In vitro reproduction of Kidney Tea
人类生育英文作文
人类生育英文作文英文：Human reproduction is a fascinating and complex process. It involves the fusion of a sperm and an egg, which results in the formation of a zygote. This zygote then undergoes a series of cell divisions and differentiation to eventually form a fetus.The process of human reproduction begins with the release of an egg from a woman's ovary during ovulation. This egg then travels through the fallopian tube towardsthe uterus. Meanwhile, sperm are released during sexual intercourse and swim towards the egg. If a spermsuccessfully penetrates the egg, fertilization occurs and a zygote is formed.The zygote then undergoes a series of cell divisionsand differentiation to form an embryo. The embryo implants itself in the lining of the uterus and continues to develop.Over the course of several weeks, organs and tissues begin to form, and eventually a fetus is formed.It's important to note that human reproduction is not always straightforward. There are many factors that can affect fertility, including age, genetics, and lifestyle choices. Additionally, there are many medical interventions available to assist with reproduction, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) and surrogacy.中文：人类生育是一个迷人而复杂的过程。
英国剑桥大学的诺贝尔奖得主
英国剑桥大学的诺贝尔奖得主来源：留学服务中心诺贝尔奖是首个每年一次的国际奖项，自1901年来每年都会授予在物理，医学，化学，和平和文学方面取得的成就的人。
剑桥大学成员由于很多显著的成就被授予诺贝尔奖，如DNA 结构的发现，国民收入会计系统和史诗与叙事心里艺术研究，青霉素的发现。
剑桥大学的附属机构比其他任何机构获得诺贝奖都要多。
自1904年以来，剑桥大学共有88个附属机构获得了诺贝尔奖，奖项涉及了各个领域：29个诺贝尔物理奖，25个诺贝尔医学奖，21个诺贝尔化学 奖，9个诺贝尔经济奖，2个诺贝尔文学奖和1个诺贝尔和平奖。
剑桥大学各个学院当中，三一学院获得诺贝尔奖人数最多，共有32位。
DorthyHodgkin 是剑桥首位诺贝尔奖女性获得者，她致力于用于抵抗贫血症的化合物结构的研究。
1950年，Bertrandrussel 的《西 方哲学史）使其成为了剑桥首位诺贝尔文学奖获得者。
历史上仅有4人曾两次获得诺贝尔奖，来自圣约翰和国王学院的FrederickSanger 便是其中之 一，分别在1958年1980年获得诺贝尔化学奖。
剑桥大学的诺贝尔奖得主：1904 Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt, 3rd BaronRayleigh)Trinity College Nobel Prize in Physics, for discovering Argon 学奖，发现氩 1906 JJ ThomsonTrinity College Nobel Prize in Physics, for investigating the electricalconductivity of gases1908 Ernest RutherfordTrinity CollegeNobel Prize in Chemistry, for atomic structure and radioactivity1915 Lawrence BraggTrinity CollegeNobel Prize in Physics, for analysing crystal structure using X-rays1917 Charles BarklaTrinity CollegeNobelof X-radiation1922 Niels BohrTrinity CollegeNobeland radiation1922 Francis AstonTrinity CollegeNobel Prize in Chemistry, for work on mass spectroscopy 诺贝尔化学奖1922 Archibald HillTrinity CollegeNobelmuscles1925 Austen ChamberlainTrinity CollegeNobel Prize in Peace, for work on the Locarno Pact尔和平奖1927 Charles WilsonSidney Sussex CollegeNobel Prize in Physics, for inventing the cloud chamber诺贝尔物理学奖1927 Arthur Holly ComptonNobel Prize in Physics, for discovering wavelength changein diffused X-rays1928 Owen RichardsonTrinity CollegeNobel Prize in Physics, for creating Richardson's Law贝尔物理学奖，创建理查森定律1929 Frederick HopkinsTrinity / Emmanuel CollegesNobelvitamins1932 Lord AdrianTrinity CollegeNobel诺贝尔医学奖1932 Charles SherringtonCaius CollegeNobel诺贝尔医学奖1933 Paul DiracSt John's CollegeNobel Prize in Physics, for quantum mechanics学奖1935 James ChadwickCaius CollegeNobel Prize in Physics, for discovering the neutron尔物理学奖，发现中子英国留学1936 Henry DaleTrinity CollegeNobel Prize in Medicine, for the chemical transmission of nerve impulses1937 George ThomsonTrinity CollegeNobel Prize in Physics, for interference in crystals irradiated by electrons1945 Howard FloreyCaius CollegeNobel Prize in Medicine, for the discovery of penicillin 诺贝尔医学奖，发现青霉素1947 Edward AppletonSt John's CollegeNobel诺贝尔物理学奖，发现阿普尔顿层1948 Patrick BlackettMagdalene / Kings CollegesNobel Prize in Physics, for nuclear physics and cosmic radiation1950 Bertrand RussellTrinity CollegeNobel Prize in Literature, for A History of Western Philosophy, 19461950 Cecil PowellSidney Sussex CollegeNobel Prize in Physics, for nuclear physics and cosmicradiation1951 John CockcroftSt John's / Churchill CollegesNobelstudy atomic nuclei1951 Ernest WaltonTrinity CollegeNobelstudy atomic nuclei1953 Hans KrebsNobel Prize in Medicine, for discovering the citric acidcycle1954 Max BornNobel Prize in Physics, for fundamental research intoquantum mechanics1957 Alexander ToddChrist's CollegeNobel Prize in Chemistry, for work on nucleotides化学奖英国留学1958 Frederick SangerSt John's College and fellow of King's College和大学国王学院Nobelmolecule1959 Philip Noel-BakerKing's CollegeNobel Prize in Peace, for work towards global disarmament 诺贝尔和平奖1962 John KendrewTrinity CollegeNobelhaemoproteins1962 Max PerutzPeterhouseNobel Prize in Chemistry, for determing the structure of haemoproteinsPeterhouse1962 Francis CrickCaius / Churchill CollegesNobel Prize in Medicine, for determining the structure of DNA1962 James WatsonClare CollegeNobel Prize in Medicine, for determining the structure of DNA1962 Maurice WilkinsSt John's CollegeNobel Prize in Medicine, for determining the structure of DNA1963 Alan HodgkinTrinity CollegeNobel Prize in Medicine, for the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre1963 Andrew HuxleyTrinity CollegeNobel Prize in Medicine, for the transmission of impulsesalong a nerve fibre1964 Dorothy HodgkinNewnham / Girton CollegesNobel Prize in Chemistry, for the structure of compoundsused to fight anaemia1967 Ronald NorrishEmmanuel CollegeNobel Prize in Chemistry, for the study of fast Chemicalreactions1967 George PorterEmmanuel CollegeNobel Prize in Chemistry, for the study of fast Chemicalreactions1972 Rodney PorterPembroke CollegeNobel Prize in Medicine, for the chemical structure ofantibodies1972 John HicksCaius CollegePrize in Economics, for the equilibrium theory均衡理论1972 Kenneth J ArrowChurchill CollegePrize in Economics, for the equilibrium theory均衡理论1973 Brian JosephsonTrinity CollegeNobel Prize in Physics, for the tunneling insuperconductors and semiconductors英国留学1974 Patrick WhiteKing's CollegeNobel Prize in Literature, for an epic and psychological narrative art1974 Martin RyleTrinity CollegeNobel Prize in Physics, for the invention of aperture synthesis1974 Antony HewishCaius / Churchill CollegesNobel Prize in Physics, for the discovery of pulsars尔物理学奖，发现脉冲星1977 Nevill MottCaius / St John's CollegesNobel Prize in Physics, for the behaviour of electrons in magnetic solids1977 Philip AndersonChurchill CollegeNobel Prize in Physics, for the behaviour of electrons in magnetic solids1977 James MeadeChrist's/Trinity CollegesPrize in Economics, for contributions to the theory of international trade1978 Pyotr KapitsaTrinity CollegeNobel诺贝尔物理学奖，发明氦液化1978 Peter MitchellJesus CollegeNobelin biological systems1979 Abdus SalamSt John's CollegeNobel Prize in Physics, for electromagnetic and weakparticle interactions作用1979 Steven WeinbergNobel Prize in Physics, for electromagnetic and weakparticle interactions作用1979 Allan CormackSt John's CollegeNobel Prize in Medicine, for developing CAT scans医学奖，发展1980 Frederick SangerSt John's College and fellow of King's College和国王学院的院士Nobelin nucleic acids1982 Aaron KlugTrinity CollegeNobelactive substances1983 Subrahmanyan ChandrasekharTrinity CollegeNobel Prize in Physics, for the evolution and devolutionof stars19831983 William FowlerPembroke CollegeNobel Prize in Physics, for the evolution and devolutionof stars1983英国留学1983 Gerard DebreuChurchill CollegePrize in Economics, for reforming the theory of general equilibrium1984 Richard StoneCaius College and fellow of King's College王学院的研究员Prize in Economics, for developing a national income accounting system1984 Cesar MilsteinFellow of Darwin and Fitzwilliam Colleges廉学院院士Nobelproduction of monoclonal antibodies克隆抗体的生产技术1984 Georges KohlerNobelproduction of monoclonal antibodies克隆抗体的生产技术1989 Norman RamseyClare CollegeNobelmethod1996 James MirrleesTrinity CollegePrize in Economics, for studying behaviour in the absence of complete information行为1997 John WalkerSidney Sussex CollegeNobelcreates the molecule that powers cells in muscles化学奖，研究如何纺纱酶，创建分子，细胞在肌肉权力1998 Amartya SenTrinity CollegePrize in Economics, for his contributions to welfare economics1998 John PopleTrinity CollegeNobel Prize in Chemistry, for the development ofcomputational methods in quantum chemistry诺贝尔化学奖，在量子化学计算方法的发展2000 Alan McDiarmidSidney Sussex CollegeNobelof展2000 Paul GreengardNobeltransduction in the nervous system经系统信号传导的发现2001 Tim HuntClare CollegeNobelof the cell cycle发现2001 Joseph StiglitzCaius CollegePrizeinformation2002 John SulstonPembroke CollegeNobelregulation of organ development and programmed cell death诺贝尔医学奖，发现器官发育和程序性细胞死亡的基因调控2002 Sydney BrennerKing's CollegeNobelregulation of organ development and programmed cell death诺贝尔医学奖，对发现涉及器官发育和程序性细胞死亡的基因调控2005 Richard R. SchrockNobel Prize in Chemistry, for the development of themetathesis method in organic synthesis机合成中的复分解方法的发展英国留学2007 Martin EvansChrist's CollegeNobelintroducingof embryonic stem cells2007 Eric MaskinJesus CollegePrizeof mechanism design theory理论奠定了基础2008 Roger Y. TsienChurchill / Caius CollegesNobelof the green fluorescent protein, GFP荧光蛋白2009 Elizabeth H. BlackburnDarwin College PhD 1975Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for the discovery oftelomerase酶2009 Venki RamakrishnanTrinity CollegeNobelfunction的研究2010 Robert G. EdwardsEmeritus Professor of Human ReproductionNobel Prize in Medicine, for the development of in vitro fertilization。
[医学]英文药品说明书的写
![[医学]英文药品说明书的写](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/00d217f180eb6294dd886ce7.png)
1
进口药英文说明书的结构简介
英文表达方式: Instructions，Directions，Description ； 现在多用：Package Insert， Insert， Leaflet, Sheets Data
2
多数英文说明书都包括以下内容:
药品名称（Drug Names） 性状（Description） 药理作用（Pharmacological Actions） 适应症（Indications） 禁忌证（Contraindications） 用量与用法（Dosage and Administration） 不良反应（Adverse Reactions） 注意事项（Precautions） 包装（Package） 贮存(Storage） 其他项目（Others）
本项中常用的词语
1、表示组成、制备的词及短语，如： be derived from 由……衍生; consist of 由……组成; be obtained 制得; contain 含有;
be prepared from 由……制备; have (possess) 有（具有）
2、表示性质的一些词类，如： color 颜色; taste 味道; odor 气味; molecular formular 分子式;
10
1、动词
常用词及短语举例
treat 治疗 metabolize 代谢 promote 促进 prevent 阻止，预防 tolerate 耐受
absorb 吸收 act 作用 accumulate 积蓄 administrate 投药 cause 引起 demonstrate 显示 exert (action on) 起……作用 exhibit 显示 inhibit 抑制 excrete 排泄 result in 导致 indicate 表明 maintain 维持 produce 产生 protect (from) 保护（不变） reach 达到 show 显示，表明
尼莫地平PLGA微球的制备方法改良及其特性研究
摘要尼莫地平（nimodipine，NMP）在临床上常被用为选择性作用于脑血管平滑肌的钙拮抗剂，己成为治疗脑血管疾病的首选药物。
针对其体内半衰期短，口服生物利用度低，须频繁给药，且副作用较严重等问题，本文将其微囊化以提高NMP的临床应用价值。
研究利用乳化-溶剂挥发法将NMP进行微囊化，载体材料采用生物可降解材料聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物（PLGA）。
为了通过易挥发潜溶剂的使用来调节微球的固化速率，在油相溶剂中引入高挥发度的石油醚与二氯甲烷（DCM）作为混合溶剂，考察了石油醚与DCM的混合比例对载药微球的影响；另外考察了不同乳化剂、聚合物分子量、聚合物浓度、投药比等因素，并进行了正交优化设计。
研究还考察了减压条件下微球的制备，并与常压下优化所得的微球进行了比较。
另外，对载药微球进行了初步稳定性考察。
结果表明，聚合物分子量增大及浓度的提高均会提高油相的粘度从而增大微球的平均粒径，载药量，并降低突释率；投药比超过1:15时会在微球表面产生：V DCM = 0、1:10、药物结晶且突释率增大；随着油相中石油醚比例的增大（V石油醚1:8、1:4、1:2），微球的固化速率有不同程度的增大，从而影响微球的载药能力与体外释放等特性。
正交优化后，微球包封率（EE）相对于优化前提高52.2%，突释率相对降低58.8%，所得微球粒度分布均匀，外表光滑致密，缓释效果增强（25 d后累积释药率约80%），体外释药动力学研究结果表明药物释放遵循扩散和骨架溶蚀共同控制的机制，且工艺重现性良好；优化组载药微球与以DCM为单一溶剂制得的微球相比，包封率有小幅提高，形态改善显著；另外，石油醚的使用未改变药物与聚合物的物理存在状态，而在较小程度上降低了聚合物的玻璃化转变温度（T g）。
利用减压去除溶剂法，所得微球包封率较常压下高（EE＞50%），但因其表面的少量结晶，体外释放速率较快（18 d时累积释药率即可达到80%左右）。
NMP微球初步稳定性试验结果表明，微球对湿、热及强光不稳定，宜在低温，低湿及避光条件下保存。
广藿香英文文献
1.Introduction2.Chemical components3.Quality evaluation4.Pharmacological activities5.Preparation profile6.Market performance analysis7.Conclusions8.ExpertopinionReviewAnalysis of Pogostemon cablin from pharmaceutical research to market performancesMeiwan Chen,Jinming Zhang,Yunfeng Lai,Shengpeng Wang,Peng Li,Jian Xiao,Chaomei Fu,Hao Hu &Yitao Wang ††University of Macau,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine,Macao,ChinaIntroduction:Pogostemon cablin (P.cablin),called Ciruicao or Guanghuox-iang,is a well-known Chinese materia medica in southeast Asia that is widely used in gastrointestinal disease and exterior syndromes,being confirmed by Lamiaceae,is a very important traditional Chinese materia medica [1,2].It has been cultivated in southern China since the Song Dynasty after being introduced from southeast Asia (e.g.,the Philippines,Malaysia,and India)more than 1,000years ago.To distinguish with Agastache species named Huoxiang in Chinese,growing in northern area of China,P.cablin is also called Guanghuoxiang in Chinese in both traditional TCM classics and modern Chinese Pharmacopoeia.Today,commercial herbs of P.cablin in China are cate-gorized according to their different distributions.P.cablin is widely used to remove dampness,regulate gastrointestinal functions,and relieve superficies syndrome [3]in southeast Asian areas,particularly,in Guangdong Province,Hong Kong,and Macao.To date,P.cablin ’s dry stem and leaf have been used as the main compositions in more than 40kinds of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)preparations [3]on the market for dispelling dampness in the middle-energizer,summer heat and dampness,acedia,fullness in the chest,hypochondrium issues,cramps,diarrhea,and so on.Additional uses of it include making herbal tea and cooking soup using P.cablin to deal with the muggy and10.1517/13543784.2013.754882©2013Informa UK,Ltd.ISSN 1354-3784,e-ISSN 1744-7623245All rights reserved:reproduction in whole or in part not permittedE x p e r t O p i n . I n v e s t i g . D r u g s D o w n l o a d e d f r o m i n f o r m a h e a l t h c a r e .c o m b y U n i v e r s i t y o f M a c a o o n 06/14/14F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y .moisture weather in southeast Asia.Interestingly,patchouli essential oil is also used in cosmetics,deodorants and insecticides.Recently,essential oil produced by P.cablin (Blanco)Benth is thought as the most important bioactive material which contains various sesquiterpenes and hydrocarbons,such as patchouli alcohol (patchoulol),patchoulene,bulnesene,guaiene,caryophyllene,elemene,and copaene [4].Herein,the present paper first gives an overview of patchouli’s chemical components and quality evaluation.In particular,the bioactive compounds contained in essential oil and some nonvolatile chemical compounds,such as flavonoids and glycosides,in P.cablin are summarized.Furthermore,we highlight the pharmacological activities of P.cablin derived from the above chemical compositions.Finally,we discuss P.cablin ’s market profile and identify 41kinds of preparations containing P.cablin that are available on the market,including pills,tablets,granules,capsules,liquids,and medicinal wine,made by five kinds of extraction methods.2.Chemical componentsNow,rapid advancements have been made in chemical constituent analysis of P.cablin ,generally dividing it into vol-atile and nonvolatile compounds.First,focus has been on the volatile oil from its leaves and stems,as the main active ingre-dient,and it has been discovered that there are several kinds of compounds including monoterpene,sesquiterpene and micromolecular alcohol.Ling et al.[1]identified 33com-pounds from volatile oil of P.cablin for the first time,which mainly contained patchouli alcohol (31.86%),seychellene (9.58%),a -guaiene (8.82%),d -guaiene (8.65%),a -patchou-lene (8.48%),b -patchoulene (6.91%),pogostone (3.83%),using gas chromatography --mass spectrometry (GC-MS).Similarly,24compounds were reported by Zhang et al .whose content were mostly 96%of total volatile oil.Some volatile oil compounds,including geranium ketone,7-patchoulene,a -patchoulene,a -bulnesene,5-cedrol and eucalyptus oil ketene.Additionally,four new patchoulene derivatives,namely 8a ,9a -dihydroxypatchoulol,3a ,8a -dihydroxypatchoulol,6a -hydroxypatchoulol and 2b ,12-dihydroxypatchoulol,were isolated from the aerial part of P.cablin (Labiatae)’s,four sesquiterpenoids:namely (5R)-5-hydroxypathoulol,(9R)-9-hydroxypatchoulol,(8S)-8-hydroxypatoulol and (3R)-3-hydroxypathoulol [7].The structures of main terpenoid compounds in volatile oil of P.cablin are shown in Figure 1.Although most studies focused on the analysis of volatile compounds,nonvolatile compounds in P.cablin are still increasingly reported.Guan et al.[8]obtained two flavones,retusine (1)and pachypodol (2),from P.cablin.And then,several flavones in the nonvolatile constituents,including 5-hydroxy-3,4¢,7-trimethoxyflavone (3),5-hydroxy-4¢,7-dime-thoxyflavone,5¢-hydroxy-3¢,4¢,7-trimethoxyflavanone,3,3¢,4¢,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone (4),3,5-dihydroxy-4¢,7-dimethoxy-flavone (5),4¢,5-dihydroxy-7¢-methoxyflavone (6),ombuine (7),apigeni n (8),rhamnetin (9),apigetrin (10),apigenin 7-O-b -D-(-6¢-p-coumaroyl)-glucoside (11),respectively were isolated by Zhang et al.[9]and Itokawa et al.[10]using column chromatography.Additionally,Huang et al.[11]totally isolated four flavonoid glycosides,including isorhamnetin-3-O-b -D-galactoside (12),hyperoside (13),3,5,8,3¢,4¢-pentahydroxy-7-methoxyflavone-3-O-b -D-galactoside (14)and isisolidone-7-O-a -L-rhamnopyranoside from the ethanol extract of stem leaf of P.cablin.Meanwhile,some flavonoids isolated from P.cablin and identified by spectrum were reported [12]as follows:4¢,5-dihydroxy-3¢,7-dimethoxyflavanone (I),5-hydroxy-7,3¢,4¢-trimethoxyflavanone (II),3,5-dihydroxy-7,4¢-dimethoxy-flavone (III),5-hydroxy-3,7,4¢-trimethoxyflavone (IV),5-hydroxy-3,7,3¢,4¢-tetramethoxyflavone (V),5,4¢-dihy-droxy-3,7,3¢-trimethoxyflavone (VI),5,4¢-dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (VII),3,5,7,3¢,4¢-pentahydroxy-flavone (VIII),5,7,4¢-trihydroxyflavone (IX),and 3,5,4¢-tri-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (X).Similarly,Ding et al.studied the n -butanol extraction of ethanol extract of the aerial parts of P.cablin ,obtaining several glycosides from it,including apigenin 7-(O-methylglucuronide),apigenin 7-galacturonide,luteolin 7-O-(6-O-methyl-b -D-glucuronopyranoside),querce-tin-7-b -D-glucoside,syringaresinol-b -D-glucoside,verbascoside,orobanchoside and campneoside I [13].The structures of some main flavonoids found from P.cablin are shown in Figure 2.In recent years,apart from these flavone compounds,there are also some other chemical types of nonvolatile compounds separated from P.cablin (Figure 3).Two new rearranged patchoulene sesquiterpene glycosides from P.cablin ,3a -hydroxypatchoulane 3-O-b -D-glucopyranoside (I)and 15-hydroxypatchoulol 15-O-b -D-glucopyranoside (II)were found [14].Researchers including Guan et al.[8],Treasure [15]and Itokawa et al.[10]obtained friedelin (III),epifriedelinol (IV),oleanolic acid (V),b -sitosterol (VI),eugenol (VII),cinnamaldehyde (VIII),benzaldehyde (IX),patchoulipyridine (X),epiguaipyridine (XI),daucosterin (XII).Article highlights..Pogostemon cablin ,a well-known Chinese materia medica in southeast Asia,has been widely used ingastrointestinal disease and exterior syndromes clinically..Systematic review on the pharmacy research and market performance of P.cablin has been reported for the first time..Although both chemical analysis and therapeutic effects of P.cablin have been reported substantially,there are still greatly required for in-depth study on its molecular mechanisms,bioactive targets,the qualitative,and quantitative standard of P.cablin ..Appropriate extracting methods of P.cablin need to be studied deeply..Novel dosage forms are required to be developed for P.cablin .This box summarizes key points contained in the article.M.Chen et al .246Expert Opin.Investig.Drugs (2013)22(2)E x p e r t O p i n . I n v e s t i g . D r u g s D o w n l o a d e d f r o m i n f o r m a h e a l t h c a r e .c o m b y U n i v e r s i t y o f M a c a o o n 06/14/14F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y .3.Quality evaluationThere are mainly four traditional growing areas of P.cablin in Guangdong Province of China,which are Shipai (in Guangzhou city),Zhaoqin (in Zhaoqin city),Zhanjiang (in Zhanjiang city)and Hainan city.Researchers [17]have realized that the diversity in plant origins and growing envi-ronments could result in quality differences between the decoction slices in clinic and market from the point of view of the morphological properties,chemical components and biological activities.Thus,to estimate the appropriate quality evaluation approach for P.cablin would be the key to assure clinical effects.Recently,several methods have been utilized as the tools for quality control of volatile oil compounds in P.cablin ,such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC),gas chroma-tography (GC),GC-MS,pyrolysis gas chromatography,high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC),due to its acknowledged active materials.Amakura et al.[18]reported a convenient TLC method of the methanol extract using patchouli alcohol as a marker for identifying the crude drug Pogostemoni herba.A gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS)method for the determination of patchoulic alcohol content in driedP.cablin were developed [19].With the cognition of the necessity to develop multiple indexes for quality evaluation of Chinese herbs,chemical fingerprint has been increasingly adopted in quality evaluation of P.cablin .Some researchers established GC-MS fingerprint of P.cablin oil as its charac-teristic standard [20,21].Zhang et al.[22]established the pyrol-ysis gas chromatography fingerprint of 13P.cablin herbal samples from multi-origins using fuzzy cluster analysis.Yuan et al.[23]set up a HPLC fingerprint determination method of P.cablin .GC-FID quantitative analysis were did [24]and GC-MS qualitative analysis for patchouli essential oils obtained from fresh,dried and fermented P.cablin herbs.Based on these measures,some researchers set out to evaluate herb quality of P.cablin from different areas with different growing environment,harvest time and processing methods.Summarized that P.cablin herbs from different locations were found to [25]contain different oil types.Luo et al.[26]reported that P.cablin herbs from Shipai har-vested in July would be of better quality,comparing the vol-atile oil constituents of P.cablin from different regions and harvesting times via GC-MS.Yin [27]established ‘the charac-teristics of fingerprint data’of 24batches of P.cablin herbs from Shipai,Gaoyao and Hainan areas by GC-MS.OHPatchouli alcohol Seychellene α-guaieneδ-guaieneα-patchlene β-patchouleneO OH OC C CHCH 3CH 3OPogostoneβ-caryophylleneAristolone β-maaliene α-pineneβ-pinene α-curcumene γ-selinene δ-elemeneFigure 1.Structure of some main terpenoids in volatile oil of P.cablin .Analysis of P.cablin from pharmaceutical research to market performancesExpert Opin.Investig.Drugs (2013)22(2)247E x p e r t O p i n . I n v e s t i g . D r u g s D o w n l o a d e d f r o m i n f o r m a h e a l t h c a r e .c o m b y U n i v e r s i t y o f M a c a o o n 06/14/14F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y .Hussin et al.[24]evaluated the essential oils derived from fresh,dried and fermented plant material by GC-FID quantitative analysis using an internal standard method with response factors.A good correlation between genotype and distribution of P.cablin samples by elucidating its inher-ent characteristics in different localities applying GC-MS fingerprint analysis,together with random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprint and DNA sequencing analy-sis.All these studies would be beneficial to testify the genu-ineness of P.cablin .4.Pharmacological activitiesVarious biological activities have been found in many aspects,such as antiviral activities,antioxidation effect,anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities and anti-bacterial activities.4.1Antiviral activitiesThe extract of P.cablin derived from SFE-CO 2has demon-strated obvious anti-influenza virus FM1effects on mice influenza models in vivo evaluated by pulmonary index and death-protection rate [29].Kiyohara et al.[30]found that meth-anol extract from the leaves of P.cablin Benth.showed potent in vitro antiviral activity (99.8%inhibition at a concentration of 10µg/ml)against the influenza virus.Meanwhile,patchouli alcohol in volatile oil,as the major active principle on the basis of silica gel column chromatography and reversed-phase HPLC,showed potent dose-dependent anti-influenza virus activity against A/PR/8/34(H 1N 1)(IC 50=2.635µM),but weak activity against B/Ibaraki/2/85(IC 50=40.82µM)and no activity against A/Guizhou/54/89(H 3N 2).Additionally,further research [31]reported that the extracts of methanol and ethyl acetate from P.cablin demonstrated good effects onR 1 = OCH 3; R 2 = Me; R 3 = OCH 3; R 4 = H; R 5 = OH; R 6 = Me 5-Hydroxy-4′,7-dimethoxyflavone5-Hydroxy-3′4′,7-trimethoxyflavoneIsisolidone-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosideR 1 = OCH 3; R 2 = Me; R 3 = OCH 3; R 4 = H; R 5 = OH; R 6 = H R 1 = H; R 2 = Me; R 3 = OCH 3; R 4 = H; R 5 = OH; R 6 = Me R 1 = OH; R 2 = H; R 3 = OH; R 4 = H; R 5 = OH; R 6 = H R 1 = H; R 2 = Me; R 3 = OH; R 4 = H; R 5 = OH; R 6 = Me R 1 = H; R 2 = Me; R 3 = OH; R 4 = H; R 5 = OH; R 6 = H R 1 = OH; R 2 = H; R 3 = H; R 4 = H; R 5 = OH; R 6 = H R 1 = H; R 2 = H; R 3 = OCH 3; R 4 = H; R 5 = OH; R 6 = H R 1 = OH; R 2 = Me; R 3 = OH; R 4 = H; R 5 = OH; R 6 = H R 1 = H; R 2 = glu; R 3 = H; R 4 = H; R 5 = OH; R 6 = HR 1 = H; R 2 = H; R 3 = H; R 4 = OH; R 5 = H; R 6 = glu-6-p-coum aroyl R 1 = OCH 3; R 2 = H; R 3 = O-gal; R 4 = H; R 5 = OH; R 6 = Me R 1 = OH; R 2 = H; R 3 = O-gal; R 4 = H; R 5 = OH; R 6 = Me R 1 = OH; R 2 = Me; R 3 = O-glu; R 4 = OH; R 5 = OH; R 6 = Me1234567891011121314R = OCH 3R = OHR 1 = OH, R 2, R 3 = OCH 3, R 4 = H R 1, R 2, R 3 = OCH 3, R 4 = H R 1, R 2, R 3, R 4 = OCH 3 R 1, R 2, R 4 = OCH 3, R 3 = OH R 1, R 4 = H, R 2 = OCH 3, R 3 = OHR 1, R 2, R 3, R 4 = OHR 1 = H, R 2 = R 3 = OH, R 4 = H R 1 = R 3 = OH, R 2 = OCH 3, R 4 = H(I)(II)(III)(IV)(V)(VI)(VII)(VIII)(IX)(X)OR 2OR 4R 5OR 3R 1OR 6OH 3COOH OOCH 3OH 3COOOCH 3OCH 3OCH 3OOCH 3ROOHH 3COOR 4R 3OOH R 2R 13Figure 2.Structure of some flavonoids in P.cablin .M.Chen et al .248Expert Opin.Investig.Drugs (2013)22(2)E x p e r t O p i n . I n v e s t i g . D r u g s D o w n l o a d e d f r o m i n f o r m a h e a l t h c a r e .c o m b y U n i v e r s i t y o f M a c a o o n 06/14/14F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y .anti-coxsackievirus B,with IC 50being 26.92and 13.84µg/ml,respectively.Although it seems that P.cablin could be a potential antiviral resource,its mechanism remains unknown till date.4.2Antimicrobial activitiesAntibacterial,antifungal and anti-plasmodium activities of P.cablin have been uncovered.For antibacterial effects,Liu et al.[32]found that anti-enterobacteria effects of aqueous extract of Gaoyao Huoxiang is more potent than that of Zhanjiang Huoxiang,but there are no significant differences between the volatile oil of these two varieties.Furthermore,Luo [33]investigated antibacterial effects of the aqueous extracts from P.cablin on Staphylococcus aureus ,Bacillus sub-tilis ,Pseudomonas aeruginosa ,Enteritis coccus and Aerobacter aerogenes ,and it interestingly showed the significant activityin S.aureus ,while no effect on Escherichia coli .For antifungal effects,Su et al.[34]researched the antagonistic effects of P.cablin oil on 11kinds of fungal and 5kinds of bacterium and showed weak even no effects on Aspergillus flavus ,Aspergillus niger and E.coli .Yang et al.[35]claimed that patch-ouli oil from China,which principally contains patchouli alcohol,a -bulnesene and patchoulene,showed the most potent inhibitory action on 12kinds of dermatophyte (a MIC value of 50--400µg·L -1).Besides,the synergistic action of a combination of patchouli oil and sodium artesunate against Plasmodium berghei has been observed [36].4.3Antioxidation effectsRecently,antioxidation effects of P.cablin are developed.Hussin et al.[37]investigated the antioxidant effect by scavenging the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl radicalOOH HOHOOHOOH HOHOOHOOH HOHOOHH 3CO HONCH 2O OI II IIIIVV VIVII VIIIIXX XI XIIFigure 3.Structure of some nonvolatile compounds apart from flavonoids in P.cablin .Analysis of P.cablin from pharmaceutical research to market performancesExpert Opin.Investig.Drugs (2013)22(2)249E x p e r t O p i n . I n v e s t i g . D r u g s D o w n l o a d e d f r o m i n f o r m a h e a l t h c a r e .c o m b y U n i v e r s i t y o f M a c a o o n 06/14/14F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y .(DPPH)to show that the essential oils of P.cablin possessed appreciable antioxidant and radical scavenging activities.Meanwhile,patchouli alcohol was found to be the primary chemical constituent and the potential for therapeutic appli-cations [38].In addition,it was reported [39]that the polysac-charides of P.cablin could remove the hydroxyl radical (.OH)and superoxide anion radical (O2-.)and its activity was stronger than that of mannitol.Another study showed that P.cablin could effectively protect the human neuro-glioma cell line A172against both necrotic and apoptotic cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2),which indi-cates that P.cablin as a reactive oxygen (ROS)-scavenger might be the cause of the mechanism [40].4.4Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activitiesFor anti-inflammatory and analgesic applications,it has been reported that the methanol extract of P.cablin could decrease the acetic acid-induced writhing responses and the licking time in rats,and the Carr-induced paw edema inflammation was significantly reduced.Mechanistic studies showed that the methanol extract could decrease the levels of malondialde-hyde in the edema paw by increasing the activities of antioxi-dant enzymes in the liver,including superoxide dismutase,glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase,as well as decreasing the cyclooxygenase 2and tumor necrosis factor-a activities in the edema paw [41].Moreover,patchouli oil (i.e.,effective part of P.cablin Hudan Pill)had the same effects of anti-inflammation and anti-anaphylaxis as positive groups.4.5Other biological activitiesOther pharmacological effects of P.cablin have been revealed recently.Researchers [42]found that patchouli alcoholcould markedly attenuate the ROS level and Ca 2+which were induced by A b 25--35,resulting in the decrease of the apoptosis rate,as well as protect against A b 25--35-induced toxicity.In addition,P.cablin effectively protected the intes-tinal barrier function by maintaining the membrane’s fluidity of epithelial cells through the regulation of the NO and TNF-a in serum levels [43].The volatile oil of P.cablin inhibited coughing induced by ammonia and increased the phenol red output of trachea in mice,revealing that it had significant antitussive and expectorant effects [44].5.Preparation profileThus,in all preparations herein only P.cablin would be applied,huoxiang in these preparations is the abbreviation of guanghuoxiang.For the reason that Agastache rugosus ,other species in north of China recorded as huoxiang in Chinese classics,has not collected in Chinese Pharmacopeia since 1985year,Agastache having no national confirmed standards could not be used in clinic and preparations.According to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the drug standards of China’s Ministry of Health,there are 41main preparations that contain P.cablin currently available on the market (Table 1).These preparations included 19pills,5tablets,4granules,5capsules,3oral liquids,2medicinal wines,1syrup,1moxibustion stick,as well as 1blocky-shaped tea.In the past decades,these preparations of P.cablin combined with different herbs based on the TCM combination principles were used to treat different diseases by improving rheumatism,relieving the exterior,removing phlegm,addressing antipyretic and dieresis,as well as regulating stomach functions.Table 1.Analysis of specific varieties containing P.cablin .Dosage form Total types Specific varietiesDropping pill and pill19Shixiang Fansheng pill Renshen Zaizao pill Xiaoer Zhiwan pill Muxiang Fenqi pill Niuhuang Zhibao pill Liuhe Dingzhong pill Pinggan Shuluo pill Sizheng pill Zaizao pillChenxiang Huaqi pill Chunyang Zhengqi pill Baolong pill Xiangsu Zhengwei pill Xiangsu Tiaowei pill Xiangsha Yangwei pill Baoji pillShugan Hewei pill Huoxiang Zhengqi pill Huoxiang Zhengqi dropping pillGranule 4Wushicha granuleXiaoer Ganmao granuleXiangsha Yangwei granuleHuoxiang Zhengqi granuleTablet5Tiaowei Xiaozhi tablet Shuzheng tablet Biyankang tablet Huodan pian Huoxiang Zhengqi tablet (Soft)capsule5Wushicha capsule Shenkangfu capsule Huoxiang Zhengqi capsuleHuoxiang Zhengqi soft capsuleJiawei Huoxiang Zhengqi soft capsule Mistura and oral liquid 3Huoxiang Zhengqi misturaKangbingdu misturaHuoxiang Zhengqi oral liquid Syrup1Xiaoer Fuxiening Syrup Medicinal wine and tincture 2Guogong wine Huoxiang Zhengqi tinctureMoxibustion1Yaoai moxa stick Blocky-shaped tea1Xiaoer ganmao teaM.Chen et al .250Expert Opin.Investig.Drugs (2013)22(2)E x p e r t O p i n . I n v e s t i g . D r u g s D o w n l o a d e d f r o m i n f o r m a h e a l t h c a r e .c o m b y U n i v e r s i t y o f M a c a o o n 06/14/14F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y .5.1Process technologies in preparationAs the 41varieties of preparations above,five types of techno-logies used in the process P.cablin in TCM formulas,including extracting with appropriate solvent,using essential oil directly,and using herbal powder directly,are summarized in Figure 4.Based on the result,the most used technology for P.cablin to yield preparations is grinding herb into powder,which is used in 20varieties,especially pills.Because sesquiterpenoids and their derivatives [45],the effective material basis of P.cablin ,are nonpolar and instable in complicated preparation processes,this process technology avoids the tedious extract and purifica-tion process,preventing pharmacological substance loss at the same time.However,it often leads to excessive microorganisms as well as poor and slow pharmacological effects in vivo because of the crude decoction pieces of products.Effective compounds in herbal powder in pills cannot be easily dissolved in vitro and be adequately absorbed in vivo .In fact,pills containing P.cablin were mainly used for acute gastrointestinal disorders;the poor drug release and absorption caused by this most traditional technology would be the bottleneck of P.cablin application.The second frequently used technology is extracting patch-ouli oil first and then boiling the herb residues with water twice,which is used in 12varieties.Recently,chemical con-stituents,pharmacological effects and quality control of P.cablin research have focused primarily on volatile oil.The developing extraction methods of patchouli oil,such as super-critical fluid extraction,microwave-assisted extraction and ultrasonic extraction,have aided in surmounting the draw-backs of traditional methods,such as steam distillation [46].Nevertheless,following some flavonoids,sterols and triterpe-noids separated from nonvolatile parts of P.cablin ,researchers found that these nonvolatile compounds also had biological activities [47].The effects of the aqueous extract in relieving gastrointestinal spasms [48,49],improving digestion func-tion [17],restraining diarrhea [48]and alleviating vomiting [50]are even stronger than those of volatile oils.Thus,for P.cablin it would be very necessary to reserve both volatile oil and nonvolatile compounds when producing pharmaceutics con-taining this herb.As to liquid --liquid extraction,the extraction yield of effective compounds is generally based on solvents and monly used solvents for theTech.4 (2%;1species)Tech.3 (5%;2species)Tech.2 (29%;12species)Tech.1 (49%;20species)Tech.5 (15%;6species)Figure 4.Process technology classification of P.cablin herb in 41varieties of products .Tech.1represents grinding into powder;Tech.2represents extracting volatile oil +boiling with water;Tech.3and Tech.4represent extracting with ethanol and water,respectively;Tech.5represents using patchouli essential oil directly.Table 2.Analysis of Huoxiang Zhengqi varieties.Huoxiang Zhengqi varieties Form of P.cablin Amount of P.cablin Usage of P.cablinGranule Decoction piece150g/1000units First volatile oil is extracted and the aqueous extraction of herb residues is then collected Mistura 150g/1000ml Capsule 196g/1000units Pill150g/1000units Percolation method with 70%alcohol Oral liquid Volatile oil0.8ml/1025ml Mixed with other extractTablet160g/1000units Soft capsule 1.95ml/1000units Dropping pill 1.6ml/2050ml First dissolved by alcohol and then mixed with other extract solutionTincture160g/1849unitsAnalysis of P.cablin from pharmaceutical research to market performancesExpert Opin.Investig.Drugs (2013)22(2)251E x p e r t O p i n . I n v e s t i g . D r u g s D o w n l o a d e d f r o m i n f o r m a h e a l t h c a r e .c o m b y U n i v e r s i t y o f M a c a o o n 06/14/14F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y .extraction of P.cablin herb are water,aqueous mixtures of ethanol and acetone.Another two extraction technologies used for the extraction of P.cablin are extracting with water and extracting with alcohol,respectively.What deserves to be mentioned is that,in these 41preparations,6varieties con-taining P.cablin in Figure 4used patchouli oil directly instead of its herbal ing active ingredients as the materials rather than herbs would be the improvement and develop-ment tendency of modern pharmaceuticals,which would avoid the shortage from herbal powder and common extrac-tion processes above.However,for the reason of complexconstitutes of essential oil,different planting environments,harvesting season and extraction methods would lead to dif-ferent content and quality of oil in the herbs [37,51].The fact that there has been no current standard for patchouli oil would undoubtedly lead up to the quality instability of preparations.5.2Classic preparation varietyAmong all P.cablin products,Huoxiang Zhengqi prepara-tions are the most popular products.According to Table 2,nine preparations used the dosage based on the modification of the Huoxiang Zhengqi formula from the TCM classic Taiping Heji Jufang in Song Dynasty of China,in which P.cablin was the most important herb,sovereign drug [52]in TCM principle called Jun Yao in Chinese.According to the drug standards above and clinical application,these nine preparations were used to relieve the exterior and regulate the spleen-stomach functions for clinical symptoms,such as colds,headaches,dizziness,abdominal pain,vomiting and diarrhea.Surprisingly,not only the prescription but also the usage and amount of P.cablin in these preparations differed,yet with same therapeutic function.According to Table 2,the varieties of products could be divided into two groups based on the form of P.cablin used.In Huoxiang Zhengqi preparations,decoction pieces of P.cablin are used in four pharmaceutical forms,granules,mistura,capsules and pills,whereas P.cablin essential oil is used in other Huoxiang Zhengqi products.Although the volatile oil is identified with significantTable 3.The overview of Guanghuoxiang.DrugAmount Health insurance medicine list (A or B)Essential medicinelist (A or B)OTC Jiawei Huoxiang Zhengqi pill 93**46A,47B Huoxiang Zhengqi pill229229A *229A Huoxiang Zhengqi pill (Concentrated pill)66A *6A Huoxiang Zhengqi pill (Watered pill)1**A Huoxiang Zhengqi dropping pill 1**A Huoxiang Zhengqi oral liquid 22B *2A Huoxiang tincture5**5B Huoxiang Zhengqi tincture 215215A 215215A Huoxiang Qushu tincture 2**2B Huoxiang Zhengqi mistura 21**21A Fufang Huoxiang tablet 1**B Huoxiang Zhengqi tablet 6060B *60A Huoxiang Qingwei tablet 3**3A Huoxiang Wanying powder 1**A Huoxiang Zhengqi capsule 3939B *39A Huoxiang Zhengqi soft capsule22B *2A Jiawei Huoxiang Zhengqi soft capsule 1***Huoxiang Qingwei capsule 4***Huoxiang Qushu soft capsule 7**7B Huoxiang Zhengqi granule 8**8A Huoxiang Zhengqi granule 2727B *27A Huoxiang Qingwei granule1***Data sources:SFDA Southern Medicine Economic Research Institute.*There is no statistics data.18000160001400012000100008000600040002000200620072008200920102011-15%-10%-5%0%5%10%15%20%25%1452716246132841173911418Sales (thousand yuan)Growth rate1190322.30%13.16%2.81%-4.07%0-10.58%Figure 5.Market performance of guanghuoxiang products (2006--2011).Data sources:SFDA Southern Medicine Economic Research Institute.M.Chen et al .252Expert Opin.Investig.Drugs (2013)22(2)E x p e r t O p i n . I n v e s t i g . D r u g s D o w n l o a d e d f r o m i n f o r m a h e a l t h c a r e .c o m b y U n i v e r s i t y o f M a c a o o n 06/14/14F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y .。
纳米银医疗器械通用要求(讨论稿)——11.6.2
ICSYY 备案号：中华人民共和国医药行业标准YY ××××—××××纳米银医疗器械通用技术要求General requirements for silver nanoparticles-based medical devices（讨论稿）××××-××-××发布××××-××-××实施国家食品药品监督管理局发布前言本标准的附录A为规范性目录。
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本标准200 年月日首次发布。
纳米银医疗器械通用技术要求1 范围本标准规定了纳米银医疗器械的通用要求，包括对纳米银原材料、基质材料和纳米银医疗器械终产品的物理、化学和生物性能的技术要求和试验方法。
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现有的纳米银医疗器械主要有贴剂或敷料、凝胶剂、喷雾剂、冲洗液、栓剂、膜剂、片剂等，随着科技的发展，不排除将来出现新型纳米银医疗器械的可能性。
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GB 11680-89 食品包装用原纸卫生标准GB 11907-89 水质银的测定火焰原子吸收分光光度法GB 15979-2002 一次性使用卫生用品卫生标准GB 15980-1995 一次性使用医疗用品卫生标准GB 18279-2000 医疗器械环氧乙烷灭菌确认和常规控制GB 18280-2007 医疗保健产品灭菌—辐射第一部分：医疗器械辐射灭菌的开展、认证和常规控制要求GB 23101.1-2008 外科植入物羟基磷灰石第1部分：羟基磷灰石陶瓷GB/T 191-2008 包装储运图示标志GB/T 9969-2008 工业产品使用说明书.总则GB/T 11067.1-2007 银化学分析方法银量的测定氯化银沉淀－火焰原子吸收光谱法GB-T 12690.5-2003 稀土金属及其氧化物中非稀土杂质化学分析方法铝、铬、锰、铁、钴、镍、铜、锌、铅的测定电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（方法1）钴、锰、铅、镍、铜、锌、铝、铬的测定电感耦合等离子体发射质谱法（方法2）GB/T 13390-2008 金属粉末比表面积的测定氮吸附法GB/T 14233.1-2008 医用输液、输血、注射器具检验方法第1部分：化学分析方法GB/T 15000.5-1994 标准样品工作导则（5）化学成分标准样品技术通则GB/T 16886.1-2001 医疗器械的生物学评价——第一部分：试验和评价GB/T 16886.2-2000 医疗器械的生物学评价——第二部分：动物保护要求GB/T 16886.3-2008 医疗器械的生物学评价——第三部分：遗传毒性试验、致癌试验、生殖毒性试验GB/T 16886.4-2003 医疗器械的生物学评价——第四部分：与血液相互作用试验选择GB/T 16886.5-2003 医疗器械的生物学评价——第五部分：细胞毒性试验：体外法GB/T 16886.6-1997 医疗器械的生物学评价——第六部分：植入后局部反应试验GB/T 16886.7-2001 医疗器械的生物学评价——第七部分：环氧乙烷灭菌残留量试验GB/T 16886.10-000 医疗器械的生物学评价——第十部分：刺激与致敏试验GB/T 16886.11-1997 医疗器械的生物学评价——第十一部分：全身毒性试验GB/T 16886.12-2005 医疗器械的生物学评价——第十二部分：样品制备和参照材料GB/T 16886.16-2003医疗器械生物学评价第16部分：降解产物和可溶出物的毒代动力学研究设计GB/T 19077-2008 粒度分析. 激光衍射法. 第1部分：通则GB/T 19587-2004 气体吸附BET法测定固态物质比表面积GB/T 19619—2004 纳米材料术语GB/T 20307-2006 纳米级长度的扫描电镜测量方法通则GB/T 21198.5-2007 贵金属合金首饰中贵金属含量的测定ICP光谱法第5部分：999‰银合金首饰银含量的测定差减法GB/T 21510—2008 纳米无机材料抗菌性能检测方法GB/T 23942-2009 化学试剂. 电感耦合高频等离子体原子发射光谱法通则GB/T 24993-2010 造纸湿部Zeta电位的测定GB/Z 21738-2008 一维纳米材料的基本结构. 高分辨透射电子显微镜检测方法YY 0305-1998 羟基磷灰石生物陶瓷YY 0466-2003 医疗器械. 用于医疗器械标签、标记和提供信息和符号YY 0484-2004 外科植入物双组分加成型硫化硅橡胶YY/T 0313-1998 医用高分子制品. 包装、标志、运输和贮存YY-T 0316-2008 医疗器械风险管理第1部分：风险分析的应用ISO 29701-2010 Nanotechnologies —Endotoxin test on nanomaterial samples for invitro systems —Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test ISO/TR11360-2010 Nanotechnologies —Methodology for the classification andcategorization of nanomaterialsISO 10993-16-1997 Toxicokinetic study design for degradation products and leachables 《中国药用辅料》2006版《中国药典》2010版第二部《美国药典》30版OECD 414-2001 Prenatal Developmental Toxicity StudyOECD 415-1983 One-Generation Reproduction Toxicity StudyOECD 417-2010 ToxicokineticsNIST-NCL GTA-2 Hep G2 Hepatocarcinoma Cytotoxicity AssayNIST-NCL PCC-2 Measuring Zeta Potential of Nanoparticles（/）NIST-NCL PCC-8 Determination of Gold in Rat Tissue with Inductively Coupled PlasmaMass SpectrometryNIST-NCL PCC-9 Determination of Gold in Rat Blood with Inductively Coupled PlasmaMass SpectrometryNIST-NCL Dose-range Single Repeat Tox Dose-Range Finding T oxicity, Single orRepeat-Dose Acute ToxicityNIST-NCL Disposition and PK Disposition and Pharmacokinetics3 术语和定义GB/T 19619、GB/T 21510确立的术语和定义，以及下列术语和定义适用于本标准。
Bayer Advanced 2-IN-1 insect 控制 产品及 肥料植物枫孔说明书
Material Safety Data SheetMSDS Number: 102000007185BAYER ADVANCED 2-IN-1 INSECT CONTROL PLUS FERTILIZER PLANT SPIKESMSDS Version 2.0Revision Date: 05/04/2007Page 1 of 8Bayer Environmental ScienceSECTION 1. CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY INFORMATIONProduct NameBAYER ADVANCED 2-IN-1 INSECT CONTROL PLUS FERTILIZER PLANT SPIKESMSDS Number102000007185 EPA Registration No.432-1399-72155 Bayer Environmental Science2 T.W. Alexander DriveResearch Triangle PK, NC 27709 USAFor MEDICAL, TRANSPORTATION or other EMERGENCY call: 1-800-334-7577 (24 hours/day) For Product Information call: 1-800-331-2867SECTION 2. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTSHazardous Component NameCAS-No. Average % by Weight Imidacloprid 138261-41-3 2.50 Copper(II)-sulphate pentahydrate 7758-99-8 0.50SECTION 3. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATIONNOTE: Please refer to Section 11 for detailed toxicological information.Emergency OverviewCaution! Harmful if swallowed or absorbed through skin. Causes eye irritation. Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing.Physical Statesmall rod Odorweak characteristicAppearancebeige to pale grey Routes of ExposureEye contact, Skin Absorption, Ingestion, Inhalation Immediate EffectsEyeCauses eye irritation. Avoid contact with eyes.SkinHarmful if absorbed through skin. Avoid contact with skin and clothing.IngestionHarmful if swallowed. Do not take internally.InhalationMay cause irritation of the mucous membranes. Avoid breathing dust.Material Safety Data SheetMSDS Number: 102000007185 BAYER ADVANCED 2-IN-1 INSECT CONTROL PLUSFERTILIZER PLANT SPIKESMSDS Version 2.0Chronic or DelayedLong-TermThis product or its components may have target organ effects.Medical Conditions Aggravated by Exposure Prolonged exposure and inhalation may aggravate pre-existing conditions of the respiratory system.Potential EnvironmentalEffectHighly toxic to aquatic invertebrates.SECTION 4. FIRST AID MEASURESGeneral When possible, have the product container or label with you when calling apoison control center or doctor or going for treatment.Eye Hold eye open and rinse slowly and gently with water for 15-20 minutes.Remove contact lenses, if present, after the first 5 minutes, then continue rinsingeye. Call a physician or poison control center immediately.Skin Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately. Wash off immediatelywith plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Call a physician or poison controlcenter immediately.Ingestion Call a physician or poison control center immediately. Rinse out mouth and givewater in small sips to drink. DO NOT induce vomiting unless directed to do so bya physician or poison control center. Never give anything by mouth to anunconscious person. Do not leave victim unattended.Inhalation Move to fresh air. If person is not breathing, call 911 or an ambulance, then giveartificial respiration, preferably mouth-to-mouth if possible. Call a physician orpoison control center immediately.Notes to PhysicianTreatment Treat symptomatically. Monitoring of respiratory and cardiac functions. Gastriclavage, then charcoal (carbo medicalis) and sodium sulfate.SECTION 5. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURESFire and Explosion Hazards In the event of fire the following can be released: hydrogen chloride (HCl)Hydrogen cyanide (hydrocyanic acid)carbon monoxide (CO)nitrogen oxides (NOx)Suitable ExtinguishingMediaWater spray, Carbon dioxide (CO2), Foam, SandMaterial Safety Data SheetMSDS Number: 102000007185 BAYER ADVANCED 2-IN-1 INSECT CONTROL PLUSFERTILIZER PLANT SPIKESMSDS Version 2.0Fire Fighting Instructions Contain the spread of the fire-fighting media. Do not allow run-off from fire fighting to enter drains or water courses.In the event of fire and/or explosion do not breathe fumes. In the event of fire, wear self-contained breathing apparatus.SECTION 6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURESPersonal Precautions Avoid contact with spilled product or contaminated surfaces. Use personalprotective equipment.Methods for Cleaning Up Use mechanical handling equipment. Keep in suitable, closed containers fordisposal. Clean contaminated floors and objects thoroughly, observingenvironmental regulations.Additional Advice Information regarding personal protective equipment, see section 8. Informationregarding waste disposal, see section 13.SECTION 7. HANDLING AND STORAGEHandling Procedures No specific precautions required when handling unopened packs/containers;follow relevant manual handling advice.Storing Procedures Keep containers tightly closed in a dry, cool and well-ventilated place. Store inoriginal container. Store in a place accessible by authorized persons only.Keep away from food, drink and animal feedingstuffs.Min/Max Storage Temperatures Do not transport or store above 38 °C / 100 °FThe 30-day storage temperature average must not exceed the recommended maximum.SECTION 8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS / PERSONAL PROTECTIONGeneral Protection There are no known hazards associated with this product when used accordingto the label directions. The following guidelines should be followed.Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Wash hands thoroughly with soap and waterafter handling and before eating, drinking, chewing gum, using tobacco, usingthe toilet or applying cosmetics.Eye/Face Protection Safety glassesHand Protection Chemical resistant nitrile rubber glovesMaterial Safety Data SheetMSDS Number: 102000007185MSDS Version 2.0 BAYER ADVANCED 2-IN-1 INSECT CONTROL PLUSFERTILIZER PLANT SPIKESExposure Limits7758-99-8 NIOSH REL 1 mg/m3 Copper(II)-sulphatepentahydrateExpressed as as CuForm of exposure Dust and mist.NIC TWA 0.05 mg/m3ACGIHExpressed as as CuForm of exposure Respirable fraction.US CA OEL TWA PEL 1 mg/m3Expressed as as CuForm of exposure Dust and mist.ACGIH TWA 10 mg/m3 Starch 9005-25-8NIOSH REL 5 mg/m3Form of exposure Respirable.NIOSH REL 10 mg/m3Form of exposure TotalZ1PEL 5 mg/m3OSHAForm of exposure Respirable fraction.OSHAZ1PEL 15 mg/m3Form of exposure Total dust.Z1A TWA 5 mg/m3OSHAForm of exposure Respirable fraction.Z1A TWA 15 mg/m3OSHAForm of exposure Total dust.US CA OEL TWA PEL 5 mg/m3Form of exposure Respirable fraction.US CA OEL TWA PEL 10 mg/m3Form of exposure Total dust.Z3TWA 15 millions of particles percubic foot of airForm of exposure Respirable fraction.Z3TWA 50 millions of particles percubic foot of airForm of exposure Total dust.Z3TWA 5 mg/m3Form of exposure Respirable fraction.Z3TWA 15 mg/m3Form of exposure Total dust.SECTION 9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIESAppearance beige to pale greyPhysical State small rodOdor weak characteristicMaterial Safety Data SheetMSDS Number: 102000007185 BAYER ADVANCED 2-IN-1 INSECT CONTROL PLUSFERTILIZER PLANT SPIKESMSDS Version 2.0 pH 6.4 (10 %) at 25 °CDensity 1.61 g/cm³Water solubility not dispersibleDecomposition Temperature from 175 °C Heating rate: 3 K/minSECTION 10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITYHazardous Reactions No hazardous reactions when stored and handled according to prescribedinstructions.Stable under recommended storage conditions.SECTION 11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATIONAcute toxicity data have been bridged from a granular formulation containing a similar percentage of the active ingredient, imidacloprid. The non-acute information pertains to the technical-grade active ingredient.Acute Oral Toxicity rat: LD50: > 4,820 mg/kgAcute Dermal Toxicity rabbit: LD50: > 2,000 mg/kgAcute Inhalation Toxicity rat: LC50: > 5.1 mg/lExposure time:4 hDetermined in the form of dust.rat: LC50: > 20 mg/lExposure time:1 hDetermined in the form of dust.Extrapolated from the 4 hr LC50.Skin Irritation rabbit: No skin irritation.Eye Irritation rabbit: Mild eye irritation.Sensitization guinea pig: Non-sensitizing.Chronic Toxicity Imidacloprid caused thyroid and/or liver effects in chronic dietary studies in ratsand dogs.Assessment CarcinogenicityImidacloprid was not carcinogenic in studies in rats and mice.ACGIHMaterial Safety Data SheetMSDS Number: 102000007185 BAYER ADVANCED 2-IN-1 INSECT CONTROL PLUSFERTILIZER PLANT SPIKESMSDS Version 2.0None.NTPNone.IARCNone.OSHANone.Reproductive & Developmental Toxicity REPRODUCTION: Imidacloprid was not a reproductive toxicant in a multi-generation study in rats.DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Imidacloprid is not considered a primary developmental toxicant in rats and rabbits. Developmental effects were observed at doses that caused maternal toxicity.Neurotoxicity Imidacloprid showed slight behavioral and activity changes only at the highestdose tested in neurotoxicity studies in rats. There were no correlatingmorphological changes observed in the neural tissues.Mutagenicity Imidacloprid was not mutagenic or genotoxic based on the overall weight ofevidence in a battery of in vitro and in vivo tests.SECTION 12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATIONToxicity to Fish Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)LC50: 211 mg/lExposure time: 96 hThe value mentioned relates to the active ingredient imidacloprid.Toxicity to Aquatic Plants Desmodesmus subspicatusGrowth rateEC50: > 10 mg/lExposure time: 72 hThe value mentioned relates to the active ingredient imidacloprid.Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates Water flea (Daphnia magna)EC50: 85 mg/lExposure time: 48 hThe value mentioned relates to the active ingredient imidacloprid.EnvironmentalPrecautionsDo not allow to get into surface water, drains and ground water.Material Safety Data SheetMSDS Number: 102000007185 BAYER ADVANCED 2-IN-1 INSECT CONTROL PLUSFERTILIZER PLANT SPIKESMSDS Version 2.0 SECTION 13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONSGeneral Disposal Guidance In accordance with current regulations and, if necessary, after consultation with the site operator and/or with the responsible authority, the product may be taken to a waste disposal site or incineration plant.Container Disposal Do not re-use empty containers. Dispose of empty container in a sanitary landfillor by incineration, or, if allowed by State/Provincial and local authorities, byburning. If burned, stay out of smoke. Follow advice on product label and/orleaflet.SECTION 14. TRANSPORT INFORMATIONDOT CLASSIFICATION:Not regulated for Domestic Surface TransportationFREIGHT CLASSIFICATION:Insecticides or Fungicides, N.O.I.; other than poisonSECTION 15. REGULATORY INFORMATIONEPA Registration No.432-1399-72155US Federal RegulationsTSCA listNone.US. Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Section 12(b) Export Notification (40 CFR 707, Subpt D) None.SARA Title III - Section 302 - Notification and InformationNone.SARA Title III - Section 313 - Toxic Chemical Release ReportingCopper(II)-sulphate pentahydrate 7758-99-8 1.0% US States Regulatory ReportingCA Prop65This product does not contain any substances known to the State of California to cause cancer.This product does not contain any substances known to the State of California to cause reproductive harm.US State Right-To-Know IngredientsCopper(II)-sulphate pentahydrate 7758-99-8 CA, CT, IL, MI, NJ, PACanadian RegulationsCanadian Domestic Substance ListMaterial Safety Data SheetMSDS Number: 102000007185MSDS Version 2.0 BAYER ADVANCED 2-IN-1 INSECT CONTROL PLUSFERTILIZER PLANT SPIKESNone.EnvironmentalCERCLACopper(II)-sulphate pentahydrate 7758-99-8 10 lbs Clean Water Section 307 Priority PollutantsNone.Safe Drinking Water Act Maximum Contaminant LevelsNone.SECTION 16. OTHER INFORMATIONNFPA 704 (National Fire Protection Association):Health - 1 Flammability - 1 Reactivity - 1 Others - none0 = minimal hazard, 1 = slight hazard, 2 = moderate hazard, 3 = severe hazard, 4 = extreme hazardReason to Revise: Updated for general editorial purposes. Updated due to new system and numbering scheme. Updated Section 11: Toxicological Information.Revision Date: 05/04/2007This information is provided in good faith but without express or implied warranty. The customer assumes all responsibility for safety and use not in accordance with label instructions. The product names are registered trademarks of Bayer.。
天然产物结构修饰
★
For ESRD patients, renal transplantation and dialysis have remained the major treatment options . Current immunosuppressive drugs have dramatically improved the management of acute graft rejection but fail to control chronic rejection.
目录
研究背景与意义 国内研究进展 主要研究内容 实验过程 实验结果 结论
Fitoterapia 103 (2015) 242–251
ELSEVIER
研究背景
★
In the United States, patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) represent about 0.12% of the total US population. The prevalence of ESRD is even higher in Japan at 0.16% .
developing improved immunosuppressive regimens will be of great signific Triptolide (TP), a diterpenoid triepoxide shown effective in the treatment of nephritis and chronic allograft nephropathy . However, its clinical use was greatly restricted by multiorgan toxicity and poor water solubility . ★ conjugating glucosamine to triptolide (TPG) via a readily hydrolyzable carbamate bond to improve the uptake of triptolide in the kidneys. However, TPG has several limitations: 1、unstable 2、 rapid metabolization 3、strong toxicity 4、 neurotoxicity
人类受精与胚胎学法案 英文
人类受精与胚胎学法案英文The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act (HFEA) is a piece of legislation in the United Kingdom that regulates assisted reproductive technologies, including in vitro fertilisation (IVF), embryo research, and the storage and use of gametes and embryos. The Act was first passed in 1990 and has undergone several amendments since then to keep up with scientific advancements and social changes.The main objectives of the HFEA are to protect the safety, welfare, and dignity of those involved in assisted reproduction and embryo research, while also promoting the development and use of these technologies to the benefit of society. The Act sets out strict guidelines and regulations for clinics and researchers, including licensing requirements, staff qualifications, and ethical standards.One of the key provisions of the HFEA is the creation of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA), an independent regulatory body responsible for ensuringcompliance with the Act. The HFEA licenses and inspects clinics and research facilities, investigates complaints, and enforces sanctions against those who violate the law.It also provides guidance and advice to clinics and researchers on ethical and best practice issues.One of the most controversial areas covered by the HFEA is the use of embryos for research purposes. The Act allows for the creation and use of embryos for research, but only under strict conditions and with the explicit consent of the donors. Embryos must be destroyed after a certain period of time, and no embryo can be implanted into a woman's womb for the purpose of creating a child. These restrictions are designed to protect the dignity and rights of the embryo, as well as to prevent the commercialisation of human reproduction.Another important aspect of the HFEA is its focus on the welfare of children born through assisted reproduction. The Act requires that children born through IVF and other assisted reproductive technologies have the same legal status as naturally conceived children, and that theirparents have the same rights and responsibilities as any other parents. This ensures that children born through assisted reproduction are not discriminated against and have the same opportunities and protections as other children.Overall, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act has played a crucial role in regulating and guiding the development of assisted reproductive technologies and embryo research in the United Kingdom. It has struck a balance between promoting scientific progress andprotecting the rights and welfare of those involved, while also ensuring that new technologies are used ethically and responsibly. However, as science continues to evolve and social attitudes change, the HFEA and the law it governs will need to adapt and evolve as well.。
组培快繁的主要操作流程和技术要点
组培快繁的主要操作流程和技术要点1.组培快繁是一种通过离体培养快速繁殖植物组织的技术。
Tissue culture rapid propagation is a technique for rapid propagation of plant tissues through in vitro culture.2.主要操作流程包括组织切割、组织消毒、培养基配置、培养条件控制等步骤。
The main operation process includes tissue cutting, tissue sterilization, medium preparation, and culture condition control.3.组织切割要求操作技术熟练，刀具消毒彻底，以避免外源菌、杂菌的污染。
Tissue cutting requires skilled operation and thorough sterilization of the tools to avoid contamination by exogenous and miscellaneous bacteria.4.组织消毒是确保组织培养无菌的重要步骤，常用的消毒剂有酒精、过氧化氢等。
Tissue sterilization is an important step to ensure aseptic tissue culture, commonly used sterilants include alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, etc.5.培养基配置需要根据不同植物种类和生长阶段调整营养成分和生长调节物质的配比。
The medium preparation requires adjusting the ratio of nutrients and growth regulators according to different plant species and growth stages.6.培养条件控制包括温度、光照、湿度等因素的合理调节，以促进组织生长和增殖。
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Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 6 (2018) 695-699 doi: 10.17265/2328-2150/2018.07.009
In vitro reproduction of Kidney Tea (Orthosiphon stamineus Bents)
Nana Zarnadze, Inga Diasamidze, Natela Varshanidze, Ketevan Dolidze and Tsiala Bolkvadze Shota Rustaveli State University, Batumi 6010, Georgia
Abstract: The stages of introduction in vitro culture of the local population of the kidney tea (Orthosiphon stamineus Bents) cultivated in the Georgia’s medicinal plant farm and the microclonal propagation, in particular, have been elaborated. The cultivation of explants was carried out on the Gamborg (B5) feeding area. The hormonal (BAP; Zn; NAA) composition of the feeding area and their concentrations have been selected; proliferation of buds in the basal part of the sprout has been achieved from the formed morphogenic tissue. The microclones by activating axillary meristem have been received.
Key words: Kidney tea, in vitro culture, reproduction, plant regeneration, micropropagation, phytohormones, adventive buds. 1. Introduction High ability to regenerate plant and cell in vitro culture makes it possible to maximize the ability of getting full-fledged plants from somatic tissue. The proliferation induction of the axillary meristems of the isolated organs is connected to the hormonal balance of different plant organs, the transportation of phytohormones and to the supply of buds with trophic factors [1]. During the insufficient restoration of the organs by the isolated parts and the regeneration of the perfect plant, the correlation among the whole plant organs is violated and at the same time this correlation is compensated, which results in the compensation of the balance in the organism. This is the most common method of regeneration in higher plants, based on the methods of vegetative, as traditional propagation as well as on the methods of cell and tissue culture [2, 3]. These processes are regulated by phytohormones. The selection of concentration of phytohormones in the feeding area is carried out by visual observation on the reaction of the explants based on the trial and error. However, we should note that there is no ideal formula for the type and concentration of phytohormones in the
Corresponding author: Nana Zarnadze, doctor of biology, assoc. prof., research fields: development biology.
feeding area. The aim of our experiment was to obtain sterile cultures of local population of kidney tea (Orthosiphon stamineus Bents) (Fig. 1) cultivated on the farm of medicinal plants of Georgia (Kobuleti); to develop and optimize microclonic propagation conditions. As known from the scientific literature, various experiments have been conducted by various scientists, around Orthosiphon stamineus in vitro cultivation; the efficacy of micropropagation in these works has been achieved by the activation of the meristematic tissue of buds and the induction and regeneration of the callusing on the MS feeding area with various hormonal composition [4-6]. The kidney tea brought into culture in the subtropical regions of Georgia is a one-year culture, strongly branched evergreen bush with a height of 70 cm. The root system is brush-like and strongly branched. The stems are square; the leaves are short-stalked and oppositely arranged. The leaves in the lower part of the stem are downy along the vessels, the flowers are mild-violet, androgynous. The scorpioid creates pyramidal cluster; the fruit consists of 1-4 seeds; blossoms in July-September. Leaves and sprouts used for treatment contain triterpenoid saponins, flavonoids, fustic substances, ether oil, lipids, organic acids: wine,
D DAVID PUBLISHING In vitro reproduction of Kidney Tea (Orthosiphon stamineus Bents) 696
lemon phenolcabon, and rosemary acids. Kidney tea is mainly used as a diuretic mean for acute and chronic diseases of kidneys, including cystitis, urethritis, diabetes, cholecystitis, gallbladder disease, heart diseases, which are accompanied by swelling. It removes the urea, uric acid and chlorides from the organism. Taking renal tea is very effective and it does not have contraindications. Due to the above features, getting the seedlings of kidney tea is very important for plant experimental stations and farms. The need for seedling material is great enough to ensure the traditional methods of multiplication, so this problem was solved by developing the tissue culture technology.