A Review of Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithms for
基于粒子群优化的光伏系统MPPT控制方法
—265—基于粒子群优化的光伏系统MPPT 控制方法刘艳莉，周 航，程 泽(天津大学电气与自动化工程学院，天津 300072)摘 要：局部遮阴条件下光伏阵列P-V 特性引起的多个极值点使常规的最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)算法失效。
针对上述问题，提出一种基于粒子群优化算法的控制方法，以解决局部遮阴下的最大功率跟踪问题。
实验结果显示，光伏模板的输出电压被稳定地控制在最大功率点附近，证明算法是有效的。
关键词：最大功率点跟踪；粒子群优化算法；局部遮阴MPPT Control Method of PV System Based on PSOLIU Yan-li, ZHOU Hang, CHENG Ze(School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072)【Abstract 】Under partially shaded conditions, the P-V curve of PV arrays has the characteristics of multi-summit, which makes the Maximum Power Point Tracking(MPPT) failed. Aiming at above problem, this paper proposes a control algorithm based on Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO) algorithm for solving maximum power point tracking problem. Experimental results show that output voltage of PV system is maintained near maximum power point, and the algorithm is effective.【Key words 】Maximum Power Point Tracking(MPPT); Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO) algorithm; partially shaded conditions计 算 机 工 程 Computer Engineering 第36卷 第15期Vol.36 No.15 2010年8月August 2010·开发研究与设计技术·文章编号：1000—3428(2010)15—0265—03文献标识码：A中图分类号：TP3931 概述对于户型光伏一体化发电系统，局部遮阴情况是最为普遍和复杂的。
什么是MPPT
什么是MPPTMPPT是Maximum Power Point Tracking（最大功率点跟踪）的简称，MPPT控制器能够实时侦测太阳能板的发电电压，并追踪最高电压电流值(VI)，使系统以最高的效率对蓄电池充电。
应用于太阳能光伏系统中，协调太阳能电池板、蓄电池、负载的工作，是光伏系统中非常重要的组件。
MPPT的概述最大功点跟踪(Maximum Power Point Tracking，简称MPPT)系统是一种通过调节电气模块的工作状态，使光伏板能够输出更多电能的电气系统能够将太阳能电池板发出的直流电有效地贮存在蓄电池中，可有效地解决常规电网不能覆盖的偏远地区及旅游地区的生活和工业用电，不产生环境污染。
光伏电池的输出功率与MPPT控制器的工作电压有关，只有工作在最合适的电压下，它的输出功率才会有个唯一的最大值。
日照强度为1000W/下，U=24V,I=1A；U=30V,I=0.9A；U=36V,I=0.7A；可见30的电压下输出功率最大。
MPPT的原理给蓄电池充电，太阳板的输出电压必须高于电池的当前电压，如果太阳能板的电压低于电池的电压，那么输出电流就会接近0。
所以，为了安全起见，太阳能板在制造出厂时，太阳能板的峰值电压（Vpp）大约在17V左右，这是以环境温度为25°C时的标准设定的。
当天气非常热的时候，太阳能板的峰值电压Vpp会降到15V左右，但是在寒冷的天气里，太阳能的峰值电压Vpp可以达到18V。
现在，我们再回头来对比MPPT太阳能控制器和传统太阳能控制器的区别。
传统的太阳能充放电控制器就有点象手动档的变速箱，当发动机的转速增高的时候，如果变速箱的档位不相应提高的话，势必会影响车速。
但是对于传统控制器来说，充电参数都是在出厂之前就设定好的，就是说，MPPT控制器会实时跟踪太阳能板中的最大的功率点，来发挥出太阳能板的最大功效。
电压越高，通过最大功率跟踪，就可以输出更多的电量，从而提高充电效率。
mttp组串电流
mttp组串电流MTTP（Maximum Power Point Tracking）是一种常见的电力管理技术，用于最大化太阳能电池板和光伏系统的发电效率。
它通过调整电池板的工作电压和电流，以使得系统能够在任何给定的环境条件下以最大功率输出电能。
在光伏系统中，太阳能电池板是发电的核心组件，而MTTP技术的设计，实质上是为了克服太阳能电池板的局限性。
太阳能电池板输出的是直流电，其电压和电流是与光照强度成正比的，而MTTP技术就是通过追踪太阳能电池板的最大功率点来调整工作电压和电流，以提高发电效率。
太阳能电池板的输出特性曲线中，最大功率点是电压和电流乘积的最大值。
而由于太阳能电池板受到温度、光照强度和阴影等环境条件的影响，其输出特性曲线会发生变化。
若忽略这些因素，固定电压和电流工作可能导致系统发电效率低下。
MTTP技术正是通过动态追踪发电系统的最大功率点来调整电池板的工作电压和电流，保证系统始终在最大功率输出状态下运行。
MTTP技术的核心在于使用特定算法实时监测太阳能电池板的电压和电流，以确定最大功率点的位置。
一旦确定最大功率点，MTTP控制器会相应地调整电池板的工作电压和电流，使其驶向最大功率点，从而实现最高发电效率。
这种调整是实时进行的，以应对环境条件的变化。
MTTP技术的应用范围广泛，不仅用于小型光伏系统，也应用于大型光伏电站。
无论是家庭或商业用途的光伏系统，还是工业级的光伏电站，MTTP技术都可以提高发电效率，降低系统的能源损耗，从而最大限度地利用太阳能资源。
MTTP技术的优势不仅仅是提高发电效率，还可以保护太阳能电池板免受过载和损坏。
在太阳能系统中，太阳能电池板的工作电压和电流通常会超过标称值，这可能导致电池板受损。
MTTP技术通过实时追踪最大功率点，确保系统在安全范围内工作，有效保护电池板。
另外，MTTP技术还可以提供系统性能监测和数据采集功能。
通过MTTP控制器，监测系统的发电效率、功率输出和电池板的工作状态等信息。
基于MPPT技术的家用太阳能光伏发电系统的研究
Specialty Name
: Power Electronics and Power Drives : Ren Hui (Signature) (Signature)
Instructor : Cai Wenhao
ABSTRACT
Nowadays conventional energy crisis and the environmental pollution have become increasingly prominent. To develop other renewable energy sources, such as solar, has become a consensus among the countries of the world, which also makes the solar photovoltaic industry develop more rapidly in recent years. It not only can reduce the environmental pollution, but also can meet the demand for electricity for the families which are far away from urban area and without electricity or lack of electricity to develop the solar photovoltaic power generation. At present, trend of the independent photovoltaic power generation system into the families also develops more quickly. The solar photovoltaic power generation system for the families is researched and designed in this paper. Firstly, the output characteristics of the solar cells are simulated on the basis of its working principles. The principle of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is explained according to the non-linear relationship of the output characteristics of the solar cells. Some commonly used maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms are simulated, which are combined with DC-DC converter. A novel MPPT algorithm is presented by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of them. Then properties of the charge and discharge of the battery, which is used to store energy, are researched. After that the capacity of it is calculated according to the requirements of the load. The former circuit uses the Boost converter to charge up the battery. Secondly, taking the low voltage level of the battery into account and in order to output 220V AC, the structure of “push-pull boost circuit + full-bridge inverter” is used finally through the analysis of several topology structures to improve the efficiency of the whole system. Design of the whole system includes both hardware and software. Selection of the parameters of each component、design of the high frequency transformer and its control
光伏发电系统外文翻译文献
文献信息：文献标题：A New Controller Scheme for Photovoltaics Power Generation Systems（光伏发电系统的一种新的控制方案）国外作者：Tamer T.N.Khatib，Azah Mohamed，Nowshad Amin文献出处：《European Journal of Scientific Research》,2009，Vol.33 No.3, pp515-524字数统计：英文1337单词，7006字符；中文2149汉字外文文献：A New Controller Scheme for Photovoltaics PowerGeneration SystemsAbstract:This paper presents a new controller scheme for photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems. The proposed PV controller scheme controls both the boost converter and the battery charger by using a microcontroller in order to extract maximum power from the PV array and control the charging process of the battery. The objective of the paper is to present a cost effective boost converter design and an improved maximum power point tracking algorithm for the PV system. A MATLAB based simulation model of the proposed standalone PV system has been developed to evaluate the feasibility of the system in ensuring maximum power point operation.1.IntroductionRecently, the installation of PV generation systems is rapidly growing due to concerns related to environment, global warming, energy security, technology improvements and decreasing costs. PV generation system is considered as a clean and environmentally-friendly source of energy. The main applications of PV systems are in either standalone or grid connected configurations. Standalone PV generationsystems are attractive as indispensable electricity source for remote areas. However, PV generation systems have two major problems which are related to low conversion efficiency of about 9 to 12 % especially in low irradiation conditions and the amount of electric power generated by PV arrays varies continuously with weather conditions. Therefore, many research works are done to increase the efficiency of the energy produced from the PV arrays.The solar cell V-I characteristics is nonlinear and varies with irradiation and temperature. But there is a unique point on the V-I and P-V curves, called as the maximum power point (MPP), at which at this point the PV system is said to operate with maximum efficiency and produces its maximum power output. The location of the MPP is not known but can be traced by either through calculation models or search algorithms. Thus, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques are needed to maintain the PV array’s operating point at its MPP. Many MPPT techniques have been proposed in the literature in which the techniques vary in many aspects, including simplicity, convergence speed, hardware implementation and range of effectiveness. However, the most widely used MPPT technique is the perturbation and observation (P&O) method. This paper presents a simple MPPT algorithm which can be easily implemented and adopted for low cost PV applications. The objective of this paper is to design a novel PV controller scheme with improved MPPT method.The proposed standalone PV controller implementation takes into account mathematical model of each component as well as actual component specification. The dc–dc or boost converter is the front-end component connected between the PV array and the load. The conventional boost converter may cause serious reverse recovery problem and increase the rating of all devices. As a result, the conversion efficiency is degraded and the electromagnetic interference problem becomes severe under this situation. To increase the conversion efficiency, many modified step-up converter topologies have been investigated by several researchers. V oltage clamped techniques have been incorporated in the converter design to overcome the severe reverse-recovery problem of the output diodes. In this paper, focus is also given in the boost converter design. Another important component in the standalone PV systemsis the charge controller which is used to save the battery from possible damage due to over-charging and over-discharging. Studies showed that the life time of a battery can be degraded without using a charge controller.The proposed new controller scheme for the standalone PV system controls both the boost converter and the charge controller in two control steps. The first step is to control the boost converter so as to extract the maximum power point of the PV modules. Here, a high step-up converter is considered for the purpose of stepping up the PV voltage and consequently reducing the number of series-connected PV modules and to maintain a constant dc bus voltage. A microcontroller is used for data acquisition that gets PV module operating current and voltage and is also used to program the MPPT algorithm. The controller adopts the pulse width modulation (PWM) technique to increase the duty cycle of the generated pulses as the PV voltage decreases so as to obtain a stable output voltage and current close to the maximum power point. The second control step is to control the charge controller for the purpose of protecting the batteries. By controlling the charging current using the PWM technique and controlling the battery voltage during charging, voltages higher than the gassing voltage can be avoided.2.Design of the Proposed Photovoltaic SystemMost of the standalone PV systems operate in one mode only such that the PV system charges the battery which in turns supply power to the load. In this mode of operation, the life cycle time of the battery may be reduced due to continuous charging and discharging of the battery. The proposed standalone PV system as shown in terms of a block diagram in Figure 1 is designed to operate in two modes: PV system supplies power directly to loads and when the radiation goes down and the produced energy is not enough, the PV system will charge the battery which in turns supply power to the load. To manage these modes of operation, a controller is connected to the boost converter by observing the PV output power.3.MethodologyFor the purpose of estimating the mathematical models developed for the proposed standalone PV system, simulations were carried in terms of the MATLAB codes. Each PV module considered in the simulation has a rating of 80 Watt at 1000 W/m2, 21.2 V open circuit voltage, 5A short circuit current. The PV module is connected to a block of batteries with of sizing 60 Ah, 48 V.4.Results and DiscussionThe simulation results of the standalone PV system using a simple MPPT algorithm and an improved boost converter design are described in this section. Simulations were carried out for the PV system operating above 30o C ambient temperature and under different values of irradiation. Figure 9 shows the PV array I-V characteristic curve at various irradiation values. From the figure, it is observed that the PV current increase linearly as the irradiation value is increased. However, the PV voltage increases in logarithmic pattern as the irradiation increases. Figure 10 shows the PV array I-V characteristic curve at various temperature values. It is noted from the figure that, the PV voltage decreases as the ambient temperature is increased.Figure 4 compares the PV array P-V characteristics obtained from using the proposed MPPT algorithm and the classical MPPT P&O algorithm. From this figure, it can be seen that by using the proposed MPPT algorithm, the operating point of PV array is much closer to the MPP compared to the using the classical P&O algorithm.In addition, the proposed boost converter is able to give a stable output voltage as shown in Figure 5. In terms of PV array current, it can be seen from Figure 6 that the PV current is closer to the MPP current when using the improved MPPT algorithm. Thus, the track operating point is improved by using the proposed MPPT algorithm. In terms of efficiency of the standalone PV system which is calculated by dividing the load power with the maximum power of PV array, it is noted that the efficiency of the system is better with the proposed MPPT algorithm as compared to using the classical P&O algorithm as shown in Figure 7.5.ConclusionThis paper has presented an efficient standalone PV controller by incorporating an improved boost converter design and a new controller scheme which incorporates both a simple MPPT algorithm and a battery charging algorithm. The simulation results show that the PV controller using the simple MPPT algorithm has provided more power and better efficiency (91%) than the classical P&O algorithm. In addition, the proposed boost converter design gives a better converter efficiency of about 93%. Such a PV controller design can provide efficient and stable power supply for remote mobile applications.中文译文：光伏发电系统的一种新的控制方案摘要：本文提出了一种新的光伏（PV）发电系统控制器方案。
维克龙能源 SmartSolar MPPT 充电器说明书
Ultra-fast Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)Especially in case of a clouded sky, when light intensity is changing continuously, an ultra-fast MPPT controller will improve energy harvest by up to 30% compared to PWM charge controllersand by up to 10% compared to slower MPPT controllers.Advanced Maximum Power Point Detection in case of partial shading conditionsIf partial shading occurs, two or more maximum power points (MPP) may be present on thepower-voltage curve.Conventional MPPTs tend to lock to a local MPP, which may not be the optimum MPP.The innovative SmartSolar algorithm will always maximize energy harvest by locking to theoptimum MPP.Outstanding conversion efficiencyNo cooling fan. Maximum efficiency exceeds 98%.Flexible charge algorithmFully programmable charge algorithm, and eight pre-programmed algorithms, selectable with a rotary switch (see manual for details).Extensive electronic protectionOver-temperature protection and power derating when temperature is high. PV short circuit and PV reverse polarity protection. PV reverse current protection.Bluetooth Smart built-inThe wireless solution to set-up, monitor, update and synchronise SmartSolar Charge Controllers.Internal temperature sensor and optional external battery voltage and temperature sensing via BluetoothA Smart Battery Sense or a BMV-712 Smart Battery Monitor can be used to communicate battery voltage and temperature to one or more SmartSolar Charge Controllers.VE.Can: the multiple controller solutionUp to 25 units can be synchronised with VE.CanVE.Direct or VE.CanFor a wired data connection to a Color Control GX, other GX products, PC or other devicesRemote on-offTo connect for example to a VE.BUS BMS.Programmable relayCan be programmed to trip on an alarm, or other events.Optional: SmartSolar pluggable LCD display Simply remove the rubber seal that protects the plug on the front of the controller, and plug-in the display.SmartSolar Charge Controller MPPT 150/100-Tr VE.Can with optional pluggable displayVictron Energy B.V. | De Paal 35 | 1351 JG Almere | The NetherlandsGeneral phone: +31 (0)36 535 97 00 | E-mail: ***********************Battery voltage12/24/48V Auto Select (36V: manual)Rated charge current70A 85A 100A Nominal PV power, 12V 1a,b) 1000W 1200W 1450W Nominal PV power, 24V 1a,b) 2000W 2400W 2900W Nominal PV power, 36V 1a,b) 3000W 3600W 4350W Nominal PV power, 48V 1a,b) 4000W4900W 5800WMax. PV short circuit current 2) 50A (max 30A per MC4 conn.)70A (max 30A per MC4 conn.)Maximum PV open circuit voltage 150V absolute maximum coldest conditions 145V start-up and operating maximumMaximum efficiency 98%Self-consumptionLess than 35mA @ 12V / 20mA @ 48V Charge voltage 'absorption' Default setting: 14,4 / 28,8 / 43,2 / 57,6V(adjustable with: rotary switch, display, VE.Direct or Bluetooth)Charge voltage 'float' Default setting: 13,8 / 27,6 / 41,4 / 55,2V(adjustable: rotary switch, display, VE.Direct or Bluetooth) Charge voltage 'equalization' Default setting: 16,2V / 32,4V / 48,6V / 64,8V (adjustable)Charge algorithmmulti-stage adaptive (eight preprogrammed algorithms) or user defined algorithmTemperature compensation -16 mV / -32 mV / -64 mV / °CProtectionPV reverse polarity / Output short circuit / Over temperatureOperating temperature -30 to +60°C (full rated output up to 40°C)Humidity95%, non-condensingMaximum altitude5000m (full rated output up to 2000m)Environmental condition Indoor, unconditionedPollution degree PD3Data communication VE.Can, VE.Direct and BluetoothRemote on/offYes (2 pole connector)Programmable relay DPST AC rating: 240VAC / 4A DC rating: 4A up to 35VDC, 1A up to 60VDCParallel operation Yes, parallel synchronised operation with VE.Can or BluetoothColour Blue (RAL 5012)PV terminals 3) 35 mm² / AWG2 (Tr models)Two pairs of MC4 connectors (MC4models)35 mm² / AWG2 (Tr models)Three pairs of MC4 connectors (MC4 models)Battery terminals 35mm² / AWG2Protection category IP43 (electronic components), IP22 (connection area)Weight3 kg 4,5kgDimensions (h x w x d) in mm Tr models: 185 x 250 x 95 mm MC4 models: 215 x 250 x 95 mm Tr models: 216 x 295 x 103 MC4 models: 246 x 295 x 103SafetyEN/IEC 62109-1, UL 1741, CSA C22.21a) If more PV power is connected, the controller will limit input power.1b) The PV voltage must exceed Vbat + 5V for the controller to start. Thereafter the minimum PV voltage is Vbat + 1V. 2) A PV array with a higher short circuit current may damage the controller.3) MC4 models: several splitter pairs may be needed to parallel the strings of solar panelsMaximum current per MC4 connector: 30A (the MC4 connectors are parallel connected to one MPPT tracker)With VE.Can or Bluetooth up to 25 Charge Controllers can be daisy-chained and connected to a Color Control GX or other GX deviceEach Controller can be monitored individually, for example on a Color Control GX and on the VRM website (VE.Can)or on a smartphone or iPad (Bluetooth)。
基于qpso的mppt控制研究
表 1 光伏组件光照分布情况
Tab.1 Light distribution of photovoltaic modules
光照情况 1
PV1（/ W·m-2） PV2（/ W·m-2） PV3（/ W·m-2）
控制收敛较慢，极易陷入极大值，这将降低光伏 阵列的光电转换效率［6］。针对上述问题，文献［7］ 提出一种基于量子粒子群（QPSO）算法的MPPT 控 制。本文在此基础上增设 MPPT 控制的收敛条件 和重启条件，使功率稳定输出的同时避免寻优过 程中出现早熟收敛。同时运用 Matlab 中的 Simulink 模块库搭建了 MPPT 控制系统模型，在 3 种不 同光照情况下均与 PSO 算法进行仿真对比分析， 充分证明 QPSO 算法在 MPPT 控制上的适用性。
关键词：粒子群算法；量子粒子群算法；最大功率点跟踪 中图分类号：TM615 文献标识码：A DOI：10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd19018
Research on MPPT Control Based on QPSO FANG Junlong，ZHANG Weidan，SONG Chao，NING Changjian，ZHANG Yue，GAO Sance，ZHANG Shaoyuan
Key words: particle swarm optimization algorithm；quantum particle swarm optimization algorithm；maximum power point trackin（g MPPT）
太阳能是绿色清洁的可持续能源，太阳能发 电技术已得到世界广泛重视。然而光伏电池的 光 电 转 换 效 率 较 低 ，所 以 对 最 大 功 率 点 跟 踪 （MPPT）技术的研究是十分必要的［1- 。 2］ 在实际 应用中，由于光伏组件易受云层、高楼、大树等外 界因素影响，在光伏组件表面形成阴影，导致光 伏组件输出的 P—U 特性产生多个峰值［3］。此时 经典 MPPT 控制法（如扰动观察法、导纳增量法、 固 定 电压法等）已不再适用［4- 5］，所以很多学者在 MPPT 控制上引进寻优能力较强的智能算法。作 为智能算法之一的粒子群（PSO）算法，因其需要 调整的参数较少，所以较受欢迎。但PSO 的MPPT
基于改进型变步长扰动观察法的最大功率点跟踪策略
0 引 言
太阳能直接辐射到地球的能量丰富、分布广泛， 对环境无污染，是国际社会公认的理想新能源。光伏 发电是太阳能的重要利用形式之一。由硅半导体构成 的 光 伏 电 池 能 够 把 光 能 转 化 为 电 能， 而 光 伏 电 池 的 输出电压和输出电流容易受到光照强度、温度等外界 环境的影响，呈现复杂的非线性输出特性。当光照强 度、温度变化时，存在的唯一最大功率点（Maximum Power Point，MPP）随之变化。为了使当前工作点始终 工作在最大功率点处，最大功率点跟踪技术（Maximum Power Point Tracking，MPPT）成为光伏发电系统的一 个重要环节 [1]。目前，常用的最大功率跟踪方法有电 导增量法、扰动观察法和模糊控制等。其中，扰动观 察法因效率高、实现简单得到了广泛应用。定步长扰 动观察法在选取步长时无法兼顾光伏发电系统的动态 响应速度和稳态响应精度 [2]；而变步长扰动观察法在 光照剧烈变化时会发生误判并产生剧烈的震荡。针对 上述问题，本文提出了一种基于符号变量判断的扰动 观察法。该算法在变步长扰动观察法的基础上增加滞 环环节，通过双向扰动得出符号变量的值来确定扰动
摘要：光伏系统的输出功率随外界环境的变化而变化，因此利用最大功率点跟踪（Maximum Power Point Tracking， MPPT）技术可有效提高光伏发电系统的效率。选取步长时，定步长算法在响应速度和稳态精度之间无法兼顾，而变步长 算法在同一光照强度下具有良好性能，但在光照突变时会造成跟踪方向误判而产生剧烈的震荡。因此，提出了一种应用于 光伏发电系统的新型 MPPT 算法，利用 Matlab/Simulink 搭建了光伏系统的最大功率点跟踪模型。仿真实验表明：相对于 传统扰动观察法，所提算法能够显著提高跟踪精度，在光照突变时有效抑制最大功率点（Maximum Power Point，MPP） 附近的振荡，提高光伏系统的输出功率。
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Energy Procedia54 ( 2014 )228 – 235 Available online at www.sciencedirect.comScienceDirect
1876-6102 © 2014 T. Logeswaran. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of ICAER 2013doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.07.266
4th International Conference on Advances in Energy Research 2013, ICAER 2013 A Review of Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithms for Photovoltaic Systems under Uniform and Non-Uniform irradiances
T. Logeswarana,*, A. SenthilKumarb aAssistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, Kongu Engineering College, Erode- 638 052, TamilNadu
bProfessor and Head, Dept. of EEE, Dr.Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology, Pollachi-642003, Coimbatore, TamilNadu
Abstract The global demand for electrical energy is constantly increasing while the production of fossil fuel based energy is declining and therefore the obvious choice of clean energy source which is abundant and could provide security for the future development is sun’s energy. This paper summarizes the modeling of PV module and PV characteristics under shaded conditions. The power-voltage characteristic of photovoltaic array is non-linear and it exhibits multiple peaks including many local peaks and one global peak under non-uniform irradiances. In order to track the global peak, MPPT is the important component of PV systems. Though many review papers discussed the conventional techniques such as P&O, incremental conductance, ripple correlation control and only very few attempts have been made with intelligence MPPT techniques. This paper also discusses the various algorithms based on Fuzzy Logic, Artificial Neural Network, Ant Colony Optimization, Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization applied to maximum power point tracking in photovoltaic systems under changing irradiance conditions. This paper is intended to introduce a conceptual MPPT technique based on Firefly Algorithm (FA).
© 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of ICAER 2013.
Keywords: Maximum power Point Tracking (MPPT) Techniques, Photo Voltaic (PV) Array 1. Introduction Solar PV power systems have been commercialized in many countries due to its merits such as long term benefits, maintenance free and environmental friendly. To ensure the optimal utilization of PV arrays, maximum power point tracking is used in conjunction with the power converters. The power voltage characteristic is non-linear and it exhibits many local peaks and one global peak. The major challenge lies in using the PV power generation systems is to tackle the non-linear characteristics of PV array. The PV characteristics depend on the level of irradiance and temperature. PV array experiences different irradiance levels due to passing clouds, neighbor buildings or trees
*Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 978 773 3910 ; E-mail address:logeskongu@gmail.com
© 2014 T. Logeswaran. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of ICAER 2013 T. Logeswaran and A. SenthilKumar / Energy Procedia 54 ( 2014 ) 228 – 235 229 To date, though there are many review papers which discusses the various conventional MPPT techniques such as Perturb and Observe, Incremental Conductance, short circuit current, open circuit voltage and ripple correlation control approaches[1] –[5]. These methods are applicable only under uniform radiances. This paper discusses the various intelligence based MPPT techniques which include Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms. At the end, this paper is intended to introduce a conceptual MPPT technique based on Firefly Algorithm (FA).
Fig.1. Block Diagram of PV Generation systems 2. Modeling of PV module 2.1 PV panel modeling Various models have been used for depicting the PV module and two-diode model is found to be very accurate but it requires computation of seven parameters [7].
Fig.2. Two-diode model of the PV cell Fig.3. Series Parallel combination of the PV array