现代语言学历年真题及答案_2011年1月-2001年10月_
自考现代汉语真题(合编)
1、全国2009年4月自考现代汉语试题一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分）1．联合国规定了六种工作语言，它们是（）A．汉语、日语、法语、英语、阿拉伯语、葡萄牙语B．俄语、英语、德语、法语、意大利语、西班牙语C．汉语、俄语、法语、英语、西班牙语、阿拉伯语D．日语、德语、英语、法语、葡萄牙语、意大利语2．“舌尖中、浊、边音”声母是（）A．n B．lC．m D．ng3．下列各项中都有韵头的韵母是（）A．ua、iang、ueng B．ei、ou、ie C．ua、en、ing D．uei、in、ai4．下列各组中，三个字都不．是阳平字的一组是（）A．实、前、培B．习、扎、绝C．荫、撮、妃D．锚、淆、清5．“你从什么地方来啊”、“是啊”中的“啊”应该念作（）A．na、ra B．wa、zaC．ya、ra D．nga、wa6．下列各组汉语拼音全都正确的一组是（）A．黯然ànrán 沉浸cãnjǐnB．倩影qiànyǐng 斑驳bünbãC．徘徊páihuái 租赁zūlånD．崔嵬chuÿwãi 骀荡yådàng7．“女、写、长”三个汉字的笔画数分别是（）A．四、五、四B．三、五、四C．三、六、五D．四、六、五8．下列各组中三个汉字都属于形声字的一组是（）A．案、明、楷B．休、旗、闷C．恭、惊、清D．体、娘、甘9．“踟蹰”是（）A．双声词B．叠韵词C．音译词D．外来词10．下列各组中两个语素都是不定位语素的一组是（）A．了、呢B．可、者C．与、阿D．民、语11．下列各组中两个词都是补充式合成词的一组是（）A．马匹、接近B．平反、缩小C．爱护、革新D．壮观、武断12．“铭记、尴尬”分别属于（）A．方言词、外来词B．古语词、方言词C．古语词、外来词D．外来词、方言词13．下列各组中两个成语都属于主谓结构的一组是（）A．高朋满座、狐假虎威B．草木皆兵、入木三分C．众叛亲离、兵荒马乱D．令人发指、名列前茅14．下列各组中三个词都是介词的一组是（）A．其实、把、自B．似的、为、对C．对于、被、于D．所以、从、和15．下列各项中，“净”不．是副词的是（）A．屋子里净是垃圾B．放在桶里的是净水C．净来些不三不四的人D．浑身净是泥巴16．下列短语中属于连动短语的是（）A．争论开始B．气得流泪C．躺着不动D．喜欢旅游17．下列各句的主语属于体词性主语的是（）A．游泳是一项很好的运动。
2011现代汉语考研习题
2011中国语言文学专业考研习题之现代汉语语法一、填空题1．语法的三大特点是__________、__________、__________。
2．现代汉语的五级语法单位是_____、_____、_____、_____、_____。
3．看一个语言单位是不是语素，主要是看：（1）是不是_______________；⑵是不是_______________。
4．词与词组合构成短语所用的语法手段主要是__________和______________。
5．句子是在一定的语境中____________________语言单位。
它有一个__________,有一个__________。
6．句群又叫_____或_____, 它是__________________________________________________。
7．的语素主要是单音节, 双音节语素比较少, 而且大多是__________和__________。
8．联绵词是____________________。
它可以分为________、________、________三类。
9．复合式合成词是__________。
它可以分为_____、_____、_____、_____、_____等几种类型。
10．附加式合成词是__________。
它主要有_______________、_______________两种类型。
11．联合型合成词是______________________________, 例如____________________。
12．重叠式合成词是_______________。
它主要有________、________两种。
13．词类是词的_______________分类，分类的依据是_______________________________。
14．实词是能____________________的，虚词是不能______________________________。
[考研类试卷]语言学历年真题试卷汇编2.doc
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（A）正确
（B）错误
27 “克隆”是借词，“电话”是意译词。(2009年北京语言大学考题)
（A）正确
（B）错误
28试论自然语言和人工语言的本质区别。(2006年上海交通大学考题)
29语言符号的系统性。(2003年北京语言大学考题)
30论述变换对于句法研究的作用。(2007年曲阜师范大学考题)
31汉字系统为什么长期停留在意音文字阶段?你对汉字的简化和拼音化有什么看法?(2006年中山大学考题)
[考研类试卷]语言学历年真题试卷汇编2
1指出汉语普通话／a／音位的变体及其发音条件。(2006年山东师范大学考题)
2举例说明单纯词与合成词的区别。(2003年北京语言大学考题)
3举例说明指示语的两个基本特征。(2008年华中师范大学考题)
二、填空题
请完成下列各题，在各题的空处填入恰当的答案。
4语言与言语的区别是：_______、_______、_______、_______、_______。(2005年华中师范大学考题)
五、单项选择题
下列各题的备选答案中，只有一个是符合题意的。
20下列句子中加横线的词，( )是语言学意义上的“语言”。(2005年中山大学考题)
（A）朱自清先生的散文<u>语言</u>清新流畅。
（B）我和那些人没有共同<u>语言</u>。
（C）你会不会讲中国<u>话</u>?
（D）这个人<u>言语</u>乏味。
23下列词中，属于仿译词的是( )(2005年中山大学考题)
00830现代语言学201210历年真题及答案
全国2012年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。
选择题部分注意事项：1. 答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。
2. 每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
不能答在试题卷上。
I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (2% × 10=20% )1. Language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facets on which there came different branches of study in different times. Of the following four branches, ______ came latest in the family of linguistics.A. phonologyB. syntaxC. pragmaticsD. phonetics2. In terms of place of articulation, the two English consonants ［f］,［v］are ______.A. palatalB. dentalC. labiodentalD. velar3. According to the morphological analysis, the underlined part in the word “con ceiv able” should be regarded as a ______.A. rootB. stemC. prefixD. suffix4. A syntactic category can be each of the following except a ______.A. sentenceB. clauseC. morphemeD. word5. Semantically, the sentence “I regret stepping on your book” ______ the sentence “I stepped on your book.”A. presupposesB. entailsC. contradictsD. is synonymous with6. According to John Austin’s speech act theory, a(n) ______ act is the act performed by saying something.A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. All the following words except ______ are the examples which can be used to illustrate semantic narrowing.A. auntB. wifeC. houndD. fowl8. In many cultures, words relating to sex, sex organs, and natural bodily functions make up a larger part of ______ vocabulary.A. genderB. euphemismC. slangD. taboo9. It has been proposed that brain activity would follow a definite pattern. When we speak, words are drawn from ______ and sent to ______ , which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.A. Wernike’s area, Broca’s areaB. Broca’s area, Wemike’s areaC. Wemike’s area, the motor areaD. Broca’s area, the motor area10. Generally speaking, the ______ stage of first language acquisition begins roughly in the second half of the child’s second year.A. babblingB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multiword非选择题部分注意事项:用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上，不能答在试题卷上。
2011年西南大学628现代汉语(含语言学概论)考研真题【圣才出品】
2011年西南大学628现代汉语（含语言学概论）考研真题语言学概论试题（50分）一、填空：（10分，每小题1分）1．（1）被称为现代语言学之父，其代表作《普通语言学教程》在语言学史上具有十分重要的地位。
2．分别对应于语音生理、物理、心理三方面的属性，语音的研究由此形成（2）三门不同的学科。
3．（3）关系是指构成线性序列的语言成分之间的结构关系；（4）关系是指在线性序列的同一结构位置上不同结构单位的替换关系。
4．词义中以现实现象为基础的称为词的（5）；因人们的主观态度而形成的词义称为词的（6）。
5．语法单位从小到大依次有（7）等。
6．英语desk后面加“S”，由单数变为复数；汉语“看”后面加“过”，表示行为动作曾经发生。
这种方法称为“构形法”，是在（8）后面附加（9），所增加的是（10）。
7．根据语言间的亲疏远近的关系，可将世界上的语言首先分为上（11）上等十大语系。
（列举出5个以上即可）8．语言交际的过程借用信息论的术语来说，大体上可以分为（12）等五个阶段。
9．（13）和（14）都是语言接触的特殊形式。
10．词汇的发展表现为（15）等三种情况。
二、解释：（16分，每小题4分）1．区别特征2．词根语素3．地域方言4．语法范畴三、问答：（24分，每小题12分）1．举例说明词语的搭配要受哪些语义条件的制约。
2．以汉语和一种外语为例，说明如何根据文字来考察来考察语音的历史演变。
《现代汉语》试题（100分）一、名词解释（15分）条件变体舌位语义场拈连异体字二、文字分析（10分）1．把下面古文字隶写成现代汉字。
（6分）A．B．C．D．E．F．G．H．I．J．K．L．2．指出下面形声字的形符和声符。
（4分）A．旗B．颇C．荆D．桌E．疆F．腾G．恭H．辦三、语音分析（8分）用国际音标标写下列汉字的普通话音节，并指出声母的发音部分、方法和韵母的舌位前后、高低、圆展。
例b[p]双唇、不送气、清、塞音。
i[i]舌面前、高、不圆唇元音：坡、兔、翅、聚、逆、资、萨、格。
语言学历年真题试卷汇编6_真题-无答案
语言学历年真题试卷汇编6(总分66,考试时间90分钟)1. 案例分析题1. 根据发音特点比较下列发音的特征。
(2011年华中师范大学考题)(1)[i][y](2)[f][s](3)[k][p] 简单分析下列短语中的歧义并说明其产生歧义的原因。
(2007年华中师范大学考题、2013年北京师范大学考题)2. 小张和小李结婚了3. 写好书4. 我不懂这句话的意思指出下列句子中的词语(划线部分)所表示的语法形式。
(2007年华中师范大学考题)5. Shegaveme thepicturesyesterday．6. 请把手摇摇。
2. 填空题填空题请完成下列各题，在各题的空处填入恰当的答案。
1. 语音的同化就是_______，语音的异化就是_______。
(2004年南开大学考题)2. 日语属于哪种结构类型的语言_______。
(2011年中国人民大学考题)3. 文字的产生，从时间和空间上语言的交际功能。
(2011年北京语言大学考题)3. 论述题1. 动词重叠是现代汉语常见的语言现象，比较从下面能说和不能说的句子，试说说动词重叠成立和动词重叠句(动词重叠做谓语的句子)成立，各要求什么样的语义条件。
(提示：例①是动词重叠成立的问题，例②③是重叠句成立的问题，三例分别分析和说明。
)(2005年武汉大学考题)①a你签签名b大家签签名②a我们明天整天讨论讨论(×)b我们明天抽时间讨论讨论③a你去送送老师b你送送老师回家(×)2. 论述对汉语书面语中夹用外文的看法。
(2011年华中师范大学考题)4. 名词解释题1. 翻译单位(2006年上海交通大学考题)2. 言语行为(2012年北京语言大学考题)3. 音节(2005年暨南大学考题)4. 谓词(2005年曲阜师范大学考题)5. 语义成分(义素)(2005年南开大学考题)6. 亲属语言(2011年中山大学考题、2011年南开大学考题、2013年武汉大学考题)5. 简答题1. 举例说明什么是语流音变以及语流音变的主要类型。
00015自学考试《英语二》2011年1月真题及答案
2011年1月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语（二）I.Vocabulary and Structure （10 points,l point each）从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题卡上将相应的字母涂黑。
1.We had a happy weekend at the seaside. And the transport, we had no difficulty.（D）A.owing toB.in caseC.once moreD.as for2.Whether you stay or leave is a matter of total to me.（A）A.indifferenceB.enthusiasmC.passionD.harmony3.It is said that a black hole can everything around it, such as stars.（C）A.work outB.settle downC.swallow upD.break into4.It is well-known that the moon goes round the earth____.（B）A.in a wayB.in a circleC.in due courseD.in turn5.He the book and found it worth buying.（C）A.foldedB.extendedC.skimmedD.skipped6.The world make is changing.We must anticipate the changes and make timely adjustments.（B）A.stablyB.constantlyC.scarcelyD.occasionally7.The main____for discussion will be the proposed new supermarket.（A）A.topicB.ideaC.titleD.object8.We went to bed that night ____ of the storm to come.（D）A.invisibleB.unclearC.senselessD.ignorant9.It's going to be hard to ____his wife that they can’t afford a new house.（A）A.convinceB.containC.conductD.confess10.The task we'1l carry out ____great courage and wisdom.（D）A.calls upB.calls onC.calls aboutD.calls forII.Cloze Test（10 points,l point each）How does woman go about buying clothes? In 11 every aspect she does so in the way opposite to a man. Her shopping is not often 12 need.She has never fully made up her mind 13 she wants,and she is only “having a look round.”She is always 14 to persuasion；indeed she sets great store by what the saleswoman tells her, 15 by what companions tell her,She will 16 any number of things.Uppermost in her mind is the thought of finding something that everyone thinks suits her.Contrary to a lot of jokes, most women have an excellent 17 of value when they buy clothes, They are always on the lookout for the unexpected bargain. 18 a roomful of dresses,a 19 may easily spend an hour going from one rail to 20 ，to and from,often retracing her steps before selecting.It is a laborious process,but apparently an enjoyable one.11.A.most B.uppermost C.foremost D.almost12.A.based on B.held on C.kept on D.made for13.A.that B.those C.what D.which14.A.open B.dull C.close D.keen15.A.ever B.even C.better D.aside16.A.try on B.carry on C.figure out D.fall out17.A.heart B.mind C.sense D.thought18.A.Run into B.Let out C.Brought about D.Faced with19.A.salesman panion C.woman D.saleswoman20.A.the other B.another C.others D.other11.D 12.A 13.C 14.A 15.B 16.A 17.C 18.D 19.C 20.BIII. Reading Comprehension （30 points,2 points each）Passage OneQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.About forty years ago, only five percent of American children who were three or four years old attended early education programs. Today, about two-thirds of the children of that age go to preschools, nursery schools or daycare centers with educational programs. Many education experts say this is a good situation. They say young children who have some kind of preschool education do much better when they attend school.Young children in preschool programs learn colors and numbers. They identify common objects and letters of the alphabet to prepare them for reading. They sing and play games that use numbers and maps. They learn to cooperate with teachers and other children. Many preschool programs include activities to help young children learn about the world around them. For example, children visit places like zoos, museums and fire and police stations.After preschool, most American children attend kindergarten in public schools. Most children start kindergarten at about age five. Many American kindergartens now require skills taught in early education programs. So children who have not attended a preschool program may not be ready for kindergarten.Many families, however, lack enough money to send their children to private nursery schools or preschools. Such schools may cost several thousand dollars a year, as much as a public university.To help poor families, the government operates an education program for young children called Head Start. Studies have shown that many children from poor families do not do well in school. Studies also have shown that children in Head Start programs perform equally well or better than other children when they start school. But the government currently is providing Head Start with enough money to serve only about sixty percent of the children who need this program.Educators have expressed concern that some early childhood education programs are not good enough. The United States has about eighty-thousand preschools, nursery schools and daycare centers. The National Association for the Education of Young Children studies these schools. The association says it has approved only about ten percent of the preschools in the country. Experts say American children need more and better preschool education.21.In preschools. young children can learn about the world around them by A.A.visiting various placesB.singing songs and playing gamesC.identifying common objects and lettersD.cooperating with teachers and partners22.The annual fee for preschool education is that of a public university.DA.higher thanB.unequal toC.lower thanD.equal to23.Head Start aims to B.A.study the benefits of preschool education in AmericaB.help children from poor families get ready for schoolC.provide funds to help poor families through hard timeD.monitor how the movement spends money on education24.Money provided by the government for Head Start programs is B.A.more than enoughB.quite inadequateC.just sufficientD.almost enough25.According to the association. most American preschools C.A.have got official approvalB.enjoy good reputationC.are not well qualifiedD.have financial difficultiesPassage TwoQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.One of the chief causes of fatigue （疲倦） is boredom. To illustrate this point, let's take the case of Alice, a corporate employee who lives on your street. Alice came home one night completely exhausted. She acted fatigued. She was fatigued. She had a headache. She had a backache. She was so exhausted that she wanted to go to bed without waiting for dinner. Persuaded by hermother. she sat down at the table. The telephone rang. The boyfriend! An invitation to a dance! Her eyes sparkled. Her spirits soared. She rushed upstairs, put on her Alice-blue gown，dashed out and danced until three o'clock in the morning; and when she finally did get home, she was not the slightest bit exhausted. She was，in fact，so excited that she couldn't fall asleep.Was Alice really and honestly tired eight hours earlier. when she looked and acted exhausted? Sure，she was. She was exhausted because she was bored with her work, perhaps bored with life. There are millions of Alices. You may be one of them.It is a well-known fact that your emotional attitude usually has far more to do with producing fatigue than has physical exertion. A few years ago, Joseph E.Barmack, Ph.D., published in the Archives of Psychology a report of some of his experiments, showing how boredom produces fatigue. Dr. Barmack put a group of students through a series of tests in which, he knew, they could have little interest.The result? The students felt tired and sleepy，complained of headaches and eyestrain, felt irritable. In some cases，even their stomachs were upset. Was it all “imagination”? No. Metabolism（新陈代谢） tests were taken of these students. These tests showed that the blood pressure of the body and the consumption of oxygen actually decrease when people are bored，and that the whole metabolism picks up immediately as soon as they begin to feel interest and pleasure in their work!26.When she came back from dancing, Alice felt D.A.very hungryB.a bit sleepyC.much tiredD.sleepless27.The word “them” in Line 4, Para. 2 refers to .AA.people exhausted from boredomB.women with the same name as AliceC.corporate employees enjoying dancingD.people crazy about interesting night life28.The major reason for Alice's exhaustion is that B .A.she lost her appetite for dinnerB.she was tired of her work or her lifeC.she danced too long time with friendsD.she had a bad headache and a backache29.When person begins to enjoy his work __B__,A.his blood pressure goes downB.his metabolism improves rapidlyC.his oxygen consumption decreasesD.his stomach sometimes gets upset30.Dr. Barmack explained the result of the tests on the basis of___A_.A.medical examinationsB.personal observationC.logical reasoningmon knowledgePassage ThreeQuestions 3lto 35 are based on the following passage.There will be a major shift in the age distribution in the American workforce. As the baby boomers（born between 1946 and 1963）begin to hit retirement age, they will be replaced by the so-called“generation Y”or“Millennial Generation.”who number almost 80 million. And the qualified workers of this generation are soon going to be desperately needed, leaving businesses no choice but to figure out how to attract and keep them.People often say that members of the “Millennial Generation”can’t take care of themselves and are going to bring the world down with them.Some people might think Millennials are spoiled internet addicts（上瘾者）who feel a strong sense of entitlement and aren’t willing to work hard for the great rewards they expect.In reality Millennials are the first generation of “digital natives,”that is,they have never known a world without digital technology.As a result Millennials experience the world through technology,as older generations experience the world through their organic senses.This intimacy（亲密接触）with the digital world is one of the Millennials’greatest strengths.It also presents the greatest challenge to those companies that need highly qualified applicants.Managers need to determine ways to use their strengths and work with their weaknesses with business goals in mind.The key to attracting and managing Millennials is to create an experience of the company that matches their technological experience of the world. It’s about finding a balance between youthful enthusinasm,cooperative spirit, and the realities of the business world.The business world is experiencing a continued breakdown of the authoritarian management style that in some ways still remains as legacy（遗留做法） from the early 20th century. Managers are going to have to be patient and flexible to a large extent because one thing is for sure, nothing makes Millennials unhappier than doing tasks with traditional methods that can be done better and more efficiently with the right technology or more sophisticated methods.They need to be given the opportunity to use the technologies they are familiar with to cooperate with each other and do business. The best candidates are going to be attracted to companies that are willing to give employees what they need and want.31.American businesses will be in great need of qualifie d workers of the“Millennial Generation” because A .A.the baby boomers in the workforce are close to retirementB.this generation accounts for the biggest part of the workforceC.businesses want to change the age distribution in the workforceD.businesses prefer young workforce to speed up their development32.People have formed a D impression of the Millennial Generation.A.trueB.vagueC.favorableD.negativepared with previous generations, Millennials C .e more of their organic sensesB.show a poor sense of entitlementC.rely more on information technologyD.challenge the goals of the businesses34.To attract and manage Millennials, a business manager should C .A.require them to do their tasks with traditional methodsB.force them to work with modem scientific technologiesC.balance their passion, teamwork spirit and business realitiesbine sophisticated methods with flexible working approaches35.The main idea of the passage could be best summarized as A .A.business managers should take up the challenges from MillennialsB.business managers should be flexible about their management styleC.managers maintain a relatively objective attitude toward Millennialslennials can use their technological advantage to attract companiesPart Two（50 points）IV. Word Spelling（10 points，1 point for two words）36事件；事故n. a 37.分界线，边界n. b________38捕获：占领v. c 39.美味的；使人愉悦的a. d________40.必要的；本质的a. e 41.公式；程式n. f________42.致意，欢迎v. g 43.阻止；妨碍v. h________44.增加，增长v. i 45.同盟，协会n. l________46.较小的；少数的a, m 47.自然的；天然的a. n________48.反抗；对立n. o 49.察觉；认识到v. p________50.懊悔，遗憾v. r 51.表面，外表n. s________52.温度计n. t 53.向上，往上ad. u________54受害者，牺牲品n. v 55.侍者，服务员n.w________36.accident 37.boundary 38.capture 39.delicious 40.essential 41.formula42. greet 43.hinder 44.increase 45.league 46.minor 47.natural48.opposition 49.perceive 50.regret 51.surface 52.thermometer53.upwards 54.victim 55.waiterV.Word Form（10 points,l point each）56.The study of black holes is just beginning. Speculations about them are （end）答案：endless57.Christmas is （tradition）a holiday for a family to get together.答案：traditionally58.The client must （sure） that accurate records are kept.答案：ensure59.Since no better plan had been put forward，we had to adopt a basically （work）one. 答案：workable60.There are millions of solar systems in space, and ours is （probable）one of the smallest. 答案：probably61.The accused admitted that he had sold the （steal）goods.答案：stolen62.The store will be moved to somewhere in my （neighbor）next month.答案：neighborhood63.Upon their （arrive）,they immediately set about drawing up a plan.答案：arrival64.The good news is that our host is said to be kind and （help）.答案：helpful65.The young girl moved to Paris last spring, but she missed her parents too much to enjoy the （excite）life there.答案：excitingVI.Translation from Chinese into English（15 points，3 points each）66.很明显你需要更多的英语口语练习。
北京外国语大学英语语言学真题2011年.doc
北京外国语大学英语语言学真题2011年(总分：150.01，做题时间：90分钟)ⅠBriefly explain the following terms. （分数：20.00）(1).perlocutionary act（分数：4.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).minimal pair（分数：4.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).distinctive feature（分数：4.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (4).linguistic variable（分数：4.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (5).lingua franca（分数：4.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ ⅡAnswer the following questions.（分数：30.00）(1).Why do we say linguistics is a science?（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).Briefly explain how language is (a) systematic (b) symbolic, and (c) social.（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).Linguists have taken an internal and/or external focus to the study of language acquisition. What is the difference between the two?（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ ⅢRead the following paragraphs and then answer four questions.The idea behind the experiential vision of learning is that the use of the target language for communicative purposes is not only the goal of learning, but also a means of learning in its own right. This may clearly involve students using language which they may not have fully mastered, and contrasts with other more "traditional" approaches which emphasize part practice (i. e., isolating parts of the whole for explicit study and learning) leading up in a more or less controlled manner to integrated language use for communicative purposes. An experiential approach to learning may therefore involve a degree of what Johnson (1982) refers to as an "in at the deep end strategy". Simply throwing learners into wholly uncontrolled and undirected language use is, of course, as dubious a strategy with respect to language learning as doing the same with someone who is learning to swim. For this reason, considerable effort has been devoted by methodologists, material writers, and teachers in recent decades to the way in which two sets of factors can be combined. One is the basic insight that language use can serve a significant role in promoting learning, and the other is the acknowledgement that use of the language needs to be structured in a coherent and pedagogically manageable way. The experiential vision of learning has evolved in a variety of ways since the 1960s and is now encountered in a number of differing forms. Nevertheless, most experiential approaches to learning rest on five main principles which were developed in the earlier days of the communicative movement, even if certain receive more attention in one variant than in another. These principles are the following: message focus, holistic practice, the use of authentic materials, the use of communication strategies, and the use of collaborative modes of learning. (Tudor 2001:79)An analytical view of learning posits that according explicit attention to the regularities oflanguage and language use can play a positive role in learning. Each language manifests a number of structural regularities in areas such as grammar, lexis and phonology, and also with respect to the ways in which these elements are combined to communicate messages. The question, therefore, is not whether languages have structural regularities or not, but whether and in which way explicit attention to such regularities can facilitate the learning of the language. An analytical approach to learning rests on a more or less marked degree of part practice, i. e., isolating parts of the whole for explicit study and learning, even if its ultimate goal remains the development of learners" ability to put these parts together for integrated, holistic use. At least, two main considerations lend support to an analytical approach to learning. First, in terms of learning in general, the isolation and practice of sub-parts of a target skill is a fairly common phenomenon... Second, explicit identification of regularities in a language has advantages which Johnson (1996:83) refers to as "generativity" and "economy". Mastering a regularity in a language gives learners access to the generative potential of this regularity in new circumstances Explicit presentation or discovery of the structural regularities of a language can therefore represent a short-cut to mastery of this language and support learners" ability to manipulate these regularities for communicative purposes. (Tudor 2001:86-7)（分数：50.00）(1).What are the differences between experiential and analytical modes of language learning?（分数：12.50）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).What serves as the theoretical foundation for the experiential mode of language learning and what are its advantages and disadvantages?（分数：12.50）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).What serves as the theoretical foundation for the analytical mode of language learning and what are its advantages and disadvantages?（分数：12.50）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (4).How would you balance the two modes of learning in your teaching or learning of a foreign language?（分数：12.50）__________________________________________________________________________________________ⅣRead the following passage and answer three questions.Teachers employ different types of conceptual organization and meaning. One level of meaning relates to subject matter knowledge and how curricular and content aspects of teaching are conceptualized (Shulman 1987). Woods (1996) describes teachers" conceptions of lessons as made up of conceptual units at different levels of abstraction. He distinguishes between the following: overall conceptual goals—the overall purposes teachers identify for a course; global conceptual units—the individual subcomponents of the curriculum (e. g., the grammar, reading, writing, and listening components of an integrated skills course); intermediate conceptual units-activities or clusters of activities framed in terms of accomplishing one of the higher-level conceptual goals; and local conceptual units—the specific things teachers do to achieve particular instructional effects. Other constructs that have been proposed to account for how teachers realize the curricular agendas they set for lessons and the kinds of cognitive processes they employ include lesson formats (Wong-Fillmore 1985), tasks (Doyle 1983), scripts , and routines(Shavelson and Stem 1981). Constructs such as these seek to describe how teachers approach the subject matter of teaching and how they transform content into learning. Much of this research draws on a framework of cognitive psychology and has provided evidence of the kinds of pedagogical content knowledge, reasoning, and problem solving teachers make use of as they teach (Cliff 1991). In addition to the curricular goals and content, teachers have other more personal views of teaching (Johnston 1990). Zeichner, Tabachnick, and Densmore (1987) try to capture this with the notion of perspective, which they define as the ways in which teachers understand, interpret,and define their environment and use such interpretation to guide their actions. They followed teachers through their year-long professional training and their first year in the classroom, and found that their personal perspectives served as powerful influences on how they taught. In describing the basis for teachers" conceptualizations of good practice, Clandinin (1985, 1986) introduced the concept of image , which she describes as "a central construct for understanding teachers" knowledge" (1985:362). An image is a metaphor, such as "the classroom as home," "setting up a relationship with children," or "meeting the needs of students," that teachers may have in mind when they teach. Johnston (1992) suggests that images such as these are not always conscious, that they reflect how teachers view themselves in their teaching contexts, and that they form the subconscious assumptions on which their teaching practices are based. In a study of what second language teachers perceive to be good classes, Senior (1995) found that experienced ESL teachers in an Australian educational setting attempting to implement a communicative methodology appeared to have arrived at the tacit assumption that, to promote successful language learning, it is necessary to develop a bonded class—that is, one in which there is a positive, mutually supportive group atmosphere. The teachers appeared to employ a range of both conscious and unconscious strategies in order to develop a spirit of cohesion within their class groups.Halkes and Deijkers (1984) refer to teachers" teaching criteria, which are defined as "personal subjective values a person tries to pursue or keep constant while teaching." Teachers hold personal views of themselves, their learners, their goals, and their role in the classroom and they presumably try to reflect these in their practice. Marland (1987) examined the principles used to guide and interpret teaching, and identified five such working principles that were derived from stimulated recall interviews with teachers. For example, the "principle of progressive checking" involved checking students" progress periodically, identifying problems, and providing individual encouragement for low-ability students. Conners (1978) studied elementary teachers and found that all of those in her study used three overarching principles of practice to guide and explain their interactive teaching behavior: "suppressing emotions," "teacher authenticity," and "self-monitoring." The "principle of teacher authenticity" involved the teacher presenting herself in such a way that good personal relationships with students and a socially supportive classroom atmosphere would be achieved. This principle required the teacher to attempt to be open, sincere, and honest, as well as fallible.（分数：50.01）(1).What could be the title of this passage?（分数：16.67）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).What are the functions of those conceptual units as described by Woods (1996) in language teaching?（分数：16.67）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).Discuss the relationship between "perspective" and "image" and between "image" and "teaching criteria" as mentioned in this passage?（分数：16.67）__________________________________________________________________________________________。
[考研类试卷]语言学历年真题试卷汇编16.doc
（A）社会方言大多是在语言的相互接触中形成的
（B）社会方言是随着社会的社群分化而产生的
（C）一种语言的内部有可能形成社会方言
（D）一种方言的内部有可能形成社会方言
14《普通语言学教程》的作者是德国语言学家洪堡特。(2012年北京语言大学考题)
（A）正确
（B）错误
15改进文字中不适应记录语言的方面，不仅可以使文字更好地记录语言，而且还可以改进已记录的语言。(2007年北京语言大学考题)
（A）正确
（B）错误
16社会制度的突变可以引起语言的突变。(2006年南开大学考题)
（A）正确
（B）错误
17多余度(冗余度)(2004年南开大学考题)
18音质音位(2008年曲阜师范大学考题)
六、单项选择题
下列各题的备选答案中，只有一个是符合题意的。
11普通话 这两个韵母的主元音a的实际音质是( )。(2006年中山大学考题)
（A）a
（B）ε
（C）A
（D）
12下列各组词全部属于基本词汇的是( )(2008年中山大学考题)
（A）手大陛下地壳
（B）风花雪月
（C）喜欢爱摩登雷达
（D）农具犁铁买卖
4元音和辅音的根本区别在于_______。(2008年浙江师范大学考题)
5词的结构可以包括词根、_______和_______。(2003年北京师范大学考题)
6用变换分析法说明以下句子在句法意义上的差异。(2005年暨南大学考题)
(1)台上坐着主席团。
(2)台上唱着戏。
(3)台上摆着酒席。
7分析“牙刷”与“刷牙”有什么不同。(2011年南开大学考题)
2011年1月国际注册汉语教师资格考试现代汉语考试模拟题(1)
国际注册汉语教师资格考试模拟题一现代汉语一、填空题（共10分）1．现代汉语方言大致可以分为以下七大方言区，即北方方言、吴方言、闽方言、、客家方言、湘方言和粤方言。
2．“雨水”的语音形式中包含了个音素。
3．从发音角度来看，“多”和“拖”声母的区别在于。
4．根据六书理论，“相”这个字的造字法是。
5．根据《简化字总表》（1986），“鬥”简化为。
6．“好莱坞的电影很好看”这句话中包含个语素。
7．从词的内部构造来看，“烟花”属于式合成词，“眼花”属于式合成词。
8．从翻译方式来看，“绷带”属于外来词。
9．“中级水平”中的“中级”，其词性是。
答案：1.赣方言。
2.五（5）。
3.方音方法：前者不送气，后者送气。
4.会意。
5.斗。
6.七（7）。
7.并列、陈述。
8.音译。
9.区别词。
二、改错题（共20分）10.改正下列音节的拼写错误，并按照普通话声韵拼合规律加以说明。
（每题1分，共2分）（1）修siū（2）莫 muò答案：（1）“siū”改为“xiū”，s之类舌根声母不能跟iu之类的齐齿呼韵母相拼。
（2）“mu ò”改为“pò”，韵母“uo”不能跟m之类的唇音声母相拼（或：韵母“uo”只能拼非唇音声母）。
11．根据《汉语拼音方案》，改正下列拼写错误。
（每题1分，共4分）（1）温饱 uýnbǎo（2）水气 shuþiqì（3）白杨báiiáng（4）留言 lióuián答案：（1）wýnbǎo。
（2）shuǐqì（3）báiyáng。
（4）liúyán。
12．改正下列词语中的错别字。
（每题1分，共6分）（1）精艺求精（2）风声鹤立（3）斑门弄斧（4）沉鱼落燕（5）杯水车新（6）唉兵必胜答案：（1）“艺”改为“益”。
（2）“立”改为“唳”。
（3）“斑”改为“班”。
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1 第 1 页 全国2011年1月自学考试现代语言学试题
课程代码：00830 I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2% × 10=20% ) 1.There is a difference between what we know, which is our linguistic competence, and how we use this knowledge in actual speech production and______, which is our linguistic performance. ( ) A. creation B. communication C. comprehension D. perception 2.The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced ______,respectively. ( ) A. affricates B. stops C. velars D. palatals 3.Morphemes which represent such grammatical categories as number, tense, gender, and case are called _______ morphemes. ( ) A. free B. bound C. derivational D. inflectional 4.XP may contain more than just X. Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain head, ______and complement. ( ) A. modifier B. determiner C. qualifier D. specifier 5. ______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form while _______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience. ( ) A. Reference, sense B. Sense, referent C. Sense, reference D. Referent, sense 6. According to John Austin’s theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention. ( ) A. prelocutionary B. locutionary C. illocutionary D. perlocutionary 7. Sound changes may include the loss of a sound or sounds. The so-called apocope refers to the omission of a vowel segment________. ( ) A. in word-initial B. in word-middle C. in word-final D. in syllable-initial 8. In contrast to Standard American English, Black English is the distinct variety of English native to black populations in the USA. We regard Black English as________. ( ) A. a regional dialect B. a social dialect
C. a situational dialect D. an ethnic dialect 9. Among the language centers, ______is responsible for physical articulation of utterances. ( ) A. the motor area B. Broca’s area C. Wernicke’s area D. the angular gyrus 10. The language at ________ stage begins to reflect the distinction between sentence-types, such as negative sentences, imperatives, and questions. ( ) A. prelinguistic B. one-word C. two-word D. multiword II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )
11. A is one of the defining properties of human language, which means there is in general no natural relation between meanings and sounds. 12. Among the three branches of phonetics, the study of the physical properties of the streams of sounds produced in speech is known as a phonetics. 13. In using the morphological rules, we must guard against o in that different words may require different affixes to create the same meaning change. 14. Universal Grammar is a set of principles and p of grammar which, according to Chomsky, is inherited genetically by all human beings. 15. The synonyms such as economical, thrifty, and stingy are different in their e meaning. 16. Most of the violations of the four maxims under the Cooperative Principle give rise to conversational i . 17. When there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness, then rule e occurs. 18. A pidgin is a m language developed as a medium of trade, or through other extended but limited contact, between groups of speakers who have no other language in common. 19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called 1 . 20. Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. Generally speaking, it refers to children’s development of their f language. III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so. ( 2% × 10=20% ) 21. ( ) “There’s a motorcycle coming" is seen as, out of context, a statement that a motorcycle is coming. But in a particular context, it might be a warning to a pedestrian not to step onto a road. When the study of meaning is considered in the context of use, it becomes a branch of linguistics called pragmatics.