnguage ｏr as tｈe sｏuｎd pattｅrn of ａlangｕａge. 语音学给描述语音提供了方法;音位学是研究人类语言中的语音模块系统和模式的方法。语言的音位学,即语音的系统和模式。我们发现音位学这个词被作为这样的两种方式来使用,一种是作为研究语言的语音模式的方式，一种是作为语言的语言模式的方式。 Morpholｏgy形态学isｔhe study of word-ｍａkingａｎd ｗｏrd-marking. Ｏn ｔhe one hａｎd, ｍorpｈoｌｏgｙexamines mｅaningｒeｌationshiｐｓbeｔweｅn ｗo ｒdｓaｎｄｔhe waｙｓｉn which thｅｓe connectiｏns are iｎdicated．On tｈe ｏther, morpholoｇy looks at研究how ｇrammaticａl rｅlationshipｓbｅｔｗeen wordｓare mａrked．Dｉfｆerent ｌanｇｕａges focus on dｉfferenｔword ｒelationships，and tｈey makｅusｅof 使用difｆｅrent patterｎｓof mａｒkiｎg. 形态学是研究文字构成和文字标识的科学。形态学既检测已被指出的文字与方式间的意义关
英语语言学复习资料
英语语言学复习资料 一：名词解释 1. Language (语言) is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 2. Linguistics(语言学) is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 3. General linguistics(普通/一般语言学) The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. 4. Phonetics(语音学) the study of sounds used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of phonetics. 5. Phonology(语音体系) how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication. 6. Morphology(形态学) these symbols are arranged and combined to form words has constituted the branch of study called morphology. 7. Syntax(句法学) then the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages is governed by rules. The study of these rules constitutes a major branch of linguistic studies called syntax. 8. Semantics(语意学) the study of meaning is known as semantics. 9. Pragmatics(语用学) when the study of meaning is conducted, not in isolation, but in the context of language use, it becomes another branch of linguistic study called pragmatics. 10. Phone(音素) is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. 11. Phoneme(音位) is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. 12. Allophones(音位变体) the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones. 13. IPA(International Phonetic Alphabet国际音标) It’s a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription. The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter selected from major European languages to represent one speech sound. 14. Diacritics(变音符) it is a set of symbols which are added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions. 15. broad transcription(宽式标音) one is the transcription with letter-symbols only. 16. narrow transcription(严式标音) the other is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics. 17. open class words(开放类词) In English , open class words are nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. We can regularly add new words to these classes. 18. closed class words(封闭类词) In English , closed class word are conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns. New words are not usually added to them. 19. Morpheme(词素) the most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme. 20. bound morpheme(黏着词素) morphemes which occurs only before other
语言学概述
语言学概述 这就是综述一下，不过下面提到的名词的都是考过的知识点。 一、定义：什么是语言学？ Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 二、语言学研究的核心（下面的术语要尽量全都认识，不然做题时可能看不懂选项） 1、Phonetics 语音学 2、Phonology 音位学 3、Morphology 形态学 4、Syntax 句法学 5、Semantics 语义学 6、Pragmatics 语用学 三、语言（Langue）和言语（Parole） 这个考过的。Parole这个概念是F. de Saussure（索绪尔）提出的。Langue指语言系统的整体，“所有（语言使用）个体头脑中存储的词语-----形象之总和”，这个整体相对较为稳定；Parole 指某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语，它是随时间和地点变化的一个动态的实体。 四、语言的功能Functions of Language （这个也考过的。考过the informative function，就是高速公路指示牌的那道题） 1、The instrumental function 2、The regulatory function 3、The heuristic function 4、The interactional function 5、The personal function 6、The imaginative function
7、The informative function 五、语言的普遍特征Design Features 这个也考过的，这五个特征由美国语言学家Charles Hockett提出。 弱弱地说一句：如果真的在临时抱佛脚，那就不要管这五个术语的具体含义了，只要能强行记下来应付考试就是了。>_< 1、Arbitrariness 任意性 2、Productivity 多产性 3、Duality 双层结构 4、Displacement 移位性 5、Cultural Transmission 文化传播性 六、语音学和音位学 （一）语音学 Phonetics: the study of the phonic medium of language. 1、三大分支 （1）Articulatory Phonetics发音语音学 （2）Auditory Phonetics 听觉语音学 （3）Acoustic Phonetics 声学语音学 2、辅音和元音（这个考过的，考过二者的区别） （二）音位学 Phonology: aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form pattern and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. 1、三个术语 （1）Phone音素
第一章 语言学导论
第一章语言学导论 Chapter1 Invitations to Linguistics Linguistics is nowadays coming into wide use with combination of theories and practice as well as linguistics and other disciplines. Linguistics is of great use with very wide application. —人工智能，人机对话，机器翻译 The research of linguistics has already gone beyond language itself. Definition of Linguistics How do you define linguistics? What is linguistics? ——Linguistics can be defined as the scientific or systematic study of language. It is a science in the sense that it scientifically studies the rules, systems and principles of human language. What are we going to learn about linguistics? 1. It is generally agreed that linguistics should include at least five parameters, namely, phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic. These can be called microlinguistics. 语音学(phonetics);音系学(phonology);形态学(morphology);句法学(syntax) —Schools of Modern Linguistics 现代语言学流派; 语义学(semantics) ; 语用学(pragmatics) (chapter2-6) 2. Macrolinguistics——interdisciplinary learning Saussure, father of modern linguistics(现代语言学之父) were intended to establish the autonomy of linguistics, giving it a well-defined subject of study and freeing it from reliance on other disciplines. However, the interactive links between linguistics and other sciences are developing fast. 尽管索绪尔的目的是给予语言学自主性，给它定义明确的研究对象，将它从对其他学科的依赖中解放出来。然而，随着时间的推移，语言学和其他学科的联系越来越密切。Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics, as implied by the name, is the study of psychological aspects of language. It usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language. 心理语言学，顾名思义，是对语言的心理方面的研究，它通常研究的是与语言使用相关的心理状态和心理活动。比如语言习得，语言的理解，语言的生成等等。(chapter 9/chapter11) Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics, as implied by the name, attempts to show the relationship between language and society. Sociolinguistics attempts to look at language structures by paying attention to language use in a social context and on the other hand tries to understand sociological things of society by examining linguistic phenomena of a speaking community. 这就是社会与语言的关系，一方面通过社会语境中语言使用情况的调查了解语言结构的问题，另一方面又通过语言现象的分析了解社会构成的问题。 Research Focus1 Cross-cultural Communication There exists a close relationship between language and culture. Language is an indispensable carrier of culture. Culture finds a better representation through language use. 语言是文化的载体，具有不可替代的重要性；文化通过语言得以凸现，其表现力得到充分展示。 心理学家罗杰斯(Rogers,1961), 真正的交流建立在理解基础上的倾听。
雅思阅读真题题源-人文1.9 Some important distinctions in Linguistics
Some important distinctions in Linguistics语言学里一些重要术语的区分 Linguistics is a scientific study of language. It is a major branch of social science. Linguistics studies not just one language of any society, but the language of all human society, language in general. 语言学是一种对语言的科学研究，也社会科学的一个主要分支。语言学不仅仅研究任何一个社会的一种语言，还研究整个人类社会的一般性语言。 2.Some Important Distinctions in Linguistics 语言学里一些重要术语的区分 （1）Descriptive vs. Prescriptive （1）“描写式”和“规定式” They represent two different types of linguistic study. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive; if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, i. e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive. 它们代表语言学研究的两个不同类型。如果语言学研究旨在描述和分析人们实际使用的语言，这就是描写式；如果语言学研究旨在制定一些规则，以使人们在使用语言过程中的行为“正确而标准”，换言之，就是告诉人们应该说什么，不应该说什么，这就是规定式。 Linguistic studies before this century are largely prescriptive in the sense that many early grammars were based on “high” written language. It tells the learner what he should say, or what is supposed to be correct usage. On the other hand, modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. Linguistic study is supposed to be scientific and objective and the task of linguists is supposed to describe the languc people actually use, be it “correct” or not. 在本世纪之前，语言学研究多半是规定式，因此许多早期的语法是以“髙度的”书面语言为基础的。它告诉学习者应该说什么，或者什么应被认为是正确的用法。
语言学
On the Contrastive Study of Chinese-English Phonetics in China in the20th Century XU Gao-yu, WANG Zh-i guang (Department ofEnglish Language, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310028, China)Abstract:Y.R. Chao and others began a study of the similarities and differences between Chinese and English speech sounds in the 1930s-40s. Since then, the study has become an important area in thecontrastive study of Chinese-English languages in China, involving articulatory phonetics, phonological construction, variation in the speech flow, syllables, pitch systems, stress and rhythm. Much workhas been done on a comparative analysis of English and standard Chinese phonetics. Some work involves a comparative study of major English and Chinese dialects. In addition, some results have been achieved regarding a diachronic study of the similarities and differences of English and Chinese phonetics. Though something has been done in the contrastive study of English and Chinese phonetics, there have been a plentiful lack of related experimental means and a gap of study in generative phonology. Adequate efforts are needed in the popularization of research findings in the contrastive study of phonetics as well as in the integration of a contrastive study of phonetics into linguistic study as a whole. However, this has meant that TEFL in China benefited greatly from the contrastive study, with Chinese students of English enjoying better tools in learning the pronunciation and intonation. They learn faster, and much better than speakers of other Oriental languages would do, even though the latter live among native speakers. Key words:contrastive study of Chinese-English phonetics; comparative study of English-Chinese d-i alects; similarities and differences between English and Chinese 55第5期许高渝,王之光:论二十世纪我国的汉英语音对比研究 [收稿日期]2001-01-28 [作者简介]11许高渝(1943-),男,浙江杭州人,浙江大学外国语学院英语系教授,主要从事对比语言学研究; 21王之光(1960-),男,江苏常熟人,浙江大学外国语学院英语系副教授,主要从事语言学和翻译学研究。 论二十世纪我国的汉英语音对比研究许高渝,王之光(浙江大学英语系,浙江杭州310028) [摘要]20世纪30年代至40年代,赵元任等学者已经开始对英汉语音的异同进行研究。自那时起,英汉语音对比成了我国英汉语言对比研究的一个重要领域,涉及发音语音学、音位系统构成、语流中的音变、音节、音高体系以及重音和节奏等七个方面,其中绝大部分成果为英语和汉语普通话的语音对比分析,但也有一些成果是对英语和汉语主要方言的比较,个别成果从历时的角度对英汉语音的异同进行了讨论。尽管我们在英汉语音对比方面已经取得了一定的成绩,但依靠实验手段的研究十分不够,生成音系学的汉英对比也尚无人涉足,语音对比的成果推广以及语音对比与语言学其他领域研究的结合更需大大加强。[关键词]汉英语音对比;英汉方言比较;英汉语言异同史 [中图分类号]H011 [文献标志码]A [文章编号]1008-942X(2002)05-0050-06 英汉语音对比是英汉语言对比研究的一个组成部分,也是其中开展得最早的研究领域之一。赵元任先生早在1933年就发表过英汉语调对比的论文5英语语调(含美语)和汉语语调研究初探6,吕叔湘先生在1947年撰写的5中国人学英文6一书中,也有专门章节比较英语语音和汉语语音的异同。20世纪50年代中后期,初大告、方淑珍分别发表了5英语语音的特点及学习的方法6(1956)和5英语和广州话语音比较分析6(1957)的论文。初文对英汉语音进行了详细的对比,方文则对英语和广州话语音中的发音方法和具体音素进行了比较,两篇文章都还涉